1735:
361:
67:
81:
1528:
predecessors, had a great development in his reign and the new lands were populated. There were also urgent economic problems to be solved. The Moors had made
Alentejo the granary of Portugal, but war had undone their work, and large tracts of land were now barren and depopulated. Commerce and education had similarly been subordinated to the struggle for national existence. The machinery of administration was out of date and complicated by the authority of feudal and ecclesiastical courts. The supremacy of the Crown, though recognized, was still unstable. It was Denis who initiated the needful reforms. He earned his title of the
1279:, Pope Alexander III acknowledged Portugal as an independent nation and Afonso and his heirs as her rightful kings. Afonso died on December 6, 1185. He had secured for Portugal both the status and the name of an independent kingdom, and had extended its frontier southwards from the Mondego to the Tagus. He had laid the foundation of its navy and had strengthened, if he did not inaugurate, that system of co-operation between the Crown and the military orders which afterwards proved of incalculable service in the maritime and colonial development of the nation.
1195:
1906:
1858:
1894:
1882:
1870:
1794:
403:
336:
98:
832:
2634:
1622:, was to take vengeance on the murderers of Inês de Castro. Throughout his reign he strengthened the central government at the expense of the aristocracy and the Church, by a stern enforcement of law and order. In 1361, at the Cortes of Elvas, it was enacted that the privileges of the clergy should only be deemed valid insofar as they did not conflict with the royal prerogative. Peter maintained friendly relations with England, where in 1352
2302:
1541:, which began its existence in Lisbon and was transferred to Coimbra in 1308 and moved definitively in 1537. He was a poet and a patron of literature and music, proclaiming Portuguese to be the language of the state. His chief administrative reforms were designed to secure centralized government and to limit the jurisdiction of feudal courts. He encouraged and nationalized the military orders. In 1290 the Portuguese knights of the
1441:, nicknamed the Wise, who claimed suzerainty over Algarve. The war which followed was ended by Afonso III consenting to wed Beatriz de Guzmán, illegitimate daughter of Alfonso X, and to hold Algarve as a fief of Castile. The celebration of this marriage, while Matilda, countess of Boulogne and first wife of Afonso III, was still alive, entailed the imposition of an interdict upon the kingdom. In 1254 Afonso III summoned cortes to
1398:), i.e., the chief military official. He continued the crusade against the Moors, who were driven from their last strongholds in Alentejo, and in 1239–1244, after a dispute with Rome which was once more ended by the imposition of an interdict and the submission of the Portuguese ruler, he won many successes in the Algarve. But his career of conquest was cut short by a revolution (1245), for which his marriage to a Castilian lady,
1022:", and their antagonism had some historical importance insofar as it fostered the growth of separatist tendencies among the Portuguese. But the quarrel was temporarily suspended because both Gelmires and Burdino, virtually princes within their territories, had reason to dread the extension of Urraca's authority. It was arranged that Teresa should be liberated and should continue to hold the county of Portugal as a
1766:. The most urgent matter which confronted the king or the group of statesmen, led by João das Regras and the constable who inspired his policy was the menace of Castilian aggression. John of Castile marched into Portugal with a large army in August 1385. But on August 14, the much-outnumbered Portuguese, aided by 500 English archers, utterly defeated the Castilians and their French allies at
1631:
institution, hostile to the tyranny of nobles and clergy. During the reign of
Ferdinand (1367–1383) and under the regency of Leonora the ruling dynasty ceased to represent the national will; the Portuguese people therefore made an end of the dynasty and chose its own ruler. The complex events which brought about this crisis may be briefly summarized.
1707:
grand-master of the knights of Aviz and illegitimate son of Peter I, as their leader, organized a revolt in Lisbon, and assassinated the count of Ourém within the royal palace (December 6, 1383). Leonora fled to Santarém and summoned aid from
Castile, while D. John was proclaimed defender of Portugal. In 1384 a Castilian army
1383:), and Vicente, dean of Lisbon, resigned their offices. Estêvão Soares, archbishop of Braga, placed himself at the head of the nobles and churchmen who threatened to usurp the royal power during Sancho II's minority, and negotiated an alliance with Alfonso IX, by which it was arranged that the Portuguese should attack
1426:) of the realm, and to proclaim himself king. Hitherto the position of the monarchy had been precarious; as in Aragon the nobles and the church had exercised a large measure of control over their nominal head, and though it would be pedantry to over-emphasize the importance of the royal title, its assumption by
1406:
leader in Sancho's brother Afonso, count of
Boulogne, who owed his title to a marriage with Matilda, countess of Boulogne. The pope issued a bull of deposition in favour of Afonso, who reached Lisbon in 1246; and after a civil war lasting two years Sancho II retired to Toledo, where he died in January 1248.
1805:
his reign, many nobles who exercised their full feudal rights had become almost independent princes. Abroad, he aimed at peace with
Castile and close friendship with England. In 1387 he had married Philipa of Lancaster, daughter of John of Gaunt; Richard II sent troops to aid in the expulsion of Denis;
1706:
Leonor had long carried on a relationship with the count of Ourém, who engaged in various intrigues with
England and Castile, and whose influence was resented by the leaders of the aristocracy, while her tyrannical rule also aroused Rebellion of bitter opposition. The malcontents chose D. John, 1383.
