1112:
38:
421:
833:
544:
916:
1210:
5391:
4095:
52:
182:(AI) campaigns for the release of prisoners of conscience, which include both political prisoners as well as those imprisoned for their religious or philosophical beliefs. To reduce controversy, and as a matter of principle, the organization's policy applies only to prisoners who have not committed or advocated violence. Thus, there are political prisoners who do not fit the narrower criteria for POCs. The organisation defines the differences as follows:
68:
82:
1012:
634:
4107:
686:
409:) are used to disguise the fact that an individual is a political prisoner. For example, AAPP states that "the motivation behind the arrest of every individual in AAPP's database is political, regardless of the laws they have been sentenced under". This is common in situations which may otherwise be decried nationally and internationally as a
194:"Political" is used by AI to refer to aspects of human relations related to "politics": the mechanisms of society and civil order, the principles, organization, or conduct of government or public affairs, and the relation of all these to questions of language, ethnic origin, sex or religion, status, or influence (among other factors).
162:
in 2009 that "standard legal definitions have remained elusive", but at the same time, observing that there is a general consensus that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that
353:
Steinert noted that his definition does extend to prisoners "imprisoned for nonpolitical identities such as their religious beliefs or their sexual orientations", as well as individuals engaged in violent actions, arguing that the neutral "classification as a political prisoner neither entails an a
324:
Christoph
Valentin Steinert, who in 2020 reviewed 366 definitions of political prisoners used in (mainly English language) academic literature in 1956 and 2019, argued that any definition of political prisoner needs to avoid focusing on prisoners' individual motivations and that the term "should be
310:
defines a political prisoner broadly as any individual who is detained for exercising their "human rights under international law, such as peaceable assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of association, free expression, including the freedom to advocate peaceable social or political change, and to
115:
There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although numerous similar definitions have been proposed by various organizations and scholars, and there is a general consensus among scholars that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political
524:
noted that "the emergence of modern political prisoners coincides with a fifty-year period (1860s–1910s) during which political movements matured around the world", also defining such movements as having "clearly articulated political and social programs" which forced the governments to develop a
218:
Governments often say they have no political prisoners, only prisoners held under the normal criminal law. AI however describes cases like the examples given above as "political" and uses the terms "political trial" and "political imprisonment" when referring to them. But by doing so, AI does not
362:
The purpose of political prisons and of imprisoning dissidents is to demonstrate the strength of the regime to the dissidents. The regime's opponents are isolated, and stigmatised, frequently abused, and tortured. The goal of such treatment is not just to punish those opposing the regime, but to
481:
Political prisoners may become the subjects of international advocacy and receive aid from various non-governmental organizations. Criticism from the international public opinion has been shown to facilitate the release of political detainees, or reduce their sentences, but is less effective in
440:
when it would reasonably have been given to a prisoner charged with a comparable crime, or special powers may be invoked by the judiciary. Particularly in this latter situation, whether an individual is regarded as a political prisoner may depend upon the subjective political perspective or
348:
Political prisoners are defined as individuals that are convicted and incarcerated in politically biased trials (or executive decisions in the absence of any trials). Trials are deemed politically biased if they are endorsed by the government and (a) lack a domestic legal basis, (b) violate
1193:. Bialiatski has been imprisoned twice; firstly from 2011 to 2014, and currently since 2021, on both occasions on charges of tax evasion. Bialiatski, as well as other human rights activists, have called the charges politically motivated. In 2022, Bialiatski was awarded the 2022
847:
Due to the lack of a single, internationally recognized legal definition of a political prisoner, nongovernmental organizations like
Amnesty International, aided by legal scholars, determine whether prisoners meet their criteria of political prisoners on a case-by-case basis.
417:. Steinert notes that "objective evidence about politically biased imprisonments is chronically sparse considering that governments face substantial incentives to hide repressive practices". As a rule, governments deny imprisoning individuals for their political activities.
186:
AI uses the term "political prisoner" broadly. It does not use it, as some others do, to imply that all such prisoners have a special status or should be released. It uses the term only to define a category of prisoners for whom AI demands a fair and prompt trial.
363:
frighten those who consider opposing the regime by demonstrating the power of the regime by sending a clear warning that objecting is not tolerated, and that the regime is well prepared and ready to punish the objectors through the creation of
116:
regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations". The status of a political prisoner is generally awarded to individuals based on the declarations of
1647:
566:
of 1948 is not legally binding, it is generally recognized as "a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations". Of particular relevance to political prisoners are its
Articles 5, 6, 9 and 18. The UDHR and the later
386:". Therefore, political prisoners may be officially detained and sentenced for a multitude of different transgressions, rather than a single well-defined crime. Political prisoners are frequently arrested and tried with a veneer of
501:
has been described as perhaps the earliest known political prisoner; imprisoned for allegedly “poisoning” the minds of
Grecian youth through his critique of Athenian society and its rulers. Early Christians, including
190:
In AI's usage, the term includes any prisoner whose case contains a significant political element, in regard to the motivation of the prisoner's acts, the acts themselves, or the motivation of the authorities.
2192:
The former political prisoner, once sentenced to death under one of the country's early military rulers whom he relentlessly opposed, was elected South Korea's president in
December 1997 on his fourth attempt.
1899:
453:
instead. Steinert noted that technically, political detainees should be distinguished from political prisoners, but they are often grouped together, and in practical terms, he recommends treating them as
2781:
Russia: List of
Individuals Recognized as Political Prisoners by the Human Rights Centre Memorial and Persecuted in connection with the Realization of their Right to Freedom of Religion as of 29 October
344:). He specifically criticizes definitions of political prisoners as "individuals imprisoned for politically motivated actions" or "committing a political offense". He proposed the following definition:
2751:
329:"), to avoid delegitimizing the term by diluting it with applications to prisoners of any possibly politically motivated action (which on the extreme end of the spectrum would include, for example,
1658:
2784:
1095:(1765–1823) was a Colombian who translated the Declaration des Droits de L'Homme et du Citoyen into Spanish and faced multiple terms in prison under charges of translating censored material.
382:, or radical thinkers". The nature of the behavior that leads to political imprisonment is hard to define and can be roughly described as any "activity deemed questionable by ruling
1202:
298:
defines a political prisoner as "anyone who is arrested because of perceived or real involvement in or supporting role in opposition movements with peaceful or resistance means".
2005:
Full List FREEDOM FIGHTERS: Aung San Suu Kyi, Nelson
Mandela, Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Andrei Sakharov, Vaclav Havel, Akbar Ganji, Benigno Aquino Jr., Ho Chi Minh
973:
was a leftist
Italian writer, and political activist who was jailed and spent 8 years in prison. He was released conditionally due to his health situation and died shortly after.
