Constitution of Mexico

1554:, a strong supporter of Carranza, requested the convention to consider extending the vote to women for representatives for the lower house of the legislature. The request was conveyed to a committee. Article 35 specifying the rights and privileges of Mexican citizens could have been extended to include full rights for women, but the committee went out of its way to explicitly deny women those rights. Carranza was an advocate of women's rights as was his advisor and delegate to the congress, Palavicini. Palavicini questioned the committee chair for not including women's suffrage, but the chair deflected, saying the committee did not take the question of women's suffrage into consideration. In fact, the committee had stated explicitly why they did not extend women the vote. "women ... do not feel the need to participate in public affairs, as is shown by the lack of all organized movement toward that end; ... political rights are not based on the nature of the human being but on the regulatory functions of the State, on the functions that it must exercise in order to maintain the coexistence of natural rights of all; under the conditions in which Mexican society finds itself, the granting of the vote to women is considered unnecessary." Those opposing women's suffrage thought that women were under the influence of the Catholic Church, so enfranchising them would give power to the Church, but this opinion was not explicitly found in the records of the debate. Women would not achieve the vote in Mexico until 1953. 1462:, dealing with education, was highly contentious. Carranza's draft of Article 3 reads "There is to be full liberty of instruction, but that given in official educational establishments will be secular, and the instruction imparted by these institutions will be free at both the upper and lower levels." Francisco Múgica proposed a much more strongly worded alternative. "There will be liberty of instruction; but that given in official establishments of education will be secular, as will be the upper and lower primary instruction given in private schools. No religious corporation, ministry of any cult, or any person belonging to a similar association may establish or direct schools of primary instruction, nor give instruction in any school . Private primary schools may be established only subject to the supervision of the Government. Primary instruction will be obligatory for all Mexicans, and in official establishments it will be free." 1563:

Although Mexican delegates did not think enforcement would be easy, it was argued by proponents that enshrining it in the constitution would give prohibition due respect. It was considered in the draft of Article 4, but resoundingly defeated by delegates 145–7. Article 123 dealing with labor, prohibited sale of alcoholic beverages and the establishment of gambling houses in workers' centers, so further debates on prohibition had a chance of passage. Arguments for prohibition were voiced over the loss of revenues that taxing taverns and drink brought in, its contribution to criminality, and undermining public health. In the end, prohibition of alcohol generally was not incorporated into the constitution. Delegate General Múgica made an all-out effort to include the ban, but realized it would not pass. An attempt to prohibit bullfighting was given short shrift, considered a Mexican cultural celebration.

1267: 1603:. Requiring landowners to make all their land productive, and if left idle, subject to government expropriation; the granting of a fixed amount of land to anyone who asks for it, provided they bring it into production and not sell it. Points in the PLM's call for improvement in education were also incorporated, such as completely secular education, compulsory attendance up until age 14, and the establishment of trade schools. Not surprisingly, the PLM also called for restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church, which were incorporated in the constitution. These included treating religious institutions as businesses and required to pay taxes; nationalization of religious institutions' real property; and the elimination of religious-run schools. 2051: 1483:

Constitutionalist faction. The anticlericalism of the Constitutionalists was a part of their aim to build a strong nation-state. "elegates viewed the church as a political enemy to the establishment of a liberal, secular nation-state...The church seemed to be viewed by most of the delegates as a foreign body that worked against the development of a progressive and independent nation." Rather than anticlericalism being a religious stance, in this interpretation "the militant anti-church stance of the congress was another expression of nationalism." But the Catholic Church had strongly supported the Huerta regime, so that the anticlerical articles in the Constitution are the negative consequences of that.

2493:"In the case of an invasion, a serious disrupt of public peace or any event that puts society in danger or conflict, only the President of the United Mexican States, in accordance with the Secretaries of State and the General Attorney of the Republic, and with approval of the Congress of the Union and, on its recesses, the Permanent Commission, may suspend in all the country or in a specific place any guarantee which were an obstacle to face quickly and easily the situation; but the president shall only do it for a limited time. If the suspension had place when the Congress is gathered, then the Congress will grant any authorization that it deems necessary for the Executive to face the situation." 968: 46: 5661: 1572: 2595:, the right to strike, the right to a day's rest per week, and the right to a proper indemnification following unjustified termination of the working relationship by the employer. This article also established equality regardless of race or gender. The language of the draft passed in 1917 restricted the employment of women in dangerous industries or in work after 10 p.m.; there were provisions for prenatal relief from onerous work three months before birth and one month following birth, as well as provisions to allow mothers to nurse their babies. 1176: 1275: 2211:"Everyone has the right to enter the Republic, exit it, travel through its territory, and change his residence without the need of a security card, passport, or any similar device. The exercise of this right will be subordinated to the faculties of judicial authority, in the cases of criminal or civil responsibility, and to the limits of the administrative authorities, on the limits imposed by laws on emigration, immigration, and health safety laws in the Republic, or over foreigners residing in our country." 1944:. Nonetheless, the Mexican government began moves to normalize diplomatic relations with the Vatican. The pope's second 1990 trip in May put increased pressure on the Mexican government to take steps toward normalization, particularly after the Vatican and the Soviet Union did so that year. Although Salinas planned a trip to the Vatican in 1991, the Catholic hierarchy in Mexico did not want normalization of relations with the Vatican without discussion of significant changes to the constitution. 1471:

the content of the debates is that for Constitutionalists anticlericalism was a nationalist rather than religious issue. The Roman Catholic Church as an institution was seen to be antiliberal and antinationalist, so that "the Catholic Church was an enemy of Mexican sovereignty and an obstacle to the triumph of liberalism and progress." From this ideological viewpoint, the implementation of the Catholic Church's agenda "was exercised through its control of education, oral confession, etc."

1400:) was sharp even before the congress actually opened. The most bitter fight was over the seating of Palavicini, which was finally settled in a closed session. Carranza's foreign minister and son-in-law, revolutionary General Cándido Aguilar, brought the matter to conclusion by saying that the Constituent Congress was losing time with the debate of Palavincini, while Villa remained strong in Chihuahua and the United States might intervene in Mexico to oppose the new constitution. 254: 2114:

growth of our culture; and it shall contribute to better human relationships, not only with the elements which it contributes toward strengthening and at the same time inculcating, together with respect for the dignity of the person and the integrity of the family, the conviction of the general interest of society, but also by the care which it devotes to the ideals of brotherhood and equality of rights of all men, avoiding privileges of race, creed, class, sex, or persons.

1635:, political nationalism, protection of workers' rights, and acknowledgment of peasants' rights to land. In the assessment of E.V. Niemeyer, "In contrast with the reformers of 1857, who first wrote a constitution and then defended it liberal principles on the battlefield, the early twentieth-century revolutionaries fought first and then wrote a new constitution of the land, the Constitution of 1917. In a real sense this document legalized the Mexican Revolution." 1778: 1431:) passed easily. Although the Constituent Congress has been characterized as a polarized battle of "moderate" and "radical" delegates, Carranza's advisers expected his draft to be revised. In the words of one scholar it was "mauled." The drafting of the two most revolutionary articles was by a small committee and the congress voted unanimously in favor within hours of their presentation. Pastor Rouaix was the guiding hand behind the final versions of both 1258:

Since the multiple major revolutionary reforms were not part of the 1857 Constitution, adding them would entail further complexity. A new constitution drafted by elected delegates would give legitimacy to the new charter, arguing for a constituent congress. Although there was some resistance to the idea, the revolutionaries recognized the "right of revolution", that having won the conflict, the victors could have their way in creating the new document.

218: 2623: 741: 1865: 2517:"Mexicans shall have priority over foreigners under equality of circumstances for all classes of concessions and for all employment, positions, or commissions of the Government in which the status of citizenship is not indispensable." Foreigners, immigrants, and even naturalized citizens of Mexico may not serve as military officers, Mexican-flagged ship and airline crew, or chiefs of seaports and airports. 1380:'s regime (February 1913-July 1914). Although some had voted to accept Madero's forced resignation from the presidency, in a failed move to save his life, this group had blocked Huerta's moves in the legislature to the point that in October 1913 Huerta dissolved congress and ruled as a dictator. Some congressmen fled Mexico, others were jailed by Huerta. With the Constitutionalist victory, some 2042:: Every person has the right to adequate food to maintain his or her wellbeing and physical, emotional and intellectual development. The State must guarantee this right." For Article 27, Clause XX, the revision is "Sustainable and integral rural development (...) will also have among its objectives that the State guarantee sufficient and timely supply of basic foods as established by law." 2393:"Every man is free to pursue the religious belief that best suits him, and to practice its ceremonies, devotions or cults, as long as they do not constitute a crime. Congress cannot dictate laws that establish or abolish any given religion. Ordinarily, all religious acts will be practiced in temples, and those that extraordinarily are practiced outside temples must adhere to law." 1213:. The revolutionaries fought for causes that were beyond the political bounds of the 1857 Constitution. Various political plans articulated demands for socio-economic reform. Carranza's Constitutionalist faction emerged victorious in 1915, having defeated Huerta's regime and then the bloody civil war between the revolutionary faction of 1880:(1988–1994) announced a program to "modernize" Mexico via structural transformation. "The modern state is a state which ... maintains transparency and updates its relation with political parties, entrepreneurial groups, and the church." His declaration was more an articulation of the direction of change, but not list of specifics. 1388:, Félix F. Palavicini, and Luis Manuel Rojas, were now ready to serve in the Constituent Congress to draft the new constitution. There was opposition to them from other Carrancistas for their history of serving in the Huerta regime and those opponents attempted to block their being seated as delegates. Carranza supported the 2525:"The Federal Executive shall have the exclusive power to compel any foreigner whose remaining he may deem inexpedient to abandon the national territory immediately and without the necessity of previous legal action." It also states: "Foreigners may not in any way participate in the political affairs of the country." 1392:, saying he had instructed them to continue serving in Congress during the Huerta regime as a way to gather information about the regime and to block its attempts to act constitutionally. At the Constituent Congress, there were bitter fights over the seating of particular delegates, so that the division between the 1233:

but had not pursued the idea in the thick of revolutionary struggle, but once he had consolidated power, he formally and publicly articulated the idea. Writing in February 1915, he stated "When peace is established, I shall convoke a Congress duly elected by all people which shall have the character of a

