41:
29:
269:
example is in
Alabama where white women were discriminated against and then organized to secure their right to vote. One group of women that did this was the Women's Joint Legislative Council of Alabama (WJLC). African American women also organized in groups against being denied voting rights. In 1942, an African American woman named Lottie Polk Gaffney, along with four other women, unsuccessfully sued the South Carolina Cherokee County Registration Board with the help of the
265:
people who were eligible to vote in all other respects, was between $ 1.50 and $ 1.75 ($ 62.00 in 2023). This was "a lot of money at the time, and a big barrier to the working classes and poor." Georgia created a cumulative poll tax requirement in 1877: men of any race 21 to 60 years of age had to pay a sum of money for every year from the time they had turned 21, or from the time that the law took effect.
264:
Proof of payment of a poll tax was a prerequisite to voter registration in
Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Georgia (1877), North and South Carolina, Virginia (until 1882 and again from 1902 with its new constitution), and Texas (1902). The Texas poll tax, instituted on
268:
The poll tax requirements applied to whites as well as blacks, and also adversely affected poor citizens. The laws that allowed the poll tax did not specify a certain group of people. This meant that anyone, including white women, could also be discriminated against when they went to vote. One
276:
Many states required payment of the tax at a time separate from the election, and then required voters to bring receipts with them to the polls. If they could not locate such receipts, they could not vote. In addition, many states surrounded registration and voting with complex record-keeping
360:$ 2.00 poll tax (equivalent to $ 19 in 2023) was the last to fall, declared unconstitutional on April 8, 1966, by a federal panel. Virginia attempted to partially abolish its poll tax by requiring a residence certification, but the Supreme Court rejected the arrangement in 1965 in
189:
assumed a larger share of tax revenues as land values rose when population increases encouraged settlement of the
American West. Some western states found no need for poll tax requirements; but poll taxes and payment incentives remained in eastern states.
303:
found that a prerequisite that poll taxes be paid for registration to vote was constitutional. The case involved the
Georgia poll tax of $ 1 (equivalent to $ 21 in 2023). Georgia abolished its poll tax in 1945. Florida repealed its poll tax in 1937.
62:
of a fixed sum on every liable individual, without reference to income or resources) across the US. Poll taxes had been a major source of government funding among the colonies and states which formed the United States. Poll taxes became a tool of
2473:
183:. Poll taxes had been a major source of government funding among the colonies which formed the United States. For instance, poll taxes made up from one-third to one-half of the tax revenue of colonial Massachusetts.
273:. Gaffney sued for her right to vote after having been stopped from registering to vote two years earlier. As a result of her suing the county the mailman did not deliver her mail for quite some time.
234:, which allowed any adult male whose father or grandfather had voted in a specific year prior to the abolition of slavery to vote without paying the tax. These laws, along with unfairly implemented
2332:
2337:
2507:
2739:
2064:
311:, ratified in 1964, abolished the use of the poll tax (or any other tax) as a pre-condition for voting in federal elections, but made no mention of poll taxes in state elections.
1956:
2729:
1751:
2302:
2446:
2386:
341:
308:
80:
2480:
2391:
2381:
1128:
Wilkerson-Freeman, Sarah (2002). "The Second Battle for Woman
Suffrage: Alabama White Women, the Poll Tax, and V. O. Key's Master Narrative of Southern Politics".
793:
While the
Constitution of 1877 allowed collection of poll taxes to fund schools, the requirement to pay as a prerequisite to voting was not authorized until 1908.
2371:
344:. In a two-month period in the spring of 1966, Federal courts declared unconstitutional poll tax laws in the last four states that still had them, starting with
284:, North Carolina in 1900 exempted from the poll tax those men entitled to vote as of January 1, 1867. This excluded all blacks, who did not then have suffrage.
2953:
2376:
2349:
330:
2252:
Wechsler, Herbert (April 1954). "The
Political Safeguards of Federalism: The Role of the States in the Composition and Selection of the National Government".