1527:
and foreign crusaders" would be fused into one nationality. King Denis ordered the construction of numerous castles, created new towns, and granted privileges due cities to several others. The process of settlement of the south and some parts of the interior by northern
Portuguese, carried out by his
1405:
The legitimacy of the union has been questioned, on grounds which appear insufficient; but of its unpopularity there can be no doubt. The bishops, resenting the favour shown by Sancho to his father's anti-clerical ministers, took advantage of this unpopularity to organize the rebellion. They found a
1147:
Afonso was occupied in almost incessant border fighting against his
Christian or Moorish neighbours. Twelve years of campaigning on the Galician frontier were concluded in 1143 by the Treaty of Zamora, in which Afonso was recognized as independent of any other Iberian sovereign, although he promised
1033:
Meanwhile, her son Afonso
Henriques (meaning "Afonso son of Henry") thrived. The boy, probably born around 1109, followed his father as Count of Portugal in 1112, under the tutelage of his mother. The relations between Teresa and her son Afonso proved difficult. Only eleven years old, Afonso already
1753:
was the Cortes of
Coimbra, which definitely affirmed the national character of the monarchy. The choice of the grand-master of Aviz ratified the old alliance between the Crown and the military orders; his election by the whole Cortes not only ratified the alliance between the Crown and the commons,
1448:
Fortified by their support the king refused to submit to Rome. At the cortes of Coimbra (1261), he further strengthened his position by conciliating the representatives of the cities, who denounced the issue of a debased coinage, and by recognizing that taxation could not be imposed without consent
1804:
The domestic and foreign policy pursued by John I until his death in 1433 may be briefly described. At home he endeavoured to reform administration, to encourage agriculture and commerce, and to secure the loyalty of the nobles by grants of land and privileges so extensive that, towards the end of
1630:
The foreign policy of Denis, Afonso IV and Peter I had been, as in rule, successful in its main object, the preservation of peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia; in consequence, the Portuguese had advanced in prosperity and culture. They had supported the monarchy because it was a national
1303:
He granted fresh charters to many cities, legalizing the system of self-government which the Romans had bequeathed to the Visigoths and the Moors had retained or improved. Lisbon had already (1179) received a charter from Afonso I. Sancho also endeavoured to foster immigration and agriculture, by
1272:
In 1171 Afonso concluded a seven years truce with the Moors; weakened by his wound and by old age, he could no longer take the field, and when the war broke out afresh he delegated the chief command to his son Sancho. Between 1179 and 1184 the Moors retrieved many of their losses in Alentejo, but
1316:, who was besieged for five months in his palace and then forced to seek redress in Rome (1209). As Sancho was in weak health and had no means of resisting Papal pressure, he made full submission (1210); and after bestowing large estates on his sons and daughters, he retired into
1609:
1460:
The monarchy owed its triumph to its championship of national interests, to the support of the municipalities and military orders, and to the prestige gained by the royal armies in the Moorish and Castilian wars. In 1263 Alfonso X renounced his claim to suzerainty over the
1561:(1312) an ecclesiastical commission investigated the charges against the Portuguese branch of the order, and found in its favour. As the Templars were rich, influential and loyal, Denis took advantage of the death of Clement V. to maintain the order under a new name; the
1474:
1833:
mark the three final stages in the consolidation of the monarchy. A period of expansion oversea began in the same reign, with the capture of Ceuta in Morocco. The three eldest sons of King John and Queen Philippa, Edward, Peter and Henry (afterwards celebrated as
1516:
These wars were too brief to interfere seriously with the social reconstruction to which the king devoted himself. At his accession the Portuguese people was not homogeneous; it was a long process in which its component peoples "Moors and Mozarabs of the south,
1532:
or "farmer king" by introducing improved methods of cultivation and founding agricultural schools. He encouraged maritime trade by negotiating a commercial treaty with England (1294) and forming a royal navy (1317) under the command of a Genoese admiral named
1308:. He had insisted that priests should accompany their flocks in battle, had made them amenable to secular jurisdiction, had withheld the tribute due to Rome and had even claimed the right of disposing of ecclesiastical domains. Finally he had quarreled with
1073:, and straight after was unanimously proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This meant that Portugal was no longer a vassal county of León, but an independent kingdom in its own right. That he then convened the first assembly of the estates-general at
1156:(1169). Ferdinand was his son-in-law and was probably disposed to leniency by the imminence of a Moorish invasion in which Portugal could render useful assistance. Afonso was therefore released under a promise to abandon all his conquests in Galicia.
1256:
This was the greatest military achievement of his reign. The Moorish garrisons of Palmela, Sintra and Almada soon capitulated, and in 1158 Alcácer do Sal, one of the chief centres of Moorish commerce, was taken by storm. At this time, however, the
1127:
Meanwhile, King Alfonso VII, Afonso's cousin, regarded the independent ruler of Portugal as nothing but a rebel. The conflict between the two was constant and bitter in the following years. Afonso became involved in a war, taking the side of the
1580:(1328), but the marriage precipitated the war it was intended to avert, and peace was only restored (1330) after Queen Isabella had again intervened. Peter, the heir, afterwards married Constance, daughter of the duke of Peñafiel (near
1042:, a political foe of Teresa, and both were exiled by her orders. Afonso spent the next years away from his own county, under the watch of the bishop. In 1122 Afonso became fourteen, the adult age in the 12th century. He made himself a
1148:
to be a faithful vassal of the Pope and to pay him a yearly tribute of four ounces of gold. In 1167, however, the war was renewed. Afonso succeeded in conquering part of Galicia, but in attempting to capture the frontier fortress of
1688:
despatched a powerful force to Lisbon, and betrothed his cousin Prince Edward to Beatrice, only child of Ferdinand, who had been recognized as heiress to the throne by the Cortes of Leiria (1376). In 1383, Ferdinand made peace with
1504:
married Constance, daughter of Denis, while Afonso, son of Denis, married Beatrice of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand. A further outbreak of civil war, between the king and the heir-apparent, was averted in 1293 by the queen-consort
1172:
acknowledged Afonso as King and Portugal as an independent land with the right to conquer lands from the Moors. With this papal blessing, Portugal was at last secured as a country and safe from any Leonese attempts at annexation.
1711:, but encountered a heroic resistance, and after five months an outbreak of plague compelled them to end the siege, John I of Castile, discovering or alleging that Leonor had plotted to poison him, imprisoned her in a convent at
1850:
Five different flags were used during the period from 1139 until 1415. As seen below, they evolved over time from a simple blue cross on a white field to a complex design involving a red border with many different shapes.
