Politics of Quebec

2576:. Liberal governments of the 1960s followed a robust nationalist policy of "maîtres chez nous" ("masters in our own home") that would see French-speaking Quebecers use the state to elevate their economic status and assert their cultural identity. The government took control of the education system, nationalized power production and distribution into Hydro-Québec (the provincial power utility), unionized the civil service, founded the Caisse de Depot to manage the massive new government pension program, and invested in companies that promoted French Canadians to management positions in industry. In 1966, the Union Nationale returned to power despite losing the popular vote by nearly seven points to the Liberal Party, but could not turn the tide of modernization and secularization that the Quiet Revolution had started. Both 6782: 4894: 3225:; it advocated recognizing Quebec as an equal and independent (or "sovereign") nation that would form an economic "association" with the rest of Canada. An architect of the Quiet Revolution, Lévesque was frustrated by federal-provincial bickering over what he saw as increasing federal government intrusions into provincial jurisdictions. He saw a formal break with Canada as a way out of this. He broke with the provincial Liberals who remained committed to the policy of defending provincial autonomy inside Canada. 133: 4908: 6768: 4489: 25: 7376: 732:. Its members are appointed by the National Assembly. The commission has been given powers to promote and protect human rights within all sectors of Québec society. Government institutions and Parliament are bound by the provisions of the Charter. The commission may investigate into possible cases of discrimination, whether by the State or by private parties. It may introduce litigation if its recommendations were not followed. 3450:. Sixty per cent of the Quebec electorate voted against the sovereignty-association project. After opening a final round of constitutional talks, the Trudeau government patriated the constitution in 1982 without the approval of the Quebec government, which sought to retain a veto on constitutional amendments along with other special legal recognition within Canada. The new constitution featured a modern 4677: 3430:. The revised law of 1988 adheres to the Supreme Court judgment, specifying that signs can be multilingual so long as French is predominant. The maintenance of an inspectorate to enforce the sign laws remains controversial. However, most Quebeckers adhere to the sign laws, as remembrance of what Montreal looked like (an English city for a French majority) before the sign laws is still vivid. 4357:"That the National Assembly reiterates its desire to promote the language, history, culture and values of the Québécois nation, promote integration into our nation in a spirit of openness and reciprocity, and bear witness to its attachment to our religious and historical heritage represented by the crucifix in our Blue Room and by our coat of arms adorning our institutions." 448: 3821:

Canada. Before the arrival of the Parti Québécois, all major Quebec parties were federalist and nationalist. Since then, the party most associated with this view is the Liberal Party of Quebec. On two occasions, federalist nationalists of Quebec attempted to reform the Canadian federation together with allies in other provinces. The 1990

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GHG/km. This emission level was also lowered every year until it fell to 127 g of GHG/km in 2016. Manufacturers have to obtain an emission average equivalent to that of the enforced level, so they are still be able to sell vehicles that sometimes exceed this threshold. These standards are as strict as those of

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the voters who gave Brian Mulroney two back-to-back majorities in the 1980s, when he promised to bring Quebec into Canada's constitution "with honour and enthusiasm."" They swing between a desire for full independence, and for the recognition of Quebec nationhood and independence within Canada. They are typically

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was lauded by federalists for his impassioned and articulate defense of Canada during the referendum. He left the Progressive Conservative Party to lead the provincial Liberals (no legal relation to its federal counterpart) and a "No" campaign in the event of another referendum, and led his new party

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Established in 1963, the Conseil du statut de la femme (Council on the Status of Women) is a government advisory and study council responsible for informing the government of the status of women's rights in Québec. The council is made of a chair and 10 members appointed by the Québec government every

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Quebec is the only Canadian province that has set up a ministry to exclusively embody the state's powers for matters of international relations. In other provinces, the general tendency is to entrust this type of mandate to a minister that was already carrying out other responsibilities (most likely

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and Dumont insisted that negotiations with the federal government should come before a declaration of independence. They compromised with an agreement to work together followed by a referendum question that would propose resorting to a UDI by the National Assembly only if negotiations to negotiate a

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to stop what was described as an "Apprehended Insurrection" by the FLQ. Critics charge that Trudeau violated civil liberties by arresting thousands of political activists without a warrant as allowed by the Act. Supporters of these measures point to their popularity at the time and the fact that the

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is a legislative officer responsible for handling complaints from individuals, companies and associations who believe the government of Quebec or any of its branches has made an error or treated them unjustly. The Ombudsman has certain powers defined by the Public Protector Act. The Québec Ombudsman

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for the first time but however to regain months later) nor the Quebec Liberals won a majority. Québec Solidaire also gained a few seats from the Parti Québécois collapse and a couple from Quebec Liberals. This also ended the interest of Quebec independence from Canada for a while, as seemingly half

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replaced the Liberals federally in 1984 and governed until 1993. Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney brought together all provincial premiers, including Robert Bourassa, to get the Quebec government's signature on the constitution. The Meech Lake Accord in 1987 recognized Quebec

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based on individual freedoms that would ban racial, sexual, and linguistic discrimination and enshrine minority language rights (English in Quebec, French elsewhere in Canada). After dominating Quebec politics for more than a decade, both Lévesque and Trudeau would then retire from politics shortly

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So-called "soft nationalists" have been characterized as "those who were willing to support Quebec independence only if they could be reasonably reassured that it would not produce economic hardship in the short term", and as "people who call themselves Quebecers first, Canadians second". They are

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colonizing agent of English Canada. Consequently, they demand complete independence for Quebec, which they view in the context of national liberation movements in Africa and the Caribbean of the 1960s. Independence is seen as the culmination of a natural societal progression, from colonization to

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Sovereigntists are moderate nationalists who do not believe Canada to be reformable in a way that could answer what they see as the legitimate wish of Quebecers to govern themselves freely. They opt for the independence of Quebec; however, at the same time, they insist on offering an economic and

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in order to accommodate the wish of Quebecers to continue to exist as a distinct society by its culture, its history, its language, and so on. They recognize the existence of the Quebec political (or civic) nation; however, they do not think Quebecers truly wish to be independent from the rest of

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Prior to the 2018 election, the political status of Quebec inside Canada used to remain a central question. This desire for greater provincial autonomy has often been expressed during the annual constitutional meetings of provincial premiers with the Prime Minister of Canada. In Quebec, no single

703:), the government ministers, the ministers of state and delegate ministers. The Executive Council directs the government and the civil service, and oversees the enforcement of laws, regulations and policies. Together with the Lieutenant Governor, it constitutes the government of Québec. See also 4538:

in Quebec. Following this announcement, the government undertook the initiatives needed to keep its promises. On January 14, 2010, a law came into effect aimed at reducing vehicle GHGs. Automobile manufacturers who sell vehicles in Quebec have to comply with an emission ceiling of 187 g of

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and those businesses with over one hundred employees were obliged to establish a Committee of francization As well, the language law placed restrictions on school enrollment for children based on parental language of education and banned outdoor commercial signs displaying languages other than

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was CA$ 2,168 (€1,700)—less than half of Canada's average tuition. Quebec universities are among the least expensive in Canada. Part of the reason for this is the relative democratization of higher education implemented during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, when the Quebec government froze

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and threaten to excommunicate sympathisers of liberal ideas. For the time it lasted, the Duplessis regime resisted the North American and European trend of massive State investment in education, health, and social programs, turning away federal transfers of funds earmarked for these fields; he

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Quebec's national policy covers all areas relating to the Quebec nation. It establishes the values and foundations on which Quebec society bases its cohesion and its specificity. The Québécois constitution is enshrined in a series of social and cultural traditions that are defined in a set of

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The first law related to privacy protection is the Consumer Protection Act, enacted in 1971. It ensured that all persons had the right to access their credit record. A little later, the Professional Code enshrined principles such as professional secrecy and the confidential nature of personal

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Parizeau resigned and was replaced by Bouchard. The sovereigntist option was pushed aside until they could establish "winning conditions". Bouchard was suspected by hard-line sovereigntists as having a weak commitment to Quebec independence. Bouchard, in turn, was ill at ease with the ardent

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The Accord faced stiff opposition from a number of quarters. In Quebec and across Canada, some objected to it arguing that "distinct society" provisions were unclear and could lead to attempts at a gradual independence for Quebec from Canada, and compromising the Charter of Rights. The Parti

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put the sovereigntist option aside entirely and ran on a fiscally conservative agenda. They won three consecutive byelections, and their popularity soared fleetingly in opinion polls shortly before the 2003 provincial election, in which they won only four seats and 18% of the popular vote.

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occurred for a number of reasons including regulations that made French the only language of communication allowed between employers and their employees. Under pain of financial penalties, all businesses in Quebec having more than fifty employees were required to obtain a certificate of

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is the debate regarding the future of Quebec and the status of it as a province of Canada. Political parties are organized along ideologies that favour independence from Canada (sovereigntist or separatist) and various degrees of autonomy within Canada (autonomists or federalists).

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The sovereigntist campaign remained moribund under Parizeau. It was only with a few weeks to go in the campaign that support for sovereignty skyrocketed to above 50%. On October 30, 1995, the partnership proposal was rejected by an extremely slim margin of less than one per cent.

