797:
781:
700:, Amasis thought Polycrates was too successful, and advised him to throw away whatever he valued most in order to escape a reversal of fortune. Polycrates followed the advice and threw a jewel-encrusted ring into the sea; however, a few days later, a fisherman caught a large fish that he wished to share with the tyrant. While Polycrates' cooks were preparing the fish for eating, they discovered the ring inside of it. Polycrates told Amasis of his good fortune, and Amasis immediately broke off their alliance, believing that such a lucky man would eventually come to a disastrous end. Within Herodotus' work, this story serves to advance general themes about the mutability of fortune and how to judge success. Most subsequent references to Polycrates in literature and other media have focused on this story.
809:
437:
689:
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595:), ordering the construction of a deep-water mole nearly a quarter mile long, which is still used to shelter Greek fishing boats today. Although these projects are often associated with Polycrates on the strength of the passage of Herodotus, he is actually very vague about when these projects were carried out and what - if anything - they had to do with Polycrates. Archaeological work has made the picture more complicated, suggesting that the Tunnel of Eupalinos may have been dug before his reign and that Polycrates continued projects that were already in course at the Heraion.
567:
45:
506:, planned to kill Polycrates, either because he had been unable to add Samos to Persia's territory, or because Polycrates had snubbed a Persian ambassador. Prior to this, according to Diodorus Siculus, some Lydians fleeing Oroestes' domineering rule sought sanctuary on Samos. Polycrates at first received them, but then put them to the sword and confiscated the possessions that they had brought (Diodorus Siculus, Library 10.16.4). Polycrates was invited to
314:, known as the Rhoikos temple, was destroyed - only a decade after it was built. However, more recent archaeological research has challenged this picture, showing that the destruction of the Rhoikos temple was a structural failure resulting from subsidence under the foundations, and that the West Cemetery fell out of use gradually over the course of the second half of the sixth century. Aideen Carty argues that shifts in the deposition of
420:
and raiding vessels that were owned privately by individual Samian aristocrats, who were essentially autonomous pirates only loosely constrained by
Polycrates and the Samian state. In addition to these ships, Polycrates is said to have commissioned a new type of ship called the Samaina, a decked ship with two banks of oars, apparently a merchant galley designed for the rapid transport of goods or troops.
510:, where Oroetes lived. Oroetes claimed that he wanted a promise of refuge on Samos in the event that Cambyses turned on him and that in return he would give Polycrates a large amount of money. Polycrates was convinced and went to Magnesia, where he was assassinated. Herodotus is vague about the manner of Polycrates' death, saying only that it was an undignified end for a glorious ruler; he may have been
326:, there was a religious procession in armour out of the city of Samos to the Heraion, led by Pantagnotus and Syloson. When the procession was over, the Samians removed their armour to sacrifice, and Pantagnotus and Syloson seized the chance to murder their enemies. At the same time, Polycrates seized Astypalaea, the citadel of the city of Samos. The tyrant of
579:. The tunnel was constructed by two teams tunnelling from opposite sides of a ridge who met in the middle with an error of only a few metres — a remarkable engineering feat for the time, and one which probably reflects the practical geometry skills which the Samians had learned from the Egyptians. Polycrates also sponsored construction of a large temple of
657:
was also on Samos during his reign but left for Croton about 531 BC, perhaps out of dissatisfaction with his dictatorship. He also attracted to his court, sometimes by offering generous subsidies, an array of prominent craftsmen and professionals from throughout the Greek world, including
Eupalinos,
243:
to the rise and fall of
Polycrates (3.39-60, 3.120-126). His account was written in the third quarter of the 5th century BC, nearly a century after Polycrates' death, was based mostly on oral traditions and incorporates many folk-tale elements. Furthermore, Herodotus creatively shaped his account of
674:
and which is described by
Herodotus, and who also made the ring which was Polycrates' most treasured personal possession. Polycrates established a library on Samos, and showed a sophisticated approach to economic development, importing improved breeds of sheep, goats, and dogs from elsewhere in the
419:
The nature of
Polycrates' navy is debated. Some scholars have conceived of his penteconters as powerful warships in a state navy which owned, crewed and operated them in accordance with Polycrates' command. Other scholars consider this picture anachronistic; they present the penteconters as trading
321:
Herodotus reports that
Polycrates took power with his brothers Pantagnotus and Syloson and a force of only fifteen men. This coup seems to have taken place in 540 BC or slightly earlier. Initially, Polycrates ruled along with his brothers, but soon had Pantagnotus killed and then exiled Syloson to
574:
Under
Polycrates the Samians developed an engineering and technological expertise to a level unusual in ancient Greece. In the midst of his account of Polycrates, Herodotus presents three astounding engineering works of the Samians. The first of these is an aqueduct in the form of a tunnel 1,036
415:
than campaigns of conquest. Herodotus says that he "raided everyone without any discrimination. For he said that a friend would be more appreciative if what was taken from him was returned than if it had not first been snatched away." Aideen Carty argues that the focus of this raiding was the
401:
came to the aid of
Miletos and Polycrates won a great naval victory, capturing and enslaving large numbers of Lesbian sailors. The Milesians had become key Persian allies and this victory is probably identical with a victory over Persian navy mentioned in Thucydides and some other historians.