2413:
Russia's Peter and Paul
Fortress – the founding site of St. Petersburg, the imperial mausoleum of the royal family, and the most notorious political prison of the Romanov regime
3702:
528:
In some places, political prisoners had their own customs, traditions, and semi-formal organizations and privileges; historically, this has been more common up to around the
219:
oppose the imprisonment, except where it further maintains that the prisoner is a prisoner of conscience, or condemn the trial, except where it concludes that it was unfair.
275:
if, for political motives, the length of the detention or its conditions are clearly out of proportion to the offence the person has been found guilty of or is suspected of;
208:
a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime carried out for political motives, such as murder or robbery carried out to support the objectives of an opposition group;
2159:
Gramsci carried with him from his
Sardinian upbringing two qualities that were to enable him to stand... his long years as a political prisoner in Benito Mussolini's Italy
1939:
2862:
590:
166:
A number of organizations involved in human rights issues, as well as scholars studying them, have developed their own definitions, some of which are presented below.
1179:
is an Iranian filmmaker, writer and photographer who was imprisoned for 3 years as a political prisoner between 2015 and 2018 on charges related to his filmmaking in
486:. Some political prisoners purposefully frame themselves as "the imprisoned martyrs and leaders of their movement." Which can safeguard their well-being in prison.
980:
201:, the only prisoners who AI demands should be immediately and unconditionally released, as well as people who resort to criminal violence for a political motive.
1891:
983:
for protesting, spent 33 years in Chinese prisons and labor camps where he was extensively tortured, serving the longest term of any Tibetan political prisoner.
3550:
4467:
1982:
211:
a person accused or convicted of an ordinary crime committed in a political context, such as at a demonstration by a trade union or a peasants' organization;
571:
of 1975 have been used by a number of nongovernmental organizations as the basis for arguing that some governments are in fact holding political prisoners.
2748:
1320:
2682:
2645:
2531:
1173:
a Chinese pro-democracy activist, was imprisoned multiple times (from the late 1980s to prior to his death in 2017) in China by the Chinese government.
525:
specific response to such movements (a response which often involved incarceration rather than dialogue, particularly under the less liberal regimes).
2780:
370:
The status of a political prisoner is conveyed to one only after their detention. Before that, potential political prisoners may be referred to as "
928:
281:
if the detention is the result of proceedings which were clearly unfair and this appears to be connected with political motives of the authorities.
1111:
1330:
229:
2288:
295:
1809:
1251:
The following prisons have been recognized as incarcerating primarily political prisoners and have therefore been called "political prisons":
354:
priori judgment about the moral legitimacy of prisoners' actions nor does it imply that individuals committed politically motivated crimes".
2765:
510:, have also been described as such. Another famous historical figure described as a political prisoner is the 15th century French heroine,
1921:
5195:
5070:
4110:
3682:
2649:
307:
482:
securing the release of already-sentenced individuals. When the status of political prisoner is well known, it can be seen as a form of
5080:
3724:
2603:
648:
5338:
3803:
3585:
2336:
939:
was a German pastor, theologian, anti-Nazi dissident, accused of being associated with the 20 July plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
4236:
2937:
2872:
574:
2089:
474:
have called him a "political prisoner", despite the fact that he is not accused of a political offense. He is held under secluded
5187:
5125:
3874:
2974:
1239:
128:, they are often rejected by individual governments accused of holding political prisoners, which tend to deny any bias in their
2018:
37:
5167:
4498:
4144:
3999:
1325:
600:
of their experiences and resulting insights. Some of these memoirs have become important political texts. For example, King's "
597:
889:. As of August 2022, she is being held in solitary confinement serving a 17-year sentence following a series of secret trials.
5162:
2815:
2133:
1819:
1563:"Political Prisoners in Poland, 1944–56: The Sources and Strategies of Resistance in the Authoritarian State's Prison System"
1468:
1350:
563:
150:
The concept of a political prisoner, like many concepts in social sciences, sports numerous definitions, and is undefined in
2050:
Benazir Bhutto... was under house arrest at the time of her father's death; Zia made her a political prisoner for four years
1844:
881:. She was imprisoned or under house arrest for 15 out of the 21 years from 1990 to 2010. In 2021, she was imprisoned by the
555:
In Poland, the concept and even traditions of political prisoners emerged around the second half of the 19th century in the
5172:
4013:
1395:
952:
742:
644:
420:
5420:
5205:
4098:
3513:
2932:
2912:
1375:
242:
859:, he was imprisoned thrice (first in June 1937, then in 1940 and later from 1949 to 1960) for his staunch opposition to
139:(POC), popularized by Amnesty International. It describes someone who was prosecuted because of their personal beliefs.
5353:
5333:
5312:
4078:
3957:
2897:
2488:
ICOMOS 19th General Assembly and Scientific Symposium "Heritage and Democracy", 13–14th December 2017, New Delhi, India
1622:
999:
served one term (1976–1979) and in 1980 was exiled to the United States, but returned in 1985 and became President of
945:, African American boxer wrongfully imprisoned for 19 years in the US due to "an appeal to racism rather than reason".
5317:
5200:
5043:
4048:
3899:
3624:
3442:
3390:
2832:
2736:
2722:
2708:
2694:
2677:
2669:
2661:
2632:
2615:
2272:
1966:
1390:
1340:
1038:
1016:
813:
2556:
142:
Some prisons, known as political prisons, are accustomed to or are designed solely for hosting political prisoners.
5065:
3608:
2942:
2314:
2154:
1385:
1217:
924:
17:
1992:
1694:""I felt a kind of pleasure in seeing them treat us brutally." The Emergence of the Political Prisoner, 1865–1910"
5435:
4062:
4055:
3787:
3399:
2852:
1086:
1865:
1458:
899:
was imprisoned during the martial law in the Philippines because of his vocal opposition against then President
604:" has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern political prisoner".
5055:
3978:
2927:
2892:
2887:
2857:
2842:
2837:
2505:
1360:
832:
967:
was imprisoned for two years and then deported by the US government for her opposition to the First World War.
886:
5430:
5348:
5120:
5115:
4599:
3522:
2907:
2902:
2882:
1370:
1365:
1355:
878:
874:
613:
471:
278:
if, for political motives, he or she is detained in a discriminatory manner as compared to other persons; or,
117:
1562:
214:
a member or suspected member of an armed opposition group who has been charged with treason or "subversion".
5425:
5343:
5177:
5142:
5093:
4817:
3766:
2922:
2917:
2867:
2847:
2063:
1380:
1345:
1135:, a former Brazilian president, was imprisoned by the right-wing military government between 1970 and 1973.
1047:
was a Roman Catholic priest and leader of one of the most important resistance groups against Nazi Germany.
536:), and authorities often treated them better than common criminals. This changed with the emergence of the
1609:
5297:
5287:
5154:
4362:
2967:
2877:
1213:
990:
601:
1147:, a composer and lyricist, was imprisoned several times by Greek governments during the years 1947–1970.