1800:
2366:
1183:
Jones-Branch, Cherisse (July 2006). "'To Speak When and Where I Can': African
American Women's Political Activism in South Carolina in the 1940s and 1950s".
223:
2765:
824:
99:
of a fixed sum on every liable individual (typically every adult), without reference to income or resources. Various privileges of citizenship, including
2694:
2485:
1589:
2790:
2948:
2344:
2785:
2819:
2552:
2295:
1097:
243:
2755:
2684:
2618:
2760:
2327:
199:
64:
2030:
959:
1638:
2056:
2857:
2495:
2468:
2288:
316:
340:
ruling was one of several that relied on the Equal
Protection clause of the 14th Amendment rather than the more direct provision of the
2719:
1067:
2897:
2689:
2679:
2441:
2087:
1945:
1743:
802:
The State
Constitution established a poll tax in 1870, but it remained unimplemented until 1890 when the legislature activated it.
2572:
2502:
875:
2623:
277:
requirements. These were particularly difficult for sharecropper and tenant farmers to comply with, as they moved frequently.
2887:
2840:
1603:
1048:
1010:
250:
2734:
2593:
2814:
2704:
2644:
2409:
1164:""To Speak When and Where I Can": African American Women's Political Activism in South Carolina in the 1940s and 1950s".
746:
2557:
2311:
1332:
751:
2490:
1542:
1359:
1300:
1228:
784:
Though poll tax legislation was approved in 1885, charging the tax as a condition of voting did not occur until 1889.
1801:"Illusion of Suffrage: Female Voting Rights and the Women's Poll Tax Repeal Movement after the Nineteenth Amendment"
2845:
1826:
1323:
Mohl, Raymond A. (1995). "Race Relations in Miami since the 1920s". In Colburn, David R.; Landers, Jane L. (eds.).
2882:
2359:
1551:
1455:
1446:
1773:
230:, a number of states enacted poll tax laws as a device for restricting voting rights. The laws often included a
2877:
2649:
2517:
1926:
1615:
218:
until 1965. The tax emerged in some states of the United States in the late nineteenth century as part of the
2902:
2709:
136:
45:
2026:
2809:
2714:
1720:
300:
33:
986:"Civil Rights Movement – Voting Rights: Are You "Qualified" to Vote? Take a "Literacy Test" to Find Out"
2674:
2639:
227:
1105:
775:
Legislation was passed by the House of the Assembly in 1891 and confirmed by voter referendum in 1892.
2775:
2463:
19:
2458:
2453:
2436:
1814:
1714:
2139:
2103:
2419:
2354:
2016:
1890:
1210:
326:
1292:
This Georgia Rising: Education, Civil Rights, and the Politics of Change in Georgia in The 1940s
2850:
2577:
2424:
2021:
203:
68:
40:
1981:
1500:
1290:
280:
The poll tax was sometimes used alone or together with a literacy qualification. In a kind of
2699:
2512:
2144:
2108:
1805:
1349:
1275:
127:, missed poll taxes from prior years must also be paid to receive the restricted privileges.
1220:
1895:
1594:
1075:
362:
294:
8:
2958:
214:. Payment of a poll tax was a prerequisite to the registration for voting in a number of
104:
849:
115:
licenses, were conditioned on payment of poll taxes to encourage the collection of this
2922:
2798:
2598:
2562:
2269:
2240:
2204:
2196:
2055:
Alexander, Seth; Blentlinger, Kaitlyn; Hagemann, Amber; Bean, Nathan (April 29, 2015).
1563:
1475:
1192:
1145:
940:
281:
231:
211:
100:
76:
2654:
2280:
2208:
1818:
1724:
1663:
1607:
1555:
1505:
1467:
1387:
1355:
1328:
1296:
1271:
1224:
1044:
905:
1214:
923:
Bullock, Charles J. (1916). "The Taxation of Property and Income in Massachusetts".