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While the advice of the premier and Executive Council is typically binding on the lieutenant governor, there are occasions when the lieutenant governor has refused advice. This usually occurs if the premier does not clearly command the confidence of the elected National Assembly.

626:. These honours are presented at official ceremonies, which count among hundreds of other engagements the lieutenant governor takes part in each year, either as host or guest of honour; in 2006, the lieutenant governor of Quebec undertook 400 engagements and 200 in 2007. 4729:

from the federal government, transfer payments from other provinces and direct payments. By some measures Quebec is the highest taxed province; a 2012 study indicated that "Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average". A 2014 report by the

4588:, but mainly hydroelectricity. Compared to Alberta... There is the whole structure of the economy that could explain this phenomenon" analyzes the academic Erick Lachapelle. Nearly 500,000 people took part in a climate protest on the streets of Montreal in 2019. 780:

A first in North America, the Commission d'accès à l'information du Québec (Quebec Commission on Access to Information, CAI) is an institution created in 1982 to administer the Quebec legislative framework of access to information and protection of privacy.

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The Accord collapsed in 1990 when Liberal governments came to power in Manitoba and Newfoundland, and did not ratify the agreement. Prime Minister Mulroney, Premier Bourassa, and the other provincial premiers negotiated another constitutional deal, the

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On July 1, 1998, 69 linguistic school boards, 60 Francophone and 9 Anglophone, were created in replacement for the former 153 Catholic and Protestant boards. In order to pass this law, which ended a debate of over 30 years, it was necessary for the

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tuition fees to a relatively low level and created CEGEPs. When Jean Charest's government decided in 2012 to sharply increase university fees, students protests erupted. Because of these protests, Quebec's tuition fees remain relatively low today.

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Today, the CAI administers the law framework of the Act respecting access to documents held by public bodies and the protection of personal information as well as the Act respecting the protection of personal information in the private sector.

4709: 3249:, who campaigned against the violation of civil liberties under Duplessis and the economic and political marginalization of French Quebecers in the 1950s. Trudeau saw official bilingualism in Canada as the best way of remedying this. 529:

Many of Quebec's political institutions are among the oldest in North America. The first part of this article presents the main political institutions of Quebec society. The last part presents Québec's current politics and issues.

4638: 3446:" with the federal government. The Referendum promised that a subsequent deal would be ratified with a second referendum. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau would campaign against it, promising a renewed federalism based on a new 4579:

The population of Quebec seems to be more sensitive to environmental issues than the population of other Canadian provinces. According to a 2019 university study, 67% of Québécois residents are aware of humanity's impact on

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in 1976. The first PQ government was known as the "republic of professors", for its high number of candidates teaching at the university level. The PQ government passed laws limiting financing of political parties and the

3393:(Bill 101). The Charter established French as the sole official language of Quebec. The government claimed the Charter was needed to preserve the French language in an overwhelmingly anglophone North American continent. 4862:

for French-speaking countries. Since the 1960s, Quebec has an international network of delegations which represent the Government of Quebec abroad. It is currently represented in 28 foreign locations and includes six

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strongly support this form of federalism. They may recognize the national status of Quebec, but only informally in the cultural and sociological sense. The traditional vehicle for "status-quo" federalists is the

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is responsible for the selection and integration of immigrants, and immigration policy favours respect for Québécois values as well as respect for Quebec's cultural, historical and social characteristics.

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and gave the Montreal-based Anglo-Scot business elite, as well as British and American capital a free rein in running the Quebec economy. His government also continued to attempt to prevent circulation of

6102: 4457:, or matters relating to treaties, deals, accords and programs, only Quebecois political bodies have negotiatic power, along with heads of state, governments, embassies and foreign consulates. Under the 3782:

supports Quebec's right to self-determination, but they are firmly opposed to sovereignty, and do not support any major devolving of economic and political powers to Quebec's provincial government.

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The government of Quebec consists of all the ministries and governmental branches that do not have the status of independent institutions, such as municipalities and regional county municipalities.

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In 1973, the Tribunal des professions was created to behave as an appeal tribunal to decisions taken by the various discipline committees of Quebec's professional orders. The current president is

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said that the Accord compromised principles of provincial equality, and ignored the grievances of the Western provinces. Aboriginal groups demanded "distinct society" status similar to Quebec's.

3268:(English-speaking in Quebec, French-speaking elsewhere) the right to federal services in their language of choice, where the number justifies federal spending. He also implemented the policy of 7458: 4683:, Premier from 1939 to 1944. He granted women the right to vote in 1940, made education compulsory until age 14, introduced free primary school education, and affirmed workers' rights to 1097:. English and French were made the official languages in Quebec Courts and the provincial legislature. The Quebec school system was provided public funding for a dual system based on the 5886: 4778:(RAMQ) which works to maintain the accessibility of services for all citizens of Quebec. Pre-hospital care and rescue missions are provided by foundations and non-profit organizations. 3800:

movement who believe Quebec should seek to gain more political autonomy as a province while remaining a part of the Canadian federation. In 2018 election that the only Autonomist party

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An administrative tribunal, the Tribunal administratif du Québec is in operation since April 1, 1998, to resolve disputes between citizens and the government. The current president is

756:. It is responsible for applying and defining Québec's language policy pertaining to linguistic officialization, terminology and francization of public administration and businesses. 4714:(CNESST) is the main body responsible for the application of labour laws in Quebec and enforcing the collective agreements concluded between unions of employees and their employers. 3579:

amid continued anger over the rejection of the Meech Lake Accord. The Parizeau government quickly held a referendum on sovereignty in 1995. Premier Parizeau favoured a unilateral

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Cabinet Minister who felt humiliated by the defeat of the Meech Lake Accord, led other Quebec Progressive Conservatives and Liberals out of their parties to form the sovereigntist

6493: 6467: 6441: 6415: 6389: 6363: 6337: 6297: 6271: 6245: 4782: 4422:(for the federal government). These offices' mandate is to ensure an institutional presence of the Government of Quebec near other Canadian governments and to allow Quebec to 3596:

nationalism of some elements in the Parti Québécois. He eventually resigned over alleged instances of anti-Semitism within the hard-line wing of the party and was replaced by

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electoral method. Never varying from first-past-the-post, of all the provinces of Canada, Quebec is the only province that since 1867 has not ever used a multi-seat district.

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has the mandate to oversee social and workforce developments through Emploi-Québec and its local employment centers (CLE). This ministry is also responsible for managing the

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has allowed Quebec to integrate better into the Canadian community, in addition to guaranteeing a legal and linguistic context conducive to the development of the province.

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came under sharp criticism for mishandling the "No" side of the referendum campaign. He launched a hard-line "Plan B" campaign by bringing in Montreal constitutional expert

4584:, while the figure drops to 47% in Saskatchewan and to 42% in Alberta. The economic structure of each of these provinces could be one explanation: "Quebec does not produce 615: 7114: 5463: 2520:

Churches maintained the control they previously gained over social services such as schools and hospitals. The authoritarian Duplessis used the provincial police and the "

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The Executive Council is the body responsible for decision-making in the government. It is composed of the Lieutenant Governor (known as the Governor-in-Council), the

4435: 4534:: Quebec intended to reduce its emissions by 20% by 2020 (compared to the emissions of 1990) and will focus on the transportation sector, which accounts for 40% of 3853:, and tend to be swayed by the political climate, becoming "harder" nationalists when angered by perceived rejection by English Canada (such as the blocking of the 6820: 4551: 6094: 4643: 6128: 6018: 4308:

It is also based on a set of statements which clarify and reinforce already established social practices. For example, in his press release on February 8, 2007,

3320: 3272:, answering the concern of immigrant communities that their cultural identities were being ignored. In 1971, Trudeau also failed in an attempt to bring home the 5899: 3639:

in 2000 to establish strict criteria for accepting a referendum result for sovereignty and a tough negotiating position in the event of a Quebec secession bid.

3600:. Tensions between the left wing of the party and the relatively fiscal conservative party executive under Bouchard and Landry also led to the formation of the 3881:

political partnership to the rest of Canada on the basis of the equality of both nations. The political parties created by the sovereigntists created are the

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While the powers of the Crown are vested in the monarch, they are exercised by the lieutenant governor, his personal representative, typically on the binding

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in 1791. The diagram at right represents the political system of Québec since the 1968 reform. Prior to this reform, the Parliament of Québec was bicameral.

