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519:. After the destruction of Tenochtitlan, Cortés had the city redesigned for symbolic purposes. He kept the four major neighborhoods or "capullis" but he had a church, now the Cathedral of Mexico City, built at the place the four adjoined. He had the Temo become the cathedral. The southern half was called the "Plaza Mayor" (Main Square) and the northern one was called the "Plaza Chica" (Small Square). Fairly early in the colonial period, the Plaza Chica would be swallowed up by the growing city.
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778:. The plaza deteriorated until, by the 1970s, all that was left were light poles and a large flagpole in the center. Then the ground was leveled again, the train tracks taken out, and the whole plaza cemented over. Automobile parking was prohibited and the plaza's shape was squared to 200 meters on each side. Later in the 1970s, the Zócalo was repaved with pink cobblestones; small trees protected by metal grates were planted; and small areas of grass were seeded around the flagpole.
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803:, and Dr. Rene Coulomb, general director of the Historic Center Trust, launched a $ 300,000,000 renovation of the Zócalo and the surrounding city center, with the aim of attracting businesses and residents back to the area. There were plans to remove the iron grating separating the cathedral from the Zócalo, but there was so much public opposition to the idea that it was eventually scrapped.
255:. It has received foreign heads of state and is the main venue for both national celebrations and national protests. The Zócalo and surrounding blocks have played a central role in the city's planning and geography for almost 700 years. The site is just one block southwest of the Templo Mayor, which, according to Aztec legend and mythology, was considered the center of the universe.
759:(the ten days from 9 to 19 February 1913), the National Palace was bombarded from the nearby military fort, incidentally damaging the Zócalo. In 1914, the ash trees planted in the previous century (which meanwhile had grown considerably) were taken out; new footpaths, grassy areas, and garden space were created; and palm trees were planted in each corner of the plaza.
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this way until 1866 when the Paseo (path) del Zócalo was created in response to the numbers of people who were using the plaza to take walks. A garden with footpaths was created; fountains were placed at each corner; 72 iron benches were installed and the area was lighted by hydrogen gas lamps. Santa Anna's base, however, was not removed.
932:) and pre-Hispanic culture. They choose to do the ceremony here not only because it is close to where such rites used to be performed before the Spaniards came, but also because they are right next to the symbols of "Spanish" ecclesiastical and secular power (the cathedral and National Palace, respectively), which they oppose.
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The Zócalo is the center of government of both the nation and of the capital, where the powers-that-be are. This makes it a popular place for protests, and it is often dotted with protesters in makeshift camps and banners. As the plaza can hold more than 100,000 people, it is also the scene of major
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The
Festival de México is an annual event with programs dedicated to art (popular and fine) and academia held in the Zócalo and some other venues in the historic center. In 2008, the 24th Festival had 254 performances and shows from over 20 countries in 65 plazas and other locations near the plaza.
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and flower gardens that were planted and protected by stone borders. Santa Anna wanted to build a monument to
Mexican Independence in the center of the plaza but his project got only as far as the base (zócalo), which stayed there for decades and gave the plaza its current popular name. It stayed
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After the cathedral was constructed in the latter half of the 16th century, the look of the plaza changed. The old church faced east and not to the plaza itself. The new cathedral's three portals towered south over the plaza and giving the area a north–south orientation, which exists to this day.
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This, however, did not keep the rest of the plaza from becoming filled again with makeshift stalls such as the group known as "San José" located next to the Parian itself. This prompted historian
Francisco Sedano to comment that it was ugly and unsightly. He claimed it was very difficult to walk
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launched a campaign to perform maintenance works in the
Historic Center (which, because of Congressional reduction of the annual budget of the local government, was largely supported with the money collected in the streets for that purpose by government officials). The campaign had satisfactory
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magazine to remark that the Zócalo and the area surrounding it "... should be one of the most compelling architectural destinations in the
Americas. Instead, much of it is a slum of gutted buildings, dark and dirty streets blocked by milling vendors, and garbage-strewn vacant lots."
527:(Merchants' Portals) were built, south of Cortés' other palace, the Palace of the Marquis of the Valley of Oaxaca. On the south side, was the Portal of the Flowers (Flores), named so after its owner, Maria Gutierrez Flores de Caballerias. Next to this portal was the House of the
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Flooding was always an issue for the plaza and the city in general. The plaza was flooded in 1629 with water two meters deep, ruining many of the merchants located there and requiring many of the portals to be rebuilt. The drainage project to control flooding, known as the
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The plaza was converted into a public space with 64 lamps. The cathedral was separated from the plaza by iron grating; 124 stone benches were placed and the plaza was marked off by low iron poles connected by an iron chain. The main feature of the redesigned plaza was an
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979:. One curious event was the building of a temporary ice-skating rink of about 3,200 m in the middle of the Zócalo, for use by the city's residents for free in the winter of 2007. Since then, the rink has been repeatedly built up for several winter seasons.