449:. Some political prisoners need not be imprisoned at all, as they can be subject to prolonged pre-trial
5277:
4616:
4137:
3964:
3943:
3571:
3458:
3026:
1190:
856:
1866:"The Wilmington 10: North Carolina Urged to Pardon Civil Rights Activists Falsely Jailed 40 Years Ago"
5302:
5242:
3849:
3759:
3717:
2808:
2430:
1648:"The recognition of political prisoners: essential to democratic and national reconciliation process"
1150:
1062:
543:
5247:
5237:
4594:
4406:
3810:
3254:
3060:
450:
442:
441:
interpretation of the evidence. Political prisoners can also be imprisoned with no legal veneer by
241:
if the detention has been imposed in violation of one of the fundamental guarantees set out in the
5394:
5292:
5227:
4069:
3992:
3908:
3745:
3557:
3129:
1267:
1102:
660:
272:
if the detention has been imposed for purely political reasons without connection to any offence;
2240:
The chimurenga of Thomas Mapfumo has made him both a pop star and political prisoner in Zimbabwe
5252:
4881:
4623:
3985:
3675:
3383:
3356:
3229:
3081:
2960:
2444:После постройки Кронштадта (1703) утратила военное значение и превращена в политическую тюрьму.
1255:
1006:
860:
586:
379:
266:
258:
198:
136:
2766:
China: List of Political Prisoners Detained or Imprisoned as of November 5, 2017 (1,414 cases)
1189:
is a Belarusian pro-democracy activist and prisoner of conscience known for his work with the
863:
and for his political beliefs as well as his close ties to Soviet Russia. He famously escaped
458:
of political prisoners. Examples of such detainees can include individuals such as the former
5307:
5282:
5272:
5262:
5257:
5110:
4178:
4130:
3971:
3922:
3773:
3543:
2771:
Israel: Statistics on Palestinians in the custody of the Israeli security forces (3 Jul 2018)
2400:
Russia's Peter and Paul Fortress: From Heart of Empire to Museum of the Revolution, 1825–1930
2209:
1273:
1221:
1028:
617:
578:
254:
179:
121:
2770:
707:
656:
466:, detained for many years without a trial. Likewise, supporters of Tibetan spiritual leader
325:
exclusively reserved for victims of politically biased trials" (in other words, "victims of
5368:
5363:
5267:
5137:
5088:
4482:
4448:
4433:
4269:
4216:
3888:
3647:
3536:
3208:
2801:
2045:
1291:
1154:
467:
326:
2701:
The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–1975
915:
8:
5415:
4752:
4557:
4532:
4512:
4416:
3824:
3564:
2251:
1141:
was imprisoned by the British government for six months for opposing the First World War.
1020:
936:
867:, one of the regime's political prisons, with ten other men on the third of January 1960.
414:
262:
250:
236:
A person deprived of their personal liberty is to be regarded as a 'political prisoner':
2172:
798:
Approximately 3,600 British and Irish convicts were sent to Australia in the 1700–1800s.
4909:
4891:
4886:
4874:
4708:
4527:
4507:
4259:
4231:
4036:
3936:
3929:
3831:
3594:
3143:
3136:
1849:
1723:
1592:
1225:
1198:
910:
820:
398:
246:
2204:
1741:
518:
was seen as a legal justification for her real crime of "inconveniencing the elites".
4914:
4832:
4569:
4522:
4460:
4289:
4029:
4006:
3795:
3780:
3752:
3738:
3451:
3314:
3012:
2732:
2718:
2704:
2690:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2628:
2611:
2484:"Heritage-making and Democratic Ideals in Albania: Spaç Prison as a Site of Dialogue"
2376:
2268:
2129:
2097:
1962:
1815:
1790:
1727:
1715:
1596:
1584:
1534:
1464:
1335:
1315:
1305:
1231:
1194:
1144:
836:
556:
459:
364:
159:
151:
109:
2357:"Children as Protectors: The Conditions of Parenthood in a Political Prison in Iran"
1092:
1032:
5358:
5232:
5132:
4962:
4770:
4660:
4611:
4584:
4337:
4332:
4185:
3950:
3915:
3661:
3640:
3529:
3488:
3178:
2482:
Eaton, Jonathan; Bllaci, Mirian; Petri, Nedi; Hadžić, Lejla; Mamani, Elena (2018).
2404:
2368:
2343:
Bereza Kartuska was a political prison with the hardest conditions in prewar Poland
1780:
1705:
1574:
1524:
1285:
1176:
1138:
1098:
1061:
activism and organizing attacks on several government targets. He later became the
1041:
was imprisoned by the British government for his opposition to the First World War.
900:
870:
864:
840:
784:
765:
568:
463:
425:
43:
2775:
2532:"Cumpre-se o sonho dos presos: serem libertados e terem à sua espera uma multidão"
2356:
1167:, is a Chinese artist and political dissident from the People's Republic of China.
1105:(1948–1963) was imprisoned several times for his nationalist activism against the
852:
532:, as the many political prisoners came from higher social classes (in particular,
124:, on a case-by-case basis. While such statuses are often widely recognized by the
5103:
4795:
4606:
4352:
4342:
3881:
3668:
3617:
3307:
3275:
3194:
3088:
2793:
2788:
2755:
2620:
2398:
2234:
2123:
1987:
1457:
Greene, Helen Taylor; Gabbidon, Shaun L. (14 April 2009). "Political Prisoners".
1186:
1158:
970:
792:
769:
537:
529:
446:
2483:
955:, was imprisoned by the US government for his opposition to the First World War.
5060:
5004:
4843:
4800:
4728:
4472:
4443:
4368:
4322:
4264:
4221:
3731:
3710:
3578:
3506:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3268:
3215:
2637:
1132:
1124:
1068:
1050:
1044:
958:
948:
906:
801:
According to human rights groups, there are some 60,000 political prisoners in
788:
521:
402:
125:
87:
57:
2492:
Spaç Prison developed into a notorious political prison and forced labour camp
1710:
1693:
1279:
768:
were among the first victims of fascist repression, later groups included the
5409:
4901:
4698:
4487:
4357:
4347:
4305:
4279:
4274:
4211:
4171:
3654:
3374:
3363:
3164:
2380:
2315:"Kazakhstan: Government Critic on Trial for 'Extremism' | Human Rights Watch"
2101:
1794:
1719:
1588:
1579:
1538:
1209:
1157:
in a royal dungeon for twenty-one years as the wife and later widow of Count
986:
976:
780:
494:
483:
387:
375:
2729:
Secret Trials and Executions: Military Tribunals and the Threat to Democracy
2425:
2372:
2019:"Former Myanmar leader Aung San Suu Kyi sentenced to 6 more years in prison"
1529:
1512:
961:
was imprisoned numerous times by the British both in South Africa and India.
