245:
524:
508:
464:
382:
484:
280:, numerous pocket parks can be distributed throughout a single neighborhood, and multiple pocket parks can be spaced close together. This distribution increases the usefulness and accessibility of green urban spaces by decreasing the distance and time between parks and their users, especially for users who have difficulty travelling long distances, such as children, the elderly, or individuals with mobility impairments. This close proximity can also generate strong personal attachments and positive associations of
20:
198:
113:
139:. As cities began to recover from the large-scale physical damage incurred by warfare, such as from bombings, limitations in capital, labor, and building materials necessitated cheap, easy, and minimalistic solutions to restore urban landscapes. These constraints promoted the conversion of heavily damaged sites into small public parks which echoed the neighborhood's original peacetime identities.
189:
approval, the city provided technical knowledge and financial support to residents, who would collaborate with city officials to design, construct, and maintain the new parks. From their onset, these pocket parks were well received by municipal workers and residents. To this day, the City of
Philadelphia manages over 150 neighborhood parks.
523:
287:
These positive impacts are magnified in neighborhoods with low-income or racial minority populations, where green space may be scarce and the new development of larger-scale parks may be infeasible due to spatial or financial constraints. These benefits also particularly improve the quality of urban
327:
The establishment of local pocket parks can reduce the stress upon larger urban parks, such as by eliminating overcrowding. The use of local pocket parks instead of more distant large urban parks reduces the traffic, pollution, and energy consumption associated with automobile travel and can allow
221:
Due to their small size, pocket parks typically serve a hyperlocal population, and the limited opportunities for park form and function are closely tied to these local community needs. For example, a pocket park in a business district may prioritize tables and seating for employees to take a lunch
213:
Pocket parks typically develop on small, solitary, irregularly shaped, and physically damaged lots. Because these parcels may not be conducive to commercial development, the land on which they are situated is often relatively cheap to acquire, and transforming the neglected parcel into public or
272:
The creation of pocket parks encourages public participation and residential collaboration towards a meaningful long-term improvement to the community. In turn, this community participation can foster community pride and empower residents to tackle additional neighborhood improvement projects.
188:
One of the first municipal programs to fund and structure the creation of pocket parks in the United States occurred in
Philadelphia. In 1967, a $ 320,000 urban beautification campaign encouraged community groups to identify and nominate disused parcels for development into pocket parks. Upon
425:, the Municipal Green Areas Management Board launched a 2018 initiative to improve the quality of public space and the quantity of green space by creating eighteen new pocket parks, which were modeled after the successes of New York City's Paley Park and Philadelphia's John F. Collins Park.
263:
in dense neighborhoods and vary the form of the built environment with islands of shade, quiet, and privacy, which may otherwise be difficult to find in urban areas. Well-maintained pocket parks can deter visual signs of urban neglect by discouraging the
233:, municipal officials, and local institutions such as businesses or schools. Through this community organization, the development of pocket parks promotes grassroots planning and strengthens relationships between residents and local authorities.
54:
accessible to the general public. While the locations, elements, and uses of pocket parks vary considerably, the common defining characteristic of a pocket park is its small size. Typically, a pocket park occupies one to three municipal
339:
A study in Los
Angeles concluded that pocket parks were more effective than larger existing parks and playgrounds at promoting moderate to vigorous physical activity in low-income neighborhoods. This is likely due to increased
300:, found that "attractively maintained small and medium parks have a positive influence on neighboring property values." Despite this potential to inflate local housing costs, pocket parks are less likely to contribute to
324:. This greenery can also attract and harbor urban wildlife, especially birds. However, pocket parks are typically designed for human use and therefore may only provide limited ecological benefits to non-human species.