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Hydroelectricity is Quebec's main energy source. The Hydro-Québec corporation, owned by the government of Quebec, is the main producer and provider of this

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The Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse (Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission) is a publicly funded agency created by the

8019: 7435: 5157: 4661: 2549: 8181: 7245: 5303: 4803: 3506:. It weakened Meech provisions on Quebec and sought to resolve the concerns of the West, and was soundly rejected by a country-wide referendum in 1992. 3936:

provincial autonomy to outright independence. Accordingly, they tend to favour assertive declarations of independence over negotiations, idealizing the

644:. However, it has a few special characteristics, one of the most important being that it functions primarily in French, although French and English are 8225: 3242: 821: 716: 5887:

http://www.cyberpresse.ca/le-soleil/actualites/environnement/200912/29/01-934788-ges-le-quebec-sera-aussi-severe-que-la-californie-a-la-mi-janvier.php

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Immigration to Quebec is supported by integration programs favouring French, as it is the common language, as well as the principles of pluralism and

832: 7177: 4665: 4562: 839: 4204: 3941: 8176: 7838: 6981: 817:. The judges of the first are appointed by the Government of Quebec, while the judges of the two others are appointed by the Government of Canada. 602:, which sets the lieutenant governor of Quebec apart from the other Canadian viceroys. (Instead, new sessions begin with the Opening Speech by the 7255: 4757: 4009: 3857:), but "softening" when they perceive sovereigntists as threatening the economic and social stability seemingly afforded by Canadian federalism. 610:. For instance, upon installation, the lieutenant governor automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Vice-Prior in Quebec of the 6341: 747: 7843: 7240: 6187: 4855: 4774: 4477: 3654:

option regarding autonomy currently gathers a majority of support. Therefore, the question remains unresolved after almost 50 years of debate.

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The Parliament of Québec holds the legislative power. It consists of the National Assembly of Québec and the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec.

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to an election victory in 2003. He was re-elected as provincial Premier in the election of 2007, and again in 2008, after having called a

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the provinces were granted control of education. The religious-based separate school systems continued in Quebec until the 1990s when the

7167: 6976: 6419: 6323: 5781: 4996: 4290: 6445: 7888: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7422: 7200: 3339:(FLQ) was formed in an effort to attain Quebec independence. In October 1970, their activities culminated in events referred to as the 5471: 4864: 7004: 4148: 2509: 2489: 1705: 1208: 4867:(government houses), four delegations (government offices), nine government bureaus, six trade branches, and three business agents. 7122: 5544: 5324: 4951: 4171: 3860:

Many also view the spectre of Quebec secession as a useful negotiation tool to gain more powers within Confederation. For example,

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official and the Assembly's records are published in both languages. The representatives of the Québec people are elected with the

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at the end of 1968, the National Assembly has all the powers to enact laws in the provincial jurisdiction as specified in the

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and the Parti Québécois, which its members define as a party of social democratic tendency. The Parti Québécois organized a

7412: 7132: 7082: 7072: 6966: 6606: 5731: 4792:(CPEs; 'centres for young children') are institutions that link family policies to education. They are administered by the 4188: 2997: 2263: 607: 5245: 5211: 68: 8037: 7491: 7476: 6946: 6829: 6667: 6151:"Accord Canada-Québec relatif à l'immigration et à l'admission temporaire des aubains (Accord Gagnon-Tremblay—McDougall)" 5656: 4604:, agricultural zones were created to ensure the protection of fertile land, which make up 2% of Quebec's total area. The 3404:

was English. This exodus of English speakers provided a substantial and permanent boost to the population of the city of

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who evangelized in French Canada. The clergy used its influence to exhort Catholic voters to continue electing with the

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Independent from the government, this institution is responsible for the administration of the Québec electoral system.

750:(Quebec Office of the French language) is an organization created in 1961. Its mandate was greatly expanded by the 1977 8248: 8101: 7914: 7287: 7215: 6971: 6865: 3612: 3526: 3525:, leader of the Quebec Liberal Party's youth wing left Bourassa's party to form a "soft nationalist" and sovereigntist 3336: 2955: 891: 772:

four to five years. The head office of the council is in Québec City and it has 11 regional offices throughout Québec.

6124: 6026: 4523:(MELCC) is the primary entity responsible for the application of environmental policy on the Québécois territory. The 2572:, the political power of the church was greatly reduced. Quebec entered an accelerated decade of changes known as the 7965: 7260: 7220: 7205: 4234: 108: 3868:(Equality or independence) in the late 1960s as a way of pressing for increased powers from the federal government. 831:

was created. It became the first judicial tribunal in Canada specializing in human rights. The current president is

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from Quebec that, according to Statistics Canada (2003), since 1971 saw a drop of 599,000 of those Quebecers whose

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to assume the major role in the Canadian system, with occasional involvement in areas of provincial jurisdiction.

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called for military assistance to guard government officials. Prime Minister Trudeau responded by declaring the

578:.Thus, it is typically the lieutenant governor whom the premier and ministers advise, in exercising much of the 7546: 6956: 6941: 5446: 4787: 4329: 4296: 4103: 4023: 3779: 3534: 3390: 752: 57: 46: 6584: 6049:"Consolidated provincial and territorial government revenue and expenditures, by province and territory, 2009" 5510: 4631:

are essentially public property. The calculation of annual cutting possibilities is the responsibility of the

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On October 30, 2003, the National Assembly adopted a resolution reaffirming that the people of Quebec form a

3674:, won the majority of seats, the first time since 1966 that neither the Parti Québécois (which also lost its 3308: 3277: 3269: 1772: 660: 611: 553: 468: 266: 8220: 4660:(UPA) seeks to protect the interests of its members, including forestry workers, and works jointly with the 3364:

FLQ was wiped out. Independence-minded Quebecers would now opt for the social democratic nationalism of the

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The federalist nationalists are nationalists who believe it is best for the people of Quebec to reform the

3772: 3683: 3663: 3583:(UDI) followed by negotiations with the federal government if sovereignty were endorsed in the referendum. 3572: 3385: 1067: 1061: 1055: 1049: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1025: 1019: 1013: 1007: 1001: 995: 989: 983: 977: 971: 926: 214: 7561: 6522: 4155: 3288:

refused to accept a deal that would not include a Constitutional veto on federal institutions for Quebec.

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Through its civil society, Quebec is also present in many international organizations and forums such as

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indicated that "Relative to its size, Quebec is the most indebted province in Canada by a wide margin".

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and view Canada as a bilingual, multicultural nation based on individual rights. They stress that their

3482:". The Mulroney government also transferred considerable power over immigration and taxation to Quebec. 959:

is explicitly banned in Quebec, upheld by a unanimous vote against it in 2005 by the National Assembly.

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and low-pollution energy. Hydro-Québec is a profitable company in constant expansion (for example the

3995: 3801: 3667: 3604:, another social-democratic sovereigntist party that later merged with other left-wing groups to form 2690: 8283: 8052: 7737: 7297: 6903: 6697: 5755: 5706: 4931: 4567: 4450: 4384: 3759: 3397: 814: 6188:"Au Québec pour bâtir ensemble : Énoncé de politique en matière d'immigration et d'intégration" 5776: 2580:

and Union Nationale governments continued to oppose federal intrusion into provincial jurisdiction.

7970: 7960: 7717: 7057: 6883: 6727: 5732:"Bureau du Québec dans les Provinces atlantiques - Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes" 5581: 4966: 4941: 4556: 4527:(SEPAQ) is the main body responsible for the management of national parks, wildlife reserves, etc. 4163: 3805: 3396:

The enactment of Bill 101 was highly controversial and led to an immediate and sustained exodus of

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The British-type parliamentarism based on the Westminster system was introduced in the province of

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there are 125 Members of the National Assembly, so approximately one MNA for each 45,000 electors.

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of Quebecers preferred returning to the idea of receiving more political autonomy within Canada.

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Broad-based dissatisfaction by both English and French-speaking Quebecers with the government of

3312: 3238: 3218: 3072: 2195: 855: 559: 389: 385: 158: 35: 6991: 6632: 5438: 4618:

of Quebec and is recognized for its agro-food, veterinary and agro-environmental biotechnology.

4072: 3553:, Quebec, was one of two Progressive Conservatives left in Parliament, and became party leader. 895: 82: 8303: 8235: 8198: 8134: 7786: 7639: 7634: 7282: 7062: 6852: 5862: 5605: 4504: 3890: 3886: 3817: 3657: 3562: 3491: 3442:, Premier René Lévesque asked the Quebec people for "a mandate to negotiate" his proposal for " 3439: 3300: 3257: 2534: 1118: 1106: 1086: 664: 656: 645: 599: 350: 235: 168: 137: 6177:

Résolution de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec sur la défense des valeurs québécoises, mai 2008

4936: 4530:

On November 23, 2009, Jean Charest announced Quebec's greenhouse gas reduction targets at the

3418:

French. The section of the law regarding language on signs was deemed unconstitutional by the

8144: 8081: 6999: 6640: 4531: 4051: 3735: 3675: 3447: 3319:

stating "The state has no business in the bedrooms of the nation"; he also created the first

3273: 2513: 922: 810: 7541: 3588:

new political "partnership" under Lucien Bouchard failed to produce results after one year.

2508:, a centre-right party in Quebec that emphasized provincial autonomy and allied itself with 474:

asks the leader of the majority party to form a government in which he will serve as Premier

8318: 8205: 7722: 7672: 7667: 7514: 7504: 6888: 6692: 5832:

Ministère du Développement durable, de l'Environnement et des Parcs du Québec, ed. (2006).