4934:
4861:
4640:
4630:
4549:
4299:
4206:
4156:
3856:
3817:
3481:
3465:
3247:
3201:
2983:
1082:
1054:
996:
964:
942:
892:
757:
738:
711:
475:
410:
391:
330:
73:
1785:
1768:
616:
focus on advocacy for political prisoners. The most prominent of those is
5098:
4929:
4919:
4869:
4851:
4762:
4723:
4517:
4428:
4411:
3633:
3601:
3474:
3435:
3428:
3321:
3300:
3261:
3222:
3150:
2998:
2564:
2456:
1310:
1261:
1180:
1116:
1106:
1000:
989:, a Malaysian opposition party leader, was imprisoned twice because of a
920:
896:
511:
507:
349:
principles of procedural justice, or (c) violate universal human rights.
155:
577:, the term political prisoner has been used during the mid-20th century
204:
In AI's use of the term, here are some examples of political prisoners:
4944:
4284:
3421:
3349:
3185:
3171:
3157:
3122:
3019:
1235:
1170:
748:
582:
406:
394:
334:
101:
2749:
Azerbaijan: List of Political Prisoners in Azerbaijan (March 20, 2018)
2408:
2289:"Liu Xiaobo, China's most famous political prisoner, 'close to death'"
1085:, a former Argentine president who was a political prisoner under the
1009:
was imprisoned several times, most notoriously in Birmingham, Alabama.
81:
67:
51:
4990:
4985:
4952:
4924:
4812:
4807:
4743:
4718:
4665:
4579:
4294:
4226:
3282:
2760:
2625:
Granny Made Me An Anarchist: General Franco, The Angry Brigade and Me
2090:"Rubin (Hurricane) Carter, Boxer Found Wrongly Convicted, Dies at 76"
1164:
1123:
who is currently serving a life sentence in China, accepted the 2019
1058:
1011:
700:
371:
341:
129:
1035:, a Venezuelan opposition leader, has been a prisoner of conscience.
745:
were sometimes used to confine political prisoners in the so-called
445:
or even through executive decisions in the absence of any trials or
4999:
4971:
4957:
4824:
4790:
4748:
4733:
4693:
4438:
3037:
3005:
1076:
1072:
882:
761:
696:
533:
498:
424:
Turkish journalists protesting imprisonment of their colleagues on
338:
105:
1769:"International Attention and the Treatment of Political Prisoners"
223:
4995:
4980:
4976:
4738:
4688:
4680:
4670:
4574:
4562:
4421:
4317:
4311:
3095:
3067:
3046:
1940:"Turkey arrests German for spreading Kurdish propaganda: Anadolu"
1625:. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. 3 October 2012
1120:
923:
was sentenced to eight-and-a-half years in prison under Russia's
548:
287:
2952:
1922:"No political prisoners freed as Egypt pardons thousands on Eid"
1834:
Evans, R. J. (2006). The third Reich in power (Vol. 2). Penguin.
112:
is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention.
4967:
4780:
4713:
4653:
4648:
4455:
4122:
3106:
2776:
Russia is holding over 70 Ukrainian Political Prisoners of War
2593:. Social Justice, San Francisco; 2003. Vol. 30, Iss. 2; pg. 51.
2560:
1892:"Conviction politics: How convicts shaped Australian democracy"
809:
773:
515:
437:
3703:
Association for the Protection and Assistance of the Convicted
301:
4775:
4703:
4254:
4020:
3053:
2180:
1224:
has recognized Ivanov as a "prisoner of conscience”, and the
802:
503:
432:
A political prisoner can also be someone who has been denied
383:
292:
197:
The category of political prisoners embraces the category of
4785:
4327:
1228:
Society has listed him among political prisoners in Russia.
433:
1808:
Pernoud, Regine; Clin, Narue-Veronique (15 October 1999).
1127:
for Freedom of Thought on behalf of her imprisoned father.
2385:
Evin, one of the most notorious political prisons in Iran
2265:
Bertrand Russell and the Pacifists in the First World War
540:
regimes that were intent on annihilating the opposition.
163:
have fundamentally challenged existing power relations".
1216:
was sentenced to 8,5 years in prison under Russia's the
2530:
Carvalho, Patrícia; Miranda, Adriano (6 January 2019).
2481:
1655:
Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (Burma)
581:
and has been occasionally applied to individuals like
311:
criticize government policy or government officials.”
2064:"'Hurricane' Carter, boxer and NJ native, dies at 76"
981:
annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China
2608:
The Inferno: A Story of Terror and Survival in Chile
2252:"Jawaharlal Nehru Biography" Encyclopedia Britannica
1321:
List of Finnish MPs imprisoned for political reasons
1234:
is a Kazakhstani athlete and activist who protested
1079:
for his Shona-language music calling for revolution.
1814:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. xii, xix, 106, 150.
1109:, serving a total of over 9 years in incarceration.
2823:
2610:. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press.
2559:[Volodarka: history of a prison]. Minsk:
2148:
2039:
5407:
4043:United Kingdom and British overseas territories
2341:. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. 2004. p. 180.
2061:
2042:Pakistan: In the Shadow of Jihad and Afghanistan
1612:. Amnesty International. Retrieved 5 April 2012.
589:, and later used for individuals imprisoned for
2529:
2197:
2017:Chen, Heather; Diamond, Cape (16 August 2022).
1331:List of people imprisoned for editing Knowledge
230:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
224:Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe
27:Someone imprisoned for their political activity
2173:"Former South Korean leader Kim Dae-jung dies"
2121:
1766:
1456:
1071:was imprisoned without charges in 1979 by the
979:, a Tibetan Buddhist monk arrested during the
909:was a political prisoner for four years under
623:
591:objecting to US involvement in the Vietnam War
296:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
288:Assistance Association for Political Prisoners
4138:
2968:
2809:
2600:. London: Amnesty International Publications.
5042:
4822:
2151:Antonio Gramsci: Architect of a New Politics
1246:
1242:; he was sentenced to seven years in prison.
2238:. Vol. 5, no. 11. February 1990.
2115:
2016:
1807:
1101:, political activist, statesman, and first
823:have been described as political prisoners.
308:Congressional-Executive Commission on China
302:Congressional-Executive Commission on China
4145:
4131:
3725:International Network of Prison Ministries
2975:
2961:
2816:
2802:
1698:Comparative Studies in Society and History
1560:
367:dedicated to hosting political prisoners.
2642:Living Silence: Burma Under Military Rule
2262:
1784:
1709:
1578:
1528:
1240:European Union's delegation to Kazakhstan
808:The July 15, 2016 failed coup attempt in
5030:
3551:Mentally ill people in the United States
2396:
2256:
1767:Gruffydd-Jones, Jamie J (4 March 2021).
1510:
1208:
1110:
1010:
914:
831:
659:by adding descriptive text and removing
542:
419:
174:
2503:
1959:Álvaro Cunhal: Retrato Pessoal E Íntimo
1463:. SAGE Publications. pp. 636–639.