2892:
2862:
2780:
2429:
2414:
2261:
2232:
2188:
2149:
2113:
1989:
1900:
1510:
1459:
1261:
1253:
1137:
1036:
932:
258:
1014:
2567:
2542:
2179:
Highton, Benjamin (2004). "Voter Registration and Turnout in the United States".
325:
to also include the imposition of poll taxes in state elections as violating the
112:
108:
1955:. Easton, Pennsylvania: Northampton County Historical and Genealogical Society.
1865:
2804:
2770:
2724:
2161:
2125:
2001:
1912:
1850:
1522:
246:
235:
139:, poll taxes were also in place in some northern and western states, including
2192:
1946:"Speaking of Rights and Wrongs: Fighting for Black Women's Suffrage, Part Two"
1688:
28:
2942:
2912:
2907:
2835:
2603:
1822:
1778:
The Gilder Lehrman Center for the Study of Slavery, Resistance, and Abolition
1728:
1611:
1559:
1471:
1391:
909:
219:
207:
160:
152:
72:
2218:"Political Institutions and Policy Choices: Evidence from the United States"
850:"How Jim Crow‑Era Laws Suppressed the African American Vote for Generations"
222:. After the right to vote was extended to all races by the enactment of the
2872:
2613:
2547:
257:
as well, but in particular the poll tax was disproportionately directed at
239:
186:
176:
168:
985:
357:
144:
116:
1567:
1537:
1266:
1257:
1196:
1176:
1171:
2273:
2244:
2217:
2200:
1479:
1441:
1244:
Pildes, Richard H. (2000). "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon".
1149:
944:
254:
215:
140:
79:. This persisted until court action, following the ratification of the
899:
180:
156:
2265:
2236:
1463:
1141:
936:
2917:
2867:
2508:
Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996
876:"Interpretation: The Twenty-Fourth Amendment | Constitution Center"
353:
92:
55:
2104:"High Court Kills Virginia's Poll Tax in 6-to-3 Decision (pt. 1)"
2089:
Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the ... Congress
1953:
Northampton County Historical and Genealogical Society Newsletter
349:
172:
2054:
1442:"The Poll Tax as a Suffrage Requirement in the South, 1870-1901"
2927:
1774:"State Constitution of Louisiana, 1898, Suffrage and Elections"
345:
270:
148:
44:
History of poll taxes as a condition to voting in the former
164:
2050:
2048:
1538:"Another Look at Disfranchisement in Arkansas, 1888—1894"
96:
59:
2481:
Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act
1848:"Maine Senate Votes Repeal of Poll Tax on Adult Males".
825:"For Election Day, A History Of The Poll Tax In America"
2310:
2045:
1927:"Oklahoma Repeal Poll Tax, State Question 590 (1986)"
880:
National Constitution Center – constitutioncenter.org
135:
Although often associated with states of the former
2486:
Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act
1691:. Daily News Bureau. Miami Daily News. June 6, 1937
1011:"Virginia's Constitutional Convention of 1901–1902"
2057:"1963, 1966: Campaigns to Repeal Texas Poll Taxes"
1043:. University Press of Virginia. pp. 436–437.
686:$ 1.50 ($ 53.00 in 2023) to 1.75 ($ 62.00 in 2023)
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1327:. University Press of Florida. pp. 326–365.
1127:
2940:
2447:U.S. Department of Justice Civil Rights Division
1419:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
960:"The Racial History Of The 'Grandfather Clause'"
1637:Room, Anne T. Kent California (June 18, 2021).
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
904:. Maine: Burleigh & Flynt. pp. 39–41.
1982:"Poll Tax Dropped as S. C. Voting Requirement"
900:State of Maine Special Tax Commission (1890).
