125:
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45:
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245:. Peruvian President Castilla, intending to take advantage of the leadership crisis to broker a favorable territorial deal, commanded a Naval force that blockaded the Gulf of Guayaquil. Failing to reach an agreement with GarcĂa Moreno, Castilla met with Franco and signed the Treaty of Mapasingue, recognizing all disputed territories as belonging to Peru. The expeditionary troops returned to Callao on February 19, 1860, after supplying Franco's army with boots, uniforms, and 3,000 rifles.
424:, then proceeding to lay siege to the city proper. On the night of September 22, a part of the provisional government's army, led by Colonel JosĂ© de Veintemilla, attacked the city from the north, while the bulk of Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno's and Flores' forces approached from another direction, through swampland. Believing the forces approaching from the swamp to be the diversionary attack, Franco stationed his men in the north.
440:. Franco's Colonel Pedro Pablo EcheverrĂa had been placed in charge of defending the Salado. However, in exchange for 3,000 pesos and the promise of a promotion to General in GarcĂa Moreno's army, he betrayed Franco, and allowed the provisional government army to pass through the estuary. The bombing of the city began that day.
315:
in order to settle a debt with
British creditors. When diplomatic relations between the two countries broke down, prior to the fragmentation of the Ecuadorian government into several competing factions, the Peruvian government ordered a blockade of Ecuador's ports in order to force the cancellation
443:
Early on the morning of
September 24, the provisional government forces were in position for the final battle. Guayaquil quickly fell to Flores' and GarcĂa Moreno's men. At the present-day location of the La Victoria park in Guayaquil, Franco and his men were defeated, fleeing in disarray. Many
248:
Accusing Franco of treason for signing the treaty with the
Peruvians, Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno, allied with former enemy General Juan JosĂ© Flores, attacked Franco's forces, setting off a civil war. After several battles, GarcĂa Moreno's forces were able to force Franco's troops to retreat back to
361:
of 1845, offered his services as military commander to GarcĂa Moreno, despite their prior differences. Recognizing Flores' superior knowledge of military tactics, GarcĂa Moreno named him
Commander of the army of the provisional government. With the support of large landowners and the church
409:
344:
Castilla had originally pledged his support for GarcĂa Moreno's efforts to subdue Franco's regime. GarcĂa Moreno soon became aware of the agreement between
Castilla and Franco. In an unsuccessful attempt to seek a powerful ally, GarcĂa Moreno sent a series of secret letters to the
427:
On
September 23, Flores laid out his battle plan. Part of the army would attack Franco's forces at the Santa Ana hill, to the north of the city. The rest, under his and GarcĂa Moreno's direct command, would cross the Salado estuary, to the west, and thus encircle Franco. The
444:
drowned attempting to reach the
Peruvian ships in the harbor, which weighed anchor and set sail for Peru as they saw the battle being lost. It was aboard one of these ships that Franco and his leadership escaped, though other sources indicate that it was the Ecuadorian
467:
The civil war that has stricken this wretched country for more than a year was ended, finally, by the triumph of the armies of the
Provisional Government of Quito, over the troops of General Franco, Supreme Chief of the Province of
388:. Franco was forced to retreat to Guayaquil, where he could count on the support of the Peruvian vessels and men left behind by Castilla. GarcĂa Moreno's victorious army, strengthened by deserters from Franco's forces, moved on to
332:
sailed to
Guayaquil with several thousand soldiers in October 1859, and negotiated the Treaty of Mapasingue with General Franco in January 1860. The signing of the treaty indicated Ecuadorian compliance with all of Peru's demands.
357:, the traitor Franco, who had betrayed them by dealing with the Peruvians on their terms. Resolving to aid GarcĂa Moreno in ending the civil war, General Juan JosĂ© Flores, the fourth president of Ecuador, deposed during the
537:
When
EcheverrĂa later appeared before GarcĂa Moreno to collect his fee and promotion, GarcĂa Moreno gave him the money, but refused him the promotion, saying, "Never... treason pays, but it isn't rewarded."
227:
After a series of internal problems and diplomatic issues with Peru, Ecuadorian president Francisco Robles resigned from his post on May 1, 1859, leaving control of the country split among a number of
792:
89:
353:
of the European country. Fortunately for his cause, the agreement between Franco and Castilla had the effect of uniting the disparate governments of Ecuador against their new common enemy;
482:. Franco's forces surrendered the city, and the Treaty of Mapasingue was annulled by the Ecuadorian Congress in 1861, and later by the Peruvian Congress in 1863 during the government of
432:("Crossing of the Salado") was one of the defining moments of the battle; Flores' men had to face an enemy they were unprepared for, in the tropical terrain of the estuary, choked by
362:
establishment, GarcĂa Moreno and Franco mobilized the army towards Guayaquil, to take the city back from Franco and repel the Peruvian occupation. On the way, stopping in the city of
281:
117:
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GarcĂa Moreno and Flores spent the next months in Guayaquil, awaiting a Peruvian retaliation that never came. Franco, shamed by his defeat, never returned to Ecuador, and died in
129:
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subsequently fell under control of the provisional government; its governor, Guillermo Franco's brother, Juan José Franco, retreated to Guayaquil to help his brother.