1654:(1369); he based his claim on the fact that his grandmother Beatrice (1367–1385) belonged to the legitimate line of Castile. When the majority of the Castilian nobles refused to accept a Portuguese sovereign, and welcomed
1680:, daughter of Peter of Castile. An alliance between Portugal and England was concluded; and although Ferdinand made peace with Castile in 1374, he renewed his claim in 1380, after the death of Henry of Castile, and sent
1265:, where they were able to check the Portuguese reconquest, although isolated bands of crusading adventurers succeeded in establishing themselves in various cities of Alentejo. The most famous of these free-lancers was
1626:
issued a proclamation in favour of Portuguese traders, and in 1353 the Portuguese envoy Afonso Martins Alho signed a covenant with the merchants of London, guaranteeing mutual good faith in all commercial dealings.
1355:
Afonso II repudiated the will of his father, refused to surrender the estates left to his brothers, who went into exile, and only gave up the property bequeathed to his sisters after a prolonged civil war in which
1748:
showed at the Cortes assembled in Coimbra that they had the right to choose John of Aviz as their new king. John (or João) was then elected king of Portugal. One of the most important events in the history of the
1697:
it was agreed that Beatrice should marry John I. Six months later Ferdinand died, and in accordance with the terms of the treaty Leonor became regent until the eldest son of John I and Beatrice should be of age.
1376:
succeeded at the age of thirteen. To secure the removal of the interdict the leading statesmen who were identified with the policy of his father Gonçalo Mendes the chancellor, Pedro Annes, the lord chamberlain
1253:. Among them were many "Franks" from France, England, Flanders and German states, who were afterwards induced to settle in Portugal. Aided by these powerful allies, Afonso captured Lisbon on October 24, 1147.
1360:
took part against them. Even then he compelled the heiresses to take the veil. His attempts to strengthen the monarchy and fill the treasury at the expense of the Church resulted in his excommunication by
1838:) desired to win knighthood by service against the Moors, the historic enemies of their country and creed. In 1415 a Portuguese fleet, commanded by the king and the three princes, set sail for Ceuta. The
1304:
granting estates to the military orders and municipalities on condition that the occupiers should cultivate or colonize their lands. Towards the close of his reign he became embroiled in a dispute with
1066:, his nominal suzerain, and thus freed the county from political dependence on the crown of León. On April 6, 1129, Afonso Henriques dictated the writ in which he proclaimed himself Prince of Portugal.
1465:. Lisbon was henceforth recognized as the capital. Afonso III continued to reign until his death on 16 February 1279, but the peace of his later years was broken by the rebellion (1277–1279) of Denis.
1296:. The motives and course of this indecisive struggle are obscure. It ended in 1201, and the last decade of Sancho's reign was a period of peaceful reform which earned for the king his popular name of
1210:
states, ignoring the central government; in Africa the Almohades were destroying the remnants of the Almoravide power. Afonso took advantage of these dissentions to invade Alentejo, reinforced by the
1394:
Elvas was taken from the Moors in 1226, and in 1227 Sancho assumed control of the kingdom. He reinstated Pedro Annes, made Vicente chancellor, and appointed Martim Annes chief standard-bearer (
1786:, claimed the Portuguese throne and invaded Portugal in 1398, but his troops were easily crushed. A treaty was arranged in 1387 and renewed at intervals until peace was concluded with the
1002:
Teresa renewed the struggle against her half-sister and suzerain Urraca in 1116–1117, and again in 1120; in 1121 she was besieged in Lanhoso and captured. But a peace was negotiated (
1069:
Afonso then turned his arms against the persistent problem of the Moors in the south. His campaigns were successful and, on July 25, 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the
991:
After three years of war against Urraca and other rival claimants to the throne of León, Count Henry himself died in 1112, leaving his widow Teresa to govern Portugal north of the
1770:. By this victory the Portuguese showed themselves equal in military power to their strongest rivals in the Peninsula. In October the constable invaded Castile and won another
2018:
1077:(wherein he would have been given the crown from the Archbishop of Braga, to confirm the independence) is likely to be a 17th-century embellishment of Portuguese history.
1062:. She died there in 1130. Thus Afonso become sole ruler (Duke of Portugal) after demands for independence from the county's people, church and nobles. He also vanquished
1681:
1080:
Independence, however, was not a thing a land could choose on its own. Portugal still had to be acknowledged by the neighbouring lands and, most importantly, by the
1782:(May 9, 1386), the alliance between Portugal and England was confirmed and extended. Against such a combination the Castilians were powerless; Denis, eldest son of
1058:(1128) he overcame the troops under his mother's lover and ally, Count Fernando Pérez de Traba, making her his prisoner and exiling her forever to a monastery in
1734:
1229:
On July 25, 1139 he defeated the combined forces of the Moors on the plains of Ourique, in Alentejo. Legend has magnified the victory into the rout of 200,000
1513:
for her many virtues in the 16th century. She rode between the hostile camps, and succeeded in arranging an honourable peace between her husband and her son.
1488:
was not a period of uninterrupted peace. At the outset his legitimacy was disputed by his brother Afonso, and a brief civil war ensued. Hostilities between
1778:
and 5,000 English reinforcements arrived to aid John I. Together they launched another counter-invasion of Castile, but the campaign proved abortive. By the
1565:, as it was henceforth called, received the benediction of the pope in 1319 and subsequently played an important part in the colonial expansion of Portugal.