2954:History of voting rights in the United States
2761:Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era
2296:
1708:
1706:
1689:"Dade Men Hail Teachers' Aid, Poll Tax Death"
1590:"The Poll Tax: Its Impact on Racial Suffrage"
1398:
1351:Texas Politics: Governing the Lone Star State
1219:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p.
1102:Atlanta Regional Council for Higher Education
1013:. Virginia Historical Society. Archived from
902:Report of the Special Tax Commission of Maine
238:and extra-legal intimidation, such as by the
1182:
1112:
2858:Democratic backsliding in the United States
2496:Military and Overseas Voter Empowerment Act
1943:
1341:
1282:
321:the Supreme Court reversed its decision in
317:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2303:
2289:
2215:
2061:South Texas Rabble Rousers History Project
1798:
1703:
1295:. Mercer University Press. pp. 150–.
1170:Vol. 107, No. 3 (Jul., 2006), pp. 204–205
957:
1891:"Rule State Poll Tax Is Unconstitutional"
1741:
1384:The World Almanac and Book of Facts: 1966
1265:
1003:
2949:History of taxation in the United States
2251:
2085:
1750:. Atlanta, Georgia: Georgia Humanities.
1501:"Federal Judges Strike State's Poll Tax"
1440:Williams, Frank B. Jr. (November 1952).
1439:
1325:The African American Heritage of Florida
1062:
1060:
39:
27:
2503:National Voter Registration Act of 1993
2459:Title I of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
2178:
1643:Anne T. Kent California Room Newsletter
1386:. New York World-Telegram. p. 68.
1347:
1316:
1288:
1209:
1203:
922:
36:, 1917 (equivalent to $ 24 in 2023)
2941:
2740:United States Virgin Islands residents
2033:from the original on November 25, 2020
2014:
1962:from the original on November 11, 2020
1754:from the original on November 12, 2020
1587:
1535:
1381:
1354:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 38–.
1243:
1237:
1185:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
1166:The South Carolina Historical Magazine
1098:"Atlanta in the Civil Rights Movement"
1035:
369:
348:on February 9. Decisions followed for
2284:
1712:
1604:University of Kentucky College of Law
1172:https://www.jstor.org/stable/27570823
1074:. University of Texas. Archived from
1057:
1029:
958:Greenblatt, Alan (October 22, 2013).
287:
193:
2333:House Electors Qualifications Clause
2216:Besley, Timothy; Case, Anne (2003).
1639:"History of the California Poll Tax"
1636:
1322:
1744:"Constitutional Convention of 1877"
333:to the United States Constitution.
13:
2730:Northern Mariana Islands residents
2312:Voting rights in the United States
2092:. U.S. Government Printing Office.
1742:Gigantino, Jim (August 20, 2020).
1348:Jillson, Cal (February 22, 2011).
925:The Quarterly Journal of Economics
752:Voter ID laws in the United States
14:
2970:
2491:Federal Voting Assistance Program
2067:from the original on June 6, 2016
1543:The Arkansas Historical Quarterly
242:, achieved the desired effect of
32:Receipt for payment of poll tax,
2898:Ranked-choice voting in the U.S.
2815:Women's poll tax repeal movement
2086:Congress, United States (1965).
1536:Branam, Chris M. (Autumn 2010).
747:Women's poll tax repeal movement
2442:U.S. Commission on Civil Rights
2360:Privileges or Immunities Clause
2132:
2096:
2079:
2008:
1974:
1944:Bemesderfer, Jean (Fall 2020).
1937:
1919:
1883:
1858:
1841:
1792:
1766:
1735:
1681:
1656:
1630:
1581:
1552:Arkansas Historical Association
1529:
1493:
1456:Southern Historical Association
1447:The Journal of Southern History
1375:
1156:
1130:The Journal of Southern History
1090:
1068:"Historical Barriers to Voting"
822:
796:
787:
778:
769:
52:Poll taxes in the United States
2720:District of Columbia residents
2650:Multiple non-transferable vote
2573:Voter registration in the U.S.