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Since 1982, due to efforts to revitalize the city center, the Zócalo has become the scene of a number of artistic and cultural events. There are daily impromptu shows of Aztec dancers dancing to drums, wearing feathered headdresses and anklets made of
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was brought to Zócalo as a way of spreading out the protesters from the original Angel site. This is because the original site of the Angel is located in a financial area, with a high traffic flow, making policing more difficult than the Zócalo.
726:("Trains of the Federal District") converted part of the Zócalo into a streetcar station with ticket kiosk and stand. The streetcars and lighting were converted to electric power in 1894, and the Zócalo's paths were paved with
678:, where its current—and much smaller—base states that it is preserved solely for its artistic value. The statue's former oval base was moved to what was then the university building and the balustrade was moved to the
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During early colonial times, the plaza was bordered to the north by the new church, and to the east by Cortés's new palace, built over and with the ruins of
Moctezuma's palace. On the west side of the plaza, the
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stonework. The other stalls concentrated on more mundane merchandise. This caused pedestrians to take their walks on
Alameda Central or on San Francisco and Madero streets, to the west of the Zócalo.
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around here at the time because of its uneven pavement, mud in the rainy season, aggressive street dogs, mounds of trash and human excrement tossed among the corn husks and other discarded wrappings.
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From the latter half of the nineteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth, the Zócalo again filled with market stalls, including the "Centro
Mercantil" which sold fabric, clothing, and
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On 4 and 5 December 1828, the Parián market, the most active of Mexico City's markets, was looted and damaged by a popular uprising. Several merchants died and most were ruined. President
568:, authorities attempted to completely clear the plaza to make way for the "Parian", a set of shops set in the southwest corner of the plaza used to warehouse and sell products brought by
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to the crowd gathered in the plaza. Even this is sometimes subject to the political winds of the country. For the 2006 Grito, the crowd in the Zócalo was addressed not by then-President
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parade, which actually had never been held at the square before. However, after the film's release, the city officials decided to hold a Day of the Dead parade starting at the
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921:(people who are literally carried into the square by bus and paid for with food or other minor goods) in order to boost attendance numbers and simulate popular enthusiasm.
603:. The Calendar was put on display on the west side of the cathedral, where it remained until about 1890 when it was moved to the old "Centro Museum". It now resides in the
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A symbolic move upon independence was the dismantling and removal of the equestrian monument to
Charles IV from Plaza. The statue itself can still be seen in front of the
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Over much of the 17th century, the plaza became overrun with market stalls. After a mob burned the
Viceregal Palace in 1692, depicted in the famous 1696 painting by
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which was the absolute center of the city (and the universe, according to Aztec belief), but it was located to the immediate north and northeast of the modern-day
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raged. This event also resulted in renaming the square as the "Plaza of the Constitution." The last changes to the plaza before Independence in 1821 were done by
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from Europe and Asia. This was opened in 1703. The Parián is shown at the bottom of Villalpando's painting; it was later destroyed in an 1828 riot.
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road led west and stretched east a little before leading into the lake that surrounded the city at the time. These roads were the width of three
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646:, other authorities and assembled people swore allegiance to the Constitution of Cadiz, and fealty to the Spanish Crown on 22 May 1813 as the
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had the plaza repaved and the open gutters covered with stone blocks. He also had a fountain installed in each corner. During this work, the
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placing the Cross of Mañozca at the southeast corner and placing another, similar cross to the northwest. Both of these were set on stone
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Jaramillo, Angel (Winter 2007). "Angel Jaramillo in the Mexican Labyrinth: The elections, the Left and the fight for the Mexican soul".
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indigenous people, marched into the Zócalo to support a bill that would give them greater political autonomy. Following Cárdenas' lead,
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and finishing at the Zócalo on 29 October 2016, using props and wardrobe from the film. The parade has been held every year since.
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also offered a free show on 11 July 2012, where he performed in front of 210,000 people as part of the tour for his 2012 album
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takes place largely above the Zócalo, as Bond takes command of a SPECTRE getaway helicopter. The scene is set against a
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394:'s "New Houses" or Palace (which would become the National Palace) and to the west by the "Old Houses", the palace of
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Panoramic view of the Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución), Mexico City. Looking east from the rooftop restaurant on the
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donated a kiosk to the city which was set over and on top of Santa Anna's base. It was lit with four large iron
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performed in the square before 170,000 people, once again for free and with a strong political message against
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drew an attendance of 250,000 people for a free concert played on the plaza on 10 May 2012 as a part of his
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The plaza is also home to regularly occurring political events. Just before 11 pm on each 15 September, the
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ceremoniously raised and lowered each day and carried into the National Palace. There is an entrance to the
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2032:"Deleita Justin Bieber a 210 mil fans en el Zócalo [Justin Bieber] – 12/06/2012 | Periódico Zócalo"
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on the Zócalo. This is done by groups looking to reassert the superiority of indigenous ethnic bloodlines (
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As the end of the twentieth century neared, the Zócalo, along with most of the city center (called the
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Sports-reference.com Mexico City Summer Olympics athletics 20 October 1968 men's marathon results.