1309:
1014:, rival churchmen whose wealth and military resources enabled them to dictate terms. Bitter jealousy existed between the two prelates, each claiming to be
2533:
1344:) were summoned by royal writ. The king (1211–1223), was no warrior, but in 1212 a Portuguese contingent aided the Castilians to defeat the Moors in the
1096:, and sent ambassadors to Rome to negotiate with the Pope. In Portugal, he built several monasteries and convents and bestowed important privileges to
1011:
527:
1618:
Peter's particular fancy was the administration of justice, which he frequently did in person and with considerable cruelty. The first act of
860:
980:
were thus secured against any sudden Moorish raid. But in 1109 Alfonso VI died, bequeathing all his territories to his legitimate daughter,
1289:; in 1192 he lost not only Algarve but the greater part of Alentejo, including Alcácer do Sal, to the Almohads. A peace was then arranged.
2323:
2314:
604:
424:
1584:), and Afonso IV brought a strong Portuguese army to aid the Castilians against the Moors of Granada and their African allies. In the
2353:
735:
80:
3047:
2022:
1672:, whom he eventually married. To avenge this slight, Henry of Castile invaded Portugal and besieged Lisbon. Ferdinand appealed to
1665:
intervened, and it was decided that Ferdinand should renounce his claim and marry Eleanor, the daughter of his successful rival.
1202:
Afonso had already won many victories over the Moors. At the beginning of his reign the religious fervor which had sustained the
1484:
The chief problems now confronting the monarchy were no longer military, but social, economic and constitutional. The reign of
957:
3017:
1414:
One of the first acts of the usurper, and one of the most important, was to abandon the semi-ecclesiastical titles of visitor (
66:
1553:
had already been established, the traditional dates of their incorporation being 1113 and 1162. After the condemnation of the
3108:
2782:
2720:
2679:
2468:
1176:
In 1184, in spite of his great age, King Afonso of Portugal still had sufficient energy to relieve his son Sancho, who was
1144:
established peace between the cousins and the recognition by the Kingdom of León that Portugal was an independent kingdom.
921:
2019:"Desconstrução do conceito sexo frágil a exemplo da governança na Península Ibérica | Alves | Revista Veredas da História"
1233:
under five kings; but so far was the battle from being decisive that in 1140 the Moors were able to seize the fortress of
97:
2833:
2777:
2548:
2523:
2483:
1089:
614:
599:
577:
534:
354:
719:
632:
3073:
2851:
2366:
725:
1063:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
2287:
2269:
1542:
1112:
of the Papacy. Thus, Afonso continued to distinguish himself by his exploits against the Moors, from whom he wrested
853:
965:
706:
554:
2689:
1034:
had his own political ideas, greatly different from his mother's. In 1120, the young prince took the side of the
780:
667:
2861:
2383:
1434:
822:
799:
1905:
1857:
2735:
2694:
2659:
2346:
1345:
764:
743:
2568:
654:
3042:
2885:
2823:
2609:
2604:
1677:
1104:
to declare himself and the kingdom servants of the Church, swearing to pursue driving the Moors out of the
936:
Towards the close of the 11th century crusading knights came from every part of Europe to aid the kings of
884:
846:
784:
768:
681:
509:
479:
382:
3027:
2755:
2669:
2563:
2463:
1189:
1093:
649:
504:
1994:
1177:
2684:
2654:
2538:
2508:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1562:
584:
429:
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at Salvaterra, deserting his English allies, who retaliated by ravaging part of his territory. By the
1349:
1027:
2674:
2614:
2588:
2558:
2553:
1771:
1576:
adhered to the matrimonial policy initiated by Dinis. He arranged that his daughter Maria should wed
1285:
continued the war against the Moors with varying fortune. In 1189 he won Silves, then the capital of
788:
730:
639:
619:
1817:
successively ratified the treaty of Windsor; Henry IV made his ally a knight of the Garter in 1400.
984:, and Count Henry at once invaded León, hoping to add it to his own dominions at the expense of his
2957:
2922:
2902:
2760:
2725:
2473:
2339:
1779:
1759:
1669:
953:
776:
434:
86:
2985:
2932:
2907:
2813:
2772:
2765:
2578:
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and garrisoned, and thus the first Portuguese outpost was established on the mainland of Africa.
1639:
1612:
1501:
1430:
does mark a definite stage in the evolution of a national monarchy and a centralized government.
1357:
1348:, and in 1217 the ministers, bishops and captains of the realm, reinforced by foreign crusaders,
693:
1719:
1585:
1449:
of the cortes. The clergy suffered more than the laity under a prolonged interdict, and in 1262
1242:
1153:
1055:
3012:
2740:
2573:
2518:
2513:
2493:
1830:
1708:
1462:
1427:
1159:
In 1179 the privileges and favours given to the Roman Catholic Church were compensated. In the
913:
901:
687:
594:
544:
1399:
3007:
2937:
2912:
2871:
2787:
2745:
2730:
2642:
2619:
2498:
1826:
1798:
1685:
1623:
1577:
1573:
1538:
1506:
1373:
1329:
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on their way to Palestine landed at Porto on 16 June 1147, and volunteered for the impending
806:
772:
644:
1317:
1293:
1113:
208:
3113:
3032:
2942:
2708:
2583:
1694:
1438:
1282:
1133:
996:
713:
564:
514:
449:
193:
164:
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was rapidly subsiding; in Portugal independent Moorish chiefs ruled over cities and petty
8:
3066:
2977:
2952:
2927:
2866:
2841:
2801:
2458:
2452:
2374:
1922:
1835:
1814:
1806:
1723:
1658:
1619:
1478:
1457:), the king's eldest son. Thus ended the contest for supremacy between Church and Crown.
1275:
1266:
1241:, his capital. In 1144 they defeated the Templars at Soure. But on March 15, 1147 Afonso
1215:
1164:
909:
887:. During most of the 12th and 13th centuries, its history is chiefly that of the gradual
875:
759:
391:
295:
139:
134:
33:
1787:
1437:, the last remaining stronghold of the Moors. This drew down upon Portugal the anger of
2995:
2990:
2917:
2846:
2828:
2441:
1810:
1738:
1647:
1593:
1519:
1497:
1384:
1169:
969:
941:
880:
811:
499:
454:
419:
341:
264:
1745:
1643:
1493:
937:
3082:
3037:
3022:
2967:
2947:
2897:
2818:
2664:
2488:
2283:
2265:
1839:
1750:
1690:
1485:
1454:
1362:
1333:
1305:
1262:
1258:
1203:
1105:
1070:
1003:
945:
917:
675:
589:
549:
494:
277:
238:
157:
103:
1783:
1597:
1007:
981:
2962:
2446:
1651:
1141:
1101:
1047:
1030:, count of Trava, thus estranging her son, the archbishop of Braga and the nobles.