2518:Election Assistance Commission
2338:Congressional Elections Clause
2225:Journal of Economic Literature
1992:. February 13, 1951. p. 1
1799:Podolefsky, Ronnie L. (1998).
978:
951:
916:
893:
868:
842:
816:
119:. In places that instituted a
86:
1:
2903:National Voting Rights Museum
2513:Help America Vote Act of 2002
1988:. Greenwood, South Carolina.
1550:(3). Fayetteville, Arkansas:
757:
137:Confederate States of America
83:in 1964, ended the practice.
54:is the history of the use of
46:Confederate States of America
18:For other jurisdictions, see
2766:Timeline of women's suffrage
2027:Tennessee Historical Society
1899:. Hattiesburg, Mississippi.
1216:History of the United States
198:Poll taxes became a tool of
7:
2820:History of direct democracy
2810:Selma to Montgomery marches
2553:Initiatives and referendums
2152:. March 25, 1966. p. 2
2116:. March 25, 1966. p. 1
1721:University of Alabama Press
1713:Ogden, Frederic D. (1958).
1668:Jacksonville Public Library
1382:Hansen, Harry, ed. (1966).
740:
301:United States Supreme Court
34:Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
10:
2975:
2640:First-past-the-post voting
2410:U.S. Department of Justice
2015:Lester, Connie L. (2002).
1903:. April 8, 1966. p. 1
1813:(3). Notre Dame, Indiana:
1602:(2). Lexington, Kentucky:
1513:. April 8, 1966. p. 1
1041:Virginia, The New Dominion
228:United States Constitution
130:
17:
2828:
2776:Woman Suffrage Procession
2748:
2667:
2632:
2586:
2535:
2528:
2464:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2400:
2318:
2193:10.1017/S1537592704040307
2063:. Corpus Christi, Texas.
1870:My Times with the Sisters
1716:The Poll Tax in the South
1289:Novotny, Patrick (2007).
1246:Constitutional Commentary
546:$ 1.00 ($ 24.75 in 2023)
299:302 U.S. 277 (1937), the
20:Poll tax (disambiguation)
2715:American Samoa residents
2454:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2437:Civil Rights Act of 1957
2181:Perspectives on Politics
2025:. Nashville, Tennessee:
1896:The Hattiesburg American
1815:University of Notre Dame
700:$ 1.00 ($ 16.33 in 2023)
672:$ 1.00 ($ 24.09 in 2023)
658:$ 1.00 ($ 36.62 in 2023)
616:$ 2.00 ($ 65.00 in 2023)
560:$ 2.00 ($ 68.00 in 2023)
532:$ 3.00 ($ 60.00 in 2023)
505:$ 3.00 ($ 98.00 in 2023)
491:$ 1.00 ($ 36.62 in 2023)
477:$ 1.00 ($ 28.61 in 2023)
463:$ 1.00 ($ 33.91 in 2023)
422:$ 2.00 ($ 73.00 in 2023)
408:$ 1.00 ($ 33.91 in 2023)
394:$ 1.50 ($ 55.00 in 2023)
2420:Enforcement Act of 1870
2355:Equal Protection Clause
1748:georgiaencyclopedia.org
1719:. Birmingham, Alabama:
1162:Cherisse Jones-Branch.
717:1902 ($ 53.00 in 2023)
327:Equal Protection Clause
210:, following the end of
75:, following the end of
2425:Second Enforcement Act
2148:. Danville, Virginia.
2112:. Danville, Virginia.
2022:Tennessee Encyclopedia
1454:(4). Athens, Georgia:
48:
37:
2878:Elections in the U.S.
2735:Puerto Rico residents
2474:covered jurisdictions
2145:The Danville Register
2109:The Danville Register
2017:"Disfranchising Laws"
1854:(March 13): 35. 1973.
