648:
1116:
460:
594:
939:
226:
48:
6550:
5033:
3341:, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Pamela Arriagada, Mikko Tuomi, Mathias Zechmeister, James S. Jenkins, Aviv Ofir, Stefan Dreizler, Enrico Gerlach, Chris J. Marvin, Ansgar Reiners, Sandra V. Jeffers, R. Paul Butler, Steven S. Vogt, Pedro J. Amado, Cristina Rodríguez-López, Zaira M. Berdiñas, Julian Morin, Jeff D. Crane, Stephen A. Shectman, Ian B. Thompson, Mateo Díaz, Eugenio Rivera, Luis F. Sarmiento, Hugh R.A. Jones, (Submitted on June 3, 2014)
6600:
1042:
6624:
6588:
6612:
391:
6561:
3632:
1005:
independent of the planetary mass. Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits, non-coplanar with each other or with the stellar host spin, or pre-existing planetary system. Some planet–host metallicity correlation may still exist due to the common origin of the stars from the same cluster. Planets would be unlikely to be captured around
2643:(in Russian) – "Studying of a curve of change of shine of WASP-12b has brought to the Russian astronomers unusual result: regular splashes were found out.<...> Though stains on a star surface also can cause similar changes of shine, observable splashes are very similar on duration, a profile and amplitude that testifies for benefit of exomoon existence."
1081:, but not so near the star that the atmosphere completely evaporates. As with the habitable zone, the location of the Venus zone depends on several factors, including the type of star and properties of the planets such as mass, rotation rate, and atmospheric clouds. Studies of the Kepler spacecraft data indicate that 32% of
2652:
Dvorak, R.; Pilat-Lohinger, E.; Bois, E.; Schwarz, R.; Funk, B.; Beichman, C.; Danchi, W.; Eiroa, C.; Fridlund, M.; Henning, T.; Herbst, T.; Kaltenegger, L.; Lammer, H.; Léger, A.; Liseau, R.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Paresce F, Penny, A.; Quirrenbach, A.; Röttgering, H.; Selsis, F.; Schneider, J.; Stam,
914:
do not hold. In hierarchical systems the planets are arranged so that the system can be gravitationally considered as a nested system of two-bodies, e.g. in a star with a close-in hot
Jupiter with another gas giant much further out, the star and hot Jupiter form a pair that appears as a single object
442:
the pulsar itself out of the system at high velocity so any planets that had survived the explosion would be left behind as free-floating objects. Planets found around pulsars may have formed as a result of pre-existing stellar companions that were almost entirely evaporated by the supernova blast,
1053:
Habitable zones have usually been defined in terms of surface temperature; however, over half of Earth's biomass is from subsurface microbes, and temperature increases as depth underground increases, so the subsurface can be conducive for life when the surface is frozen; if this is considered, the
1049:
The habitable zone around a star is the region where the temperature range allows for liquid water to exist on a planet; that is, not too close to the star for the water to evaporate and not too far away from the star for the water to freeze. The heat produced by stars varies depending on the size
437:
explosions of high-mass stars, but a planetary system that existed before the supernova would likely be mostly destroyed. Planets would either evaporate, be pushed off of their orbits by the masses of gas from the exploding star, or the sudden loss of most of the mass of the central star would see
2175:
Lebreton, J.; van
Lieshout, R.; Augereau, J.-C.; Absil, O.; Mennesson, B.; Kama, M.; Dominik, C.; Bonsor, A.; Vandeportal, J.; Beust, H.; Defrère, D.; Ertel, S.; Faramaz, V.; Hinz, P.; Kral, Q.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Liu, W.; Thébault, P. (2013). "An interferometric study of the Fomalhaut inner debris
888:
are expected to have very low mutual inclinations, so the system (at least the close-in part) would be even flatter than the Solar System. Captured planets could be captured into any arbitrary angle to the rest of the system. As of 2016 there are only a few systems where mutual inclinations have
2068:
Bonfils, Xavier; Forveille, Thierry; Delfosse, Xavier; Udry, Stéphane; Mayor, Michel; Perrier, Christian; Bouchy, François; Pepe, Francesco; Queloz, Didier; Bertaux, Jean-Loup (2005). "The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets VI: A Neptune-mass planet around the nearby M dwarf Gl 581".