1026:
of León. During the next five years she lavished wealth and titles upon her lover,
1015:
489:
412:
251:
72:
3087:
3000:
2856:
2750:
1662:
1554:
1534:
1313:
1250:
1223:
1211:
1140:, sister of the Count of Barcelona and princess of Aragon. Finally, in 1143, the
1137:
1129:
1097:
1081:
836:
1445:, in which the chief cities were represented, as well as the nobles and clergy.
1194:
2528:
1558:
1546:
1365:, and Portugal remained under interdict until Afonso II died on 25 March 1223.
47:
1059:
3102:
2503:
2327:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–161.
2318:
2308:
1775:
1763:
1673:
1550:
1450:
992:
925:
559:
539:
307:
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1108:. Bypassing any king of Castile or León, Afonso declared himself the direct
2543:
961:
924:
and the subsequent transition from the Portuguese House of Burgundy to the
609:
1500:
were terminated in 1297 by a treaty of alliance, in accordance with which
1051:
2401:
2391:
1767:
1712:
1124:
River, although this was lost again to the Moors in the following years.
888:
402:
225:
2276:
A afirmação do País – da Conquista do Algarve à regência de Leonor Teles
2436:
2426:
1581:
1160:
1035:
484:
1588:
on the banks of the river Salado, near Tarifa, he earned his title of
1273:
were unable to retake Santarém and Lisbon. In 1179, by the papal bull
1120:
in 1147. He also conquered an important part of the land south of the
2431:
2411:
2406:
1661:, Ferdinand allied himself with the Moors and Aragonese; but in 1371
1510:
444:
439:
2331:
1292:
For the next eight years, Sancho was engaged in hostilities against
2633:
2416:
2396:
2362:
1489:
1453:
legalized the disputed marriage and legitimized Denis (future king
1050:, raised an army, and proceeded to take control of his lands. Near
1019:
985:
302:
169:
2307:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1676:, who also claimed the throne of Castile, on behalf of his wife,
1388:
1286:
1246:
1238:
1149:
977:
115:
1722:, future constable of Portugal, defeated the invaders, at the
1596:. The later years of his reign were darkened by the tragedy of
1545:
were definitely separated from the parent Castilian order. The
1442:
1234:
1230:
1117:
1109:
1074:
1043:
973:
459:
120:
2258:
A formação do território – da Lusitânia ao alargamento do País
2213:
2211:
2421:
1608:
1336:, to which the upper hierarchy of the Church and the nobles (
1219:
1207:
1121:
1039:
949:
893:
144:
1592:(1340). In 1347 he gave his daughter Eleanor in marriage to
900:
This process was essentially complete with the ascension of
2208:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2114:
1845:
1758:
Ferdinand had been the last legitimate descendant of Count
1237:, built by Afonso in 1135 as an outpost for the defence of
1132:, an enemy of Alfonso VII. To ensure the alliance, his son
1085:
1023:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1934:
1473:
1180:
by the Moors. He died shortly after, on December 6, 1185.
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1524:
2089:
2087:
2223:
2135:
2050:
2048:
1668:
Ferdinand, however, preferred his Portuguese mistress,
972:
was included in Teresa's dowry. Count Henry ruled as a
1946:
2084:
1820:
1433:
A second stage was reached shortly afterwards by the
891:
of territory from the various Muslim principalities (
2045:
2534:
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1762:. With John I began the rule of a new dynasty, the
1684:, count of Ourém, to secure English aid. In 1381
3100:
1421:
1415:
1378:
25:
999:; south of the Mondego, the Moors still ruled.
1656:the former king's illegitimate half-brother as
2347:
1754:but also included the nobles and the Church.
854:
1332:is noteworthy for the first meeting of the
39:
2354:
2340:
1537:(Manuel Pessanha). In 1290 he founded the
1198:Portugal and the Iberian Peninsula in 1157
1183:
1152:he was wounded and forced to surrender to
861:
847:
96:
1701:
1509:, who had married Denis in 1281, and was
2312:
2246:
2217:
2166:
2120:
1981:
1940:
1846:Flags of Portugal during the Middle Ages
1792:
1733:
1607:
1472:
1261:had triumphed in Africa and invaded the
1218:, whose respective headquarters were at
1193:
995:during the minority of her infant son,
3101:
2361:
2335:
1245:, and about the same time a band of
1650:, left vacant by the death of King
912:in the period between the death of
13:
1821:Beginning of the Portuguese Empire
904:, the first to claim the title of
14:
3145:
916:in 1279 and the beginning of the
600:Imperial decline, war, and revolt
2632:
2300:
1911:Flag after 1385, used until 1485
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1863:Flag since 1095, used until 1143
1856:
1243:stormed the fortress of Santarém
922:1383–1385 Portuguese interregnum
906:King of Portugal and the Algarve
830:
720:Processo Revolucionário Em Curso
555:War of the Portuguese Succession
401:
359:
334:
79:
65:
2524:History of Portugal (1777–1834)
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2126:
2105:
2096:
1551:Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz
1547:Knights Hospitaller in Portugal
1320:, where he died in March 1211.
1064:Alfonso VII of León and Castile
355:History of Portugal (1415–1578)
2075:
2066:
2057:
2036:
2011:
1987:
1634:
1269:, who captured Évora in 1165.