1806:Notre Dame Law Review
1588:Lackey, John (1965).
1509:. Anniston, Alabama.
823:Erb, Kelly Phillips.
43:
31:
1595:Kentucky Law Journal
1211:Andrews, E. Benjamin
363:Harman v. Forssenius
323:Breedlove v. Suttles
314:In the 1966 case of
295:Breedlove v. Suttles
25:Tax required to vote
2254:Columbia Law Review
1866:"Poll Tax Receipts"
1664:"Poll Tax Receipts"
1258:10.2139/ssrn.224731
763:Informational notes
370:Poll taxes by state
224:Fifteenth Amendment
123:cumulative poll tax
2923:Voter registration
2799:Give Us the Ballot
2695:Transgender people
2599:Grandfather clause
2563:Provisional ballot
1829:on October 3, 2020
1017:on October 2, 2006
288:Judicial challenge
282:grandfather clause
232:grandfather clause
200:disenfranchisement
194:Voter registration
101:voter registration
65:disenfranchisement
49:
38:
2936:
2935:
2883:Electoral College
2705:African Americans
2663:
2662:
2655:One man, one vote
2624:Voter suppression
1986:The Index-Journal
1618:on March 21, 2020
1506:The Anniston Star
1108:on June 22, 2004.
1050:978-0-8139-1015-4
1037:Dabney, Virginius
738:
737:
2966:
2893:Electoral system
2888:Electoral reform
2863:Disfranchisement
2851:Native Americans
2841:Campaign finance
2786:U.S. suffragists
2781:Silent Sentinels
2710:Native Americans
2533:
2532:
2430:Ku Klux Klan Act
2415:Enforcement Acts
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2248:
2222:
2212:
2166:
2165:
2159:
2157:
2150:Associated Press
2136:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2121:
2114:Associated Press
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1997:
1990:Associated Press
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1961:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1901:Associated Press
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1825:. Archived from
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1710:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1614:. Archived from
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1511:Associated Press
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1437:
1396:
1395:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1269:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1125:
1110:
1109:
1104:. Archived from
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1078:on April 2, 2008
1064:
1055:
1054:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
955:
949:
948:
920:
914:
913:
897:
891:
890:
888:
886:
872:
866:
865:
863:
861:
856:. August 8, 2023
846:
840:
839:
837:
835:
820:
803:
800:
794:
791:
785:
782:
776:
773:
374:
373:
259:African-American
244:disenfranchising
125:
124:
105:driving licenses
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2964:
2963:
2939:
2938:
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2932:
2824:
2744:
2659:
2628:
2594:Electoral fraud
2582:
2578:Voting in space
2568:Recall election
2543:Absentee ballot
2524:
2402:
2396:
2320:
2314:
2309:
2266:10.2307/1119547
2237:10.1257/.41.1.7
2220:
2173:Further reading
2170:
2169:
2155:
2153:
2140:"Court (pt. 2)"
2138:
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2133:
2119:
2117:
2102:
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2013:
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1993:
1980:
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1975:
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1948:
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1920:
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1780:. April 8, 2015
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921:
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848:
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843:
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788:
783:
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774:
770:
760:
743:
714:$ 65.00 in 2021
372:
290:
251:Native American
196:
133:
122:
121:
103:or issuance of
89:
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
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2812:
2807:
2805:Freedom Summer
2802:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2771:Suffrage Hikes
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:
2743:
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2737:
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2725:Guam residents
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2677:
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2669:
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2647:
2645:Gerrymandering
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2412:
2406:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2392:26th Amendment
2389:
2387:24th Amendment
2384:
2382:23rd Amendment
2379:
2377:19th Amendment
2374:
2372:17th Amendment
2369:
2367:15th Amendment
2364:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2350:14th Amendment
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2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2319:Constitutional
2316:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:(4): 543–560.
2249:
2213:
2187:(3): 507–515.