1238:'s human rights violations outside the
1053:was imprisoned from 1963 until 1990 in
547:Images of political prisoners from the
14:
5408:
3804:Prison Officers' Association (Ireland)
2354:
1975:
1691:
1642:
1640:
1623:"The definition of political prisoner"
1326:List of memoirs of political prisoners
5029:
4386:
4126:
2956:
2797:
2549:
1956:
1902:from the original on 15 December 2023
1889:
1511:Steinert, Christoph Valentin (2021).
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1351:Political prisoners in Imperial Japan
564:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
4106:
2761:Belarus: List of Political Prisoners
2598:Political Prisoners in South Vietnam
2087:
2062:D'Alessandro, Dave (20 April 2014).
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1396:Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
953:Socialist Party of the United States
679:
627:
2557:""Володарка". История одной тюрьмы"
2205:"Faces of Impunity: Leopoldo López"
2170:
1637:
1376:Political prisoners in Saudi Arabia
843:and her staff at her home in Yangon
795:), have been wrongfully imprisoned.
243:European Convention on Human Rights
24:
4388:
4387:
2583:
2510:Fortalezas: Fortificações do Mundo
2403:(PhD thesis). Cornell University.
2355:Talebi, Shahla (21 January 2014).
1517:Journal of Global Security Studies
855:, former pro-Soviet leader of the
602:Letter From a Birmingham City Jail
319:
158:treaties. Helen Taylor Greene and
25:
5447:
2982:
2742:
2731:. New York: Seven Stories Press.
2563:. 30 January 2013. Archived from
2428:[Shlisselburg Fortress].
1854:. 22 December 2012. p. SR10.
1742:"Tibet's missing spiritual guide"
1676:
1657:. 9 November 2011. Archived from
1545:
1477:
1409:
1391:Political prisoners in Yugoslavia
1341:Political prisoners in Azerbaijan
245:and its Protocols, in particular
5390:
5389:
4152:
4105:
4094:
4093:
2863:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2652:. (See in particular Chapter 8:
2627:. London: Simon & Schuster.
2155:Louisiana State University Press
1991:. 15 August 2010. Archived from
1890:Moore, Tony (3 September 2009).
1692:Kenney, Padraic (October 2012).
1386:Political prisoners in Venezuela
1019:activist and political prisoner
812:led to over 77,000 people being
684:
632:
357:
169:
80:
66:
50:
36:
3875:Countries by incarceration rate
3788:Prison Fellowship International
2523:
2497:
2490:(in French). New Delhi, India.
2475:
2449:
2418:
2397:Bujalski, Nicholas (May 2020).
2390:
2348:
2329:
2307:
2281:
2245:
2225:
2164:
2142:
2081:
2055:
2033:
2010:
1961:(in Portuguese). Desassossego.
1950:
1932:
1914:
1883:
1858:
1845:"Pardons for the Wilmington 10"
1837:
1828:
1801:
1773:International Studies Quarterly
1197:, along with the organisations
1087:National Reorganization Process
5031:
2824:Political prisoners by country
2689:. Princeton University Press.
2088:Raab, Selwyn (20 April 2014).
1760:
1734:
1615:
1603:
1513:"Who Is a Political Prisoner?"
1460:Encyclopedia of Race and Crime
1361:Political prisoners in Myanmar
919:Russian opposition politician
827:
699:format but may read better as
413:violation or suppression of a
232:has the following definition:
145:
118:non-governmental organizations
13:
1:
2463:(in Russian). 17 January 2005
2267:. Brighton: Harvester Press.
1402:
1371:Political prisoners in Russia
1366:Political prisoners in Poland
1356:Political prisoners in Israel
875:National League for Democracy
743:dubious psychiatric diagnoses
614:nongovernmental organizations
472:11th Panchen Lama controversy
3767:Prison Advice and Care Trust
2715:American Political Prisoners
2459:[Oreshek Fortress].
2171:Kim, Jack (18 August 2009).
1983:"Top 10 Political Prisoners"
1381:Political prisoners in Syria
1346:Political prisoners in China
877:which was victorious in the
314:
7:
2426:"Шлиссельбургская крепость"
1298:
624:Notable political prisoners
607:
10:
5452:
5421:Imprisonment and detention
4237:Weberian (three-component)
4099:Imprisonment and detention
3027:Stanford prison experiment
2654:Prison: 'Life University'
2589:Whitehorn, Laura. (2003).
2232:"The Struggle Continues".
2149:Germino, Dante L. (1990).
2040:Weaver, Mary Anne (2003).
1203:Centre for Civil Liberties
1191:Viasna Human Rights Centre
1119:, an advocate for China's
1075:government in what is now
857:Portuguese Communist Party
853:Alváro Barreirinhas Cunhal
489:
5385:
5326:
5218:
5186:
5153:
5079:
5051:
5038:
5025:
4943:
4900:
4860:
4842:
4761:
4679:
4639:
4548:
4541:
4496:
4399:
4395:
4382:
4245:
4199:
4195:
4166:
4088:
3898:
3866:
3841:
3760:Prison abolition movement
3718:Florida Justice Institute
3694:
3498:
3413:
3373:
3292:
3239:
3114:
3105:
3036:
2990:
2829:
2727:Barbara Olshansky. 2002.
2717:. Westport, CT: Praeger.
2703:. Yale University Press.
2431:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2128:. Yale University Press.
1711:10.1017/S0010417512000448
1561:Machcewicz, Anna (2018).
1247:Notable political prisons
1151:Leonora Christina Ulfeldt
1063:President of South Africa
770:"Night and Fog" prisoners
731:
5359:Pre-industrial East Asia
3811:The Prison Phoenix Trust
3255:Administrative detention
2591:Fighting to Get Them Out
2506:"Praça-Forte de Peniche"
2504:da Cruz, Carlos (2013).
1580:10.12775/APH.2018.118.04
943:Rubin "Hurricane" Carter
514:, whose final charge of
4407:Administrative detainee
3889:Films featuring prisons
3746:Mount Tamalpais College
3400:Prisoner-of-war escapes
3130:Corrective labor colony
2713:Stephen M. Kohn. 1994.
2373:10.4000/champpenal.8770
2361:Champ pénal/Penal field
2338:Acta Poloniae Historica
2122:Vivian Gornick (2011).
1957:Cunha, Adelino (2020).
1567:Acta Poloniae Historica
1288:, Estado Novo, Portugal
1268:Peter and Paul Fortress
1103:Prime Minister of India
861:Portuguese dictatorship
708:converting this section
661:less pertinent examples
598:sometimes write memoirs
443:extrajudicial processes
199:prisoners of conscience
5436:Political imprisonment
4823:
3523:Contemplative programs
3230:Youth detention center
3082:Prisoner of conscience
2263:Vellacott, Jo (1980).
1811:Joan of Arc: Her Story
1229:
1128:
1065:between 1994 and 1999.
1023:
1007:Martin Luther King Jr.