5158:"Canada Wide > About Us > The Order of St. John > The Order of St. John in Canada" 4879: 4831: 4302: 3988: 3981: 3949: 3826: 3791: 3671: 3568: 3503: 3381: 3365: 3241:

in Ottawa sought to address the new political assertiveness of Quebec. He commissioned the

2803: 2734: 2577: 2565: 2298: 2136: 1633: 1267: 1110: 945: 907: 676: 539: 497: 302: 155: 4772:(ASSS; 'health and social services agencies'). Quebec's health system is supported by the 3355:, a provincial minister and Vice-Premier, who was killed a few days later. Quebec Premier 2544:

jealously guarded provincial jurisdictions. Common parlance speaks of these years as "La

871: 704: 8: 8263: 7943: 7909: 7767: 7727: 7712: 7192: 7042: 6893: 6878: 6748: 6712: 6682: 6342:"Loi sur la Société des établissements de plein air du Québec (L.R.Q., chapitre S-13.01)" 6216: 4986: 4835: 4799: 4597: 4462: 4336: 4220: 4030: 3921:

Indépendentistes are fully nationalist in outlook. They view the federal government as a

3882: 3838: 3538: 3518: 2584:

Post-National Assembly, Rise of Quebec nationalist movements and Recent political history

938: 649: 514: 7509: 7392: 5835:

Le Québec et les changements climatiques: un défi pour l'avenir. Plan d'action 2006-2012

5531: 4002: 3605: 3509:

The collapse of the Meech Lake Accord reshaped the entire Canadian political landscape.

3490:, opposed the Meech Lake agreement because it did not grant Quebec enough autonomy. The 2875: 915: 287: 8215: 8171: 8024: 7702: 7657: 7087: 7047: 7032: 6898: 6839: 6663: 5492: 5431: 5109: 4981: 4921: 4875: 4261: 4097: 3910: 3897:

side prevailed in both, but its margin was very narrow in the second referendum (50.6%

3755: 3427: 3222: 875: 859: 641: 436: 413: 273: 252: 185: 7566: 4680: 3893:, each of which could have led to negotiations for independence had it succeeded. The 3808:

in the mid-20th century with this view about the future of Quebec's political status.

8371: 8295: 8193: 8156: 8122: 8086: 8069: 7821: 7757: 7384: 7052: 6753: 5842: 5532:

Manifesto of the Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale - Independence of Québec

5442: 4991: 4971: 4703:(QPIP) as well as last-resort financial support for families and people in need. The 3937: 3861: 3854: 3822: 3720: 3464: 3304: 3296: 2533:, combated communism and even tried to shut down other Christian religions like the 2481: 1973: 1080: 956: 851: 603: 579: 490: 409: 283: 6368:"Loi sur la protection du territoire et des activités agricoles (L.R.Q., c. P-41.1)" 6052: 4117: 3763: 3557:

1995 referendum, its aftermath and fall of interest in Quebec Independence 1995–2018

3213:

A non-violent Quebec independence movement slowly took form in the late 1960s. The

887: 8342: 8278: 8188: 8139: 7077: 7019: 6622: 6527: 4842: 4811: 4738: 4731: 4547: 4515:

Since 2006, Quebec has adopted a green plan in order to meet the objectives of the

4340: 3945: 3747: 3700: 3576: 3487: 3479: 3360: 3281: 2573: 696: 8313: 4718: 4521:

Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment, and Fight Against Climate Change

3628: 3624: 3542: 8387: 8323: 8210: 8161: 7360: 7302: 6772: 6610: 6572: 6560: 6067: 5498: 4913: 4722: 4611: 4423: 4403: 4323: 4317: 3922: 3869: 3751: 3730:

Federal Liberals largely defend Quebec's remaining within Canada and keeping the

3584: 3510: 3495: 3470: 3469:

From 1985 to 1994, the federalist provincial Liberal Party governed Quebec under

3409: 3377: 3356: 3324: 3285: 2553: 2545: 1982:

Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (1936–1973) – seats won by party

1583:

Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (1904–1935) – seats won by party

1130:

Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Quebec (1867–1900) – seats won by party

1114: 911: 806: 760: 261: 6601: 6498:"Loi sur les collèges d'enseignement général et professionnel (L.R.Q., c. C-29)" 5807:"Comparaison interprovinciale et analyse de l'administration publique au Canada" 5027: 3686:, the ruling party, Coalition Avenir Québec (CAQ), secured 90 seats out of 125. 3631:, who would attack the perceived ambiguity of the referendum question through a 3537:, with Western conservatives voting Reform, Quebec conservatives voting for the 8329: 8308: 7624: 5707:"Bureaux du Québec au Canada - Secrétariat du Québec aux relations canadiennes" 5220: 5028:"The Westminster Approach to Prorogation, Dissolution and Fixed Date Elections" 4838:

centers, private colleges, public colleges (CEGEPs), and private universities.

4807: 4581: 4516: 4415: 4196: 4125: 3926: 3739: 3597: 3401: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3246: 3234: 1384: 1098: 8091: 5545:"Le premier ministre énonce sa vision et crée une commission spéciale d'étude" 5390:"Parties reach agreement in principle to give PQ and QS official party status" 5124: 2589:

Elections to the National Assembly of Quebec (1976–2018) – seats won by party

720:

has a social contract with Québécois to ensure the transparency of the state.

8402: 8151: 6786: 5219:(4 ed.). Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. p. 3. Archived from 4899: 4827: 4488: 4453:

that are the main interlocutors in foreign countries. In matters relating to

4395: 3647: 3233:

In reaction to events in Quebec and formal demands of the Lesage government,

899: 623: 428: 242: 204: 4705:

Commission des normes, de l'équité, de la santé et de la sécurité du travail

3658:

Return of Quebec Autonomy movement and Rise of Coalition Avenir Québec 2018–

903: 8352: 7919: 7453: 7430: 4854:

Quebec is a participating government in the international organization the

4653: 4601: 4535: 4309: 3708: 3642: 3546: 3541:, and Ontario and Western Montreal voters putting the Liberal Party led by 3522: 3414: 3292: 3264:

which made French and English official languages and guaranteed linguistic

3253: 456: 393: 360: 3746:

is based on shared civic values, and reject nationalism defined solely on

883: 620:

various awards that are named for and presented by the lieutenant governor

7924: 7106: 4573: 4458: 4343: 4172:

Fédération du Commonwealth Coopératif/Parti social démocratique du Québec

4133: 3743: 3711:

are therefore present in most major parties, creating internal tensions.

3636: 3348: 2569: 2525: 2521: 424: 401: 255: 218: 175: 132: 5681: 5076: 4907: 4398:, for representing itself and defending its interests in Canada: one in 3208: 1089:, guarantees for the maintenance of its language and religion under the 8047: 7629: 6828: 5182: 4615: 4540: 4454: 4388: 4141: 3850: 3731: 3704: 3550: 3316: 3265: 2517: 2501: 2493: 1102: 1090: 152: 5967: 4235:

Nouveau Parti démocratique du Québec/Parti de la Democratie Socialiste

8347: 7576: 7313: 6856: 6565: 6551: 5138:. Quebec City: l'Association québécoise de droit constitutionnel: 144 4585: 1058:– Sovereignists 23.06%, Federalists 45.40%, Autonomist/Others 30.84% 1052:– Sovereignists 30.22%, Federalists 54.65%, Autonomist/Others 14.84% 1046:– Sovereignists 41.37%, Federalists 33.78%, Autonomist/Others 22.83% 1016:– Sovereignists 42.87%, Federalists 43.55%, Autonomist/Others 11.81% 1010:– Sovereignists 33.24%, Federalists 45.99%, Autonomist/Others 19.24% 1004:– Sovereignists 31.99%, Federalists 36.93%, Autonomist/Others 30.84% 998:– Sovereignists 38.95%, Federalists 44.25%, Autonomist/Others 16.37% 992:– Sovereignists 39.87%, Federalists 31.20%, Autonomist/Others 27.05% 986:– Sovereignists 33.01%, Federalists 41.52%, Autonomist/Others 23.05% 980:– Sovereignists 33.16%, Federalists 27.96%, Autonomist/Others 37.42% 974:– Sovereignists 30.04%, Federalists 27.28%, Autonomist/Others 40.98% 343: 6446:"Loi sur la Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec (L.R.Q., c. R-5)" 5992: 5534:. English.republiquelibre.org (2011-01-29). Retrieved on 2013-07-12. 5210:

Berezovsky, Eugene (2009). Staff of Canadian Monarchist News (ed.).

1064:– Sovereignists 8.76%, Federalists 47.29%, Autonomist/Others 43.95% 1040:– Sovereignists 49.26%, Federalists 46.07%, Autonomist/Others 4.00% 1034:– Sovereignists 38.69%, Federalists 55.99%, Autonomist/Others 3.45% 1028:– Sovereignists 40.16%, Federalists 53.64%, Autonomist/Others 3.21% 1022:– Sovereignists 44.75%, Federalists 44.40%, Autonomist/Others 6.46% 380:

are centred on a provincial government resembling that of the other

24: 7586: 7526: 4756:

Quebec's health and social services network is administered by the

4744:

Ministère de l'Immigration et des Communautés culturelles du Québec

4684: 4370: 4079: 3931: 3433: 3371: 863: 850:

The territory of Quebec is divided into 17 administrative regions:

7778: 6537: 5185:"Awards Program > Lieutenant Governor of Québec Awards Program" 4676: 7375: 6662: 6553:

Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse

5213:$ 1.52 per Canadian: The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy 5006: 4508: 4411: 4407: 4399: 3405: 1121:

to formally secularize the school system along linguistic lines.