875:. On 30 August 2008, a peaceful protest against crime and violence filled the Zócalo to capacity.
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The Zócalo area has been, since 2014, where large rallies have been held in the aftermath of the
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located at the northeast corner of the square, but no sign above ground indicates its presence.
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The Zócalo was a meeting place for protests for 1 May. In 1968, students protested against the
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871:'s initiative to allow private and foreign investment in Mexico's state-owned energy company,
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in a presidential election widely believed to have been rigged in 1988. In 2001, followers of
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Model of Mexico City in early 19th century, with Parian and statue of Charles IV in the Zócalo
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political rallies. Thousands rallied here in protest when Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas lost against
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finally had the Parián demolished in 1843. This left the plaza bare again, except for some
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30:"Plaza de la Constitución" redirects here. For the Metro station serving the square, see
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drew a crowd of about 210,000 according to Mexico's Civil Protection. In August 2008, a
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site to the northeast, just outside view. In the centre is a flagpole with an enormous
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The modern plaza of Mexico City was placed by Alonso Garcia Bravo shortly after the
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The modern Zócalo in Mexico City is 57,600 m (240 m × 240 m). It is bordered by the
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1600:"James Bond: Mexico City to hold first Day of the Dead parade thanks to Spectre"
1569:"El Zócalo de la Ciudad de México entre los 10 puntos más visitados del planeta"
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1313:. Vol. 16. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2000. pp. 8273–8280.
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Again the plaza was cleared (with exception of the Parian) by proclamation of
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1350:. Vol. 11. Mexico City: Encyclopædia Britannica. 1993. pp. 6141–2.
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1799:"From Savage to the Imperial Indian: Identity Quests in Contemporary Mexico"
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Hawley, Chris (14 April 2008). "Mexicans protest plan to end oil monopoly".
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occupies a space south-southwest of the intersection of roads that oriented
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1545:. Secretaría de Turismo. Ciudad de México. 24 November 2009. Archived from
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shells. On a grander scale, some examples of events held here recently are
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A kid wearing the typical clothing to perform an Aztec Dance in the Zócalo
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The Zócalo is often the site of major parades in the city, including the
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comes out onto the central balcony of the National Palace to perform the
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Bassom, D., Straczynski, J. M. (1997:25).
2006:"El Zócalo recibirá a 250 mil personas para concierto de Paul McCartney"
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Hawley, Chris (5 July 2007). "Mexican throng bares all for the record".
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parade has been held at the square since 2016 after the James Bond film
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Silvia Arrom, "Popular Politics in Mexico City: The Parián Riot 1828,"
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included in sections of the show, which consisted of outtakes from his
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proper, some historians say that it was part of it, but others say no.
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2106:"A centuries-old Mexican tradition has been transformed by James Bond"
1647:. Vol. 332, no. 7875. August 1994. pp. 36–38. 00130613.
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An alternative expression of Mexican pride is the celebration of the
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1059:(1916 - 1986) from the album Original Sound Track in Walt Disney's
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Butler, Ron (November–December 1999). "A New Face for the Zocalo".
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The Animation Drawing of Mexico City in 1944 México by: the late
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Concerts by popular singers and groups have also been held here.
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619:(Market of the Flyer), located southeast of the plaza where the
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1958:"Canta Shakira ante 210 mil personas en el Zócalo, reporta SSP"
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occupies was open space, in the center of the Aztec capital
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1512:. Vol. 364, no. 8290. 2002. p. 37. 00130613.
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as well as a rally with thousands of participants against
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Model of the Zócalo circa 1910, with gardens and footpaths
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today. Plans were made to erect a column as a monument to
1772:"Llegan camiones de acarreados al Zócalo previo al Grito"
1626:"2 parades will celebrate Day of the Dead in Mexico City"
1405:, vol. 4, p. 313. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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and fountains at the corners created by José del Mazo.
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vol.4, p. 313. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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Guia turistica de Mexico – Centro III Distrito Federal
1416:"The National Place: A Traveling, Unmovable Structure"
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event drew 50,000 young people on a Sunday afternoon.
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Aerial view of the Zócalo, taken between 1918 and 1920
2062:"El 'show' de Roger Waters en el Zócalo – La Jornada"
1543:"Lanzará GDF campaña "Yo quiero al Centro Histórico""
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View of the Plaza Mayor of Mexico city (ca. 1695) by
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Museo de la Secretaría de Hacienda y Crédito Público
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drew almost 100,000 people to the plaza in 2005 and
1440:(in Spanish). Mexico City: Promex. pp. 50–54.