932:
844:
787:activists such as the
587:Martin Luther King Jr.
552:
429:
351:
285:
221:
137:prisoner of conscience
5364:Pre-industrial Europe
3774:Prison-Ashram Project
2210:Amnesty International
1530:10.1093/jogss/ogaa052
1274:Shlisselburg Fortress
1222:Amnesty International
1212:
1114:
1029:Amnesty International
1014:
918:
879:1990 general election
835:
618:Amnesty International
579:civil rights struggle
546:
423:
401:, and unfair trials (
399:manufactured evidence
346:
255:freedom of expression
234:
184:
180:Amnesty International
175:Amnesty International
122:Amnesty International
5431:Political repression
5221: or countries
5032:By country or region
4270:Class discrimination
3958:Ireland, Republic of
3648:Solitary confinement
3209:Prisoner-of-war camp
2787:12 July 2019 at the
2754:12 July 2019 at the
2687:Games Prisoners Play
2046:Macmillan Publishers
1664:on 21 September 2018
1292:Pishchalauski Castle
1155:solitary confinement
819:Many victims of the
596:Political prisoners
575:In the United States
468:Gedhun Choekyi Nyima
126:international public
5426:Political prisoners
4753:Vanniar (Chieftain)
3825:Prison Reform Trust
2699:Ben Kiernan. 2002.
1786:10.1093/isq/sqab017
1021:Loujain al-Hathloul
937:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
931:statements in 2022.
925:war censorship laws
873:led the opposition
657:improve the article
620:, founded in 1961.
415:political dissident
263:freedom of assembly
5334:18th-century Spain
5188:Standard of living
4892:Upper middle class
4887:Lower middle class
4478:Political prisoner
4260:Chattering classes
4232:Spoon class theory
3832:WriteAPrisoner.com
3595:Protective custody
3144:Extermination camp
3075:Political prisoner
2094:The New York Times
1995:on 12 October 2010
1850:The New York Times
1230:
1153:was imprisoned in
1129:
1024:
933:
911:General Zia ul Haq
845:
821:Cambodian genocide
710:, if appropriate.
553:
430:
428:, 10 December 2016
365:total institutions
247:freedom of thought
135:A related term is
106:political activity
98:political prisoner
5403:
5402:
5381:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5214:
5213:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5013:
5012:
4915:Lumpenproletariat
4417:illegal immigrant
4378:
4377:
4290:Classless society
4120:
4119:
4056:England and Wales
3796:Prison Legal News
3781:Prison Fellowship
3739:Justice Defenders
3409:
3408:
3013:Prison healthcare
2950:
2949:
2873:Equatorial Guinea
2683:Marek M. Kaminski
2646:White Lotus Press
2457:"Крепость Орешек"
2409:10.7298/6qr1-2g32
2317:. 8 November 2023
2135:978-0-300-17761-9
1821:978-0-312-22730-2
1470:978-1-4522-6609-1
1336:Political freedom
1316:Hostage diplomacy
1306:Freedom of speech
1276:, Imperial Russia
1270:, Imperial Russia
1258:, interwar Poland
1232:Marat Zhylanbayev
1195:Nobel Peace Prize
1145:Mikis Theodorakis
837:Nobel Peace Prize
814:formally arrested
729:
728:
678:
677:
557:Russian partition
551:archives, Germany
460:Nobel Peace Prize
436:unfairly, denied
249:, conscience and
160:Shaun L. Gabbidon
152:international law
110:political offense
16:(Redirected from
5443:
5393:
5392:
5220:
5121:Mexican-American
5049:
5048:
5040:
5039:
5027:
5026:
4828:
4771:Business magnate
4661:Knowledge worker
4546:
4545:
4434:dual or multiple
4397:
4396:
4384:
4383:
4338:Social exclusion
4333:Social cleansing
4247:
4197:
4196:
4186:Economic classes
4147:
4140:
4133:
4124:
4123:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4081:
4072:
4065:
4063:Northern Ireland
4058:
4051:
4044:
4039:
4032:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3859:
3852:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3706:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3636:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3509:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3402:
3393:
3386:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3331:
3324:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3269:Maximum security
3264:
3257:
3250:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3188:
3181:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3125:
3112:
3111:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3049:
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:on 14 April 2016
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2441:
2439:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2260:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2014:
2008:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1788:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1713:
1689:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1652:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1582:
1558:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1508:
1475:
1474:
1454:
1286:Peniche Fortress
1177:Hossein Rajabian
1139:Bertrand Russell
1115:The daughter of
1099:Jawaharlal Nehru
1057:due to his anti-
951:, leader of the
901:Ferdinand Marcos
883:Myanmar military
871:Aung San Suu Kyi
865:Peniche Fortress
841:Aung San Suu Kyi
791:(which included
785:African-American
766:social democrats
724:
721:
715:
706:You can help by
688:
687:
680:
673:
670:
664:
636:
635:
628:
569:Helsinki Accords
464:Aung San Suu Kyi
426:Human Rights Day
380:social reformers
331:Ku Klux Klanners
327:state repression
130:judicial systems
84:
70:
54:
44:Aung San Suu Kyi
40:
21:
18:Political prison
5451:
5450:
5446:
5445:
5444:
5442:
5441:
5440:
5406:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5373:
5322:
5210:
5182:
5149:
5133:Underprivileged
5075:
5034:
5033:
5009:
4939:
4896:
4856:
4838:
4757:
4675:
4635:
4537:
4492:
4391:
4390:
4374:
4353:Social position
4343:Social mobility
4241:
4191:
4162:
4161:
4151:
4121:
4116:
4104:
4092:
4084:
4077:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3837:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3809:
3802:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3690:
3681:
3676:Women in prison
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3579:Private prisons
3577:
3570:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3512:
3505:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3420:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3382:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3299:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3240:Security levels
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3177:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3128:
3121:
3101:
3094:
3089:Prisoner of war
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3032:
3025:
3018:
3011:
3004:
2997:
2986:
2981:
2951:
2946:
2825:
2822:
2789:Wayback Machine
2756:Wayback Machine
2745:
2656:). In Thailand
2621:Stuart Christie
2586:
2584:Further reading
2581:
2580:
2570:
2568:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2538:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2502:
2498:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2395:
2391:
2353:
2349:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2246:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2213:(Press release)
2203:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2183:
2169:
2165:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2104:
2086:
2082:
2072:
2070:
2060:
2056:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2022:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1996:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1955:
1951:
1946:. 25 July 2018.
1938:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1806:
1802:
1779:(4): 999–1011.