775:
748:
380:
On August 7, 1860, a small group of soldiers led by General Francisco Javier Salazar ambushed Guillermo Franco's forces at the future site of the city of
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on February 19. A contingent of Peruvians remained behind, along with several vessels; Franco's army was supplied with boots, uniforms, and 3,000 rifles.
188:
was the final and pivotal armed confrontation in a struggle for political control of Ecuador. The battle was fought on the outskirts of the city of
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30:
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of Ecuadorian history. With his side prevailing, GarcĂa Moreno restored peace to the country, and ushered in what would later be looked on as
316:
of the sale, and the official acknowledgement of Peruvian ownership of the disputed territories. By late 1859, power was divided between
292:
265:
The Treaty of Mapasingue was annulled by the Ecuadorian Congress in 1861, and by the Peruvian Congress in 1863, during the presidency of
205:
93:
478:
Two days after the capture of Guayaquil, GarcĂa Moreno ordered Franco's blue-and-white banner taken down, and replaced with the
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854:
217:
150:
262:, the establishment of authoritarian, if not frankly dictatorial, regime that outlived him by twenty years, until 1895.
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36:
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841:. LLILAS new interpretations of Latin America series. Vol. 1358. Austin, Texas, USA: University of Texas Press.
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Guayaquil, the site of the final battle. GarcĂa Moreno won the encounter, bringing an end to the factional war.
192:, Ecuador on September 22–24, 1860, among several factions claiming control of the country in the wake of the
369:
In a fortunate turn of events, Peru had become embroiled in a domestic revolt, as well as problems on the
303:
A territorial dispute between Ecuador and Peru took place between 1857 and 1860. The conflict began when
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of France, Emile Trinité, on December 7, 15 and 21, 1859; in them, he proposed that Ecuador become a
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325:
209:
141:
346:
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These figures (for both sides), are according to dispatch by general Antonio MartĂnez Pallares
483:
266:
397:
412:
General Juan JosĂ© Flores, the first President of Ecuador and leader of GarcĂa Moreno's army
53:("Illustrated Life of GarcĂa Moreno"), published in France by Charles d'Hallencourt in 1887
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8:
213:
145:
499:
358:
44:
893:
892:: Proyecto de Rescate Editorial de la Biblioteca Municipal de Santiago de Guayaquil.
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366:, GarcĂa Moreno famously announced, "Soldiers, I order you to march on to victory!"
329:
221:
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A study of the question of boundaries between the republics of Peru and Ecuador
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208:. The battle brought an end to a series of skirmishes between the forces of
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Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno, leader of the Provisional Government of Quito
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The battle was the culmination of a period of instability, known as
846:
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Gabriel Garcia Moreno and Conservative State Formation in the Andes
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front, forcing Castilla to return home on February 10, arriving in
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237:
Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno created a provisional government seated in
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112:
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SantamarĂa de Paredes, Vicente; Weston Van Dyke, Harry (1910).
455:
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926:(in Spanish). Ecuador: TipografĂa "El Vigilante". p. 168
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486:, on the grounds that "it was signed with the chief of a
241:, while General Franco declared himself Supreme Chief of
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653:
651:
582:
580:
578:
923:
Manual de Efemérides: Lecciones de historia del Ecuador
793:"Los Gobiernos de la Crisis de 1859 – 1860: Ghuayaquil"
709:
690:
675:
663:
607:
556:
220:
in Guayas, which was recognized by Peruvian president
648:
575:
473:
French Consulate in Quito, October 4, 1860
286:
General Guillermo Franco, Supreme Chief of Guayaquil
730:
A. DarĂo Lara "La vitrina de un paĂs sobre el mundo
871:Avilés Pino, Efrén; Hoyos Galarza, Melvin (2009).
324:, and a provisional government in Quito headed by
886:Historia Documentada de las Provincias del Guayas
490:," an allusion to Franco's ephemeral government.
995:
919:
790:
601:
906:
228:
212:'s Provisional Government, backed by General
96:; nullification of the Treaty of Mapasingue.