486:"It's said that Polycrates was one of the earliest known coin counterfeiters. Herodotus wrote that Polycrates bought off the besieging Spartans in 525/4 B.C. with counterfeit Samian coins. Some of these fakes still exist and are described in Spink's coin catalogue."
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and first published in his 1798 Musen-Almanach annual. It is about how the greatest success gives reason to fear disaster. Schiller relied on the accounts of the fate of
Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, in Herodotus' Histories, Book III.
309:
and Graham
Shipley have cited archaeological evidence for serious disruption in this period. Around 550 BC, they say, funerary stele were shattered and aristocratic burials in the West Cemetery at Samos cease, while the first great
1728:
Saintyves, P. "L'Anneau de Polycrate: Essai sur l'origine liturgique du thème de l'anneau jeté a la mer et retrouvé dans le ventre d'un poisson." In: Revue De L'histoire Des Religions 66 (1912): 49-80. Accessed May 31, 2020.
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Parsons, Ben. "‘I Was Beaten and I Beat’: Responding to Discipline." In: Punishment and Medieval Education, 165-206. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, NY, USA: Boydell & Brewer, 2018. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1qv17q.10.
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334:, invaded with a force to support Polycrates. However, it is uncertain whether Polyaenus' account describes Polycrates' initial seizure of power or the conflict with his brothers which left him as sole ruler.
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and A. Carty suggests that Polycrates assisted Amasis in the conquest of Cyprus. In general, though, the ancient sources stress not specific campaigns, but wide-ranging raiding, which may have been more like
248:
in his own day. Some poetry from Polycrates' time comments on him in passing and there is a smattering of references to Polycrates in other literary sources ranging in date from the 4th century BC to the
780:
261:
Polycrates' family background is not clearly known to us. J.P. Barron proposed that Polycrates' ancestors formed a dynasty that ruled Samos from around 600 BC. A shadowy figure,
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526:. His death fulfilled this prophecy as when it rained he was 'washed by Zeus' and when the sun shone he was 'anointed by Helios', as the moisture was sweated from him.
518:. Herodotus claims that Polycrates' daughter warned him not to go to Magnesia, reporting a prophetic dream that she had had of him hanging in the air, being washed by
305:
In the mid-sixth century, there was apparently a period of civil strife in Samos. This conflict is mentioned by Herodotus in the context of Polycrates' rise to power.
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in 546 BC, but in practice the political situation in the Aegean was complicated. This confusion may have contributed to Polycrates' success in projecting his power.
318:
on Samos suggest the development of pro- and anti-Spartan factions on the island, one faction associated with the Heraion and the other with the Artemision of Samos.
460:
in 525 BC. Herman Wallinga argues that the ships were built at Amasis' expense, crewed by Polycrates, and sent by him to fight against the Persians. By contrast,
269:, ruled Samos around the middle of the sixth century. An inscription survives from this period, in which an individual called Aeaces dedicates some plunder to
448:, probably becoming the first Greek state with a fleet of such ships, which he crewed with sailors he considered to be politically dangerous, and sent to the
769:
tale type ATU 736A, named after this episode. The story is acknowledged by scholarship as "widespread" and "attested in numerous literatures and languages".