2376:

Confiscation of assets does not include the application of said assets to pay for civil responsibilities caused by a crime, or when used to pay taxes or other fines. Nor will it be confiscation when said assets are part of illegal activities, or when they are related to organized crime, or when proof

2135:

The Congress of the Union, with a view to unifying and coordinating education throughout the Republic, shall issue the necessary laws for dividing the social function of education among the Federation, the States and the Municipalities, for fixing the appropriate financial allocations for this public

1966:

The constitution still does not accord full religious freedom as recognized by the various human rights declarations and conventions. Specifically, outdoor worship is still prohibited and only allowed in exceptional circumstances, generally requiring government permission, religious organizations are

1947:

An even more significant change came in Salinas's official state of the nation address in November 1991. He stated that "the moment has come to promote new judicial proceedings for the churches," which were impelled by the need "to reconcile the definitive secularization of our society with effective

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The Constitution is a living document, which has been amended a number of times. As with the earlier Constitutions, the enforcement of Constitution of 1917 has varied over the years. The Constitution of 1857 had strong anticlerical articles, but under Díaz the Catholic Church had regained much of its

1611:

This constitution is the first one in world history to set out social rights, serving as a model for the Weimar Constitution of 1919 and the Russian Constitution of 1918. Articles: 3, 27, and 123 displayed profound changes in Mexican political philosophy that would help frame the political and social

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to granting such a beneficial interest is that the foreigner agree that all matters relating to such land are the exclusive domain of Mexican courts and Mexican jurisdiction, and that in all issues pertaining to such land, the foreigner will conduct him or herself as a Mexican, and settle any issues

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for imprisonable charges. Separate crimes discovered during an investigation must be charged separately. Mistreatment during detention by authorities, all discomforts that are inflicted without legal motive, and all fees or contributions (forced bribes) in jails are abuses that will be prohibited by

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Disallows international treaties for extradition when the person to be extradited is politically persecuted, or accused while having the condition of slave, or when the foreign country contravenes the civil rights granted in the Mexican constitution (like the right to life and the abolishment of the

2125:

Religious corporations, ministers of religion, stock companies which exclusively or predominantly engage in educational activities, and associations or companies devoted to the propagation of any religious creed shall not in any way participate in institutions giving elementary, secondary and normal

2100:

The education imparted by the Federal State shall be designed to develop harmoniously all the faculties of the human being and shall foster in him at the same time a love of country and a consciousness of international solidarity, in independence and justice. Said education must be free of bias. (As

2091:

The Mexican nation is unique and indivisible. The nation is pluricultural based originally on its indigenous people which are those that are descendants of the people that lived in the current territory of the country at the beginning of the colonization and that preserve their own social, economic,

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of the Revolution, not the lawyers, who were there, but were generally the opposition. On all the crucial issues the lawyers voted against the majority of the Convention. The majority was in the hands of the soldiers -- generals, colonels, majors -- men who had marched and counter-marched across the

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had already brought together victorious revolutionary factions, including Constitutionalists, Zapatistas, and Villistas, but discussions there did not center on anticlericalism. However, the 1916–1917 constitutional congress had lengthy and heated debates over anticlericalism. A contention that fits

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and its subsequent updates did not include demands for a new constitution, but his advisors persuaded him that the best way forward was a new constitution rather than a piecemeal revision of the earlier Constitution. He had initially floated the idea of a constitutional convention in September 1913,

2172:

This article states that no law or authority can "previously" censor the press, or ask for a bail to the authors or printers. The freedom of the press has its limits in respect to private life, morality, and public peace. Incarceration or censorship cannot occur before charges of "press crimes" can

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Palavicini argued that incorporating revolutionary reforms into a new constitution would give them firm standing in the present and future that could be overturned easily. Once a new legislature was convened, legislators could more effect reforms efficiently since they were part of the constitution

2113:

It shall be national insofar as – without hostility or exclusiveness – it shall achieve the understanding of our problems, the utilization of our resources, the defense of our political independence, the assurance of our economic independence, and the continuity and

1997:

In 2009, it was reported that changes to the ejidal system have largely failed to improve ejidal productivity. The changes have been implicated as significant contributing factors to worsening rural poverty, forced migration, and the conversion of Mexico, where the cultivation of maize originated,

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religious freedom." The government proposed changes to the constitution to "respect freedom of religion," but reaffirmed the separation of Church and State, keeping in place secular public education, as well as restrictions on clerics' political participation in civic life and wealth accumulation.

1707:

that allowed ejidos to be converted to private property and sold were designed to create a market in real estate and allow for the creation of larger, more productive agricultural enterprises. Women were seen to be more vulnerable economically with this change since they were a small proportion of

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was revised to restrict the rights of peasant women to hold ejidos in their own name, unless they were "the sole support of the family unit." Female holders of ejidos lost their ejido rights if they married another ejidatario. "Essentially, land was viewed as a family resource, with only one ejido

1413:

discussions," and that "no one should lose sight of the profound change taking place in our fundamental institutions." There is evidence that the "people of Mexico City were cynical: they expected the congress to rubber stamp the draft presented to it by Carranza." Delegates read Carranza's draft,

1408:

Carranza himself submitted a full draft revision of the constitution on 1 December 1916, but the proposed revisions "reflected little of the turmoil that had been going on for the past four years. It was indeed simply a rewording and reorganization of the Constitution of 1857." Carranza's advisers

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The membership of the Congress was not representative of all regions, classes, or political stripes in Mexico. The 220 delegates were all Carrancistas, since the Constitutionalist faction had been victorious militarily; but that did not mean they were of one mind. Most delegates were middle class,

1257:

when president for more than three decades made the legislature and the courts subordinate to his executive power while the Constitution of 1857 remained in effect in theory, but not in practice. Palavicini argued that the process of amending the constitution would be time-consuming and piecemeal.

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is illegal in Mexico; any slaves from abroad who enter national territory will, by this mere act, be freed and given the full protection of the law. All types of discrimination whether it be for ethnic origin, national origin, gender, age, different capacities, social condition, health condition,

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in 1867. Another view is that Mexico City was too conservative and Carranza chose the provincial capital of Querétaro because it was a quiet, peaceful place for such an important meeting. The congress formally opened in November 1916, with delegate elections and then a credentials fight preceding

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now mandated socialist education, which "in addition to removing all religious doctrine" was to "combat fanaticism and prejudices", "build in the youth a rational and exact concept of the universe and of social life". In 1946 socialist education was formally removed from the constitution and the

1562:

Delegates debated social reforms of popular practices deemed as detrimental to the public health of Mexicans. Prohibition of the manufacture and consumption of alcohol had been included as an amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, repealed in 1933 as a failure, but the idea was in the air.

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restricted the Catholic Church as a consequence of the support given by the Mexican Church's hierarchy to Victoriano Huerta's dictatorship, It has been argued that the Revolution did not begin in 1910 with anticlericalism as a significant issue, but emerged as one only after the victory of the

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backing the progressive faction, although indirectly. "Of the members of the high command, it was Obregón who best understood that military victory had to be consolidated through major concessions to crucial revolutionary forces." Historian of the Querétaro convention, E.V. Niemeyer, compiled a

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Foreign nationals cannot own land within 100 km of the borders or 50 km of the coast; however, foreigners can have a beneficial interest in such land through a trust (fideicomiso), where the legal ownership of the land is held by a Mexican financial institution. The only precondition

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as originally enacted in 1917 were anticlerical and restricted the role of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, as well as other organized churches. Although it has been argued that these restrictions were included in part due to a desire by anticlerical framers to punish the Mexican Church's

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Article 123 was perhaps the most radical of the provisions of the 1917 Constitution and was intended to give the working class a relief to the many abuses and hardships they had previously faced from uncontrolled labour managers. Although Venustiano Carranza had not intended to codify labour

2117:

Private persons may engage in education of all kinds and grades. But as regards elementary, secondary, and normal education (and that of any kind or grade designed for laborers and farm workers) they must previously obtain, in every case, the express authorization of the public power. Such

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cultural, political institutions. The awareness of their indigenous identity should be fundamental criteria to determine to whom the dispositions over indigenous tribes are applied. They are integral communities of an indigenous tribe that form a social, economic and cultural organization.