2168:
2167:
2162:Newspapers.com
2131:
2126:Newspapers.com
2095:
2078:
2044:
2007:
2002:Newspapers.com
1973:
1936:
1918:
1913:Newspapers.com
1882:
1857:
1851:New York Times
1840:
1791:
1765:
1734:
1702:
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1629:
1580:
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1523:Newspapers.com
1492:
1397:
1374:
1360:
1340:
1334:978-0813013329
1333:
1315:
1301:
1281:
1236:
1229:
1202:
1175:
1155:
1136:(2): 333–374.
1111:
1089:
1072:Texas Politics
1056:
1049:
1028:
1002:
977:
950:
915:
892:
867:
841:
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813:
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655:South Carolina
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585:North Carolina
582:
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383:Implementation
381:
378:
371:
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352:(March 3) and
342:24th Amendment
331:14th Amendment
309:24th Amendment
289:
286:
247:Asian-American
236:literacy tests
212:Reconstruction
195:
192:
187:Property taxes
132:
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88:
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81:24th Amendment
77:Reconstruction
24:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2926:
2924:
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2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Secret ballot
2911:
2909:
2908:Redistricting
2906:
2904:
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2899:
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2859:
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2836:Ballot access
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2666:
2656:
2653:
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2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:Vote dilution
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:Voter ID laws
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2604:Literacy test
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
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2559:
2558:Postal voting
2556:
2554:
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2346:
2345:1st Amendment
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2202:
2198:
2194:
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2174:
2163:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2115:
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2110:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2049:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1853:
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1844:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1795:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1726:
1723:. p. 4.
1722:
1718:
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1709:
1707:
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1684:
1669:
1665:
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1640:
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1402:
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1378:
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1361:9780415890601
1357:
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1344:
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1330:
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1319:
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1302:9780881460889
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1240:
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1230:9781449977320
1226:
1222:
1218:
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1212:
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1198:
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1190:
1186:
1179:
1173:
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1120:
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1103:
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1093:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1021:September 14,
1016:
1012:
1006:
995:September 21,
991:
987:
981:
965:
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954:
946:
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938:
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911:
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896:
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871:
855:
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772:
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764:
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733:
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727:
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723:
719:
716:
713:
710:
709:
705:
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640:
639:
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629:
626:
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621:
618:
615:
612:
611:
607:
604:
601:
598:
597:
593:
590:
587:
584:
583:
579:
576:
573:
571:New Hampshire
570:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
542:
541:
537:
534:
531:
529:Massachusetts
528:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
510:
507:
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496:
493:
490:
487:
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479:
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452:
449:
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399:
396:
393:
390:
389:
385:
382:
379:
376:
375:
367:
365:
364:
359:
358:Mississippi's
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
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320:
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312:
310:
305:
302:
298:
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272:
266:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
220:Jim Crow laws
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
191:
188:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
161:New Hampshire
158:
154:
153:Massachusetts
150:
146:
142:
138:
128:
126:
118:
114:
110:
107:and resident
106:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
57:
53:
47:
42:
35:
30:
21:
16:
2873:Election law
2791:Publications
2700:Young adults
2614:Voter caging
2608:
2548:Early voting
2536:Voter access
2403:and agencies
2401:Federal laws
2257:
2253:
2228:
2224:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2160:– via
2154:. Retrieved
2143:
2134:
2124:– via
2118:. Retrieved
2107:
2098:
2088:
2081:
2069:. Retrieved
2060:
2037:December 15,
2035:. Retrieved
2020:
2010:
2000:– via
1996:December 13,
1994:. Retrieved
1985:
1976:
1966:November 11,
1964:. Retrieved
1952:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1911:– via
1905:. Retrieved
1894:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1849:
1843:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:the original
1810:
1804:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1777:
1768:
1758:December 15,
1756:. Retrieved
1747:
1737:
1715:
1693:. Retrieved
1683:
1671:. Retrieved
1667:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1616:the original
1599:
1593:
1583:
1573:December 15,
1571:. Retrieved
1547:
1541:
1531:
1521:– via
1515:. Retrieved
1504:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1451:
1445:
1383:
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1350:
1343:
1324:
1318:
1306:. Retrieved
1291:
1284:
1267:11299/168068
1249:
1245:
1239:
1215:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1165:
1158:
1133:
1129:
1106:the original
1101:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1076:the original
1071:
1040:
1031:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:the original
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
968:. Retrieved
963:
953:
928:
924:
918:
901:
895:
883:. Retrieved
879:
870:
858:. Retrieved
853:
844:
832:. Retrieved
828:
818:
809:
808:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
761:
641:Rhode Island
627:Pennsylvania
361:
356:(March 25).