1004:
in open clusters have similar velocities to the stars and so can be recaptured. They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 10 AU. The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster size, and for a given cluster size it increases with the host/primary mass. It is almost
486:
If an evolved star is in a binary or multiple system, then the mass it loses can transfer to another star, forming new protoplanetary disks and second- and third-generation planets which may differ in composition from the original planets, which may also be affected by the mass transfer.
2286:
di Folco, E.; Absil, O.; Augereau, J.-C.; Mérand, A.; Coudé du
Foresto, V.; Thévenin, F.; Defrère, D.; Kervella, P.; ten Brummelaar, T. A.; McAlister, H. A.; Ridgway, S. T.; Sturmann, J.; Sturmann, L.; Turner, N. H. (2007). "A near-infrared interferometric survey of debris disk stars".
910:. Giant planets are found in mean-motion resonances more often than smaller planets. In interacting systems the planets' orbits are close enough together that they perturb the orbital parameters. The Solar System could be described as weakly interacting. In strongly interacting systems
3329:(1 and 2 and 3) ((1) Dept. of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Penn State University, (2) Center for Exoplanets & Habitable Worlds, Penn State University, (3) The Penn State Astrobiology Research Center), (Submitted on May 11, 2015 (v1), last revised June 1, 2015 (this version, v2))
511:
or scattering, have been proposed for the formation of large planets close to their parent stars. At present, few systems have been found to be analogous to the Solar System with terrestrial planets close to the parent star. More commonly, systems consisting of multiple
2232:
Absil, O.; Le
Bouquin, J.-B.; Berger, J.-P.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Chauvin, G.; Lazareff, B.; Zins, G.; Haguenauer, P.; Jocou, L.; Kern, P.; Millan-Gabet, R.; Rochat, S.; Traub, W. (2011). "Searching for faint companions with VLTI/PIONIER. I. Method and first results".
1050:
and age of the star; this means the habitable zone will also vary accordingly. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet.
1351:
For the purpose of this, terrestrial-sized means 0.5–1.4 Earth radii, the "Venus zone" means the region with approximately 1 to 25 times Earth's stellar flux for M and K-type stars and approximately 1.1 to 25 times Earth's stellar flux for G-type
901:
Planetary systems can be categorized according to their orbital dynamics as resonant, non-resonant-interacting, hierarchical, or some combination of these. In resonant systems the orbital periods of the planets are in integer ratios. The
1013:
when they form. Planets could even be captured around other planets to form free-floating planet binaries. After the cluster has dispersed some of the captured planets with orbits larger than 10 AU would be slowly disrupted by the
1181:. Generally, the youngest stars, the extreme population I, are found farther in and intermediate population I stars are farther out, etc. The Sun is considered an intermediate population I star. Population I stars have regular
1151:. So far, the indications are that planets are more common in the disk than the bulge. Estimates of the distance of microlensing events is difficult: the first planet considered with high probability of being in the bulge is
317:
His theories gained popularity through the 19th and 20th centuries despite a lack of supporting evidence. Long before their confirmation by astronomers, conjecture on the nature of planetary systems had been a focus of the
1250:. Planet formation is affected by the ages, metallicities, and orbits of stellar populations within a galaxy. Distribution of stellar populations within a galaxy varies between the different types of galaxies. Stars in
503:. However, other planetary systems can have quite different architectures. Studies suggest that architectures of planetary systems are dependent on the conditions of their initial formation. Many systems with a
2722:
Deitrick, Russell; Barnes, Rory; McArthur, Barbara; Quinn, Thomas R.; Luger, Rodrigo; Antonsen, Adrienne; Fritz
Benedict, G. (2014). "The 3-dimensional architecture of the Upsilon Andromedae planetary system".