2401:

The State will plan, determine, and carry out the development of the Nation, so that it guarantees its integrity, strengthens national sovereignty, and allows for a broader exercise of freedom and dignity of the individuals through an economic growth that distributes wealth with justice.

1739:

likewise prohibited ministers or religious groups from aiding the poor, engaging in scientific research, and spreading their teachings. The constitution prohibited churches to own property and transferred all church property to the state, thus making all houses of worship state property.

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Inhabitants of the Republic may, for their protection, own guns and arms in their homes. Only arms approved by the Army may be owned, and federal law will state the manner in which they can be used. (Firearms are prohibited from importation into the Republic without proper licensing and

1935:

The Vatican likely sensed a sea-change in the Mexican ruling party's stance on anticlericalism. In 1990, John Paul II visited Mexico, his first since 1979 for the Puebla conference of Latin American bishops. After the announcement of his intentions, the Mexican Minister of the Interior

1511:

Republic and fought its battles... The soldiers wanted, as General Múgica said to me, to socialize property. But they were frightened -- afraid of their own courage, of their own ideas. They found all of the learned men in the Convention opposed to them. Article 27 was a compromise.

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Private institutions devoted to education of the kinds and grades specified in the preceding section must be without exception in conformity with the provisions of sections I and II of the first paragraph of this article and must also be in harmony with official plans and programs.

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required that education, in both public and private schools be completely secular and free of any religious instruction and prohibited religions from participating in education – essentially outlawing Catholic schools or even religious education in private schools.

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factions from this congress; however, the demands, and political pressure, of these factions pushed the delegates to adopt social demands not originally in Carranza's plan –i.e. articles 27 and 123 that spoke to the demands of peasants and workers who had fought for their rights.

1356:, Carranza's son-in-law. The predominantly civilian composition of the Constituent Congress was in contrast with the place of real power in revolutionary Mexico, which was in the military. Most senior generals did not participate directly in the congress. An exception was 1361:

roster of delegates, with the names of delegates and information on the age, state from which delegates were elected, and their occupation, profession, or military rank. Villa's home state of Chihuahua had only one delegate., while Morelos, Zapata's home state, had two.

1883:

The implementation of reforms entailed amending the constitution, which required overcoming opposition on the Left as well as in the Catholic Church itself. After considerable debate, the Mexican legislature voted for these fundamental revisions in Church-State policy.

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arising from their interest in such land exclusively through Mexican courts and institutions. The stipulated consequence of a failure to abide by these terms is forfeiture to the nation of their interests in all lands where the foreigner has such beneficial interests.

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persuaded Carranza that a new constitution was the best way to return to rule of law, through a new governing document. Carranza agreed, allowing Palavicini to launch a press campaign to win over Mexicans, and especially the revolutionary army generals, to the idea.

1923:

who saw anticlericalism as an inherent element of post-Revolution Mexico. It was clear that given the contested nature of the 1988 elections that Salinas could not expect to operate with a mandate for his program. However, the debate was now open. Leftists led by

1899:

which empowered the State over fundamental aspects of property ownership and resulted in expropriation and distribution of lands, while limiting the right to sell communally-held ejido lands, and most famously in 1938, the expropriation of foreign oil companies.

2533:

National sovereignty is bestowed essentially and originally upon the people. Every public power derives from the people and is instituted for their benefit. The people possess, at all times, the inalienable right to alter or change their form of government.

3864:, Dirk Raat, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1982. Cockcroft translated the PLM program and indicated which parts were incorporated into the constitution and which went further than the constitution. Page numbers here are to the reprint in Raat. 2363:

Crime investigation corresponds to the Public Ministry and different police corps, which will be under the command of whoever is in the exercise of that function. This article proceeds to explain the functions of the Public Ministry, police, and trials.

1282:

Carranza convoked a congress specifically to revise the liberal constitution of 1857, but the process created a more sweeping, new document. The Constitution was drafted in Querétaro, not the capital. Carranza chose the site because it was where Emperor

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denied churches any kind of legal status and allowed local legislators to limit the number of ministers, (essentially giving the state the ability to restrict religious institutions) and banned any ministers not born in Mexico. It denied ministers

2181:

Public functionaries and employees will respect the public exercise to their right to petition, as long as it is formulated in writing, in a peaceful and respectful manner. In political petitioning, only citizens of the republic have this right.

5782: 1495:, which enabled the government to implement land reform and exert control over its subsoil resources, particularly oil. Article 27 states in particular that foreign citizens cannot own land at the borders or coasts as a consequence of the 2611:" and places a series of restrictions on priests and ministers of all religions (ineligible to hold public office, to campaign on behalf of political parties or candidates, to inherit from persons other than close blood relatives, etc.). 2333:

Mandates gender segregation of inmates and separation of those held for trial from those who have been convicted. Limits the government's authority to arrest only those suspected of crimes for which imprisonment is an allowed punishment.

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There were significant debates on the anticlerical articles of the constitution. The liberal Constitution of 1857 already restricted the Roman Catholic Church as an institution, but the constitutional revision went even further. The 1914

2464:

The areas of the economy in direct control of the government, such as post, telegraph, oil and its derivatives, basic petrochemical industries, radioactive minerals, and the generation of electricity are not considered to be monopolies.

2074:

This article states that every individual in Mexico (official name, Estados Unidos Mexicanos or United Mexican States) has the rights that the Constitution gives. These rights cannot be denied and they cannot be suspended.

1422:

The most highly contentious discussions were over the articles dealing with education and with the Roman Catholic Church, while the more "revolutionary" articles on the state's power to expropriate and distribute resources

1963:(Religious Associations Act), passed 408–10. The leftist Partido Revolucionario Democrático struggled with whether to support this significant change to Mexico's anticlericalism, but most PRD legislators did in the end. 2418:

The property of all land and water within national territory is originally owned by the Nation, who has the right to transfer this ownership to particulars. Hence, private property is a privilege created by the Nation.

5762: 5625: 1911:

The Church had contested all these restrictions from the beginning. With the possibility of changed relations between Church and State, "the main demand of the Catholic hierarchy was centered on the modification of

1967:

not permitted to own print or electronic media outlets, government permission is required to broadcast religious ceremonies, and ministers are prohibited from being political candidates or holding public office.

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is prohibited. This article makes provisions relating to arrest and imprisonment. The article's emphasis on "social readjustment of the offender" was interpreted for a time after 2001 as forbidding sentences of

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not workers or peasants. Middle class professionals predominated, with lawyers, teachers, engineers, doctors, and journalists. A small but significant group of delegates were revolutionary generals, including

854:. Some of the most important provisions are Articles 3, 27, and 123; adopted in response to the armed insurrection of popular classes during the Mexican Revolution, these articles display profound changes in 4214:

Secretaria de Gobernación, Diario Official, "Decreto por el que se reforman los. Artículos 3, 5, 24, 130 y se adiciona el art. 17 Transitorio de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos," 28 January

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service and for establishing the penalties applicable to officials who do not comply with or enforce the pertinent provisions, as well as the penalties applicable to all those who infringe such provisions.

2372:

Cruel and unusual punishment is prohibited. Specifically, penalties of death, mutilation, infamy, marks, physical punishments, torments, excessive fines, confiscation of assets, and others are abolished.

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It shall be democratic, considering democracy not only as a legal structure and a political regimen, but as a system of life founded on a constant economic, social, and cultural betterment of the people;

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were revised to guarantee the right of food In Mexico. "he State has an obligation to guarantee the right ... and to assure sufficient supply of basic foods through integral and sustainable development

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The congress debated extending the vote to Mexican women. There were very active women's suffrage movements in the U.S. and Britain. While not as strong in Mexico, there were activists for the cause.

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that helped frame the political and social backdrop for Mexico in the twentieth century. Article 3 established the basis for free, mandatory, and secular education; Article 27 laid the foundation for

1856:

and other religious celebrations during his 1980 and 1990 visits illegal acts, the government turned a blind eye. The anticlerical articles remained in the Constitution until the reforms of 1992.

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education and education for laborers or field workers. The State may in its discretion withdraw at any time the recognition of official validity of studies conducted in private institutions.

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A major victory for organized labor was the enshrining of labor rights in the Constitution. Labor had played an important role in the Constitutionalist victory, and this was its reward in

1908:

prevented the recognition of the Church as a legal entity, denied to clergy the exercise of political rights, and prevented the Church from participating in any way in political matters.

2164:

This article establishes freedom for the expression of ideas with limitations for speech that is morally offensive, infringes on others' rights, or encourages crime or public disorder.

2080:

religion, opinions, sexual preferences, or civil state or any other which attacks human dignity and has as an objective to destroy the rights and liberties of the people are forbidden.

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The main ideas or an abstract of the current contents of the articles of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is as follows. Not all articles are presented. (See the

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ejidatarios. In practice, in one 2002 study of four different site, despite the change in the law, women (mothers and widows) retained considerable economic status within the family.