737:

Commission des droits de la personne et des droits de la jeunesse

6276:"Charte des droits et libertés de la personne (L.R.Q., c. C-12)" 5271:

Supreme Court of Canada. Boucher v. the King, S.C.R. 265. p. 305

4671: 3940:

of the 1830s. Their ideological origins can be found within the

7929: 7809: 6472:"Loi sur le Conseil supérieur de l'éducation (L.R.Q., c. C-60)" 5942: 4652:

with the Quebec government in order to protect forests against

4419: 4350: 3295:" with a strong federal government founded on shared values of 867: 612:

Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem

397: 6019:"Revenu Québec - Basic Rules for Applying the GST/HST and QST" 1070:– Sovereignists, Federalists 56.40%, Autonomist/Others 42.15% 655:

The government is constituted by the majority party and it is

435:, which has 125 members. Government is conducted based on the 5769:"Allocution du ministre de l'Éducation, M. Paul Gérin-Lajoie" 5686:

Les premiers ministres des provinces et territoires du Canada

5368:"PQ and QS to get official party status in National Assembly" 4871: 4394:

Quebec possesses a network of three offices, each led by one

4285:("Electoral Law of Quebec"). Other notable examples include: 3633:

Supreme Court reference on the unilateral secession of Quebec

2500:

in the 1930s. This political lineage dates back to the 1850s

1085:

When Quebec became one of the four founding provinces of the

775: 4600:

regulations since 1978. Faced with the problem of expanding

4449:

coordinates guiding principles in international policy, its

4267:

judicial judgments and legislative documents, including the

3738:. They embrace the liberalism held by former Prime Minister 640:

The National Assembly is part of a legislature based on the

5900:"La "base climatosceptique" bel et bien présente au Québec" 4694:

Ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale du Québec

4500: 4496: 723: 6589: 3804:

successfully won over most of Quebec population since the

3252:

In 1968, Trudeau was elected Prime Minister on a wave of "

2634: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2598: 2022: 2010: 2003: 1592: 1164: 1154: 1139: 447: 6532: 5917: 4607:

Commission de protection du territoire agricole du Québec

4312:

reaffirmed three of Quebec society's fundamental values:

3335:

During the 1960s, a violent terrorist group known as the

606:.) The lieutenant governor is also expected to undertake 4751: 4543:(United States), according to the Government of Quebec. 4507:

and was the first to see the hydroelectric potential of

3905:). Sovereigntists find their ideological origins in the 763:

for a comparison with other jurisdictions in the world.

5103: 741: 622:, which were reinstated in 2000 by Lieutenant Governor 6492: 6466: 6440: 6414: 6388: 6362: 6336: 6296: 6270: 6244: 4065: 845: 4591: 4426:

effectively with the other provinces of the country.

3291:

Trudeau's vision was to create a Constitution for a "

659:

to the National Assembly. Since the abolition of the

5464:"Quebec voters mull separation from the separatists" 5246:"Quebec gives thumbs down to Shariah law | CBC News" 5070: 4889: 4830:

studies include : the public university of the

4483: 4387:, which allows it to participate proactively in the 3323:. This government also repealed Canada's race-based 1577: 792: 6830:

Politics of the provinces and territories of Canada

5631:"Grandeur et misère de l'utopie bilingue au Canada" 570:In Canada, lieutenant governor is appointed by the 503:

determines the date of the coming general elections

49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6394:"Loi sur les normes du travail (L.R.Q., c. N-1.1)" 5430: 4434:Quebec's international policy is founded upon the 3243:Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism 948:to amend Article 93 of the Constitution Act 1867. 614:. The lieutenant governor presents numerous other 6302:"Charte de la langue française (L.R.Q., c. C-11)" 5997:ministère de l'Emploi et de la Solidarité sociale 5365: 4525:Société des établissements de plein air du Québec 3965:List of political parties in Canada § Quebec 3913:'s short-lived precursor to the Parti Québécois. 3315:Justice Minister in 1967, he eliminated Canada's 766: 8400: 6095:"Quebec business taxes highest in North America" 5811:École nationale d'administration publique (ENAP) 5073:"Why does the Governor General give the Speech?" 3811: 3434:1980 referendum and the Constitution Act of 1982 3372:Sovereigntists elected and the Anglophone exodus 1977:, the Quiet Revolution and Pre-National Assembly 805:The principal judicial courts of Québec are the 477:enacts the laws adopted by the National Assembly 431:, consisting of the Lieutenant Governor and the 5582:"Résolution de l'Assemblée nationale du Québec" 5455: 4353:, as well as a motion on May 22, 2008, citing: 3785: 1117:requested an amendment under provisions of the 322:Premier (as President of the Executive Council) 6214: 6125:"Quebec's debt 'worryingly high', report says" 4849: 4795:Ministère de la Famille et des Aînés du Québec 4639:Société de protection des forêts contre le feu 4478:Organisation internationale de la francophonie 3228: 2629: 2622: 2015: 1998: 1991: 1159: 1149: 1144: 7794: 7329: 6814: 6648: 5813:. L'observatoire de l'administration publique 5183:Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec. 5056:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMacLeod2008 ( 4672:Employment, taxation and immigration policies 3330: 2559: 2512:in English Canada. Under his government, the 5187:. Éditeur officiel du Québec. Archived from 5108:. Éditeur officiel du Québec. Archived from 5075:. Queen's Printer for Canada. Archived from 4821: 4815: 4793: 4767: 4761: 4742: 4721:takes the majority of its revenue through a 4698: 4692: 4632: 4605: 4280: 4274: 4268: 3872:expressed similar sentiments as a student. 3832: 3458: 3070: 3032: 2994: 2952: 2914: 2872: 2800: 2732: 2687: 2475: 2330: 2295: 2260: 2226: 2192: 2134: 2067: 1856: 1826: 1800: 1769: 1739: 1703: 1631: 1414: 1381: 1353: 1320: 1265: 1206: 598:. Not among them, though, is delivering the 5513:. Directeur général des élections du Québec 5422: 5160:. St. John Ambulance Canada. Archived from 4997:Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 4841:In 2012, the annual cost for postsecondary 4823:Conseil supérieure de l'Education du Québec 4769:agences de la santé et des services sociaux 4662:Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food 4610:(CPTAQ) is the main guarantor. The city of 4205:Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale 3942:Rassemblement pour l'indépendance nationale 3209:René Lévesque and "Sovereignty-Association" 7801: 7787: 7336: 7322: 6821: 6807: 6655: 6641: 5461: 5209: 4804:Ministry of Education and Higher Education 4596:Agriculture in Quebec has been subject to 4474:Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie 3969: 776:Quebec Commission on Access to Information 6851: 5412:"Quebec's historic 2022 election results" 5132:Revue québécoise de droit constitutionnel 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 6590:Quebec English School Boards Association 5657:"Loi sur les langues officielles (1969)" 5071:Government of Canada (4 December 2015). 4952:List of Quebec leaders of the Opposition 4675: 4666:Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources 4487: 4335:In addition, Quebec defines itself as a 3486:Québécois, by then led by sovereigntist 724:Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission 446: 6065: 5897: 5437:. James Lorimer & Company. p. 5366:Presse Canadienne (November 22, 2018). 5325:"Thank you, Montreal! Thank you, Rene!" 5122: 5051: 4766:(RLS; 'local service networks') and 18 4429: 3775:have adopted aspects of this position. 3762:, immigrants, and aboriginal groups in 3452:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 3424:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 967:Voting patterns break down as follows: 748:Office Québécois de la Langue Française 594:The lieutenant governor is tasked with 508:Members of the National Assembly (MNAs) 8401: 7532:Changement Intégrité pour notre Québec 7343: 5428: 5392:. CTV news Montreal. November 22, 2018 5348:. Marianopolis College. 23 August 2000 4775:Régie de l'assurance maladie du Québec 4758:Ministry of Health and Social Services 4700:Régime québécois d'assurance parentale 4273:("Law on the National Assembly"), the 3754:culture. They defend the need for the 3725: 3256:". In 1969, his government instituted 565: 562:of the premier and Executive Council. 547: 7782: 7317: 7104: 6850: 6802: 6636: 6264: 6105:from the original on October 31, 2012 5025: 4817:Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur 4752:Health, social and education policies 4445:, formulated in 1965. While Quebec's 4110: 2552:, as in the first scenes of the film 7547:Nouveau Parti démocratique du Québec 6838:This article is part of the series: 6316: 6290: 5125:"In Search of a Quebec Constitution" 4503:. He successfully put an end to the 4291:Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 3958: 3843: 3689: 2488:party emerged from the ashes of the 1074: 742:Québec Office of the French language 730:Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms 684: 629: 500:and the heads of public corporations 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 7808: 6420:"Code du travail (L.R.Q., c. C-27)" 6131:from the original on April 10, 2014 6092: 6051:. Statistics Canada. Archived from 4447:Ministry of International Relations 4066:Other recognized provincial parties 3916: 3829:were both ultimately unsuccessful. 2531:books banned by the Catholic Church 846:Municipal and regional institutions 710: 442: 13: 7572:Parti marxiste-léniniste du Québec 6603:Tribunal des droits de la personne 6539:La Politique québécoise sur le Web 6250:"Loi électorale (L.R.Q., c E-3.3)" 6217:"Ténacité des étudiants québécois" 6074:from the original on April 8, 2014 5863:"Québec fixe sa cible à 20 %" 5462:Kheiriddin, Tasha (Apr 25, 2011). 5327:. National Post. November 18, 2006 5306:. CBC Television. February 7, 2012 4592:Agricultural and forestry policies 4383:The Quebec premier is part of the 4279:("Law on the Executive"), and the 4255: 4250: 4086:Parti marxiste-léniniste du Québec 3907:Mouvement Souveraineté-Association 962: 800: 616:provincial honours and decorations 589: 229:President of the National Assembly 14: 8425: 6533:Chief Electoral Officer of Quebec 6516: 6066:Kozhaya, Norma (March 11, 2004). 5097: 4858:, which can be seen as a sort of 4484:Environmental and energy policies 4469:in intergovernmental relations). 4361: 3948:, a founding organization of the 3875: 1578:Early 20th century or Liberal Era 951: 793:Chief electoral officer of Québec 7374: 6780: 6767: 6766: 6617:Tribunal administratif du Québec 5898:Carabin, François (2019-10-02). 5002:Reference re Secession of Quebec 4906: 4892: 4330:separation of State and religion 4118:Château Clique/Parti bureaucrate 3245:in 1963. Pearson also recruited 932: 451:Organization of powers in Québec 427:— the Parliament of Quebec — is 131: 23: 7105: 6623:L'État québécois en perspective 6486: 6460: 6434: 6408: 6382: 6356: 6330: 6238: 6208: 6180: 6171: 6143: 6117: 6086: 6070:. Montreal Economic Institute. 6059: 6041: 6011: 5985: 5960: 5935: 5910: 5891: 5880: 5855: 5825: 5799: 5780:. 12 April 1965. Archived from 5761: 5749: 5724: 5699: 5674: 5649: 5623: 5587: 5575: 5563: 5537: 5525: 5511:"Référendum du 30 octobre 1995" 5503: 5486: 5404: 5382: 5359: 5338: 5317: 5296: 5287: 5274: 5265: 5252: 5238: 4658:Union des producteurs agricoles 4189:Ralliement créditiste du Québec 3796:The Quebec autonomists are pro- 1124: 1095:British North America Act, 1867 829:Human Rights Tribunal of Quebec 596:a number of governmental duties 524: 34:needs additional citations for 16:Politics of a Canadian province 6324:"Code civil du Québec, L.R.Q." 5203: 5176: 5150: 5116: 5091: 5064: 5045: 5019: 4519:regarding climate change. The 4318:equality between men and women 4297:Charter of the French language 4243:Union des forces progressistes 4104:New Democratic Party of Quebec 4024:New Democratic Party of Canada 3602:Union des forces progressistes 3531:Progressive Conservative Party 3391:Charter of the French Language 927:regional county municipalities 921:Inside the regions, there are 767:Council on the Status of Women 753:Charter of the French Language 1: 7537:Citoyens au pouvoir du Québec 6628:Canadian Governments Compared 6579:Office de la langue française 6546:Conseil du statut de la femme 6215:Pascale Dufour (2012-06-01). 5756:"Bureaux du Québec au Canada" 5346:"The Language Laws of Quebec" 5104:National Assembly of Quebec. 5035:Canadian Parliamentary Review 5012: 4561:, the James Bay Project, the 4270:Loi sur l'Assemblée Nationale 4126:Parti canadien/Parti patriote 3974: 3812:Federalist Quebec nationalism 3714: 3613:Action démocratique du Québec 3527:Action démocratique du Québec 3384:led by René Lévesque win the 3337:Front de libération du Québec 2956:Action démocratique du Québec 892:Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine 670: 554:Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 533: 469:Lieutenant Governor of Quebec 7687:2012 Quebec student protests 7620:2012 Quebec general election 7615:2014 Quebec general election 7610:2018 Quebec general election 7605:2022 Quebec general election 7520:Parti conservateur du Québec 6566:The Courts of Quebec Website 6528:Government of Quebec Website 5433:Our Lives: Canada After 1945 4783:centres de la petite enfance 4451:Quebec's general delegations 4149:Conservative Party of Quebec 4045:Conservative Party of Canada 4010:Conservative Party of Quebec 3786:Federalist Quebec autonomism 3773:Conservative Party of Canada 2490:Conservative Party of Quebec 1068:1962 Quebec general election 1062:1966 Quebec general election 1056:1970 Quebec general election 1050:1973 Quebec general election 1044:1976 Quebec general election 1038:1981 Quebec general election 1032:1985 Quebec general election 1026:1989 Quebec general election 1020:1994 Quebec general election 1014:1998 Quebec general election 1008:2003 Quebec general election 1002:2007 Quebec general election 996:2008 Quebec general election 990:2012 Quebec general election 984:2014 Quebec general election 978:2018 Quebec general election 972:2022 Quebec general election 496:appoints the members of the 7: 7630:Referendums on independence 7366:Former lieutenant-governors 6523:National Assembly of Quebec 5572:(consulted 7 November 2008) 5304:"Five years after Bill 101" 5106:"Parliament and Government" 4967:Political parties in Quebec 4962:National Assembly of Quebec 4927:Political culture of Canada 4885: 4850:International organizations 4717:When it comes