507:
529:
The Branch "Pocket Farm" is a free, open farm in a pocket park managed by local artists and used to host eco art workshops. It is one of a handful of urban gardens in the
Kitakagaya Creative Village neighborhood in
214:
green space may be the only viable opportunity for redevelopment. Thus, the placement and creation of pocket parks tends to be an opportunistic product of environmental circumstance rather than through deliberate
463:
100:, or basketball courts. Although they are often too small for many space-intensive physical activities, pocket parks provide communities with greenery, a place to sit and rest, and an ecological foothold for
347:
The creation of pocket parks can improve resident perceptions of public safety. One study from the
University of Pennsylvania concluded that converting vacant lots into pocket parks reduces crime rates. In
268:
which occurs in otherwise abandoned lots. The beautification efforts of pocket parks can increase a neighborhood's aesthetic appeal and shape a distinct, positive visual identity for a city as a whole.
142:
By the 1950s, the first pocket parks appeared in the United States as an adaptation of these small
European parks. Inspired by this readaptation of urban space, landscape architect and professor
483:
62:
Pocket parks can be urban, suburban or rural, but they customarily appear in densely developed urban areas, where land is very expensive and space for the development of larger
162:. These small urban spaces served as low-cost interventions to improve the quantity and quality of community gathering spaces and recreational facilities in dense urban areas.
352:, where there are restrictions on how close registered sex offenders can live to parks, local officials planned three pocket parks to drive "undesirables" from a given area.
1241:
1157:
1182:
405:, there is a city program to facilitate the creation of up to 150 pocket parks of 400m or less on vacant lots and former road intersections, such as
244:
88:
Pocket parks can serve as focal points of activity and interest in urban areas. Common elements of pocket parks include benches, tables, fountains,
708:
1050:
Cohen, Deborah A.; Marsh, Terry; Williamson, Stephanie; Han, Bing; Derose, Kathryn Pitkin; Golinelli, Daniella; McKenzie, Thomas L. (2014-01-01).
1312:
433:
In
England, a 1984 project to involve the local community in the creation and running of small, local parks has fostered several pocket parks in
373:
at Morandé Street. It was an initiative of
Architecture Department of the Ministry of Public Infrastructure and Regional Government of Santiago.
73:
Pocket parks can create new public spaces without the need for large-scale redevelopment. In inner-city areas, pocket parks are often part of
336:
Pocket parks can deter the accumulation of unsanitary and potentially biohazardous waste, promoting positive externalities on public health.
1131:
736:
66:
is limited. They are frequently created on small, irregular pieces of public or private land, such as in vacant building lots, in
1108:
1249:
997:"Effects of urban planning indicators on urban heat island: a case study of pocket parks in high-rise high-density environment"
686:
Small urban spaces : the philosophy, design, sociology and politics of vest-pocket Parks and other small urban open spaces
226:
328:
larger parks to dedicate more space to uses beyond what a pocket park can offer, such as for large-scale natural habitats.
256:
Despite their small footprint, pocket parks can dramatically enhance the quality of life of their surrounding communities.
406:
386:
344:, for the short distance between user's homes and pocket parks encourages users to walk to access outdoor public spaces.
24:
631:
603:
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in July 1973. The creation of pocket parks can promote civic engagement and a unified sense of community identity.
1212:
659:
1264:
381:
1190:
301:
182:
124:
1307:
82:
898:
Assessing the Effect of Parks on
Surrounding Property Values Using Hedonic Models and Multilevel Models
297:
996:
896:
841:
494:
222:
break, while a pocket park in a residential area may prioritize a structure for children to play on.
166:
313:
249:
236:
Unlike larger parks, pocket parks are sometimes designed to be fenced and locked when not in use.
1302:
816:
842:"Investigating the usability pattern and constraints of pocket parks in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia"
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8:
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Patches of green landscaping and permeable surfaces within pocket parks can mitigate the
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A contingent from the Youth
Opportunities Corps builds a pocket park on a main street in
230:
202:
97:
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937:
857:
177:
endorsed the creation of pocket parks in his 1965 campaign for New York City mayor, and
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spaces into vibrant community assets. They may also be created as a component of the
1158:"La Plaza de Bolsillo Morandé 83, un oasis en la selva de cemento, un punto de fuga"
1036:
840:
Balai Kerishnan, Praveena; Maruthaveeran, Sreetheran; Maulan, Suhardi (2020-04-01).
1079:
1063:
1016:
959:
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861:
779:
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442:
434:
155:
284:, especially among children who grow up in neighborhoods containing pocket parks.