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and the 1857 Constitution over a lengthy period, the Constituent Congress produced the final draft in a matter of a few months, between November 1916 and February 1917. According to

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Constitution, the hypothetical contents of which could be later reviewed, rewritten and ignored (all of which happened)." Another factor may have been that the forces of General

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Nuclear fuel may only be exploited and used by the State. The use of Nuclear elements in the Nation may only have peaceful purposes (i.e. Mexico cannot build nuclear weapons).

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incorporated its demands for the 8-hour day, minimum wage, hygienic working conditions, prohibitions on abuse of sharecroppers, payment of wages in cash, not scrip, banning of

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acting as mediator between the Mexican government and the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church, the end of the violent conflict did not result in constitutional changes.

1303:, the immediacy with which the document was drafted and Carranza's acceptance of some radical provisions "suggests that what Carranza and his colleagues chiefly wanted was 5742: 5737: 5732: 1664:

The constitution was amended in 1926 to allow presidential re-elections as long as the president did not serve consecutive terms. This amendment allowed former president

1335:. Carranza was pressured to amnesty those who had been hostile as well as allow those who had gone into exile to return to Mexico, but he refused. Carranza excluded the 1253:

already. The Constitution of 1857 had subordinated the executive branch to the legislative, in an attempt to curtail the power of strong presidents. The liberal general

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was a fierce anticlerical. When he became president of Mexico in 1924, he began enforcing the constitutional restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the

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will not be considered to be monopolies when their purpose is the economic equality of the industry, as long as the guild is overseen by the Federal Government.

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II. The educational services shall be based on scientific progress and shall fight against ignorance, ignorance's effects, servitudes, fanaticism and prejudice.

1916:" to recognize the Church as a legal entity, restore political rights to priests, and to end restrictions "on the social actions of the Church and its members." 3121: 2104:

I. According to the religious liberties established under article 24, educational services shall be secular and, therefore, free of any religious orientation.

1639:

economic power, since he did not enforce the constitutional provisions. The anticlerical articles of the 1917 Constitution were not enforced vigorously until

4537: 1928:

opposed any change in the anticlerical articles of the constitution, since they were seen as the foundation for the power of the secular state. However, the

4520:(translation by Carlos Pérez Vázques) of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States (2005 edition by the Institute of Juridical Research, UNAM) 1238: 862:; and Article 123 was designed to empower the labor sector, which had emerged in the late nineteenth century and which supported the winning faction of the 2903: 2719: 2308:

justice, all civil and criminal disputes must be resolved before courts. Mandates speedy trials in both civil and criminal matters. Prohibits levying of "

1278:

The new constitution was approved on 5 February 1917. This photo shows the Constituent Congress of 1917 swearing fealty to the newly created Constitution.

4705: 3950: 3680: 1376:", who had been elected in 1912 to the Mexican legislature during Madero's presidency. Some considered them tainted for their continuing to serve during 1327:

Delegates to the congress were to be elected, with one per jurisdiction that had existed in 1912, when congressional elections had been held during the

1832:

The constitution was made even more anticlerical from 1934 to 1946, when an amendment mandating socialist education was in effect. On 13 December 1934

4302: 1228:

Carranza initially envisioned revisions to the 1857 Constitution that would incorporate the demands for which revolutionaries fought. Carranza's 1913

5260: 2385:

No trial should have more than three instances. No one can be judged twice for the same crime, whether the person is declared guilty or non-guilty.

2156:

All Citizens of the United Mexican States are free to work in the profession of their choosing, as long as it does not attack the rights of others.

1369:, states the Constituent Congress contained 85 conservatives and centrists close to Carranza's brand of liberalism, and 132 more radical delegates. 5792: 2199:

documentation. Foreigners may not pass the border with unlicensed firearms; the commission of such act is a felony, punishable by prison term. See

4029: 1687:

was to empower the government to expropriate property for the good of the nation. This tool was used to break up large landed estates and created

2267:, punishments must follow what is dictated by written law. Note that due process under Mexican law is not the same as US law as Mexico is not a 4359: 3928: 2985:

Mexico and the 1981 United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief

2428:

The State will always have the right to impose on private property constraints dictated by "public interest". The State will also regulate the

1822: 2435:

All natural resources in national territory are property of the nation, and private exploitation may only be carried out through concessions.

2173:

be proven, but it can happen when responsibility has been judicially established. In no case shall printers be seized as crimes' instruments.

2432:

based on social benefits and the equal distribution of wealth. The state is also responsible for conservation and ecological considerations.

1814:

of the Church and of the faithful" and that both he and his predecessor had endeavored to avoid their application by the Mexican government.

452: 1319:

contends "revealed the still-hot embers of peasant war and mass discontent with the whole reactionary policy followed by Carranza in 1916."

5787: 4869: 4080: 778: 4247: 5127: 3086: 2292:, any person may arrest the offender and his accomplices, turning them over without delay to the nearest authorities." In other words, a 1848:

The inconsistency in enforcement meant that even though the constitution prohibited any worship outside of a church building, which made

1668:

to run for the presidency in 1928, an election he won, but he was assassinated before taking office. The amendment was repealed in 1934.

5702: 4158:

Jorge A. Vargas, "Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters."

2775: 5223: 650: 413: 5470: 5455: 3059: 4415: 823:. It was approved by the Constituent Congress on 5 February 1917, and was later amended several times. It is the successor to the 4569: 2987: 5545: 5382: 5137: 5006: 2580: 914:), commemorating the promulgation of the Constitution on 5 February 1917. The holiday is held on the first Monday of February. 722: 490: 751: 230: 5615: 5270: 4471: 2827: 2785: 704: 700: 467: 4394: 4120: 4100: 3146: 1651:

with the U.S. and Canada. Anticlerical articles were amended as was Article 27 empowering the state over natural resources.

20: 5717: 4670: 4635: 3024: 1496: 1288: 1266: 687: 682: 559: 555: 1331:

presidency. Those who had been "hostile to the Constitutionalist Cause" were banned from participating, but voting was by

888:, there were significant revisions of the constitution, modifying Article 27 to strengthen private property rights, allow 5869: 5480: 5099: 4984: 1983: 1648: 911: 581: 24: 1959:(PAN). The enabling legislation was debated far more than the initial bill, but in July 1992, the enabling legislation, 896:

and end redistribution of land, and the articles restricting the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico were largely repealed.

5707: 5001: 4910: 4618: 4286: 2599:

protection in the constitution, congressmen who supported the working-class successfully pushed for it to be included.

1837:

document returned to the generalized secular education. In practice, however, socialist education ended with President

851: 657: 638: 599: 2144:

All people, men and women, are equal under the law. This article also grants all people protection to their health, a

1647:. In the 1990s, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari called for amending the Constitution as Mexico sought to join the 5640: 4832: 4720: 4660: 4496: 4413:

The Mexican Revolution and the United States in the Collections of the Library of Congress: The Constitution of 1917.

3772: 3716: 3674: 3644: 2941: 2755: 2713: 2429: 2318: 2118:

authorization may be refused or revoked by decisions against which there can be no judicial proceedings or recourse.

1920: 589: 550: 546: 542: 538: 4136:

Salinas, quoted in Roberto Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach."

5849: 5408: 4827: 4802: 4582: 3113: 3025:"Freedom of Religion and Public Worship in Mexico: A Legal Commentary on the 1992 Federal Act on Religious Matters" 2745: 2607:

States that church(es) and state are to remain separate. It provides for the obligatory state registration of all "

771: 430: 374: 364: 2817: 2453:

That an area of land at the coast (20 meters from the highest tide line) is federal property that cannot be sold.

2050: 1810:, stated that the anticlerical articles of the constitution were "seriously derogatory to the most elementary and 1311:

remained an active threat to the Constitutionalist regime. In December 1916, Villa captured the important city of

1243: 5325: 4920: 4859: 2656: 2148:, and rights for children. Everyone has a right to an appropriate ecosystem for their development & welfare. 1728:

enacted during the Liberal Reform in Mexico, already significantly curtailed the role of religious institutions.

1340: 614: 421: 281: 2897: 2010:

adopted a final decree amending the Constitution as approved by the majority of the Federated States, modifying

1587:'s (PLM) 1906 political program proposed a number of reforms that were incorporated into the 1917 Constitution. 5069: 4797: 4171:

Jorge A. Vargas, "Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995." 25

3706: 2703: 2646: 1956: 1929: 956: 619: 594: 3954: 3664: 5864: 5827: 5132: 5037: 4792: 4640: 2554: 1545: 533: 529: 525: 521: 4523: 5777: 5448: 5433: 5340: 5238: 5142: 5122: 4942: 4925: 4822: 4306: 2666: 1725: 1671:

The Constitution was amended in 1927 to extend the president's term for four years to six years. President

1467: 567: 443: 379: 323: 267: 126: 4517: 3634: 5884: 5879: 5747: 5555: 5047: 4947: 4874: 4608: 4562: 4331: 2468:

The State will protect areas of priority in the economy, such as satellite communications and railroads.

1853: 1675:

was the first to serve out a full six-year term, beginning in 1934 and stepping down from power in 1940.

1444: 1296: 764: 675: 624: 328: 3762: 3004:

Roberto Blancarte (1993). "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach".