1765:
1761:
1751:
1749:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1690:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1626:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1559:
1546:
1509:
1478:
1471:
1455:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1301:
1256:Bereza Kartuska
1249:
1187:Ales Bialiatski
1159:Corfitz Ulfeldt
1121:Uyghur minority
971:Antonio Gramsci
830:
793:Benjamin Chavis
734:
725:
719:
716:
705:
689:
685:
674:
668:
665:
654:
637:
633:
626:
610:
530:interwar period
492:
403:kangaroo courts
376:revolutionaries
360:
322:
320:Steinert (2020)
317:
304:
290:
284:
226:
177:
172:
148:
94:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
77:
76:
71:
62:
61:
60:
55:
47:
46:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5449:
5439:
5438:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5386:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5356:
5354:Ottoman Empire
5351:
5346:
5341:
5339:Ancient Greece
5336:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5315:
5313:United Kingdom
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5224:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5206:Home-ownership
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5181:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5061:American Dream
5058:
5052:
5046:
5036:
5035:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4974:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4941:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4829:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4685:
4683:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4656:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4604:
4603:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4554:
4552:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4504:
4502:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4473:Migrant worker
4470:
4465:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4419:
4409:
4403:
4401:
4393:
4392:
4389:By demographic
4380:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4369:Status Anxiety
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:Ranked society
4320:
4315:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4265:Class conflict
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4248: topics
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4222:Mudsill theory
4219:
4214:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4175:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4153:
4150:
4149:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4102:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4010:
4003:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3912:
3904:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3853:
3850:Rehabilitation
3845:
3843:
3842:Leaving prison
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3732:Justice Action
3728:
3721:
3714:
3711:Black and Pink
3707:
3698:
3696:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3651:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3598:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3575:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3462:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3432:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3396:
3395:
3394:
3384:Prison escapes
3379:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3251:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3182:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3118:
3116:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3009:
3002:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2744:
2743:External links
2741:
2740:
2739:
2725:
2711:
2697:
2680:
2638:Christina Fink
2635:
2618:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2548:
2522:
2496:
2474:
2448:
2417:
2389:
2347:
2328:
2306:
2280:
2273:
2255:
2244:
2224:
2196:
2163:
2157:. p. 23.
2141:
2134:
2114:
2080:
2054:
2048:. p. 73.
2032:
2009:
1974:
1967:
1949:
1931:
1928:. 24 May 2020.
1913:
1882:
1870:Democracy Now!
1857:
1836:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1759:
1733:
1704:(4): 863–889.
1675:
1636:
1614:
1602:
1544:
1476:
1469:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1206:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1133:Dilma Rousseff
1130:
1125:Sakharov Prize
1096:
1093:Antonio Nariño
1090:
1080:
1069:Thomas Mapfumo
1066:
1051:Nelson Mandela
1048:
1045:Heinrich Maier
1042:
1036:
1033:Leopoldo López
1025:
1017:women's rights
1004:
994:
984:
974:
968:
962:
959:Mahatma Gandhi
956:
949:Eugene V. Debs
946:
940:
934:
907:Benazir Bhutto
904:
890:
868:
829:
826:
825:
824:
817:
806:
799:
796:
789:Wilmington Ten
777:
754:
733:
730:
727:
726:
692:
690:
683:
676:
675:
640:
638:
631:
625:
622:
609:
606:
522:Padraic Kenney
491:
488:
359:
356:
321:
318:
316:
313:
303:
300:
289:
286:
283:
282:
279:
276:
273:
270:
238:
225:
222:
216:
215:
212:
209:
176:
173:
171:
168:
147:
144:
88:Mahatma Gandhi
86:
79:
78:
72:
65:
64:
63:
58:Nelson Mandela
56:
49:
48:
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5448:
5437:
5434:
5432:
5429:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5396:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5319:
5318:United States
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5219:Other regions
5217:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5044:United States
5041:
5037:
5028:
5024:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4942:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4826:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4592:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4483:Socioeconomic
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4385:
4381:
4371:
4370:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4358:Social stigma
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Social orphan
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4306:Nouveau riche
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4280:Class traitor
4278:
4276:
4275:Class society
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4212:Gilbert model
4210:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4128:
4125:
4112:
4103:
4100:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4080:
4079:United States
4076:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4031:
4027:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3983:
3980:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
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3499:Social issues
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3357:Trusty system
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2984:Incarceration
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2938:United States
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2737:1-58322-537-4
2734:
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2723:0-275-94415-8
2720:
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2709:0-300-09649-6
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2695:0-691-11721-7
2692:
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2679:
2678:1-85649-926-X
2675:
2671:
2670:1-85649-925-1
2667:
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2662:974-7534-68-1
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2633:0-7432-5918-1
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2295:. 6 July 2017
2294:
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2020:
2013:
2006:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1978:
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1968:9789898892706
1964:
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1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1923:
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1852:Sunday Review
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1748:. 16 May 2005
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1218:fake news law
1215:
1214:Dmitry Ivanov
1211:
1207:
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1196:
1192:
1188:
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1030:
1027:According to
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
988:
987:Anwar Ibrahim
985:
982:
978:
977:Palden Gyatso
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
950:
947:
944:
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938:
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781:United States
778:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
752:
750:
744:
740:
736:
735:
723:
714:is available.
713:
709:
703:
702:
698:
693:This section
691:
682:
681:
672:
662:
658:
652:
650:
646:
641:This section
639:
630:
629:
621:
619:
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605:
603:
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
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560:
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550:
545:
541:
539:
535:
531:
526:
523:
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
496:
495:Ancient Greek
487:
485:
484:status symbol
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:special types
452:
448:
444:
439:
435:
427:
422:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
368:
366:
358:Other aspects
355:
350:
345:
343:
340:
336:
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328:
312:
309:
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297:
294:
280:
277:
274:
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233:
231:
220:
213:
210:
207:
206:
205:
202:
200:
195:
192:
188:
183:
181:
170:Organizations
167:
164:
161:
157:
153:
143:
140:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
83:
75:
69:
59:
53:
45:
39:
30:
19:
5369:Soviet Union
5344:Ancient Rome
5201:Homelessness
5126:Upper Middle
4998: /
4979: /
4970: /
4935:Working poor
4831:
4818:Robber baron
4641:Intellectual
4631:Royal family
4595:Ancient Rome
4477:
4449:second-class
4367:
4310:
4309: /
4304:
4300:High society
4207:Elite theory
4184:
4177:
4170:
4157:Social class
4014:Soviet Union
3857:Work release
3818:Prison Radio
3794:
3565:Overcrowding
3248:House arrest
3202:Penal colony
3074:
2933:Turkmenistan
2913:Saudi Arabia
2728:
2714:
2700:
2686:
2664:, elsewhere
2653:
2648:and London:
2641:
2624:
2607:
2597:
2590:
2569:. Retrieved
2565:the original
2551:
2539:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2465:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2443:
2436:. Retrieved
2434:(in Russian)
2429:
2420:
2412:
2399:
2392:
2384:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2331:
2319:. Retrieved
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2293:The Guardian
2292:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2247:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2217:24 September
2215:. Retrieved
2208:
2199:
2191:
2184:. Retrieved
2176:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2144:
2125:Emma Goldman
2124:
2117:
2105:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2071:. Retrieved
2067:
2057:
2049:
2041:
2035:
2023:. Retrieved
2012:
2004:
1997:. Retrieved
1993:the original
1986:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1895:
1885:
1873:. Retrieved
1869:
1860:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1810:
1803:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1745:
1736:
1701:
1697:
1666:. Retrieved
1659:the original
1654:
1627:. Retrieved
1617:
1610:"AI's FOCUS"
1605:
1570:
1566:
1520:
1516:
1459:
1250:
1083:Carlos Menem
1055:South Africa
1039:John Maclean
997:Kim Dae-jung
965:Emma Goldman
893:Ninoy Aquino
846:
758:Nazi Germany
746:
739:Soviet Union
717:
712:Editing help
694:
666:
655:Please help
643:may contain
642:
612:A number of
611:
595:
573:
561:
554:
538:totalitarian
527:
520:
504:Jesus Christ
497:philosopher
493:
480:
476:house arrest
455:
431:
411:human rights
390:where false
369:
361:
352:
347:
323:
305:
291:
235:
227:
217:
203:
196:
193:
189:
185:
178:
165:
149:
141:
134:
114:
97:
95:
74:Emma Goldman
29:
5288:New Zealand
5005:Untouchable
4930:Proletariat
4920:Pea-pickers
4870:Bourgeoisie
4558:Aristocracy
4444:naturalized
4439:native-born
3986:North Korea
3979:New Zealand
3572:Pay-to-stay
2999:Criminology
2898:North Korea
2644:. Bangkok:
2596:n.a. 1973.