to taxation, 4634:Bureau du forestier en chef 4213:Parti républicain du Québec 3771:, although elements of the 3581:declaration of independence 3229:Pierre Trudeau's liberalism 3105: 3069: 3031: 2993: 2951: 2913: 2871: 2799: 2731: 2686: 2366: 2329: 2294: 2259: 2225: 2191: 2133: 2066: 1882: 1855: 1825: 1799: 1768: 1738: 1702: 1630: 1473: 1445: 1413: 1380: 1352: 1319: 1264: 1205: 1093:of 1774 formed part of the 691:Executive Council of Quebec 636:National Assembly of Quebec 10: 8430: 8274:Notable people from Quebec 7403:Premiers by time in office 6866:Sovereign in the provinces 6494:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6468:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6442:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6416:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6390:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6364:Les Publications du Québec 6338:Les Publications du Québec 6298:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6272:Éditeur officiel du Québec 6246:Éditeur officiel du Québec 5972:forestierenchef.gouv.qc.ca 5549:Premier ministre du Québec 4977:Timeline of Quebec history 4763:réseaux locaux de services 4650:public-private partnership 4493:Louis-Alexandre Taschereau 4472:Quebec is a member of the 4259: 4180:Parti ouvrier-progressiste 4016: 3962: 3836: 3789: 3760:English-speaking Quebecers 3718: 3560: 3462: 3386:Quebec provincial election 3331:FLQ and the October Crisis 3106: 2568:government led by Premier 2560:Quiet Revolution 1960–1966 2506:Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine 2367: 1883: 1474: 1446: 1078: 936: 827:On December 10, 1990, the 734: 688: 674: 633: 551: 537: 488: 466: 8365: 8294: 8234: 8130: 8121: 8077: 8068: 8020:Leaders of the Opposition 7992: 7983: 7951: 7942: 7902: 7829: 7820: 7695: 7650: 7595: 7562:Parti culinaire du Québec 7490: 7467: 7444: 7436:Former Opposition Leaders 7421: 7383: 7372: 7351: 7273: 7191: 7113: 7100: 7018: 6990: 6927: 6864: 6846: 6836: 6762: 6736: 6703:Newfoundland and Labrador 6675: 5918:"Bienvenue sur Québec.ca" 5661:L'Encyclopédie Canadienne 5551:. Québec. 8 February 2007 5497:October 15, 2006, at the 5280:Supreme Court of Canada. 5258:Supreme Court of Canada. 4932:Council of the Federation 4800:Quebec's education system 4385:Council of the Federation 4156:Action libérale nationale 3833:Sovereignism (separatism) 3494:in Western Canada led by 3475:Progressive Conservatives 3459:Meech Lake Accord of 1987 3351:was kidnapped along with 2498:Action libérale nationale 2476:Duplessis years 1936–1959 2230:Parti social démocratique 1743:Action libérale nationale 366: 356: 349: 342: 334: 326: 318: 308: 301: 293: 279: 272: 248: 241: 234: 224: 210: 200: 181: 174: 164: 144: 130: 123: 6596:Tribunal des professions 5123:Wiseman, Nelson (2009). 4942:Quebec general elections 4373:life in different ways. 4282:Loi électorale du Québec 4182:/Labor-Progressive Party 4059:People's Party of Canada 3575:under the leadership of 3573:1994 provincial election 3515:Progressive Conservative 3036:Parti national populaire 1322:Independent Conservative 608:various ceremonial roles 576:prime minister of Canada 7696:Other Canadian politics 7505:Parti libéral du Québec 7500:Coalition Avenir Québec 7482:Government House Leader 7446:Speaker of the Assembly 5260:Roncarelli v. Duplessis 4957:List of Quebec senators 4947:List of Quebec premiers 4860:Commonwealth of Nations 4802:is administered by the 4760:. It is composed of 95 4366:Quebec participates in 4038:Liberal Party of Canada 3996:Coalition Avenir Québec 3970:Major political parties 3866:Égalité ou indépendance 3802:Coalition Avenir Québec 3769:Liberal Party of Canada 3672:Quebec Autonomist Party 3668:Coalition Avenir Québec 3444:sovereignty-association 3420:Supreme Court of Canada 3307:ideals, and, later on, 3219:sovereignty-association 2691:Coalition Avenir Québec 856:Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean 574:, on the advice of the 390:parliamentary democracy 386:constitutional monarchy 159:constitutional monarchy 7413:Government departments 6231: 6068:"Soaking 'les riches'" 5943:"CPTAQ : Accueil" 5777:Gouvernement du Québec 5758:(consulted April 2021) 5429:Finkel, Alvin (1997). 5416:www.federalretirees.ca 4822: 4816: 4794: 4768: 4762: 4743: 4723:progressive income tax 4699: 4693: 4688: 4633: 4606: 4576:also sees modest use. 4552:Manic-Outardes project 4512: 4378:Official Languages Act 4359: 4281: 4275: 4269: 3818:Canadian confederation 3778:The social-democratic 3635:in 1998 and draft the 3563:1995 Quebec referendum 3440:1980 Quebec referendum 3262:Official Languages Act 1119:Constitution Act, 1982 1107:Constitution Act, 1867 1087:Canadian Confederation 665:Constitution of Canada 513:are elected using the 480:has the power to veto. 452: 169:Constitution of Canada 138:Coat of arms of Quebec 8269:Language demographics 7557:Parti indépendantiste 7552:Parti unité nationale 6744:Northwest Territories 6668:province or territory 6221:Le Monde diplomatique 5112:on February 23, 2010. 5026:Hicks, Bruce (2012). 4727:equalization payments 4679: 4532:Copenhagen conference 4491: 4436:Gérin-Lajoie doctrine 4355: 4092:Parti Unité Nationale 4052:Green Party of Canada 3864:ran on a platform of 3736:Canadian constitution 3676:official party status 3611:Mario Dumont and the 3561:Further information: 3463:Further information: 3448:Canadian Constitution 3321:Divorce Act of Canada 3274:Canadian Constitution 3258:Official Bilingualism 2998:Ralliement creditiste 2564:In 1960, under a new 2264:Ralliement creditiste 1105:religions. Under the 880:Abitibi-Témiscamingue 450: 8414:Government in Quebec 8015:Lieutenant Governors 7582:Parti vert du Québec 6929:Lieutenant Governors 6718:Prince Edward Island 5947:www.cptaq.gouv.qc.ca 5869:(in Canadian French) 4987:Quebec sovereigntism 4880:World March of Women 4832:University of Quebec 4648:(SOPFEU) works in a 4614:is the agricultural 4430:International policy 4303:Civil Code of Quebec 4073:Parti vert du Québec 3982:Quebec Liberal Party 3827:Charlottetown Accord 3792:Autonomism in Quebec 3780:New Democratic Party 3504:Charlottetown Accord 3455:in the early 1980s. 946:Parliament of Canada 896:Chaudière-Appalaches 677:Government of Quebec 540:Parliament of Quebec 58:"Politics of Quebec" 43:improve this article 8343:Saint-Jean-Baptiste 8259:Demographic history 7997:Electoral districts 7903:Historic identities 7625:Electoral districts 7353:Lieutenant Governor 6093:Marotte, Bertrand. 6023:www.revenuquebec.ca 5968:"Forestier en chef" 5736:www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca 5711:www.sqrc.gouv.qc.ca 5611:on December 4, 2008 4865:General delegations 4836:vocational training 4598:agricultural zoning 4463:popular sovereignty 4221:Ralliement national 4121:(pre-Confederation) 3839:Quebec Sovereignism 3726:Canadian Liberalism 3682:In the 2022 Quebec 3347:Trade commissioner 3282:Victoria conference 3217:was created by the 2590: 2535:Jehovah's Witnesses 1983: 1802:Independent Liberal 1584: 1355:Independent Liberal 1131: 939:Education in Quebec 661:Legislative Council 650:first-past-the-post 566:Constitutional role 548:Lieutenant Governor 515:first-past-the-post 463:Lieutenant Governor 406:Lieutenant Governor 330:Lieutenant Governor 297:Lieutenant Governor 267:Lieutenant Governor 215:Parliament Building 8409:Politics of Quebec 8244:Indigenous peoples 8030:National Assembly 8002:Executive Council 7915:Province of Quebec 7839:Prehistory to 1533 7680:Quebec sovereignty 7658:Quebec nationalism 7542:Équipe autonomiste 7345:Politics of Quebec 6840:Politics of Canada 6664:Politics of Canada 6609:2011-03-10 at the 6571:2014-10-27 at the 6559:2006-01-08 at the 6055:on March 12, 2009. 5570:"Société de droit" 5474:on 30 January 2013 5370:. Montreal Gazette 4982:Quebec nationalism 4922:Politics of Canada 4876:World Social Forum 4689: 4513: 4276:Loi sur l'éxecutif 4262:Quebec nationalism 4111:Historical parties 4098:Affiliation Quebec 3756:federal government 3428:Ford v Quebec (AG) 3239:Liberal government 2588: 2550:The Great Darkness 1981: 1975:La grande noirceur 1773:Ligue nationaliste 1582: 1129: 860:Capitale-Nationale 642:Westminster System 453: 382:Canadian provinces 378:politics of Quebec 274:Head of government 176:Legislative branch 125:Politics of Quebec 8396: 8395: 8361: 8360: 8337:La Belle Province 8117: 8116: 8064: 8063: 8038:Political parties 8010:General elections 7979: 7978: 7938: 7937: 7776: 7775: 7673:Quebec autonomism 7668:Quebec federalism 7663:National question 7492:Political parties 7423:Opposition Leader 7311: 7310: 7293:Political culture 7278:Foreign relations 7269: 7268: 7096: 7095: 6796: 6795: 6787:Canada portal 6029:on August 7, 2016 5848:978-2-550-53375-7 5637:. 6 February 2018 5584:, 30 October 2003 5468:The National Post 5164:on 4 October 2009 4992:Quebec federalism 4972:History of Quebec 4505:Grande Hémorragie 4075:(Green Party/PVQ) 3959:Political parties 3938:Patriote movement 3862:Daniel Johnson Sr 3855:Meech Lake Accord 3844:Soft nationalists 3823:Meech Lake Accord 3721:Quebec federalism 3696:National Question 3690:National Question 3533:collapsed in the 3465:Meech Lake Accord 3305:social democratic 3297:individual rights 3206: 3205: 2482:Maurice Duplessis 2473: 2472: 1971: 1970: 1575: 1574: 1081:History of Quebec 1075:Political history 852:Bas-Saint-Laurent 761:language policies 705:Premier of Québec 685:Executive Council 630:National Assembly 580:royal prerogative 491:Premier of Quebec 437:Westminster model 433:National Assembly 374: 373: 313:Executive Council 225:Presiding officer 192:National Assembly 119: 118: 111: 93: 8421: 8381: 8374: 8284:English-speaking 8249:Census divisions 8128: 8127: 8075: 8074: 8056: 8055:(administrative) 8033: 8005: 7990: 7989: 7949: 7948: 7910:Colony of Canada 7827: 7826: 7803: 7796: 7789: 7780: 7779: 7510:Québec solidaire 7477:Current assembly 7393:François Legault 7378: 7338: 7331: 7324: 7315: 7314: 7102: 7101: 6848: 6847: 6823: 6816: 6809: 6800: 6799: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6770: 6769: 6688:British Columbia 6657: 6650: 6643: 6634: 6633: 6585:Quebec Ombudsman 6510: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6427: 6412: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6326:28 October 2011. 