5530: 5350: 5171: 5062: 5052: 4725: 4680: 4446:

E. Canales Serrano, "Diseño Institucional de la Junta de Conciliación y Arbitraje", (April, 2018), p.10

4025: 3913:

Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history, Don M. Coerver, Suzanne B. Pasztor, pg. 55

1770:(1920–1924) did not implement the anticlerical articles of the constitution, which was the stance that 1529: 1385: 1349: 1332: 979:) which are series of articles related to the same overall theme. The Titles, of variable length, are: 967: 498: 45: 5712: 5727: 5650: 5595: 5565: 5485: 5255: 4974: 4957: 4879: 4812: 2569: 1877: 1869: 941: 885: 870: 4366: 3924: 2055: 5630: 5605: 5580: 5540: 5525: 5495: 5157: 5152: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4786: 4777: 4655: 2636: 2232: 1925: 907: 662: 645: 609: 1794: 1782: 1640: 874: 808: 5894: 5859: 5645: 5585: 5550: 5505: 5441: 5228: 5089: 4817: 4625: 2543: 2471:

The Nation will have a Central Bank with the primary objective of procuring the stability of the

1979: 1584: 1576: 1300: 1222: 828: 712: 456: 318: 4685: 4236:"Ejidos, Land Sales, and Free Trade in Northwest Mexico: Will Globalization Affect the Commons?" 4077: 2931: 161:

Only in cases of permanent or absolute absence of the President, the General Congress elects an

5889: 5600: 5570: 5515: 5510: 5500: 5293: 5198: 5104: 5094: 4952: 4630: 4555: 4416:

https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/mexican-revolution-and-the-united-states/constitution-of-1917.html

4235: 3394: 2200: 2190:

Only citizens of the Republic of Mexico may take part in the political affairs of the country.

1859: 1748: 335: 289: 4066: 3074: 5874: 5687: 5575: 5520: 5365: 5218: 5208: 5084: 5032: 4962: 4915: 4854: 4675: 3731:

Roman, Richard, "Church-State Relations and the Mexican Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917."

1621: 1600: 1533: 859: 727: 405: 397: 294: 191: 3592:

Richard Roman, "Church-State Relations and the Mexican Constitutional Congress, 1916–1917".

2312:" and fees, judicial service is free to all parties. Courts are to be free and independent. 1774:

had taken with the anticlerical articles of the 1857 Constitution and the Catholic Church.

1186:

The Political Constitution of the United Mexican States is one of the major outcomes of the

1182:, leader of the victorious faction, convoked the elected body to draft the new constitution. 5854: 5610: 5535: 5377: 5213: 5188: 5183: 5074: 4979: 4613: 4598: 1838: 1672: 1632: 1284: 1199: 936: 931: 816: 604: 134: 4735: 2410:

The State will encourage the development of democracy which will support economic growth.

8: 5669: 5330: 5320: 5203: 5109: 4989: 4937: 4760: 4740: 3048:"Mexico's Legal Revolution: An Appraisal of Its Recent Constitutional Changes, 1988–1995" 2293: 1919:

The initial reaction to changing the constitution was quite negative from members of the

1763: 1665: 1414:

but did not accept the document that only made minor revisions to the 1857 Constitution.

1357: 1328: 1225:

contends that the new constitution was "a means to confer legitimacy on a shaky regime."

1195: 1191: 1179: 847: 511: 482: 356: 348: 139: 116: 3340:

Peter H. Smith, "La política dentro la revolución: el congreso constiyente de 1916–17."

3047: 1990:

also permit the privatization and the sale of ejidal land and was a direct cause of the

5360: 5335: 4898: 4884: 4700: 2875: 2701: 2661: 2608: 2313: 2228: 2015: 1904:

also prevented churches from holding real property at all. For the Catholic hierarchy,

1811: 1571: 1536:

made demands for protections for labor, that were incorporated into the labor article.

1353: 1187: 863: 855: 832: 820: 308: 244: 2441:

This article also deals with other subtleties on what constitutes Mexico's territory.

1759:, prohibiting them and religious publications from criticizing the law or government. 5401: 5285: 5265: 5250: 5147: 5079: 5020: 4994: 4807: 4782: 4772: 4590: 4492: 4467: 4398: 4282: 4278: 4271: 3768: 3712: 3670: 3640: 2984: 2937: 2879: 2867: 2823: 2781: 2751: 2709: 2641: 2289: 2224: 1849: 1817:

The escalation of church-state tensions led to fierce regional violence known as the

1756: 1721: 1409:

who had prepared the draft expected that it "would serve as a starting point for the

1377: 1229: 1206: 951: 384: 313: 156: 106: 4433:

N. Andrew and N. Cleven, "Some Social Aspects of the Mexican Constitution of 1917."

2342:

Prohibits detention in excess of 72 hours (3 days) without formal charges. Mandates

1932:

in alliance with the weakened PRI became allies to move toward fundamental reforms.

1767: 5303: 5057: 4750: 4745: 4645: 4508: 2859: 2558: 2145: 2007: 1991: 1825:. Although the Cristero War came to an end in 1929, with U.S. Ambassador to Mexico 1624:

as well as asserting state sovereignty over the nation's subsoil rights ; and

1525: 1500: 899: 800: 717: 434: 162: 4327:

Alfredo Acedo, "Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food." CIP Americas.

2895: 2847: 1970:

The end of constitutional support for land reform was part of a larger program of

1771: 1696:

membership allotted per family." In 1971, these restrictions were removed via the

1254: 1175: 5417: 5372: 5355: 5345: 5308: 5243: 5193: 4730: 4461: 4422: 4335: 4124: 4117: 4104: 4097: 4084: 3150: 3143: 2991: 2422: 2296:

is allowed (as distinct from vigilante justice, prohibited in the next article).

1841:, who said at the beginning of his presidential term in 1940 "I am a believer" ( 1551: 1274: 1218: 1210: 1083:

About the responsibilities of the public service and the patrimony of the State (

1034:

Capítulo II, de las Partes Integrantes de la Federación y del Territorio Nacional

1032:

Chapter II: On the Parts That Make Up the Federation and the National Territory (

122: 4303:"On June 23, 2005, Mexico's House approved a measure striking the death penalty" 2933:

In the shadow of the Mexican revolution: contemporary Mexican history, 1910–1989

2475:. The Central Bank and its activities will not be considered monopolies either. 1524:. The labor article was drafted by a small committee of the congress, headed by 971:

Original inside cover of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

5042: 4864: 3217: 2592: 2248: 1631:

Its innovations were in expanding the Mexican state's power into the realms of

1592: 1362: 1237:

for raising constitutional precepts the reforms dictated during the struggle."

691: 3975:

Sarah Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Rural Mexico".

2863: 2101:

per the full definition of the word "Laica" as used in the original document)

1951:

The bill to amend the constitution was submitted to the legislature to reform

1872:(1988–1994), whose administration significantly amended the 1917 Constitution. 23:. For the constitution of the State of Mexico published in the same year, see 5843: 5422: 5275: 4969: 4006:

Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," pp. 121–23.

2871: 2651: 2628: 2322: 2260: 1971: 1826: 1752: 889: 843: 745: 303: 5463: 3997:

Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," pp. 121–22

3856:

James D. Cockcroft, ed. "Liberal Party Program 1906" in James D. Cockcroft,

3764:

NAFTA & neocolonialism: comparative criminal, human & social justice

2687:

Revolution at QuerétaroÉ: The Mexican Constitutional Convention of 1916–1917

1860:

Constitutional reform of anticlerical articles and land reform under Salinas

1491:

The question of the state's power over natural resources was articulated in

1085:

De las responsabilidades de los servidores públicos y patrimonial del Estado

5313: 5114: 4710: 4489:

Revolution at Querétaro: the Mexican constitutional convention of 1916–1917

2848:"Zapata reactivado: una visión žižekiana del Centenario de la Constitución" 2472: 1818: 1806: 1786: 1644: 1316: 1308: 1214: 926: 878: 71: 812: 5298: 4349:

translation in Acedo, "Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food.

3988:

Hamilton, "Neoliberalism, Gender, and Property Rights in Mexico," p. 121.

2343: 2309: 2264: 2244: 1711: 1700:(Agrarian Reform Law), so that spouses and their children could inherit. 253: 170: 2902:. School of Canon Law, the Catholic University of America. p. 172. 2819:

Earl Warren and the Warren Court: the legacy in American and foreign law

1955:. The bill passed in December 1991 with the support of the conservative 1777: 1170: 28: 4695: 4690: 4665: 4650: 3422:

Mexico: biography of power : a history of modern Mexico, 1810–1996

2268: 2263:(retroactive) laws. All persons punished under the law are entitled to 1802: 946: 221: 146: 91: 4224:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 5.

4205:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico," p. 4.

4149:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico", p. 2.

1845:), signaling the end of the enforcement of the anticlerical articles. 1312: 5674: 4603: 3075:"The Effect of International Treaties on Religious Freedom in Mexico" 2305: 2054:

Commemoration of the 100 year anniversary of the Constitution at the

1821:. Some scholars have characterized the constitution in this era as a 1336: 1190:

that started in 1910 and won by the Constitutionalist faction led by

165:

when necessary; Deputies validated presidential elections until 1993.

2702:

Akhtar Majeed; Ronald Lampman Watts; Douglas Mitchell Brown (2006).