587:, to which Amasis dedicated many gifts, and which at 346 feet (105 m) long was one of the three largest temples in the Greek world, and he upgraded the
253:. These sources preserve useful information but tend to assimilate Polycrates to a stereotypical model of the tyrannical ruler, which may be anachronistic.
483:. Sparta and Corinth invaded the island of Samos in support of the Samian rebels around 520 BC. After 40 days they withdrew their unsuccessful siege.
1801:
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with instructions to put the crews to death. Modern scholars consider this story unlikely. The dispatch of these ships is usually connected with the
354:
Coinage of Samos at the time of Polycrates. Forepart of winged boar with lion scalp facing in dotted square within incuse square. Circa 526-522 BC.
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The naval detachment turned back to attack Polycrates. They defeated him at sea but could not take the island. The rebels then sailed to mainland
461:
281:
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puts this event in 533 BC, but this is generally agreed to be too late: White (1954), Cadoux (1956). Carty moves it back to c. 550 BC.
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says that Polycrates was the first Greek ruler to understand the importance of sea power and Thucydides includes him in his list of
607:, one of the most important religious centres in Greece, control of which would bolster Polycrates' claim to be the leader of the
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1786:
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Thucydides emphasises his conquest of Delos, the key religious centre of the Aegean. Polycrates formed an alliance with King
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288:, who were originally his co-rulers. Syloson ruled Samos again after Polycrates' death, and was succeeded by his own son,
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conquered western Anatolia. In theory, the Aegean islanders had accepted Persian overlordship after Cyrus conquered
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The island was plundered and incorporated into the Achaemenid empire. Syloson was appointed as its vassal ruler.
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Herodotus also tells the story of Polycrates' death. Near the end of the reign of Cambyses (around 522 BC), the
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Few specifics of Polycrates' naval activities and conquests are preserved. Herodotus refers to an attack on
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thinks that this fleet was a gift from the Persians, crewed by Polycrates, in order to assist the Persians
1563:: ‘With them you too, Polycrates, shall have immortal fame for beauty as long as my song and fame endure.’
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in the Aegean. With these forces he implemented a plan to bring all the Greek islands and cities of
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from the 540s BC to 522 BC. He had a reputation as both a fierce warrior and an enlightened tyrant.
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might have been the founder of this dynasty. Barron further proposed that Polycrates' father,
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350:
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1230:(1994) 51-3; L. Scott "Were there Polis Navies in Archaic Greece?" in G. J. Oliver et al.,
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Polycrates in order to make general moral points and to comment on the imperialism of the
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acquisition of slaves whom he exported to Egypt to serve as mercenaries in Amasis' army.
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ed. G. W. Bowersock, W. Burkert, M. C. J. Putnam (Berlin: De Gruyter, 1979), pp. 53–62.
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619:. In 522 BC Polycrates celebrated an unusual double festival in honour of the god
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One use to which Polycrates put his powerful navy was controlling the island of
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Polycrates lived amid great luxury and spectacle and was a patron of the poets
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metres (3,399 ft) long which can still be seen and which is known as the
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under his rule. Polycrates' rise to power took place in the period when the
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The crucifixion of Polycrates the tyrant after his capture by the Persians.
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Brockington, Mary. "Discovery in the Morrois: Antecedents and Analogues."
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662:, the famous physician Demodocus of Croton, Rhoikos the architect of the
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Irwin, Elizabeth (2009). "Herodotus and Samos: Personal or Political?".
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See papyrus fragment of a poem by Ibycus that mentions Polycrates at
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In modern folkloristics, the tale of Polycrates' Ring originated the
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292:. Herodotus mentions a daughter in his account of Polycrates' death.
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The main source for Polycrates' life and activities is the historian
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reports that Polycrates chained Delos to the neighbouring island of
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take full control for himself. According to a Roman-period author,
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26; Wallinga (1993) 95-7; De Souza (1998) 283; Carty (2005) 141-4
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Herodotus states that Polycrates later established a fleet of 40
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1463:(1st American ed.). New York: Scribners. pp. 153–156.
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Barron, John P. (1964). "The Sixth-Century Tyranny at Samos".
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After the murder of Polycrates by Oroetes, Samos was ruled by
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Boardman, John (1959). "Chian and Early Ionic architecture".
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Coinage of Samos at the time of Polycrates. Circa 530-528 BC.