1112:The pre-title sequence of the 2015 James Bond film
466:(for the locations north and south it led to). The
196:that have governed the country but rather from the
2393:Royal Convent of Jesús María and Our Lady of Mercy
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1678:"Leftist's supporters paralyze Mexico City Center"
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1462:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
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1403:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
682:. This left the plaza bare except for the Parian.
599:was unearthed, as well as a statue of the goddess
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2413:Templo Expiatorio Nacional de San Felipe de Jesús
2302:Secretariat of Public Education Main Headquarters
1984:"Concierto del Zocalo dejó 70 jovenes lesionados"
1325:"Mexico City – Zócalo (Plaza de la Constitución)"
1215:"Hallado el verdadero zócalo de Ciudad de México"
235:It has been a gathering place for Mexicans since
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1918:Grillo (December 2007). "Postcard Mexico City".
1715:"Mexicans protest nationwide against crime wave"
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1255:. Oakland CA: Lonely Planet. pp. 108–109.
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1189:. Mexico City: Ediciones Nueva Guia. p.
1139:" contains the coordinates to this location.
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232:to refer to their main plazas, but not all.
2094: United Kingdom: Dell Publishing.
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1183:Galindo, Carmen; Magdalena Galindo (2002).
1129:The release of the acoustic version of the
283:building at the northwest corner, with the
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2854:
2840:
2261:Colegio de San Ignacio de Loyola Vizcaínas
2161:
2147:
1871:"18,000 Mexicans Strip for Artist's Photo"
1717:. Fox News. 30 August 2008. Archived from
1436:Bueno de Ariztegui, Patricia, ed. (1984).
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
3517:Virgilio Uribe Rowing and Canoeing Course
1949:
1922:. Vol. 170, no. 26. p. 13.
1739:
1636:
1620:
1618:
1339:
1317:
1269:
718:and designed to be similar to one in the
372:Prior to the conquest, the area that the
1975:
1932:
1796:
1596:
1535:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
946:
877:
785:) was in massive disrepair. This caused
770:. It was also the starting point of the
744:
701:
697:
665:
578:
543:
425:; the old city had a sacred precinct or
338:
2271:University of the Cloister of Sor Juana
1868:
1733:
1501:
1408:
1167:
942:
642:This was the backdrop when Viceroy Don
14:
3544:
2328:Church of San Felipe Neri "La Profesa"
2307:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation
2133:Plaza de la Constitución (Mexico City)
1926:
1917:
1853:
1847:
1698:
1615:
1522:
722:in Paris. Soon afterward, the company
41:For the square in Puebla, Puebla, see
3344:
3326:Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre
2835:
2142:
2103:
1981:
1955:
1890:
1790:
1670:
1651:
1389:Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervante
1250:
1233:
1050:
863:staged major protests here after the
837:
662:Independence and the 1828 Parián Riot
163:
27:Plaza de la Constitución, Mexico City
3472:Juan de la Barrera Olympic Gymnasium
1911:
1821:
1516:
1429:
670:The Parián Market, completed in 1703
507:Viceroyalty of New Spain (1521–1821)
36:Constitution Square (disambiguation)
3447:Fernando Montes de Oca Fencing Hall
2606:Houses of the Mayorazgo de Guerrero
1707:
1692:
1475:Hispanic American Historical Review
1372:The Early History of Greater Mexico
882:Protesters and Mexican army during
865:2006 Mexican presidential elections
816:results. In 2010, a replica of the
24:
3592:Venues of the 1968 Summer Olympics
2363:Historic Synagogue Justo Sierra 71
2297:Palace of the Marqués del Apartado
2203:Fountain to Bartolomé de las Casas
1597:Shepherd, Jack (27 October 2016).
724:Ferrocarriles del Distrito Federal
454:. The north–south road was called
265:Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral
25:
3603:
2770:Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station
2287:Library of the Congress of Mexico
2256:Antigua Escuela de Jurisprudencia
2120:
2104:Simon, Johnny (30 October 2016).
1666:(8): 1–5. October 2001. 00113492.
1151:, formerly installed in the plaza
515:when he laid out what is now the
386:. It was bordered to the east by
293:Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station
45:. For the square in Cholula, see
32:Zócalo/Tenochtitlan metro station
3530:
3397:Agustín Melgar Olympic Velodrome
3371:
2981:Riverside Drive at Griffith Park
2893:
2765:San Juan de Letrán metro station
2750:Isabel la Católica metro station
2580:Palacio del Marqués del Apartado
2246:Academia Mexicana de la Historia
2126:
1933:Hinojosa, Beatriz (April 2008).
1611:from the original on 7 May 2022.