966:Alfonso VI of León and Castile
952:. Among these adventurers was
1:
1928:
1586:victory won by the Christians
1492:and the reunited kingdoms of
1409:
1346:Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
931:
3109:Medieval history of Portugal
2021:. 2021-01-11. Archived from
1678:Infanta Constance of Castile
1568:
1368:
1323:
885:Portuguese House of Burgundy
682:Portugal during World War II
510:Portuguese House of Burgundy
480:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7:
1916:
1825:The Cortes of Coimbra, the
1190:Portugal in the Reconquista
1094:Amadeus III, Count of Savoy
883:in the 1130s, ruled by the
650:Portugal during World War I
10:
3150:
2256:Ribeiro, Ângelo (2004a).
1715:, where she died in 1386.
1603:
1468:
1187:
430:Roman conquest of Hispania
3060:
2976:
2893:
2884:
2809:
2800:
2716:
2707:
2650:
2641:
2630:
2597:
2382:
2373:
2313:Prestage, Edgar (1911). "
2274:Ribeiro, Ângelo (2004b).
1899:Flag from 1248 until 1385
1887:Flag from 1185 until 1248
1875:Flag from 1143 until 1185
1729:
1642:, claimed the thrones of
879:was established from the
313:
301:
291:
287:
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261:
248:
235:
231:
221:
217:
202:
187:
183:
175:
163:
153:
127:
111:
95:
61:
56:
20:
3134:15th century in Portugal
3129:14th century in Portugal
3124:13th century in Portugal
3119:12th century in Portugal
2834:Exclusive Economic Zone
2721:Administrative divisions
1670:Leonor Telles de Menezes
956:, who, in 1095, married
435:Romanization of Hispania
2549:Constitutional monarchy
2324:Encyclopædia Britannica
1774:. Early the next year,
1613:Ferdinand I of Portugal
1502:Ferdinand IV of Castile
1402:, furnished a pretext.
1184:Reconquista in Portugal
1100:. In 1143, he wrote to
1028:Fernando Pérez de Traba
726:Transition to democracy
694:Portuguese Colonial War
615:Constitutional Monarchy
595:Great Lisbon earthquake
2852:Science and technology
2519:1761 Lisbon earthquake
2514:1755 Lisbon earthquake
2132:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 115.
2111:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 111.
1999:guesthousevimaranes_ES
1801:
1741:
1702:Portuguese Interregnum
1682:João Fernandes Andeiro
1615:
1481:
1463:Kingdom of the Algarve
1422:
1416:
1379:
1199:
1046:on his own account in
902:Afonso III of Portugal
545:Portuguese Renaissance
265:Portuguese Interregnum
40:
26:
2554:Republican Revolution
2499:Treaty of Tordesillas
2484:Portuguese golden age
2469:1383–1385 interregnum
2205:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 21.
2196:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 14.
2187:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 15.
2102:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 91.
2093:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 77.
2081:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 75.
2072:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 71.
2063:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 70.
2054:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 69.
2042:Ribeiro 2004a, p. 60.
1995:"Casa Teresa de Leão"
1827:battle of Aljubarrota
1799:Battle of Aljubarrota
1796:
1737:
1686:Richard II of England
1611:
1578:Alfonso XI of Castile
1539:University of Coimbra
1507:Elizabeth of Portugal
1476:
1350:retook Alcácer do Sal
1197:
1006:) by the archbishops
976:of Alfonso VI, whose
920:in 1415 includes the
645:Monarchy of the North
128:Common languages
3048:World Heritage Sites
2584:Carnation Revolution
2178:Ribeiro 2004b, p. 8.
1720:Nuno Álvares Pereira
1695:Treaty of Salvaterra
1439:Alfonso X of Castile
1178:besieged in Santarém
1154:Ferdinand II of León
1056:Battle of São Mamede
714:Carnation Revolution
565:Dutch-Portuguese War
2459:Kingdom of Portugal
2453:Manifestis Probatum
2220:, pp. 141–142.
2123:, pp. 140–141.
1943:, pp. 139–140.
1923:Portuguese monarchs
1836:Henry the Navigator
1815:Henry VI of England
1797:A depiction of the
1772:victory at Valverde
1744:On April 16, 1385,
1724:Battle of Atoleiros
1659:Henry II of Castile
1620:Peter I of Portugal
1600:. He died in 1357.
1479:Denis I of Portugal
1435:conquest of Algarve
1400:Mécia Lopes de Haro
1300:, "the Populator".
1276:Manifestis Probatum
1267:Gerald the Fearless
1216:Knights Hospitaller
1165:Manifestis Probatum
910:history of Portugal
876:Kingdom of Portugal
837:Portugal portal
135:Galician-Portuguese
41:Regnum Portugalliae
22:Kingdom of Portugal
2862:Telecommunications
2539:Liberal Revolution
2442:County of Portugal
1802:
1742:
1616:
1594:Peter IV of Aragon
1482:
1358:Alfonso IX of León
1318:Alcobaça Monastery
1310:Martinho Rodrigues
1294:Alfonso IX of León
1200:
1170:Pope Alexander III
970:County of Portugal
881:county of Portugal
535:Imperial expansion
500:County of Portugal
455:Visigothic Kingdom
420:Prehistoric Iberia
342:County of Portugal
3096:
3095:
3056:
3055:
2880:
2879:
2796:
2795:
2783:Political parties
2736:Foreign relations
2703:
2702:
2665:Iberian Peninsula
2628:
2627:
2474:Treaty of Windsor
1840:town was captured
1831:treaty of Windsor
1780:treaty of Windsor
1760:Henry of Burgundy
1751:Portuguese Cortes
1691:John I of Castile
1543:Order of Santiago
1535:Emanuele Pessagno
1387:, the Castilians
1363:Pope Honorius III
1334:Portuguese Cortes
1306:Pope Innocent III
1263:Iberian Peninsula
1259:Almohad Caliphate
1204:Almoravid dynasty
1106:Iberian Peninsula
1071:Battle of Ourique
1004:Treaty of Lanhoso
954:Henry of Burgundy
918:Portuguese Empire
897:) of the period.