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Cadoux, T. J. (1956). "The Duration of the Samian Tyranny".
1530:, 'Kynaithos, Polycrates and the Homeric Hymn to Apollo' in
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The Counterfeit Coin Storey by Ken Peters ISBN 0-9543487-0-2
366:, which became the most powerful navy in the Greek world ––
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984:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–1 & 69.
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to expel the impostor who had taken control after Oroetes.
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537:, the brother of Polycrates, was installed as governor of
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White, M. (1954). "The Duration of the Samian Tyranny".
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Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos: New Light on Archaic Greece
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A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great
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Arktouros: Hellenic studies presented to B. M. W. Knox
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the architect of the Tunnel, who was originally from
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Polycrates leaving his daughter to encounter Oroetus.
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735:retells the story of Polycrates as a modern fable.
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1505:(3 ed.). London: Macmillan. pp. 232–234.
432:Samos, Temple of Hera, Statue of a warrior, 530 BC
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1481:. St. Martin's Press: Minerva. pp. 314–318.
1326:Herodotus and Greek History (Routledge Revivals)
1295:Ships and Sea-Power before the Great Persian War
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237:, who devotes a large section of book 3 of his
717:) is a lyrical ballad written in June 1797 by
692:The ring of Polycrates is found inside a fish.
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1597:93, no. 1 (1998): 1-15. doi:10.2307/3733618.
1428:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
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273:. Barron's analysis was broadly accepted by
1243:de Souza, (1999), 284; Carty (2015) 139-41.
277:, but has been challenged by Aideen Carty.
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642:of Chios, was composed for this occasion.
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19:For other people named Polycrates, see
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742:famous stanzas "The Isles of Greece:"
358:Polycrates recruited an army of 1,000
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1501:Bury, J. B.; Mieggs, Russell (1956).
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761:Were still, at least, our countrymen.
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1228:Ships and Seafaring in Ancient Times
1175:Thucydides 1.13.6; Carty (2005), 133
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746:Fill high the bowl with Samian wine!
1624:. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
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814:The crucifixion of Polycrates by
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631:; it has been suggested that the
599:Religious and cultural activities
1206:Piracy in the Graeco-Roman World
1073:Carty (2005) 92-93 & 102-105
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1729:www.jstor.org/stable/23662964.
1641:A History of Samos: 800-188 BC
1258:sv. Σαμίων ὁ δῆμός; Plutarch,
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982:A History of Samos, 800-188 BC
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16:6th century BC tyrant of Samos
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1787:Executed ancient Greek people
725:The early 20th century opera
280:Polycrates had two brothers,
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591:of his capital city (modern
522:and anointed by the sun god
424:Rebellion and Spartan attack
362:and assembled a navy of 100
53:(19th century illustration).
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1767:6th-century BC Greek people
1687:Journal of Hellenic Studies
1650:Journal of Hellenic Studies
980:Shipley, Graham J. (1987).
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738:Polycrates is mentioned in
21:Polycrates (disambiguation)
10:
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1595:The Modern Language Review
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638:, sometimes attributed to
490:Persian invasion and death
301:Establishment of his power
263:Syloson, son of Calliteles
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1797:6th-century BC executions
1329:. Routledge. p. 88.
1044:10.1017/S0003581500083128
937:10.1017/S0009838800023764
458:Persian invasion of Egypt
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1639:Shipley, Graham (1987).
1360:"Herodotus (Polycrates)"
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850:Metiochus and Parthenope
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49:Polycrates with Pharaoh
1479:The lyric age of Greece
1413:Herodotus, iii.142-144.
1032:The Antiquaries Journal
925:The Classical Quarterly
832:(1790, Russian museum).
733:Erich Wolfgang Korngold
728:Der Ring des Polykrates
714:Der Ring des Polykrates
1777:Ancient Greek monarchs
1620:Carty, Aideen (2015).
1461:The rise of the Greeks
1430:. BRILL. p. 148.
1204:10.16.1; P. de Souza,
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251:Roman Imperial period
1477:Burn, A. R. (1968).
1232:The Sea in Antiquity
1104:Carty (2015) 75-89.
767:Aarne–Thompson–Uther
1744:Polycrates of Samos
1518:sv Pythia kai Delia
1323:Hart, John (2014).
