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He concludes the book with the way the human mind comes to know the basic truths or primary premises or first principles, which are not innate, because people may be ignorant of them for much of their lives. Nor can they be deduced from any previous knowledge, or they would not be first principles.
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it is considered in respect of its matter. The "form" of a syllogism lies in the necessary connection between the premises and the conclusion. Even where there is no fault in the form, there may be in the matter, i.e. the propositions of which it is composed, which may be true or false, probable or
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In all demonstration, the first principles, the conclusion, and all the intermediate propositions, must be necessary, general and eternal truths. Of things that happen by chance, or contingently, or which can change, or of individual things, there is no
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He states that first principles are derived by induction, from the sense-perception implanting the true universals in the human mind. From this idea comes the scholastic maxim "there is nothing in the understanding which was not prior in the senses".
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We cannot demonstrate things in a circular way, supporting the conclusion by the premises, and the premises by the conclusion. Nor can there be an infinite number of middle terms between the first principle and the
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Maintaining that "to know a thing's nature is to know the reason why it is" and "we possess scientific knowledge of a thing only when we know its cause", Aristotle posited four major sorts of
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for an outline of syllogistic theory) is best adapted to demonstration, because it affords conclusions universally affirmative. This figure is commonly used by mathematicians.
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The demonstration of an affirmative proposition is preferable to that of a negative; the demonstration of a universal to that of a particular; and direct demonstration to a
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Of all types of thinking, scientific knowing and intuition are considered as only universally true, where the latter is the originative source of scientific knowledge.
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as the most sought-after middle terms of demonstration: the definable form; an antecedent which necessitates a consequent; the efficient cause; the final cause.
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All demonstration must be founded on principles already known. The principles on which it is founded must either themselves be demonstrable, or be so-called
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In the second book, Aristotle starts with a remarkable statement, the kinds of things determine the kinds of questions, which are four:
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Some demonstrations prove only that the things are a certain way, rather than why they are so. The latter are the most perfect.
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them, this is demonstration, and produces scientific knowledge of a thing. Such syllogisms are called
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The last of these questions was called by
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What is the nature and meaning of the thing (τί ἐστιν).
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The principles are more certain than the conclusion.
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Text of
Aristotle pertaining to scientific knowledge
958:On Youth, Old Age, Life and Death, and Respiration
434:, (in html, epub or mobi format) as translated by
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262:What is the reason of this connection (τὸ διότι).
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48:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
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179:, and are dealt with in the two books of the
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272:Or in a more literal translation (Owen): 1.
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392:, trans. by Mure, G. R. G. at Logic Museum
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79:Learn how and when to remove this message
137:. The demonstration is distinguished as
232:The first figure of the syllogism (see
197:, and these are dealt with in the book
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1012:On Melissus, Xenophanes, and Gorgias
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404:Public domain audiobook version of
363:: eBooks @ Adelaide, archived from
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1373:Transmission of the Greek Classics
143:productive of scientific knowledge
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1047:The Situations and Names of Winds
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265:Whether a thing exists (εἰ ἔστι).
145:, while the definition marked as
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409:, trans. by Octavius Freire Owen
400:, trans. by Octavius Freire Owen
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953:On Length and Shortness of Life
543:Correspondence theory of truth
336:Analytica Priora et Posteriora
210:may be summarised as follows:
1:
889:Constitution of the Athenians
328:
791:On Generation and Corruption
7:
422:public domain audiobook at
343:Posterior Analytics; Topica
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1032:On Marvellous Things Heard
651:Potentiality and actuality
384:, at Bibliotheca Augustana
200:On Sophistical Refutations
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34:This article includes a
763:Sophistical Refutations
63:more precise citations.
948:On Divination in Sleep
634:Horror vacui (physics)
361:University of Adelaide
112:
1440:Philosophy portal
1062:Rhetoric to Alexander
1151:Andronicus of Rhodes
1052:On Virtues and Vices
1007:On Indivisible Lines
928:Sense and Sensibilia
898:Rhetoric and poetics
711:mathematical realism
242:reductio ad absurdum
206:The contents of the
135:scientific knowledge
113:Analytica Posteriora
1121:Strato of Lampsacus
753:Posterior Analytics
505:Ideas and interests
431:Posterior Analytics
419:Posterior Analytics
406:Posterior Analytics
397:Posterior Analytics
389:Posterior Analytics
352:Posterior Analytics
208:Posterior Analytics
181:Posterior Analytics
94:Posterior Analytics
1466:Works by Aristotle
1165:Islamic Golden Age
1088:Peripatetic school
874:Nicomachean Ethics
569:Future contingents
349:Aristotle (2007),
36:list of references
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743:On Interpretation
686:Temporal finitism
574:Genus–differentia
531:Category of being
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381:Ἀναλυτικὰ ὕστερα
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974:Protrepticus
867:and politics
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69:October 2017
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195:sophistical
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61:introducing
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839:Generation
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738:Categories
558:Eudaimonia
329:References
309:definition
284:it is, 4.
280:it is, 3.
234:term logic
131:definition
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1215:Jewish
865:Ethics
758:Topics
628:Philia
622:Mythos
496:Lyceum
359:, The
190:Topics
133:, and
1378:Plato
1343:Smith
1328:Adler
824:Parts
721:Works
680:Telos
667:ousia
592:Lexis
580:Hexis
525:Arete
491:Logic
316:cause
297:Latin
293:Greek
109:Latin
99:Greek
42:, or
1333:Foot
967:Lost
299:as "
286:what
274:that
91:The
303:" (
278:why
119:'s
1457::
664:,
282:if
203:.
149:.
139:a
129:,
111::
107:;
101::
46:,
38:,
670:)
550:–
464:e
457:t
450:v
369:.
245:.
97:(
82:)
76:(
71:)
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53:.
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