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during his tenure as president of the Park Association of New York. Congressman
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and prominent example of a pocket park, opened during his mayoralty in 1967.
170:
922:"Reexamine the value of urban pocket parks under the impact of the COVID-19"
1093:
973:
394:
321:
174:
151:
136:
995:
Lin, Pingying; Lau, Stephen Siu Yu; Qin, Hao; Gou, Zhonghua (2017-12-01).
225:
Consequently, the development of pocket parks generally entails extensive
498:
474:
402:
390:
349:
78:
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occupies a single lot between two commercial buildings on a main street.
123:, New York City, opened in 1967 as one of the earliest pocket parks and
317:
277:
178:
116:
93:
89:
63:
1187:
Secretariat of Urban Development and Housing, Mexican Federal District
684:
265:
147:
143:
112:
422:
760:"Pocket Park – A New Type of Green Public Space in Kraków (Poland)"
56:
839:
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life for women, who are more likely to use pocket parks than men.
548:
341:
206:
132:
70:, beside railways, beneath utility lines, or in parking spots.
1052:"The Potential for Pocket Parks to Increase Physical Activity"
51:
1132:"Morandé 83, la primera "Plaza de Bolsillo" de Santiago"
764:
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering
209:, can be created from small unused areas of public land.
1049:
632:"Creating Mini-Parks for Increased Physical Activity"
1109:"L.A. sees parks as a weapon against sex offenders"
59:and is smaller than 0.5 hectares (1 acre) in size.
331:
609:. Chicago: American Society of Planning Officials
1284:
1106:
901:(PhD thesis). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
477:walking path, flower beds, and a sitting area.
169:advocated for the creation of pocket parks in
146:proposed the transformation of vacant lots in
1130:Gaete, Constanza MartĂnez (14 January 2016).
229:and collaboration between community members,
994:
707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
637:. National Recreation and Park Association.
365:In Santiago, Chile, the first pocket park (
1265:"Polaris Pocket Park Opens to the Public"
1083:
963:
945:
783:
192:
77:efforts by transforming underutilized or
1210:
814:
380:
243:
196:
111:
18:
1155:
1100:
919:
683:Junior, Seymour, Whitney North (1969).
497:was opened in 2011 and holds a 35-foot
1313:Urban studies and planning terminology
1285:
682:
601:
1262:
1129:
1107:Jennings, Angel (February 28, 2013).
920:Liu, Shu; Wang, Xinhao (2021-09-01).
757:
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591:
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1056:American Journal of Health Promotion
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926:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
894:
846:Urban Forestry & Urban Greening
355:
239:
131:The first pocket parks appeared in
25:Pioneer Square, Seattle, Washington
16:Small park accessible to the public
13:
1256:
808:
291:
14:
1324:
1021:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.09.024
746:
734:
715:
673:
641:
621:
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437:, and was later developed by the
428:
1263:Evans, Walker (4 October 2011).
1246:Northamptonshire Country Council
1111:. Los Angeles. Los Angeles Times
522:
506:
482:
462:
1234:
1204:
1175:
1156:Fajardo, Marco (7 April 2016).
1149:
1123:
1043:
988:
913:
785:10.1088/1757-899x/471/11/112018
602:Faraci, Piero (December 1967).
332:Public health and safety impact
92:, monuments, historic markers,
1183:"Parques PĂşblicos de Bolsillo"
888:
833:
815:MacGowen, Tempe (1 May 2012).
276:Unlike a singular large scale
96:, barbecue pits, flower beds,
1:
559:
320:management, and help control
125:privately owned public spaces
1189:(in Spanish). Archived from
1068:10.4278/ajhp.130430-QUAN-213
1001:Landscape and Urban Planning
817:"Balfour Street Pocket Park"
407:JardĂn Edith Sánchez RamĂrez
387:JardĂn Edith Sánchez RamĂrez
302:environmental gentrification
183:privately owned public space
85:of large building projects.
7:
1211:Somerset, Caroline (2006).
542:
10:
1329:
947:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127294
895:Lin, I-Hui (August 2016).
866:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126647
758:Labuz, Rita (2019-02-24).
452:
298:Greenville, South Carolina
201:Pocket parks, such as the
107:
667:The Trust for Public Land
416:
376:
304:than larger urban parks.
167:Whitney North Seymour Jr.
1222:. The Countryside Agency
369:) was created beside of
360:
314:urban heat island effect
250:Fitchburg, Massachusetts
83:public space requirement
776:2019MS&E..471k2018L
296:One study conducted in
23:Waterfall Garden Park,
1267:. Columbus Underground
660:"Pocket Park Tool Kit"
495:Polaris Founder's Park
439:Countryside Commission
398:
253:
210:
193:Development and design
128:
27:
1213:"Opening Green Doors"
689:. New York Univ. Pr.
513:Broad Street Park in
384:
259:Pocket parks prevent
247:
200:
127:in the United States.
115:
22:
1252:on February 5, 2012.
1062:(3_suppl): S19–S26.
231:landscape architects
227:public participation
160:neighborhood commons
135:in the aftermath of
1013:2017LUrbP.168...48L
938:2021UFUG...6427294L
858:2020UFUG...5026647B
604:"Vest Pocket Parks"
515:Texarkana, Arkansas
411:Condesa pocket park
203:Balfour Street Park
1308:Urban public parks
399:
254:
211:
129:
75:urban regeneration
28:
1136:Plataforma Urbana
554:Urban green space
532:Suminoe-ku, Osaka
469:A pocket park in
371:Palacio La Moneda
367:plaza de bolsillo
308:Ecological impact
207:Sydney, Australia
121:Midtown Manhattan
98:community gardens
94:art installations
34:(also known as a
1320:
1277:
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1274:
1272:
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1248:. Archived from
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471:Marburg, Germany
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443:Millennium Green
435:Northamptonshire
356:Around the world
240:Community impact
44:vest-pocket park
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735:Blake, Alison.
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389:pocket park in
385:A dog plays in
379:
363:
358:
334:
310:
294:
292:Economic impact
261:overdevelopment
242:
216:master planning
195:
156:Washington D.C.
110:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1326:
1316:
1315:
1310:
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1303:Urban planning
1300:
1295:
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1242:"Pocket Parks"
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1203:
1174:
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1122:
1099:
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821:ArchitectureAu
807:
770:(11): 112018.
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737:"Pocket Parks"
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499:wind sculpture
491:Columbus, Ohio
488:
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468:
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447:Doorstep Green
430:
429:United Kingdom
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293:
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282:place identity
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102:urban wildlife
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1193:on 2014-10-12
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50:) is a small
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1298:Pocket parks
1269:. Retrieved
1258:
1250:the original
1245:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1219:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1191:the original
1186:
1177:
1166:. Retrieved
1164:(in Spanish)
1162:El Mostrador
1161:
1151:
1140:. Retrieved
1138:(in Spanish)
1135:
1125:
1113:. Retrieved
1102:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1004:
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929:
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903:. Retrieved
897:
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835:
824:. Retrieved
820:
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685:
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611:. Retrieved
432:
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397:neighborhood
395:Colonia Roma
366:
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181:, a premier
175:John Lindsay
164:
152:Philadelphia
141:
137:World War II
130:
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72:
61:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
29:
475:cobblestone
473:features a
403:Mexico City
391:Mexico City
350:Los Angeles
90:playgrounds
68:brownfields
64:urban parks
32:pocket park
1287:Categories
1271:October 4,
1197:2014-10-07
1168:2016-04-17
1142:2016-04-17
932:: 127294.
852:: 126647.
826:2015-08-10
560:References
449:projects.
318:stormwater
278:urban park
179:Paley Park
117:Paley Park
48:vesty park
1076:0890-1171
1029:0169-2046
1007:: 48–60.
982:238690718
956:1618-8667
882:216469931
874:1618-8667
802:186571197
794:1757-899X
703:cite book
695:248445356
441:into the
316:, aid in
266:vandalism
165:In 1964,
148:Baltimore
144:Karl Linn
40:mini-park
1226:July 12,
1094:24380461
1037:90153148
974:36568566
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