552:, painting currently located at
300:
67:
3266:Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
2678:Calle de República de Guatemala
2673:Calle de República de Argentina
2464:Interactive Museum of Economics
2383:Nuestra Señora de Loreto Church
2097:
2084:
2054:
2024:
1998:
1982:Barba, Jesus (24 August 2008).
1862:
1764:
1561:
1508:"Centre of belated attention".
1489:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1385:"Imágenes: La ciudad de México"
1149:Statues of Pegasus, Mexico City
806:
740:
629:equestrian statue of Charles IV
609:Royal and Pontifical University
591:in December 1789. Then-viceroy
334:
243:ceremonies, the swearing-in of
239:times, having been the site of
3552:Historic center of Mexico City
3452:Francisco Márquez Olympic Pool
3442:Estadio Olímpico Universitario
3080:Estadio Olímpico Universitario
2601:House of the Marquis of Uluapa
2509:Museo Nacional de las Culturas
2170:Historic center of Mexico City
1956:Silva, Gustavo (28 May 2007).
1935:"Festival de Centro Historico"
1575:(in Spanish). 19 December 2018
1401:R. Douglas Cope, "Parián", in
1395:
1377:
1364:
1207:
402:(1469–1481) where the Emperor
258:
13:
1:
3512:Vicente Suárez Shooting Range
3507:University City Swimming Pool
3482:Magdalena Mixhuca Sports City
3309:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
3132:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
2704:Garden of the Triple Alliance
2534:San Pedro y San Pablo College
2439:Casa Talavera Cultural Center
2208:Monument to Pope John Paul II
1898:"Exposicion Ciudad de Mexico"
1869:Pacheco, Istra (6 May 2007).
1460:R. Douglas Cope, "Parián" in
1160:
909:to deliver the Grito, but by
3572:National Monuments of Mexico
2632:Abelardo L. Rodríguez Market
2570:Palacio de Correos de México
2504:Museo Nacional de la Estampa
1374:. Pearson 2003:106–107, 151.
168:) is the common name of the
7:
3241:Walking course, Streets of
2863:Olympic venues in athletics
2730:Mexico City Metrobús Line 4
2388:Regina Coeli Convent Church
1815:10.1080/0275720042000257476
1186:Mexico City Historic Center
1142:
988:Mexico City Alebrije Parade
937:2014 Iguala mass kidnapping
861:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
648:Mexican War of Independence
593:Juan Vicente Güemes Pacheco
10:
3608:
3477:Juan Escutia Sports Palace
2801:Hospital de Jesús Nazareno
2740:Bellas Artes metro station
1829:"Spencer Tunick en Mexico"
1797:Galinier, Jacques (2004).
1076:uses the name "Zocalo" as
468:
456:
450:
421:
412:
404:
396:
388:
380:
327:
323:
273:Federal District buildings
40:
29:
3528:
3422:Club de Yates de Acapulco
3392:
3189:
3166:Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc
3102:Montreal Botanical Garden
2941:Stockholm Olympic Stadium
2902:
2891:
2869:
2778:
2760:Pino Suárez metro station
2722:
2691:
2655:
2624:
2588:
2542:
2524:Palace of the Inquisition
2444:Centro Cultural de España
2426:
2315:
2279:
2238:
2176:
1680:. NBC News. 1 August 2006
1498:Accessed 4 November 2010.
1253:Lonely Planet Mexico City
1080:'s main gathering place.
834:featured a parade there.
818:Angel de la Independencia
483:
444:
435:
374:
362:
353:
146:
138:
130:
116:
82:
78:
66:
59:
34:. For other squares, see
3582:Olympic athletics venues
3562:Landmarks in Mexico City
3235:Beijing National Stadium
3021:Melbourne Cricket Ground
2494:Museo Mural Diego Rivera
2449:Colegio de San Ildefonso
2403:Santa Veracruz Monastery
2348:Convent of San Francisco
2323:Church of Jesus Nazareno
2225:Old Portal de Mercaderes
2215:Nacional Monte de Piedad
2188:Administrative buildings
1803:History and Anthropology
766:taken by then-president
566:Cristóbal de Villalpando
550:Cristóbal de Villalpando
281:Nacional Monte de Piedad
277:Old Portal de Mercaderes
228:, have adopted the word
208:, but only the base, or
186:Plaza de la Constitución
73:Plaza de la Constitución
61:Plaza de la Constitución
18:Plaza de la Constitución
3239:Olympic Green Promenade
2796:Edificio Miguel E. Abed
2575:Palacio de la Autonomía
2565:Palacio de Bellas Artes
2469:José Luis Cuevas Museum
2398:Santa Teresa la Antigua
2368:Iglesia de San Bernardo
1486:Cope, "Parián", p. 313.
623:building stands today.
499:
427:
357:prior to the conquest.