773:
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718:
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416:General Juan José Flores planned to retake
834:
703:
684:
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569:
407:
335:
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206:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
90:Provisional Government of Quito victory
16:Battle between Ecuador and Peru in 1860
996:
883:
299:History of Ecuador: The Early Republic
204:military pressure due to the ongoing
957:History of the Plaza de la Victoria
293:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
13:
864:
797:EdiciĂłn de Presidentes del Ecuador
14:
1020:
950:
920:Gallegos Naranjo, Manuel (1900).
824:Historia de la RepĂşblica del PerĂş
778:[Gen. Guillermo Franco].
799:(in Spanish). Vistazo, 3ÂŞ. ADESP
791:Espinosa Cordero, SimĂłn (2002).
279:
123:
111:
49:Illustration of the battle from
43:
835:Henderson, Peter V. N. (2008).
724:
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233:(Supreme Commands). Ecuadorian
118:Provisional Government of Quito
830:: Editorial Universitaria S.A.
522:
51:Vie IllustrĂ©e de GarcĂa Moreno
1:
911:(in Spanish) (1st ed.).
907:HolguĂn Arias, RubĂ©n (2003).
884:Campos, José Antonio (1999).
879:: Municipalidad de Guayaquil.
544:
384:, capital of the province of
272:
826:(in Spanish). Vol. IV.
774:Avilés Pino, Efrén (2017) .
757:(in Spanish). Archived from
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461:
130:Supreme Leadership of Guayas
7:
888:(in Spanish). Vol. V.
747:Avilés Pino, Efrén (2004).
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10:
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290:
1004:Battles involving Ecuador
403:
169:
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915:: Ediciones HolguĂn S.A.
815:
780:Enciclopedia del Ecuador
776:"Franco Gral. Guillermo"
754:Enciclopedia del Ecuador
515:
318:General Guillermo Franco
218:General Guillermo Franco
216:, and the government of
94:Reunification of Ecuador
822:Basadre, Jorge (1970).
602:Espinosa Cordero (2002)
458:, Peru, in March 1873.
259:the era of Conservatism
37:The Era of Conservatism
980:2.193661°S 79.889885°W
945:. Press of B.S. Adams.
810:Article PDF available.
749:"Batalla de Guayaquil"
476:
413:
341:
229:
178:Unknown; 700 prisoners
136:Commanders and leaders
985:-2.193661; -79.889885
873:Historia de Guayaquil
761:on September 25, 2021
465:
411:
339:
328:. Peruvian President
326:Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno
210:Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno
170:Casualties and losses
142:Gabriel GarcĂa Moreno
65:September 22–24, 1860
786:on December 4, 2020.
510:History of Guayaquil
396:from Guayaquil. The
200:, amidst continuous
976: /
909:Estudios Sociales 6
645:, pp. 210–297.
484:Miguel de San Román
267:Miguel de San Román
186:Battle of Guayaquil
175:50 dead and wounded
24:Battle of Guayaquil
719:Avilés Pino (2017)
631:Avilés Pino (2004)
500:History of Ecuador
436:and infested with
414:
398:province of ManabĂ
359:Marcist Revolution
342:
307:attempted to sell
230:Jefaturas Supremas
1009:Conflicts in 1860
856:978-0-292-71903-3
420:by capturing its
347:chargé d'affaires
320:, in the city of
254:the terrible year
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32:The Terrible Year
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198:Francisco Robles
151:Guillermo Franco
146:Juan José Flores
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480:flag of Ecuador
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951:External links
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658:Basadre (1970)
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801:. Retrieved
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763:. Retrieved
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162:4,000 troops
105:Belligerents
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983: /
422:hinterlands
998:Categories
971:79°53′24″W
545:References
468:Guayaquil.
438:alligators
355:El Traidor
297:See also:
273:Background
194:abdication
968:2°11′37″S
890:Guayaquil
877:Guayaquil
550:Citations
462:Aftermath
434:mangroves
418:Guayaquil
322:Guayaquil
309:Amazonian
235:statesman
190:Guayaquil
75:Guayaquil
741:Articles
494:See also
471:—
446:schooner
386:Los RĂos
382:Babahoyo
371:Bolivian
364:Guaranda
202:Peruvian
157:Strength
70:Location
29:Part of
305:Ecuador
165:Unknown
79:Ecuador
896:
853:
732:p. 204
456:Callao
404:Battle
375:Callao
243:Guayas
86:Result
913:Quito
816:Books
516:Notes
390:Daule
239:Quito
932:2010
894:ISBN
851:ISBN
828:Lima
805:2021
767:2021
313:Peru
184:The
62:Date
843:doi
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