871:
870:
744:COVID-19 pandemic
676:Ditadura Nacional
605:Transfer of Court
590:House of Braganza
550:Portuguese Empire
495:Almoravid dynasty
425:Pre-Roman Peoples
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
347:
346:
278:Conquest of Ceuta
239:Battle of Ourique
213:
204:• 1385–1433
198:
189:• 1139–1185
158:Roman Catholicism
104:Iberian Peninsula
102:Portugal and the
27:Regno de Portugal
3141:
3076:
3069:
2891:
2890:
2837:
2824:Economic history
2807:
2806:
2714:
2713:
2648:
2647:
2636:
2447:Treaty of Zamora
2380:
2379:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2333:
2332:
2328:
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2304:
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2250:
2244:
2221:
2215:
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2203:
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2100:
2094:
2091:
2082:
2079:
2073:
2070:
2064:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1944:
1938:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1788:Treaty of Ayllón
1657:
1652:Peter of Castile
1590:Afonso the Brave
1425:
1419:
1382:
1312:, the unpopular
1142:Treaty of Zamora
1102:Pope Innocent II
1098:religious orders
1090:Matilda of Savoy
1048:Zamora Cathedral
1012:Burdino of Braga
997:Afonso Henriques
978:Galician marches
948:in fighting the
863:
856:
849:
835:
834:
833:
812:Madeiran history
748:
740:
736:Financial crisis
655:1926 coup d'état
528:Age of Discovery
515:1383–1385 Crisis
490:Gharb Al-Andalus
405:
395:
377:
376:
363:
362:
351:
350:
338:
337:
331:
330:
315:
314:
252:Treaty of Zamora
211:
196:
100:
83:
69:
51:
43:
37:
29:
18:
17:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3052:
3028:Public holidays
2972:
2876:
2835:
2792:
2756:Law enforcement
2699:
2637:
2624:
2593:
2509:Restoration War
2369:
2360:
2301:
2299:
2253:
2245:
2224:
2216:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2165:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2097:
2092:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1980:
1947:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1919:
1912:
1909:
1900:
1897:
1888:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1864:
1861:
1848:
1823:
1757:
1746:João das Regras
1732:
1709:invested Lisbon
1704:
1663:Pope Gregory XI
1655:
1637:
1606:
1571:
1563:Order of Christ
1471:
1420:) or defender (
1412:
1371:
1326:
1314:bishop of Porto
1251:siege of Lisbon
1192:
1186:
1136:was engaged to
1082:Catholic Church
934:
867:
831:
829:
817:
816:
807:Azorean history
802:
792:
791:
762:
752:
751:
746:
738:
709:
699:
698:
670:
668:Second Republic
660:
659:
635:
625:
624:
620:1910 Revolution
585:Restoration War
580:
570:
569:
530:
520:
519:
475:
465:
464:
415:
393:
386:
360:
335:
280:
267:
254:
241:
205:
190:
149:
119:
107:
91:
90:
89:
84:
76:
75:
70:
52:
45:
38:
31:
23:
12:
11:
5:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Stock Exchange
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
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2768:
2758:
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2639:
2638:
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2625:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2589:Third Republic
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2559:First Republic
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2529:Peninsular War
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2386:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2359:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2319:Chisholm, Hugh
2291:
2290:
2272:
2252:
2251:
2249:, p. 142.
2222:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2171:
2169:, p. 141.
2134:
2125:
2113:
2104:
2095:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2056:
2044:
2035:
2010:
1986:
1984:, p. 140.
1945:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1822:
1819:
1784:Inês de Castro
1731:
1728:
1703:
1700:
1636:
1633:
1605:
1602:
1598:Inês de Castro
1570:
1567:
1559:Pope Clement V
1523:of the north,
1470:
1467:
1411:
1408:
1370:
1367:
1325:
1322:
1188:Main article:
1185:
1182:
1130:Aragonese king
1092:, daughter of
1008:Diego Gelmírez
982:Urraca of León
958:Teresa of León
933:
930:
869:
868:
866:
865:
858:
851:
843:
840:
839:
826:
825:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
803:
798:
797:
794:
793:
763:
758:
757:
754:
753:
750:
749:
741:
733:
731:Third Republic
728:
723:
716:
710:
707:Third Republic
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
696:
691:
684:
679:
671:
666:
665:
662:
661:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
640:First Republic
636:
633:First Republic
631:
630:
627:
626:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
581:
576:
575:
572:
571:
568:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
526:
525:
522:
521:
518:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
476:
471:
470:
467:
466:
463:
462:
457:
452:
450:Suebic Kingdom
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
411:
410:
407:
406:
398:
397:
388:
387:
380:
373:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
357:
348:
345:
344:
339:
327:
326:
321:
311:
310:
305:
299:
298:
293:
289:
288:
285:
284:
283:14 August 1415
281:
275:
272:
271:
268:
262:
259:
258:
257:5 October 1143
255:
249:
246:
245:
242:
236:
233:
232:
229:
228:
223:
222:Historical era
219:
218:
215:
214:
206:
203:
200:
199:
191:
188:
185:
184:
181:
180:
177:
173:
172:
167:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
148:
147:
142:
140:Old Portuguese
137:
131:
129:
125:
124:
113:
109:
108:
101:
93:
92:
85:
78:
77:
71:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
54:
53:
24:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3146:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
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2479:Consolidation
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303:ISO 3166 code
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279:
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269:
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88:
82:
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68:
60:
55:
49:
42:
35:
28:
19:
16:
2986:Architecture
2958:Prostitution
2923:Homelessness
2903:Demographics
2819:Central bank
2761:Human rights
2726:Constitution
2579:Overseas War
2544:Liberal Wars
2478:
2451:
2322:
2294:Attribution:
2293:
2292:
2279:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2201:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2128:
2116:
2107:
2098:
2077:
2068:
2059:
2038:
2027:. Retrieved
2023:the original
2013:
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1989:
1936:
1849:
1824:
1803:
1756:
1743:
1717:
1705:
1667:
1638:
1629:
1617:
1589:
1572:
1530:rei lavrador
1529:
1518:
1515:
1483:
1459:
1447:
1432:
1413:
1404:
1395:
1393:
1372:
1354:
1342:ricos homens
1341:
1337:
1327:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1255:
1228:
1201:
1175:
1163:
1158:
1146:
1126:
1079:
1068:
1032:
1001:
990:
964:daughter of
962:illegitimate
935:
905:
899:
892:
874:
872:
718:
686:
674:
610:Liberal Wars
472:
324:Succeeded by
323:
318:
244:25 July 1139
118:(1139–1255)
87:Coat of arms
15:
3114:Reconquista
2933:Immigration
2908:Drug policy
2814:Agriculture
2690:Earthquakes
2574:Estado Novo
2564:World War I
2494:Renaissance
2402:Lusitanians
2392:Oestriminis
1768:Aljubarrota
1713:Tordesillas
1640:Ferdinand I
1635:Ferdinand I
1396:alferes mor
1380:mordomo-mor
747:(2020–2023)
739:(2010–2014)
688:Estado Novo
505:Reconquista
392:History of
319:Preceded by
226:Middle Ages
123:(1255–1415)
106:around 1160
3103:Categories
3008:Literature
2778:Parliament
2741:Government
2569:28 de Maio
2437:Al-Andalus
2029:2024-06-20
2004:2024-06-20
1929:References
1624:Edward III
1582:Valladolid
1428:Afonso III
1410:Afonso III
1298:o Povoador
1161:papal bull
1036:archbishop
932:Background
914:Afonso III
889:reconquest
578:Bragantine
485:Al-Andalus
165:Government
34:Portuguese
3018:Monuments
2938:Languages
2913:Education
2872:Transport
2788:President
2746:Judiciary
2731:Elections
2695:Volcanoes
2660:Mountains
2643:Geography
2432:Visigoths
2412:Gallaecia
2407:Lusitania
1718:In 1384,
1574:Afonso IV
1569:Afonso IV
1520:Galicians
1511:canonized
1417:visitador
1374:Sancho II
1369:Sancho II
1330:Afonso II
1324:Afonso II
1247:crusaders
1054:, at the
1052:Guimarães
445:Gallaecia
440:Lusitania
270:1383–1385
154:Religion
57:1139–1415
3083:Category
3033:Religion
2943:Naturism
2773:Military
2709:Politics
2620:Language
2610:Military
2598:By topic
2464:Monarchs
2417:Hispania
2397:Ophiussa
2384:Timeline
2367:articles
2363:Portugal
2315:Portugal
1917:See also
1829:and the
1807:Henry IV
1790:, 1411.
1555:Templars
1549:and the
1490:Portugal
1338:fidalgos
1283:Sancho I
1214:and the
1212:Templars
1114:Santarém
1084:and the
1020:Hispania
1018:"of all
986:suzerain
823:Timeline
785:Military
773:Language
765:Archives
473:Medieval
394:Portugal
383:a series
381:Part of
292:Currency
194:Afonso I
170:Monarchy
116:Cohymbra
3067:Outline
3043:Symbols
2996:Cuisine
2978:Culture
2953:Poverty
2928:Housing
2886:Society
2867:Tourism
2842:Fishing
2802:Economy
2680:Regions
2670:Islands
2605:Economy
2375:History
2321:(ed.).
2311::
1811:Henry V
1648:Castile
1604:Peter I
1498:Castile
1469:Denis I
1423:curador
1389:Badajoz
1287:Algarve
1239:Coimbra
1231:Muslims
1150:Badajoz
1016:primate
993:Mondego
942:Castile
800:Regions
781:Judaism
769:Economy
413:Ancient
296:Dañerio
276:•
263:•
250:•
237:•
197:(first)
112:Capital
3088:Portal
2991:Cinema
2948:People
2918:Health
2847:Mining
2829:Energy
2685:Rivers
2655:Cities
2489:Empire
2365:
2317:". In
2305:
2286:
2268:
1813:, and
1739:João I
1730:John I
1443:Leiria
1235:Leiria
1134:Sancho
1118:Lisbon
1110:vassal
1075:Lamego
1044:knight
974:vassal
968:. The
946:Aragon
908:. The
894:taifas
460:Spania
385:on the
212:(last)
209:João I
179:
121:Lixboa
73:Banner
44:
30:
3074:Index
3038:Sport
3023:Music
3013:Media
2968:Women
2898:Crime
2836:(EEZ)
2675:Lakes
2615:Music
2422:Suebi
1486:Denis
1477:King
1455:Denis
1385:Elvas
1224:Soure
1220:Tomar
1208:taifa
1138:Dulce
1122:Tagus
1040:Braga
950:Moors
789:Music
760:Topic
145:Latin
48:Latin
3001:Wine
2963:Time
2766:LGBT
2427:Buri
2284:ISBN
2282:.
2266:ISBN
1646:and
1644:León
1525:Jews
1496:and
1494:León
1340:and
1222:and
1116:and
1086:Pope
1060:León
1024:fief
1010:and
944:and
938:León
873:The
777:LGBT
176:King
2751:Law
1557:by
1038:of
3105::
2280:II
2278:.
2264:.
2260:.
2225:^
2210:^
2137:^
2086:^
2047:^
1997:.
1948:^
1809:,
1726:.
1391:.
1352:.
1226:.
1168:,
988:.
960:,
940:,
928:.
787:-
783:-
779:-
775:-
771:-
767:-
308:PT
2355:e
2348:t
2341:v
2262:I
2032:.
2007:.
1377:(
862:e
855:t
848:v
50:)
46:(
36:)
32:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.