3557:History of Mexico City
3283:Japan National Stadium
3046:Via Cristoforo Colombo
2499:Museo Nacional de Arte
2333:Church of San Hipólito
2193:Metropolitan Cathedral
2181:and immediate vicinity
2010:www.animalpolitico.com
1776:www.animalpolitico.com
1658:"Masks of Rebellion".
1348:Enciclopedia de Mexico
1311:Enciclopedia de Mexico
952:
886:
811:In 2009, former mayor
764:authoritarian measures
750:
707:
671:
605:Museum of Anthropology
584:
557:
525:Portales de Mercaderes
491:
369:
345:
330:History of Mexico City
161:Spanish pronunciation:
3587:Plazas in Mexico City
3153:Seoul Olympic Stadium
2914:Croix-Catelan Stadium
2821:Torre Latinoamericana
2806:Hospital San Hipólito
2745:Hidalgo metro station
2735:Allende metro station
2611:Saint Augustine House
2519:Museum of Mexico City
2489:Museo del Estanquillo
2474:Museo de Arte Popular
2358:Corpus Christi Church
2353:Convent of Santa Inés
2251:Academy of San Carlos
2092:The A-Z of Babylon 5.
1750:10.1353/dss.2007.0002
1124:Angel of Independence
1103:Gabriel & Dresden
1031:. On 1 October 2016,
950:
881:
748:
705:
698:Era of the Porfiriato
669:
582:
547:
342:
275:to the south and the
194:Mexican constitutions
101:19.43278°N 99.13306°W
47:Plaza de la Concordia
3457:Insurgentes Ice Rink
3381:1968 Summer Olympics
3136:Santa Monica College
2959:Stade Yves-du-Manoir
2791:Chapultepec aqueduct
2755:Merced metro station
2555:Casa de los Azulejos
2343:Convent of La Merced
2338:Church of Santa Inés
2292:Old Customs Building
2280:Government buildings
2239:Schools and colleges
2135:at Wikimedia Commons
1346:"Palacio Nacional".
1251:Noble, John (2000).
1061:The Three Caballeros
943:As an artistic venue
853:Subcomandante Marcos
776:1968 Summer Olympics
313:Portal de Mercaderes
139:Completion date
43:Zócalo (Puebla City)
3497:Revolution Ice Rink
3492:National Auditorium
3462:Insurgentes Theatre
3222:Panathenaic Stadium
3199:: Marathon course,
3178:: Marathon course,
3168:, Marathon course,
3030:Arch of Constantine
2885:Panathenaic Stadium
2811:Teatro de la Ciudad
2625:Traditional markets
2418:Valvanera Cathedral
2378:La Santísima Church
2373:La Enseñanza Church
2316:Religious buildings
2266:El Colegio Nacional
2066:www.jornada.unam.mx
1986:. Noticias Televisa
1876:The Washington Post
1778:. 15 September 2016
1721:on 1 September 2008
1531:(6): 4–6. 03790940.
1477:68 (1985): 245–270.
891:president of Mexico
797:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas
795:In the late 1990s,
676:National Art Museum
644:Felix Maria Calleja
589:Charles IV of Spain
364:Zócalo/Tenochtitlan
190:Constitution Square
131:Beginning date
106:19.43278; -99.13306
97: /
56:
3432:Estadio Cuauhtémoc
3407:Avándaro Golf Club
3330:Alexandra Headland
3226:Stadium at Olympia
2932:White City Stadium
2560:Palace of Iturbide
2529:Palacio de Minería
2479:Museo de Charrería
2454:Franz Mayer Museum
1939:Mexico Desconocido
1632:. 12 October 2019.