337:
335:
322:
315:
313:
306:
293:
292:In 1937, in
291:
279:
275:
267:
263:
240:Ku Klux Klan
197:
185:
177:Rhode Island
169:Pennsylvania
134:
120:
90:
51:
50:
15:
2846:Citizenship
2587:Vote denial
2231:(1): 7–73.
2156:November 8,
2120:November 8,
2071:October 31,
1931:Ballotpedia
1907:November 5,
1833:October 28,
1695:January 24,
1673:January 24,
1622:October 31,
1606:: 423–432.
1554:: 245–262.
1517:November 8,
1485:October 28,
1458:: 469–496.
1082:November 4,
964:Code Switch
931:(1): 1–61.
557:Mississippi
433:Connecticut
255:poor whites
253:voters and
145:Connecticut
117:tax revenue
87:Description
2959:Poll taxes
2943:Categories
2690:Foreigners
2529:State laws
2469:amendments
2321:provisions
1367:January 6,
1308:January 6,
1191:(3): 206.
990:crmvet.org
885:August 10,
860:August 10,
834:August 10,
758:References
419:California
141:California
2328:Article I
2209:145629037
1875:March 10,
1823:0745-3515
1729:918357443
1612:0023-026X
1560:0004-1823
1472:0022-4642
1392:277006640
910:551368287
810:Citations
725:Wisconsin
669:Tennessee
543:Minnesota
488:Louisiana
181:Wisconsin
157:Minnesota
2918:Suffrage
2868:Election
2756:Timeline
2668:By group
2609:Poll tax
2065:Archived
2031:Archived
1957:Archived
1784:July 29,
1752:Archived
1648:July 29,
1568:23046114
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1197:27570823
1039:(1971).
741:See also
711:Virginia
613:Oklahoma
516:Maryland
447:Delaware
405:Arkansas
354:Virginia
261:voters.
208:Jim Crow
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2829:Related
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970:June 8,
945:1885988
854:HISTORY
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460:Florida
391:Alabama
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350:Alabama
329:of the
226:to the
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692:1966
683:Texas
678:1953
675:1870
664:1951
636:1933
622:1986
599:Ohio*
594:1920
566:1966
538:1890
511:1973
502:Maine
497:1934
483:1945
469:1937
442:1947
428:1914
414:1964
400:1966
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346:Texas
271:NAACP
204:South
149:Maine
95:is a
69:South
2158:2020
2122:2020
2073:2020
2039:2020
1998:2020
1968:2020
1909:2020
1877:2020
1835:2020
1819:ISSN
1786:2022
1760:2020
1725:OCLC
1697:2020
1675:2020
1650:2022
1624:2020
1608:ISSN
1575:2020
1556:ISSN
1519:2020
1487:2020
1468:ISSN
1388:OCLC
1369:2013
1356:ISBN
1329:ISBN
1310:2013
1297:ISBN
1272:SSRN
1225:ISBN
1084:2012
1045:ISBN
1023:2006
997:2019
972:2020
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887:2024
862:2024
836:2024
703:1778
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661:1895
647:1865
633:1865
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