2541:23 February
2515:23 February
1896:Monash Lens
1629:23 November
1311:Hate speech
1280:Spaç Prison
1262:Evin Prison
1181:Evin prison
1117:Ilham Tohti
1107:British Raj
1001:South Korea
991:sodomy case
921:Ilya Yashin
897:Philippines
887:coup d'état
828:Individuals
749:psikhushkas
512:Joan of Arc
407:show trials
267:association
259:information
156:human right
146:Definitions
100:is someone
5416:Dissidents
5410:Categories
5278:Luxembourg
5168:Inequality
4833:Superclass
4624:Hereditary
4600:Post-Roman
4591:Patrician
4461:adolescent
4285:Classicide
3900:By country
3537:Informants
3452:Literature
3391:Helicopter
3350:Sally port
3315:Commissary
3293:Components
3186:Chain gang
3172:Labor camp
3158:Internment
3123:Black site
3020:Punishment
2833:Azerbaijan
2321:3 December
1926:Al-Jazeera
1906:15 January
1573:: 93–126.
1403:References
1236:Kazakhstan
1171:Liu Xiaobo
649:irrelevant
583:Rosa Parks
562:While the
451:detainment
372:dissidents
342:terrorists
104:for their
102:imprisoned
5303:Sri Lanka
5196:Education
5163:Household
5056:Affluence
4991:Rat tribe
4953:Ant tribe
4925:Precariat
4910:Lazzaroni
4852:Bohemians
4813:Overclass
4808:Old money
4744:Spartiate
4719:Kshatriya
4709:Hashashin
4666:Professor
4607:Political
4580:Oligarchy
4570:Hanseaten
4488:Stateless
4468:Convicted
4400:By status
4363:Subaltern
4295:Euthenics
4227:New class
3909:Australia
3641:Sexuality
3530:Education
3489:Tattooing
3283:Death row
3179:Battalion
3038:Prisoners
2943:Venezuela
2650:Zed Press
2381:1777-5272
2186:1 January
2102:0362-4331
2025:30 August
1999:1 January
1795:0020-8833
1728:146560115
1720:0010-4175
1668:20 August
1597:159274432
1589:0001-6829
1539:2057-3170
1294:, Belarus
1282:, Albania
1220:in 2022.
1165:Ai Weiwei
1073:Rhodesian
1059:apartheid
839:laureate
720:June 2021
669:June 2021
645:excessive
508:St. Peter
462:Laureate
335:neo-Nazis
315:Academics
5395:Category
5327:Historic
5248:Colombia
5238:Cambodia
5173:Personal
5071:Mobility
5000:Freedman
4986:Plebeian
4972:Prisoner
4958:Commoner
4844:Creative
4825:Seigneur
4791:Nobility
4749:Vanniyar
4734:Pendekar
4694:Cossacks
4328:Snobbery
4200:Theories
4070:Scotland
3705:(Brazil)
3669:Violence
3618:Religion
3459:American
3308:Cemetery
3276:Supermax
3195:Military
3137:Debtors'
3061:Detainee
3054:Criminal
3006:Penology
2853:Colombia
2785:Archived
2752:Archived
2685:. 2004.
2640:. 2001.
2623:. 2004.
2606:. 2003.
2604:Luz Arce
2571:29 March
2461:towns.ru
1900:Archived
1746:BBC News
1299:See also
1226:Memorial
1199:Memorial
1183:in Iran.
1077:Zimbabwe
1003:in 1998.
929:anti-war
927:for his
762:Marxists
651:examples
608:Advocacy
534:nobility
499:Socrates
392:criminal
388:legality
339:jihadist
251:religion
5298:Romania
5293:Nigeria
5178:Poverty
5081:Classes
5066:History
4977:Peasant
4963:Outcast
4902:Working
4882:Burgher
4739:Samurai
4729:Ocēlōtl
4689:Chhetri
4681:Warrior
4671:Scholar
4585:Russian
4575:Magnate
4563:Aristoi
4542:By type
4429:Citizen
4422:refugee
4318:Poverty
4312:Parvenu
4246:Related
4217:Marxian
4179:Stratum
4111:Commons
4049:Bermuda
4037:Ukraine
3965:Jamaica
3944:Iceland
3937:Germany
3930:Estonia
3882:Prisons
3662:Suicide
3655:Strikes
3414:Culture
3343:Officer
3336:Nursery
3329:Library
3216:Private
3107:Prisons
3068:Hostage
3047:Convict
2991:Science
2928:Tunisia
2893:Myanmar
2888:Lebanon
2858:Croatia
2843:Belarus
2838:Bahrain
2536:Público
2467:14 July
2438:14 July
2177:Reuters
1944:Reuters
895:of the
779:In the
774:priests
737:In the
549:Gestapo
490:History
470:in the
447:charges
395:charges
306:The US
293:Burmese
5253:France
5233:Belize
5228:Africa
5155:Income
5111:Middle
5104:Gentry
4968:Outlaw
4875:Petite
4862:Middle
4796:Landed
4781:Gentry
4714:Knight
4654:Priest
4649:Clergy
4612:Family
4550:Ruling
4499:collar
4456:Clique
4172:Status
4030:Turkey
4007:Russia
3993:Norway
3375:Escape
3364:Warden
3165:Island
2908:Russia
2903:Poland
2883:Israel
2735:
2721:
2707:
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