1051:In popular culture
1041:Enrique Peña Nieto
953:
915:Enrique Peña Nieto
901:, who had gone to
887:
869:President Calderón
838:As a political hub
768:Gustavo Díaz Ordaz
751:
708:
672:
617:Mercado de Volador
585:
558:
370:
267:to the north, the
198:Cádiz Constitution
54:
3567:Culture of Mexico
3539:
3538:
3502:Satellite Circuit
3487:Municipal Stadium
3338:
3337:
3190:21st century
2950:Olympisch Stadion
2903:20th century
2870:19th century
2829:
2828:
2434:Caricature Museum
2131:Media related to
2072:on 3 October 2016
2042:on 2 October 2016
2036:www.zocalo.com.mx
1835:on 31 August 2008
1630:Mexico News Daily
1447:978-968-34-0319-3
1357:978-968-457-180-8
1262:978-1-86450-087-5
1200:978-968-5437-29-5
1132:Twenty One Pilots
911:Alejandro Encinas
359:Mexico City Metro
279:to the west, the
271:to the east, the
165:[ˈsokalo]
154:
153:
147:Opening date
16:(Redirected from
3599:
3577:National squares
3534:
3437:Estadio Nou Camp
3375:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3182:, Walking course
3172:, Walking course
3063:National Stadium
3059:Karasuyama-machi
3042:Via Appia Antica
3034:Raccordo Anulare
2897:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2833:
2832:
2692:Parks and plazas
2663:Avenida Bucareli
2642:La Merced Market
2637:Ciudadela Market
2163:
2156:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2130:
2114:
2113:
2101:
2095:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2068:. Archived from
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2038:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1831:. Archived from
1825:
1819:
1818:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1674:
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1667:
1655:
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1648:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1327:. PlanetWare Inc
1321:
1315:
1314:
1306:
1267:
1266:
1248:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1180:
1089:Armin Van Buuren
895:Grito de Dolores
799:, then mayor of
720:Bois de Boulogne
712:Antonio Escandon
502:
496:
488:
487:
473:
472:
465:
464:
453:
452:
447:
446:
438:
437:
432:
424:
423:
415:
414:
409:
408:
401:
400:
393:
392:
385:
384:
377:
376:
367:
366:
356:
355:
350:
317:Palacio Nacional
304:
167:
162:
112:
111:
109:
108:
107:
102:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
71:
57:
53:
21:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3526:
3467:Jalisco Stadium
3417:Campo Militar 1
3388:
3369:
3339:
3334:
3296:Stade de France
3257:Olympic Stadium
3253:Marathon Course
3245:Marathon course
3218:Olympic Stadium
3214:Marathon (city)
3205:Olympic Stadium
3185:
3180:Olympic Stadium
3106:Olympic Stadium
3038:Stadio Olimpico
3012:Olympic Stadium
2994:Olympic Stadium
2990:Avus Motor Road
2977:Olympic Stadium
2968:Olympic Stadium
2898:
2889:
2881:Marathon (city)
2865:
2860:
2830:
2825:
2774:
2718:
2709:Plaza Garibaldi
2699:Alameda Central
2687:
2651:
2647:San Juan Market
2620:
2589:Historic houses
2584:
2538:
2514:Museum of Light
2422:
2311:
2275:
2234:
2220:National Palace
2198:Cruz de Mañozca
2180:
2172:
2167:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2012:. 26 April 2012
2004:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1980:
1976:
1966:
1964:
1954:
1950:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1867:
1863:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1623:
1616:
1605:The Independent
1595:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1549:on 22 July 2011
1541:
1540:
1536:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1307:
1270:
1263:
1249:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1181:
1168:
1163:
1155:Zócalo (Puebla)
1145:
1120:Day of the Dead
1053:
1019:On the Run Tour
970:Gregory Colbert
945:
903:Dolores Hidalgo
840:
826:Day of the Dead
809:
743:
700:
680:Alameda Central
664:
517:historic center
509:
337:
332:
326:
321:
320:
319:
310:
305:
269:National Palace
261:
178:colonial period
176:. Prior to the
160:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
74:
62:
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3605:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3537:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3427:Estadio Azteca
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3368:
3367:
3360:
3353:
3345:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3319:
3302:
3300:Champs-Élysées
3289:
3276:
3259:
3246:
3228:
3207:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3159:
3146:
3125:
3112:
3095:
3093:Olympiastadion
3086:
3073:
3067:Sasazuka-machi
3048:
3023:
3014:
3005:
3003:Empire Stadium
2996:
2983:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2816:Teatro Fru Fru
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2723:Transportation
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2668:Avenida Juárez
2665:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2616:Tlaxcala House
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
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1221:. 6 July 2017
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3201:North Sydney
3144:Santa Monica
3083:
2786:Barrio Chino
2230:Templo Mayor
2177:
2109:
2099:
2091:
2086:
2074:. Retrieved
2070:the original
2065:
2056:
2044:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2035:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2009:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1977:
1967:18 September
1965:. Retrieved
1962:El Universal
1961:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1892:
1882:27 September
1880:. Retrieved
1874:
1864:
1855:
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1833:the original
1823:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1775:
1766:
1741:
1735:
1723:. Retrieved
1719:the original
1709:
1700:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1672:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1644:
1643:"Also ran".