670:
After planets, circumstellar disks are one of the most commonly-observed properties of planetary systems, particularly of young stars. The Solar System possesses at least four major circumstellar disks (the
2629:
Mamajek thinks his team could be either observing the late stages of planet formation if the transiting object is a star or brown dwarf, or possibly moon formation if the transiting object is a giant planet
288:
theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, put forward the view that the fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. He was burned at the stake for his ideas by the
1643:"It's the End of a World as We Know It - Astronomers spotted a dying star swallowing a large planet, a discovery that fills in a "missing link" in understanding the fates of Earth and many other planets"
310:. Making a comparison to the Sun's planets, he wrote "And if the fixed stars are the centres of similar systems, they will all be constructed according to a similar design and subject to the dominion of
4625:
4620:
4615:
1954:"The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS) VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets - Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod"
483:
they engulf the inner planets, evaporating or partially evaporating them depending on how massive they are. As the star loses mass, planets that are not engulfed move further out from the star.
3219:, V. Batista, J.-P. Beaulieu, A. Gould, D.P. Bennett, J.C Yee, A. Fukui, B.S. Gaudi, T. Sumi, A. Udalski, (Submitted on October 14, 2013 (v1), last revised October 30, 2013 (this version, v3))
4610:
1676:"The Juicy Secrets of Stars That Eat Their Planets - As scientists study thousands of planets around the galaxy, they are learning more about worlds that get swallowed up by their stars"
3010:
751:
As of
November 2014 there are 5,253 known Solar System comets and they are thought to be common components of planetary systems. The first exocomets were detected in 1987 around
1235:
is just an artefact of stellar activity and that
Kapteyn c needs more study to be confirmed. The metallicity of Kapteyn's star is estimated to be about 8 times less than the Sun.
6401:
555:
The massive planets of a system are close to the star and smaller planets are further away from the star. There are currently no known examples of this architecture class.
4605:
2396:
Beust, H.; Lagrange-Henri, A.M.; Vidal-Madjar, A.; Ferlet, R. (1990). "The Beta
Pictoris circumstellar disk. X - Numerical simulations of infalling evaporating bodies".
836:
Based on observations of the Solar System's large collection of natural satellites, they are believed common components of planetary systems; however, the existence of
4767:
4632:
272:
which led to the gradual acceptance of the idea that the Earth moves around the Sun and that the planets are governed by the same physical laws that governed Earth.
613:
F, G, or K. One reason is that planet-search programs have tended to concentrate on such stars. In addition, statistical analyses indicate that lower-mass stars (
2498:
1093:
stars. Several candidates have been identified, but spectroscopic follow-up studies of their atmospheres are required to determine whether they are like Venus.
412:
During formation of a system, much material is gravitationally-scattered into distant orbits, and some planets are ejected completely from the system, becoming
1169:
is highest. The high metallicity of population I stars makes them more likely to possess planetary systems than older populations, because planets form by the
1342:
For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "habitable zone" means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth's stellar flux (corresponding to 0.5–2 AU for the Sun).
3229:
Charles H. Lineweaver (2000). "An
Estimate of the Age Distribution of Terrestrial Planets in the Universe: Quantifying Metallicity as a Selection Effect".
1152:
4659:
1769:
Stuart J. Weidenschilling & Francesco
Marzari (1996). "Gravitational scattering as a possible origin for giant planets at small stellar distances".
2653:
D.; Tinetti, G.; White, G.; "Dynamical habitability of planetary systems", Institute for Astronomy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria, January 2010
1952:
Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Leleu, Adrien; Emsenhuber, Alexandre; Mordasini, Christoph; Burn, Remo; Udry, Stéphane; Benz, Willy (December 1, 2021).