1297:(1993), 88 and 117.
1157:Carty (2005), 131-5
1082:Carty (2005) 94-102
1004:Carty (2015) 23-66.
913:Carty (2015), 17-21
881:The Classical World
869:Carty (2005) 109-13
653:. The philosopher
577:Tunnel of Eupalinos
533:. After some time,
1749:2013-02-27 at the
1561:Oxyrhynchus Online
1217:Carty (2005) 144-8
1132:Carty (2005)117-20
893:10.1353/clw.0.0115
719:Friedrich Schiller
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1753:by Jona Lendering
1584:Herodotus 3.40-42
1310:(2004), 306 n. 19
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1095:3.39 & 3.120.
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1807:ATU 700-749
1656:: 105–106.
1573:Aristoxenus
1400:Herodotus,
1387:Herodotus,
1271:Herodotus,
1202:Bibliotheke
969:XII.6.2 561
593:Pythagorion
282:Pantagnotus
69:Predecessor
1761:Categories
1374:2018-04-14
1234:(2000) 108
1226:L. Casson
1208:(1999), 25
1143:Thucydides
1091:Herodotus
1016:Herodotus
826:Polykrates
816:Achaemenid
655:Pythagoras
613:Thucydides
543:Achaemenid
531:Maeandrius
217:, was the
213:), son of
210:Πολυκράτης
154:Polycrates
29:Polycrates
1715:161276674
1693:: 36–43.
1678:163184237
1550:12.540c-d
1544:Athenaeus
1402:Histories
1389:Histories
1273:Histories
1109:Chronicon
1093:Histories
1052:164059218
1018:Histories
953:170412189
901:154603346
711:(German:
698:Herodotus
684:In legend
640:Cynaethus
636:to Apollo
516:crucified
368:Herodotus
324:Polyaenus
240:Histories
235:Herodotus
83:Maeandrus
80:Successor
51:Amasis II
1747:Archived
1426:(1989).
1260:Pericles
1106:Eusebius
838:See also
647:Anacreon
611:Greeks.
547:Darius I
508:Magnesia
468:Amasis.
454:Cambyses
446:triremes
399:Lesbians
332:Lygdamis
146:Aeaces I
104:Magnesia
73:Aeaces I
1391:3.125.3
1256:Lexicon
1253:Photius
822:Oroetes
788:Oroetes
773:Gallery
740:Byron's
668:Croesus
664:Heraion
627:and of
617:Rhenaia
589:harbour
585:Heraion
535:Syloson
512:impaled
504:Oroetes
481:Corinth
466:against
450:Persian
395:Miletus
360:archers
286:Syloson
229:Sources
137:Aeacids
1740:Livius
1713:
1707:627553
1705:
1676:
1670:629559
1668:
1628:
1434:
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1145:1.13.6
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988:
951:
945:637725
943:
899:
844:Piracy
819:Satrap
672:Delphi
660:Megara
651:Ibycus
629:Delphi
621:Apollo
609:Ionian
583:, the
551:Otanes
545:ruler
524:Helios
500:Sardis
496:satrap
477:Sparta
473:Greece
413:piracy
404:Amasis
382:under
290:Aeaces
267:Aeaces
257:Family
219:tyrant
215:Aeaces
142:Father
101:522 BC
1711:S2CID
1703:JSTOR
1674:S2CID
1666:JSTOR
1404:3.126
1048:S2CID
949:S2CID
941:JSTOR
897:S2CID
857:Notes
625:Delos
605:Delos
539:Samos
452:king
408:Egypt
388:Lydia
384:Cyrus
376:Ionia
328:Naxos
296:Reign
223:Samos
205:Greek
133:House
118:Names
92:Samos
59:Reign
1626:ISBN
1516:Suda
1432:ISBN
1331:ISBN
1275:3.39
1020:3.39
986:ISBN
649:and
581:Hera
520:Zeus
479:and
284:and
271:Hera
98:Died
88:Born
1695:doi
1658:doi
1575:F16
1040:doi
933:doi
889:doi
885:102
828:by
731:by
623:of
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498:of
406:of
221:of
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1709:.
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203:;
193:iː
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199:/
196:z
190:t
187:ˌ
184:ə
181:r
178:k
175:ɪ
172:l
169:ˈ
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