6320: 6314: 6313: 6311: 6309: 6294: 6288: 6287: 6285: 6283: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6242: 6225: 6224: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6192: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6155: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6063: 6057: 6056: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6025:. Archived from 6015: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5895: 5889: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5840: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5794: 5792: 5786: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5742: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5604:. Archived from 5599: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5541: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5507: 5501: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5470:. Archived from 5459: 5453: 5452: 5436: 5426: 5420: 5419: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5386: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5333: 5332: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5282:Saumur v. Quebec 5278: 5272: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5242: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5191:on 29 April 2010 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5143: 5129: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5079:on 26 April 2018 5068: 5062: 5061: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5032: 5023: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4825: 4820:(CEGEP) and the 4819: 4797: 4791: 4771: 4765: 4746: 4739:interculturalism 4732:Fraser Institute 4713: 4702: 4696: 4664:(MAPAQ) and the 4647: 4636: 4630: 4622:Quebec's forests 4609: 4571: 4560: 4444: 4376:Since 1969, the 4284: 4278: 4272: 4003:Québec Solidaire 3946:Pierre Bourgault 3917:Indépendantistes 3701:Social democrats 3684:general election 3606:Québec solidaire 3577:Jacques Parizeau 3488:Jacques Parizeau 3480:distinct society 3406:Toronto, Ontario 3361:War Measures Act 3309:multiculturalism 3270:multiculturalism 2876:Québec solidaire 2591: 2587: 2574:Quiet Revolution 1984: 1980: 1585: 1581: 1132: 1128: 916:Centre-du-Québec 822:Paule Lafontaine 717:Quebec Ombudsman 711:Quebec Ombudsman 701:Premier ministre 646:Constitutionally 572:governor general 443:Political system 288:François Legault 236:Executive branch 135: 121: 120: 114: 107: 103: 100: 94: 92: 51: 27: 19: 8429: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8420: 8419: 8418: 8399: 8398: 8397: 8392: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8357: 8324:Iris versicolor 8290: 8230: 8221:Public holidays 8199:List of writers 8113: 8060: 8054: 8031: 8003: 7975: 7966:Protected areas 7934: 7898: 7816: 7807: 7777: 7772: 7691: 7646: 7591: 7567:Parti équitable 7515:Parti Québécois 7486: 7463: 7459:Former Speakers 7440: 7417: 7398:Former premiers 7379: 7370: 7361:J. Michel Doyon 7347: 7342: 7312: 7307: 7303:Politics portal 7265: 7187: 7109: 7092: 7014: 6986: 6923: 6860: 6842: 6832: 6827: 6797: 6792: 6781: 6779: 6758: 6732: 6671: 6661: 6611:Wayback Machine 6573:Wayback Machine 6561:Wayback Machine 6519: 6514: 6513: 6503: 6501: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6465: 6461: 6451: 6449: 6439: 6435: 6425: 6423: 6413: 6409: 6399: 6397: 6387: 6383: 6373: 6371: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6335: 6331: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6307: 6305: 6295: 6291: 6281: 6279: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6253: 6243: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6228: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6160: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6144: 6134: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6075: 6064: 6060: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6032: 6030: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6002: 6000: 5999:. Emploi Québec 5993:"Emploi-Québec" 5991: 5990: 5986: 5976: 5974: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5896: 5892: 5885: 5881: 5872: 5870: 5867:Radio-Canada.ca 5861: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5816: 5814: 5805: 5804: 5800: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5754: 5750: 5740: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5725: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5665: 5663: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5640: 5638: 5629: 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5530: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5504: 5499:Wayback Machine 5491: 5487: 5477: 5475: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5427: 5423: 5410: 5409: 5405: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5383: 5373: 5371: 5364: 5360: 5351: 5349: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5330: 5328: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5309: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5229: 5227: 5223: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5194: 5192: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5156: 5155: 5151: 5141: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5117: 5102: 5098: 5092: 5082: 5080: 5069: 5065: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5015: 4914:Politics portal 4912: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4852: 4785: 4754: 4707: 4681:Adélard Godbout 4674: 4641: 4624: 4612:Saint-Hyacinthe 4594: 4565: 4563:Romaine project 4554: 4495:, Premier from 4486: 4438: 4432: 4404:Atlantic Canada 4364: 4322:the primacy of 4264: 4258: 4256:National policy 4253: 4251:Public policies 4164:Union Nationale 4113: 4068: 4019: 3989:Parti Québécois 3977: 3972: 3967: 3961: 3955: 3950:Parti Québécois 3923:successor state 3919: 3891:1995 referendum 3887:1980 referendum 3878: 3870:Lucien Bouchard 3846: 3841: 3835: 3814: 3806:Union Nationale 3794: 3788: 3764:northern Quebec 3752:French Canadian 3728: 3723: 3717: 3692: 3660: 3623:Prime Minister 3585:Lucien Bouchard 3569:Parti Québécois 3565: 3559: 3511:Lucien Bouchard 3496:Preston Manning 3471:Robert Bourassa 3467: 3461: 3436: 3410:Quebec diaspora 3382:Parti Québécois 3378:Robert Bourassa 3374: 3366:Parti Québécois 3357:Robert Bourassa 3333: 3325:immigration law 3286:Robert Bourassa 3231: 3215:Parti Québécois 3211: 3201: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3173: 3166: 3159: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3124: 3117: 3110: 2918:Union Nationale 2857: 2840: 2833: 2820: 2813: 2804:Parti Québécois 2789: 2779: 2769: 2756: 2749: 2727: 2586: 2562: 2554:Maurice Richard 2546:Grande Noirceur 2540:Union Nationale 2486:Union Nationale 2478: 2467: 2458: 2449: 2440: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2395: 2386: 2377: 2299:Parti Québécois 2187: 2174: 2167: 2148: 2124: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2080: 2071:Union Nationale 1979: 1966: 1957: 1948: 1939: 1930: 1921: 1912: 1903: 1894: 1698: 1691: 1684: 1677: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1642: 1580: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1543: 1534: 1525: 1516: 1507: 1498: 1489: 1480: 1315: 1308: 1298: 1291: 1255: 1241: 1231: 1224: 1217: 1127: 1115:Lucien Bouchard 1111:Parti Québécois 1083: 1077: 965: 963:Voting patterns 954: 941: 935: 848: 840:Jacques Forgues 815:Court of Appeal 807:Court of Quebec 803: 801:Judicial bodies 795: 778: 769: 744: 739: 726: 713: 693: 687: 679: 673: 638: 632: 592: 590:Ceremonial role 568: 556: 550: 542: 536: 527: 493: 471: 445: 351:Court of Appeal 344:Judicial branch 286: 265: 262:Manon Jeannotte 260: 259:represented by 258: 196: 140: 126: 115: 104: 98: 95: 52: 50: 40: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8427: 8417: 8416: 8411: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8383: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8333: 8330:Je me souviens 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8287: 8286: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8261: 8256: 8251: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8202: 8201: 8191: 8186: 8185: 8184: 8182:Historic Sites 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8145:List of movies 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8092:Transportation 8089: 8084: 8078: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8059: 8058: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7977: 7976: 7974: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7961:National Parks 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7935: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7806: 7805: 7798: 7791: 7783: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7697: 7693: 7692: 7690: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7677: 7676: 7675: 7660: 7654: 7652: 7651:Current issues 7648: 7647: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7637: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7612: 7607: 7601: 7599: 7593: 7592: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7496: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7473: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7438: 7433: 7427: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7389: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7373: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7357: 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6625: 6620: 6613: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6575: 6563: 6549: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6518: 6517:External links 6515: 6512: 6511: 6485: 6459: 6433: 6407: 6381: 6355: 6329: 6315: 6289: 6263: 6236: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6207: 6179: 6170: 6142: 6116: 6099:Globe and Mail 6085: 6058: 6040: 6010: 5984: 5959: 5934: 5909: 5890: 5879: 5854: 5847: 5824: 5798: 5760: 5748: 5723: 5698: 5673: 5648: 5622: 5586: 5574: 5562: 5536: 5524: 5502: 5485: 5454: 5447: 5421: 5403: 5381: 5358: 5337: 5316: 5295: 5286: 5273: 5264: 5251: 5237: 5226:on 7 July 2009 5202: 5175: 5149: 5115: 5096: 5090: 5063: 5044: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4937:État québécois 4934: 4929: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4903: 4887: 4884: 4851: 4848: 4814:schools), the 4753: 4750: 4673: 4670: 4593: 4590: 4582:global warming 4517:Kyoto Protocol 4485: 4482: 4431: 4428: 4416:Western Canada 4363: 4362:Federal policy 4360: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4320: 4306: 4305: 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Québec. 5791:17 January 5555:6 November 5448:1550285513 5352:2012-12-14 5331:2012-12-14 5310:2012-12-14 5013:References 4616:technopole 4541:California 4455:Quebec law 4406:), one in 4389:federation 4341:democratic 4142:Parti bleu 4005:party (QS) 3975:Provincial 3944:headed by 3732:status quo 3715:Federalism 3551:Sherbrooke 3422:under the 3317:sodomy law 3266:minorities 3237:'s ruling 2595:Government 2518:Protestant 2502:Parti bleu 2494:Paul Gouin 1988:Government 1589:Government 1136:Government 1103:Protestant 1091:Quebec Act 957:Sharia law 912:Montérégie 904:Lanaudière 671:Government 534:Parliament 429:unicameral 205:Unicameral 186:Parliament 69:newspapers 8348:Snowy owl 8279:Québécois 8264:Education 8167:Festivals 8004:(cabinet) 7944:Geography 7889:1960–1981 7884:1931–1959 7879:1900–1930 7874:1867–1999 7869:1841–1966 7864:1791–1840 7859:1760–1790 7854:1663–1759 7849:1608–1662 7844:1534–1607 7597:Elections 7577:Parti nul 7283:Judiciary 7193:Elections 6857:The Crown 6853:Executive 6676:Provinces 6504:8 January 6478:8 January 6452:8 January 6426:8 January 6400:8 January 6374:8 January 6078:March 15, 6003:8 January 5635:Le Devoir 4812:secondary 4586:petroleum 4572:, etc.). 4548:renewable 4371:political 3343:when the 3260:with the 884:Côte-Nord 876:Outaouais 327:Appointer 294:Appointer 280:Currently 249:Currently 151:within a 99:June 2008 8388:Category 8226:TV shows 8177:Heritage 8172:Folklore 8107:railways 8102:highways 8097:airports 8053:Regions 8043:Premiers 8025:Monarchy 7985:Politics 7831:Timeline 7814:articles 7587:Parti 51 7527:Bloc pot 7288:Monarchy 7020:Premiers 6773:Category 6693:Manitoba 6607:Archived 6569:Archived 6557:Archived 6500:. 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