1638:
1629:
1604:
1577:. Retrieved
1572:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1537:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1491:
1482:
1474:
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1437:
1431:
1421:19 September
1419:. Retrieved
1410:
1402:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1371:
1366:
1347:
1341:
1329:. Retrieved
1319:
1310:
1252:
1223:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1185:
1130:
1128:
1113:
1111:
1099:Josh Gabriel
1092:
1085:trance music
1082:
1071:
1065:
1054:
1037:Donald Trump
1033:Roger Waters
1026:
992:
985:
981:
954:
934:
923:
918:
888:
841:
829:
823:
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807:21st century
794:
786:
782:
780:
761:
755:
752:
741:20th century
732:
723:
709:
684:
673:
656:Neoclassical
652:Manuel Tolsá
641:
633:Manuel Tolsá
625:
616:
613:Independence
611:until after
586:
574:
563:
559:
536:
533:
529:Ayuntamiento
521:
510:
493:Templo Mayor
451:Tenochtitlan
442:The current
441:
422:Tenochtitlan
390:Moctezuma II
382:Tenochtitlan
371:
347:Templo Mayor
335:Pre-conquest
289:Mexican flag
285:Templo Mayor
262:
234:
229:
209:
206:independence
201:
189:
185:
182:Tenochtitlan
156:
155:
51:
3412:Campo Marte
3385:Mexico City
3313:BMO Stadium
3140:Los Angeles
3119:Grand Arena
2550:Borda House
1579:24 February
1553:24 November
1107:San Leandro
1078:the station
995:Café Tacuba
968:and artist
899:Vicente Fox
801:Mexico City
774:run in the
753:During the
735:Art Nouveau
716:candelabras
658:pedestals.
259:Description
226:Guadalajara
174:Mexico City
172:in central
170:main square
121:Mexico City
104: /
3546:Categories
3317:Grand Park
3287:Odori Park
3274:Sambódromo
3055:Fuchu City
2714:Tlaxcoaque
1309:"Zócalo".
1161:References
1045:Pink Floyd
1001:superstar
919:acarreados
907:Guanajuato
687:Santa Anna
637:balustrade
462:Iztapalapa
328:See also:
212:(meaning "
89:19°25′58″N
2076:2 October
2046:1 October
2016:1 October
1990:31 August
1903:31 August
1856:USA Today
1839:30 August
1782:1 October
1758:144173268
1744:: 17–22.
1725:31 August
1701:USA Today
1684:31 August
1331:8 January
1097:, which,
1087:producer
1073:Babylon 5
999:Colombian
966:Barcelona
849:Zapatista
730:in 1891.
710:In 1878,
691:ash trees
601:Coatlicue
556:, England
413:Moctezuma
406:Ahuitzotl
398:Axayacatl
343:Model of
249:Holy Week
92:99°7′59″W
3110:Montreal
3071:Shinjuku
1609:Archived
1525:Americas
1143:See also
1137:Chlorine
772:marathon
570:galleons
513:invasion
500:teocalli
476:jousting
470:Tlacopan
429:teocalli
245:viceroys
117:Location
3379:of the
3243:Beijing
2656:Streets
2543:Palaces
2427:Museums
1742:Dissent
1219:El País
1115:Spectre
1094:Shivers
1070:series
1047:years.
1028:Believe
1003:Shakira
930:La Raza
857:Chiapan
851:leader
831:Spectre
728:asphalt
538:desagüe
458:Tepeyac
368:station
324:History
315:to the
241:Mexican
3522:Zócalo
3377:Venues
3270:Pontal
3170:Mataró
3123:Moscow
3084:Zócalo
2178:Zócalo
2110:Quartz
1756:
1573:MXCITY
1444:
1354:
1259:
1225:6 July
1197:
1135:song "
1083:Dutch
1068:sci-fi
958:concha
479:lances
445:Zócalo
436:Zócalo
375:Zócalo
354:Zócalo
230:zócalo
224:, and
222:Mérida
218:Oaxaca
214:plinth
210:zócalo
202:Zócalo
157:Zócalo
55:Zócalo
3157:Seoul
2779:Other
1754:S2CID
1101:, of
873:PEMEX
418:Aztec
237:Aztec
3322:2032
3305:2028
3292:2024
3279:2020
3262:2016
3249:2012
3231:2008
3210:2004
3197:2000
3176:1996
3162:1992
3149:1988
3128:1984
3115:1980
3098:1976
3089:1972
3076:1968
3051:1964
3026:1960
3017:1956
3008:1952
2999:1948
2986:1936
2973:1932
2964:1928
2955:1924
2946:1920
2937:1912
2928:1908
2919:1904
2910:1900
2877:1896
2078:2016
2048:2016
2018:2016
1992:2008
1969:2008
1945:: 8.
1920:Time
1905:2008
1884:2008
1841:2008
1784:2016
1727:2008
1686:2008
1581:2021
1555:2009
1442:ISBN
1423:2008
1352:ISBN
1333:2009
1257:ISBN
1227:2017
1195:ISBN
1066:The
1063:.
1039:and
351:and
251:and
150:1524
142:1523
134:1521
125:City
1943:374
1811:doi
1746:doi
1664:101
1011:BMX
972:'s
631:by
3548::
3328:,
3324::
3315:,
3311:,
3307::
3298:,
3294::
3285:,
3281::
3272:,
3268:,
3264::
3255:,
3251::
3237:,
3233::
3224:,
3220:,
3216:,
3212::
3203:,
3164::
3151::
3134:,
3130::
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