5660: 5233: 4715: 3760: 2478:

Unions and workers associations will not be considered monopolies.

1974:

economic restructuring that had already been weakening support for

4547: 2979: 2977: 2066:

section below for links to the full text in English and Spanish.)

1372:

An important group of delegates elected to the congress were the "

19:"Constitución de 1917" redirects here. For the metro station, see 16:

Principles, institutions and law of political governance in Mexico

2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2929: 2321:, which led to the refusal of some extradition requests from the 2220: 2076: 1864: 1798: 852:

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Constitution of 1918

3016: 2705:

Distribution of powers and responsibilities in federal countries

1887:

The Constitution of 1917 had several anticlerical restrictions.

1678: 4578: 3636:

Workers, neighbors, and citizens: the revolution in Mexico City

2479: 1688: 1599:

of the Constitution incorporated some of the PLM's demands for

64: 4026:"Mexico Partially Restores Religious Freedom — The Forerunner" 2954: 1823:"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation 1027:

Capítulo I, de la Soberanía Nacional y de la Forma de Gobierno

4328: 1975: 1098:

About the States of the Federation and the Federal District (

893: 877:(1924–1928) in 1926 led to the violent conflict known as the 873:, and attempts to enforce the articles strictly by President 2747:

Israel Yearbook on Human Rights 1982, Volume 12; Volume 1982

4184:

Blancarte, "Recent Changes in Church-State Relations" p. 2.

4118:

Mexico: an encyclopedia of contemporary culture and history

4116:

Coerver, Don M., Suzanne B. Pasztor and Robert Buffington,

4078:

DECRETO que reforma el artículo 3 y la fracción XXV del 73.

2896:

Catholic University of America. Dept. of Canon Law (1942).

1025:

Chapter I: On National Sovereignty and Form of Government (

2485:

Copyrights and patents will not be considered monopolies.

1557: 922:

The constitution was founded on seven fundamental ideals:

3072: 5464:

Constitutions of states and dependencies in the Americas

3114:"Mexico will Celebrate Constitution Day on February 6th" 2001: 1895:

restricted church services outside of church buildings;

1616:

established the bases for a mandatory and lay education;

869:

Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130 seriously restricted the

831:. "The Constitution of 1917 is the legal triumph of the 3860:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1968. Reprinted in 3708:

Beyond Eurocentrism: a new view of modern world history

2425:

may only be made when there is a public utility cause.

2045: 1396:

and a more radical group of leftists (sometimes called

1292:

that; the final draft was approved on 5 February 1917.

1270:

Teatro Iturbide, Querétaro, where the congress was held

2088:

This article states the nature of the Mexican nation.

1712:

Anticlerical articles and the 1934 and 1946 Amendments

1691:, small-scale, inalienable peasant holdings. In 1927, 1100:

De los estados de la Federación y del Distrito Federal

3297: 3295: 2021: 1171:

Constitutionalists and the idea of a new constitution

805:

Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos

4173:

Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law

3052:

Georgia Journal of International and Comparative Law

2618: 1940:) stated flatly that the government would not amend 1486: 4531:"Mexican Constitution Now Recognizes Right to Food" 3392:Manuel González Oropeza, "Constitution of 1917" in 2509:This article speaks about obligations of Mexicans. 2501:This article speaks about the Mexican nationality. 1659: 1579:(1906) were incorporated into the 1917 Constitution 991:

Capítulo I: de los Derechos Humanos y sus Garantías

842:is the first such document in the world to set out 797:

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

39:

Political Constitution of the United Mexican States

4270: 4201: 4199: 3862:Mexico: From Independence to Revolution: 1810–1910 3292: 3099:Victor Gabriel Muro, "Catholic Church: Mexico" in 1998:into a net-importer of maize and food in general. 4397:. The Institute of World Politics. Archived from 4352: 3858:Intellectual Precursors of the Mexican Revolution 3536: 3534: 3437:, Austin: University of Texas Press 1973, p. 332. 3237:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1972, p. 328. 3161: 3159: 3003: 2815: 1797:(1924–1928) sought to enforce them. In 1926 Pope 989:Chapter I: Of Human Rights and their Guarantees ( 5841: 4246:(2/3). University of Kansas Libraries: 211–234. 3662: 2994:, pp. 437–438 nn. 7–8, BYU Law Review, June 2002 2132:All education given by the State shall be free. 1403: 1295:Unlike the earlier congresses that produced the 1205:to unite Mexicans against the regime of General 4491:Austin : University of Texas Press, 1974. 4305:. English.nessunotocchicaino.it. Archived from 4196: 3666:Zapata: The Ideology of a Peasant Revolutionary 3235:Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years 3103:vol. 1, p. 222. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997. 3045: 3022: 2773: 3761:Laurence French; Magdaleno Manzanárez (2004). 3604: 3602: 3531: 3156: 2743: 2689:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1974, 233. 1961:Ley de Asociaciones Religiosas y Culto Público 1891:restricted the existence of religious orders; 50:Cover of the original copy of the Constitution 5449: 4563: 4437:, vol. 4, No. 3, No. 3 (August 1921), p. 479. 4345: 4343: 4098:Mexican politics: the containment of conflict 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3616: 3614: 1679:Amendment restricting agrarian women's rights 1157:About the Inviolability of the Constitution ( 772: 5783:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4044: 2930:Héctor Aguilar Camín; Lorenzo Meyer (1993). 2591:Covers the rights of workers, including the 1261: 5100:North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 3891:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program," p. 275. 3882:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program," p. 274. 3873:Cockcroft, "Liberal Party Program", p. 276. 3767:. University Press of America. p. 24. 3669:. International Publishers Co. p. 23. 3599: 3435:Mexican Revolution: Constitutionalist Years 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2750:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 14. 2058:, Santiago de Querétaro on 5 February 2017. 1595:, and Sunday as an obligatory day of rest. 975:The Constitution is divided into "Titles" ( 5456: 5442: 4570: 4556: 4340: 3951:"Mexico – Reference Information – History" 3747: 3711:. Syracuse University Press. p. 165. 3704: 3700: 3698: 3658: 3656: 3628: 3626: 3611: 2891: 2889: 2129:Elementary education shall be compulsory. 2018:in its entirety within Mexican territory. 1628:was designed to empower the labor sector. 779: 765: 44: 4528: 4389: 4387: 3632: 2936:. University of Texas Press. p. 63. 2811: 2809: 2769: 2767: 2739: 2737: 2697: 2695: 414:LXIII Legislature of the Mexican Congress 4509:The most recent text of the Constitution 2910: 2355:Allows people charged to remain silent. 2049: 2014:of said Constitution banning the use of 1863: 1776: 1570: 1273: 1265: 1174: 1047:Chapter I: On the Separation of Powers ( 1012:Capítulo IV: de los Ciudadanos Mexicanos 966: 4463:Totalitarianism and political religions 3744:Roman, "Church-State Relations," p. 76. 3695: 3653: 3623: 3620:Roman, "Church-State Relations," p. 75. 3608:Roman, "Church-State Relations", p. 75. 3424:. New York: HarperCollins 1997, p. 387. 2886: 2845: 1643:became president in 1924, sparking the 1558:Prohibition of alcohol and bullfighting 1159:De la Inviolabilidad de la Constitución 917: 5842: 4384: 4233: 4162:Vol. 1998, issue 2, article 6, p. 433. 3781:from the original on 22 December 2016. 3035:from the original on 18 February 2015. 2806: 2764: 2734: 2692: 2561:must be "a Mexican citizen by birth." 1612:backdrop for the rest of the century. 1054:Chapter II: On the Legislative Power ( 957:Supremacy of the State over the Church 491:Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation 5437: 4551: 4524:A History of the Mexican Constitution 4459: 4268: 4250:from the original on 19 November 2015 4062: 3922: 2846:Centeno, Ramón I. (1 February 2018). 2722:from the original on 13 November 2021 2708:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 188. 2002:Capital punishment and 2005 amendment 1654: 1287:was executed, bringing to an end the 1061:Chapter III: On the Executive Power ( 1049:Capítulo I, de la División de Poderes 884:In 1992, under the administration of 3931:from the original on 4 November 2012 3639:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 261. 3370:. New York: The New Press 2005, 236. 3224:. New York: Harper Collins 1997, 358 3124:from the original on 5 February 2023 3089:from the original on 7 January 2016. 2841: 2839: 2794:from the original on 20 January 2022 2780:. Infobase Publishing. p. 596. 2572:officers must be Mexicans by birth. 2377:of ownership cannot be established. 2046:Current articles of the constitution 1876:In his inaugural address, President 1575:Parts of the program of the radical 1506:The Constitution was written by the 1497:United States occupation of Veracruz 96:Constitutional presidential republic 4577: 4435:Hispanic American Historical Review 3735:. Vol. 20, No. 1 (winter 1978), 73. 2777:Encyclopedia of World Constitutions 2347:law and curbed by the authorities. 2251:cannot be used to judge civilians. 2243:There are no private courts (i.e.: 2063: 1984:North American Free Trade Agreement 1649:North American Free Trade Agreement 1539: 1447:, author of influential 1909 work, 1142:About Reforms to the Constitution ( 1068:Chapter IV: On the Judicial Power ( 25:Constitution of the State of Mexico 13: 4481: 4107:, p. 50. Greenwood Publishing 1995 4032:from the original on 13 March 2013 4015:Hamilton, "Neoliberalism", p. 139. 3683:from the original on 28 April 2024 3153:, p. 5, W. S. Hein Publishing 2000 3073:Ricardo Hernández-Forcada (2002). 3062:from the original on 4 March 2016. 2852:Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 2219:The Mexican state does not have a 2022:Constitutional right to food, 2011 1986:(NAFTA), and the modifications of 1499:, In the assessment of historian 1454: 1056:Capítulo II, del Poder Legislativo 21:Constitución de 1917 metro station 14: 5906: 4721:Institutional Revolutionary Party 4502: 4277:. New York, USA: Verso. pp. 4193:Blancarte, "Recent Changes," p. 4 3953:. Latin-focus.com. Archived from 3596:Vol. 20, No. 1 (Winter 1978), 73. 2950:from the original on 10 May 2018. 2906:from the original on 10 May 2018. 2836: 2430:exploitation of natural resources 1921:Institutional Revolutionary Party 1487:Land reform and natural resources 1144:De las Reformas a la Constitución 1115:Del Trabajo y la Previsión Social 1063:Capítulo III, del Poder Ejecutivo 1010:Chapter IV: On Mexican Citizens ( 835:. To some it is the revolution." 5659: 5626:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4440: 2983:Soberanes Fernández, José Luis, 2822:. Lexington Books. p. 244. 2621: 2609:churches and religious groupings 1660:Amendments on presidential terms 1005:Capítulo III: de los Extranjeros 739: 252: 216: 27:. For the Cablebús station, see 4427: 4405: 4321: 4295: 4262: 4227: 4218: 4208: 4187: 4178: 4165: 4152: 4143: 4130: 4110: 4090: 4071: 4056: 4028:. Forerunner.com. August 1992. 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3969: 3943: 3916: 3907: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3850: 3837: 3824: 3811: 3798: 3785: 3738: 3725: 3586: 3573: 3560: 3547: 3518: 3505: 3492: 3479: 3466: 3453: 3440: 3427: 3414: 3401: 3386: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3334: 3321: 3308: 3279: 3266: 3253: 3240: 3227: 3211: 3198: 3185: 3172: 3136: 3106: 3093: 3066: 3039: 2997: 2657:List of constitutions of Mexico 2461:All monopolies are prohibited. 2231:does confer awards such as the 1515: 1113:About Work and Social Welfare ( 1070:Capítulo IV, del Poder Judicial 962: 871:Roman Catholic Church in Mexico 4140:, Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4. 3979:Vol. 37, No. 1 (2002), p. 121. 3977:Latin American Research Review 3555:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3542:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3526:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3500:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3355:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3329:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 3167:The Mexican Revolution, vol. 2 2679: 2647:History of democracy in Mexico 2602: 2586: 2280:death penalty in Article 22). 1717:Articles 3, 5, 24, 27, and 130 610:National Regeneration Movement 1: 4641:Centralist Republic of Mexico 4138:Journal of Church & State 3006:Journal of Church & State 2672: 2575: 2564: 2548: 2537: 2528: 2520: 2512: 2504: 2496: 2488: 2456: 2413: 2405: 2396: 2388: 2380: 2367: 2358: 2350: 2337: 2328: 2299: 2283: 2274: 2254: 2238: 2214: 2206: 2193: 1720:hierarchy for its support of 1606: 1566: 1404:Carranza's draft constitution 998:Capítulo II: de los Mexicanos 846:, serving as a model for the 701:Diplomatic missions of Mexico 5070:Institutional stock exchange 4706:Second American intervention 2667:Rule according to higher law 2185: 2176: 2167: 2159: 2151: 2139: 2095: 2083: 2069: 2038:)." The formal language is " 1726:Mexican Constitution of 1857 1683:One of the major impacts of 1468:Convention of Aguascalientes 1322: 1003:Chapter III, On Foreigners ( 906:) is one of Mexico's annual 568:Instituto Nacional Electoral 201:Constituent Congress of 1917 7: 5271:Water supply and sanitation 4636:Spanish reconquest attempts 4411:Library of Congress (n.d.) 3733:Journal of Church and State 3594:Journal of Church and State 3448:The Constitutionalist Years 2614: 2259:Prohibits the enactment of 1793:Starting in 1926 President 1449:The Great National Problems 1427:) and the rights of labor ( 1384:, namely Alfonso Cravioto, 1209:, who had come to power by 1196:Constitutionalist coalition 683:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 590:Institutional Revolutionary 468:Federal electoral districts 365:Andrés Manuel López Obrador 231:Mexico's dilemma/Appendix B 10: 5911: 5870:Anti-clericalism in Mexico 4671:Second French intervention 4619:Control of Central America 4511:in the Government website 4453: 4329:http://www.cipamericas.org 3344:, XXIIi (1972–73), p. 372. 3222:Mexico: Biography of Power 2816:Harry N. Scheiber (2007). 2583:must be Mexican by birth. 1953:Articles 3, 5, 24, and 130 1546:Women's suffrage in Mexico 1543: 1417: 1333:universal manhood suffrage 1289:Second French Intervention 1165: 499:Federal Electoral Tribunal 18: 5801: 5768:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5668: 5657: 5469: 5395: 5284: 5179: 5170: 5028: 5019: 4906: 4897: 4870:Tropical cyclone rainfall 4768: 4759: 4589: 3663:Robert P. Millon (1995). 2864:10.1525/msem.2018.34.1.36 2245:feudal or manorial courts 1878:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1870:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 1297:1824 Mexican Constitution 1262:Constitutional Convention 996:Chapter II: On Mexicans ( 942:Representative government 932:Sovereignty of the nation 886:Carlos Salinas de Gortari 227: 215: 205: 197: 187: 179: 169: 155: 145: 133: 115: 105: 100: 90: 70: 60: 55: 43: 38: 5788:Turks and Caicos Islands 4911:Administrative divisions 4487:Niemeyer, E. Victor Jr. 3144:The Mexican Legal System 3046:Jorge A. Vargas (1996). 3023:Jorge A. Vargas (1998). 2774:Gerhard Robbers (2007). 2637:Constitutional economics 2233:Order of the Aztec Eagle 2006:On 8 November 2005, The 1474:It has been argued that 639:Administrative divisions 453:President of the Chamber 5850:Constitutions of Mexico 5326:Handcrafts and folk art 5095:National stock exchange 4833:Protected natural areas 4661:Second Mexican Republic 4626:Supreme Executive Power 4103:13 October 2023 at the 4087:(at pg. 2) (in Spanish) 3902:Revolution at Querétaro 3845:Revolution at Querétaro 3832:Revolution at Querétaro 3819:Revolution at Querétaro 3806:Revolution at Querétaro 3474:Constitutionalist Years 3461:Constitutionalist Years 3433:Charles C. Cumberland, 3409:Revolution at Querétaro 3381:Revolution at Querétaro 3248:Revolution at Querétaro 3233:Charles C. Cumberland, 3206:Revolution at Querétaro 3193:Revolution at Querétaro 3180:Revolution at Querétaro 3149:9 November 2023 at the 2990:19 October 2012 at the 2744:Yoram Dinstein (1989). 1982:and negotiation of the 1980:small-scale agriculture 1620:led the foundation for 1585:Liberal Party of Mexico 1577:Liberal Party of Mexico 1534:Liberal Party of Mexico 1439:. The initial draft of 1211:a coup in February 1913 927:A declaration of rights 457:Marcela Guerra Castillo 431:President of the Senate 78:; 107 years ago 5703:British Virgin Islands 5138:States by unemployment 5128:Science and technology 4631:First Mexican Republic 4395:"Mexico's glass house" 4334:13 August 2015 at the 4269:Bello, Walden (2009). 4234:Yetman, David (2000). 3927:. Globalsecurity.org. 3579:quoted in Cumberland, 3566:quoted in Cumberland, 3513:The Mexican Revolution 3395:Encyclopedia of Mexico 3383:, Appendix F, 263-267. 3368:The Mexican Revolution 3316:The Mexican Revolution 3274:The Mexican Revolution 3261:The Mexican Revolution 3101:Encyclopedia of Mexico 2581:Supreme Court justices 2314:Imprisonment for debts 2247:) in Mexico. Military 2227:upon any person. (The 2201:Gun politics in Mexico 2059: 2056:Teatro de la República 1873: 1790: 1781:Revolutionary general 1749:freedom of association 1703:The 1992 amendment to 1698:Ley de Reforma Agraria 1580: 1513: 1445:Andrés Molina Enríquez 1279: 1271: 1235:congreso constituyente 1183: 1130:Prevenciones Generales 972: 904:Día de la Constitución 817:constituent convention 804: 793:Constitution of Mexico 518:Recent major elections 423:Senate of the Republic 375:List of heads of state 276:Constitution of Mexico 5616:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5366:Our Lady of Guadalupe 4860:Territorial evolution 4676:Second Mexican Empire 4123:28 April 2024 at the 2235:to notable persons.) 2053: 1957:National Action Party 1930:National Action Party 1867: 1795:Plutarco Elías Calles 1783:Plutarco Elías Calles 1780: 1641:Plutarco Elías Calles 1622:land reform in Mexico 1601:land reform in Mexico 1574: 1532:. The Program of the 1530:José Natividad Macías 1504: 1386:José Natividad Macías 1350:Francisco José Múgica 1277: 1269: 1178: 970: 952:Constitutional remedy 860:land reform in Mexico 829:Mexican constitutions 809:Santiago de Querétaro 600:Democratic Revolution 406:Congress of the Union 5865:Secularism in Mexico 5383:World Heritage Sites 4798:Environmental issues 4656:Mexican–American War 4614:First Mexican Empire 4518:Full text in English 4460:Maier, Hans (2004). 4096:Needler, Martin C., 4083:26 June 2013 at the 3925:"Mexico – President" 3817:quoted in Niemeyer, 3118:www.banderasnews.com 2899:The jurist, Volume 2 2544:Mexican Citizenship. 2223:and cannot confer a 1839:Manuel Avila Camacho 1633:economic nationalism 1435:, passed first, and 1285:Maximilian of Mexico 1128:General Provisions ( 937:Separation of powers 918:Essential principles 840:Constitution of 1917 825:Constitution of 1857 210:Constitution of 1857 101:Government structure 76:5 February 1917 5793:U.S. Virgin Islands 5636:Trinidad and Tobago 5481:Antigua and Barbuda 5038:Automotive industry 4926:Chamber of Deputies 4609:War of Independence 4421:27 May 2021 at the 4372:on 18 February 2015 3793:Peace by Revolution 3791:Tannenbaum, Frank. 3705:Peter Gran (1996). 3142:Avalos, Francisco, 3120:. 3 February 2023. 2593:eight-hour work day 1978:and other forms of 1926:Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas 1764:Venustiano Carranza 1329:Francisco I. Madero 1192:Venustiano Carranza 1180:Venustiano Carranza 848:Weimar Constitution 445:Chamber of Deputies 357:President of Mexico 127:Chamber of Deputies 5885:Politics of Mexico 5880:Mexican Revolution 5546:Dominican Republic 5239:Indigenous peoples 5143:Telecommunications 5002:State legislatures 4943:Federal government 4823:Metropolitan areas 4701:Mexican Revolution 4543:on 7 January 2016. 4360:"tradconstcpv.PDF" 4127:, p. 432, ABC-CLIO 3633:John Lear (1987). 3581:Mexican Revolution 3568:Mexican Revolution 3498:quoted in Knight, 3487:Mexican Revolution 3303:Mexican Revolution 3287:Mexican Revolution 2662:Politics of Mexico 2060: 2016:capital punishment 2012:Articles 14 and 22 1874: 1868:Mexican President 1812:inalienable rights 1791: 1655:Further amendments 1581: 1367:Biography of Power 1315:, which historian 1280: 1272: 1188:Mexican Revolution 1184: 973: 864:Mexican Revolution 833:Mexican Revolution 821:Mexican Revolution 813:State of Querétaro 807:), was drafted in 658:State legislatures 620:Citizens' Movement 380:Federal government 324:Capital punishment 268:Federal government 245:Politics of Mexico 5837: 5836: 5431: 5430: 5391: 5390: 5166: 5165: 5015: 5014: 4985:Political parties 4948:Foreign relations 4893: 4892: 4681:Restored Republic 4599:Pre-Columbian era 4473:978-0-7146-8529-8 4175:, 497-559 (1996). 3515:, vol. 2. p. 471. 3398:, vol. 1, p. 333. 3342:Historia Mexicana 2829:978-0-7391-1635-7 2787:978-0-8160-6078-8 2642:Constitutionalism 2473:national currency 2319:life imprisonment 2290:flagrante delicto 2225:title of nobility 1850:Pope John Paul II 1757:freedom of speech 1722:Victoriano Huerta 1378:Victoriano Huerta 1230:Plan of Guadalupe 1207:Victoriano Huerta 1203:1857 Constitution 789: 788: 746:Mexico portal 723:Visa requirements 676:Foreign relations 582:Political parties 329:Life imprisonment 238: 237: 192:Lecumberri Palace 171:First legislature 157:Electoral college 5902: 5758:Saint Barthélemy 5718:Falkland Islands 5663: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5434: 5411: 5404: 5351:National symbols 5177: 5176: 5118: 5063:Renewable energy 5053:Economic history 5026: 5025: 4904: 4903: 4766: 4765: 4746:Chiapas conflict 4646:Texas Revolution 4572: 4565: 4558: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4542: 4536:. 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5121: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:Manufacturing 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5007:Supreme Court 5005: 5003: 5000: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4896: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4749: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 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Routledge. 4465: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4443: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4408: 4400: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4368: 4361: 4355: 4346: 4344: 4337: 4333: 4330: 4324: 4308: 4304: 4298: 4290: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4273:The Food Wars 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4230: 4221: 4211: 4202: 4200: 4190: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4139: 4133: 4126: 4122: 4119: 4113: 4106: 4102: 4099: 4093: 4086: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3994: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3956: 3952: 3946: 3930: 3926: 3919: 3910: 3903: 3897: 3888: 3879: 3870: 3863: 3859: 3853: 3846: 3840: 3833: 3827: 3820: 3814: 3807: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3780: 3776: 3774:0-7618-2890-7 3770: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3741: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3718:0-8156-2692-4 3714: 3710: 3709: 3701: 3699: 3682: 3678: 3676:0-7178-0710-X 3672: 3668: 3667: 3659: 3657: 3648: 3646:0-8032-7997-3 3642: 3638: 3637: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3605: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3443: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3396: 3389: 3382: 3376: 3369: 3363: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3330: 3324: 3317: 3314:Alan Knight, 3311: 3304: 3298: 3296: 3288: 3282: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3259:Alan Knight, 3256: 3249: 3243: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3188: 3181: 3175: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3109: 3102: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3019: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2949: 2945: 2943:0-292-70451-8 2939: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2892: 2890: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2820: 2812: 2810: 2793: 2789: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2770: 2768: 2759: 2757:0-7923-0362-8 2753: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2738: 2721: 2717: 2715:0-7735-3004-5 2711: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2696: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2668: 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2652:Law of Mexico 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2629:Mexico portal 2619: 2612: 2610: 2600: 2596: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2545: 2535: 2526: 2518: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2486: 2483: 2481: 2476: 2474: 2469: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2411: 2403: 2394: 2386: 2378: 2374: 2365: 2356: 2348: 2345: 2335: 2326: 2324: 2323:United States 2320: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2288:"In cases of 2281: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2261:ex post facto 2252: 2250: 2246: 2236: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2191: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2157: 2149: 2147: 2137: 2133: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2102: 2093: 2089: 2081: 2078: 2067: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1915: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1871: 1866: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1827:Dwight Morrow 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1772:Porfirio Díaz 1769: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753:right to vote 1750: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1709: 1706: 1701: 1699: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1667: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1604: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1578: 1573: 1564: 1555: 1553: 1547: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1526:Pastor Rouaix 1523: 1512: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1415: 1412: 1401: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1276: 1268: 1259: 1256: 1255:Porfirio Díaz 1250: 1245: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1197: 1194:. Carranza's 1193: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1152: 1145: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1125: 1123: 1122:Seventh Title 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1108: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1078: 1071: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1042: 1035: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1023: 1022: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 992: 988: 987: 986: 984: 980: 978: 969: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 923: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 895: 891: 890:privatization 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 844:social rights 841: 836: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 782: 777: 775: 770: 768: 763: 762: 760: 759: 753: 750: 749: 747: 737: 736: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 710: 706: 702: 699: 698: 693: 689: 684: 681: 680: 677: 672: 671: 664: 661: 659: 656: 652: 649: 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 635: 634: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 611: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 596: 593: 591: 588: 587: 583: 578: 577: 570: 569: 565: 564: 561: 557: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537:Legislative: 535: 531: 527: 523: 517: 516: 513: 508: 507: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 488: 487: 484: 479: 478: 469: 466: 465: 464: 463: 458: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 442: 441: 436: 432: 429: 428: 425: 424: 420: 419: 415: 412: 411: 408: 407: 403: 402: 399: 394: 393: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 354: 353: 350: 345: 344: 337: 334: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 301: 296: 293: 292: 291: 288: 287: 283: 278: 277: 273: 272: 269: 264: 263: 260: 259: 255: 251: 250: 246: 242: 241: 232: 229: 228: 226: 223: 214: 211: 208: 204: 200: 196: 193: 190: 186: 182: 178: 175:15 April 1917 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 158: 154: 150: 148: 144: 141: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 118: 114: 110: 108: 104: 99: 95: 93: 89: 75: 73: 69: 66: 63: 59: 54: 47: 42: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 5875:Cristero War 5826: 5778:Sint Maarten 5763:Saint Martin 5670:Dependencies 5590: 5294:Architecture 5199:Demographics 5043:Central bank 4953:Human rights 4933:Constitution 4932: 4751:War on drugs 4726:World War II 4711:Cristero War 4604:Colonial era 4538:the original 4513:(in Spanish) 4488: 4462: 4442: 4434: 4429: 4412: 4407: 4399:the original 4374:. 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