1211:) times less metallicity than the Sun. These objects formed during an earlier time of the universe. Intermediate population II stars are common in the
531:
The masses of all planets in a system are similar to each other. This architecture class is the most commonly-observed in our galaxy. Examples include
4444:
4439:
4600:
4063:
3046:
759:. There are now a total of 11 stars around which the presence of exocomets have been observed or suspected. All discovered exocometary systems (
4367:
3200:
3018:
524:
Planetary system architectures may be partitioned into four classes based on how the mass of the planets is distributed around the host star:
447:
of fallback matter surrounding a pulsar. Fallback disks of matter that failed to escape orbit during a supernova may also form planets around
3181:
220:
1507:. The work of Aristarchus's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived. We only know of it now from a brief passage in
3480:
Ozernoy, Leonid M.; Gorkavyi, Nick N.; Mather, John C.; Taidakova, Tanya A. (2000). "Signatures of Exosolar Planets in Dust Debris Disks".
306:
2015:; et al. (2008). "The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets".
1652:
4338:
3921:
1895:"Framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems - II. Nature versus nurture: Emergent formation pathways of architecture classes"
796:
385:
792:
788:
4654:
4198:
3606:
772:
256:, published in 1543, presented the first mathematically predictive heliocentric model of a planetary system. 17th-century successors
4374:
2367:
Ferlet, R.; Vidal-Madjar, A.; Hobbs, L. M. (1987). "The Beta Pictoris circumstellar disk. V - Time variations of the CA II-K line".
4858:
4637:
4474:
4203:
319:
2791:
2460:
Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.; et al. (1997). "HST-GHRS observations of candidate β Pictoris-like circumstellar gaseous disks".
2122:
Stark, C.; Kuchner, M. (2008). "The Detectability of Exo-Earths and Super-Earths Via Resonant Signatures in Exozodiacal Clouds".
361:
4321:
4807:
4350:
2428:
Lagrange-Henri, A. M.; Beust, H.; Ferlet, R.; Vidal-Madjar, A.; Hobbs, L. M. (1990). "HR 10 - A new Beta Pictoris-like star?".
2341:
705:
have been studied in the Solar System and analogs are believed to be present in other planetary systems. Exozodiacal dust, an
6433:
4782:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4355:
860:
Unlike the Solar System, which has orbits that are nearly circular, many of the known planetary systems display much higher
4464:
4454:
4188:
4500:
4434:
3548:
1471:
1239:
248:
3867:
6408:
5727:
4919:
4792:
4642:
4449:
4326:
153:
of planetary systems where planets could have surface liquid water, and thus, the capacity to support Earth-like life.
1227:
also contain high numbers of population II stars. In 2014, the first planets around a halo star were announced around
4825:
4459:
3371:
1557:
1452:
1418:
1397:
1140:
1057:
Studies in 2013 indicate that an estimated 22±8% of Sun-like stars have an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone.
17:
4520:
4510:
3998:
2538:
Kiefer, F.; Lecavelier Des Etangs, A.; et al. (2014). "Exocomets in the circumstellar gas disk of HD 172555".
695:. Based on observations of numerous similar disks, they are assumed to be quite common attributes of stars on the
6120:
4595:
4546:
4469:
4308:
3611:
1617:"Sculpting Solar Systems - ESO's SPHERE instrument reveals protoplanetary discs being shaped by newborn planets"
877:
6649:
6413:
6050:
6034:
5069:
4551:
3339:
Two planets around Kapteyn's star : a cold and a temperate super-Earth orbiting the nearest halo red-dwarf
1298:
541:
The masses of planets in a system show large increasing or decreasing variations. Examples of such systems are
135:
1283:
6460:
6327:
4924:
4777:
4424:
4379:
4258:
4248:
4243:
4228:
4223:
2996:
323:
4762:
4108:
1247:
6443:
6394:
6369:
5662:
4982:
4851:
4414:
4193:
1953:
1894:
1836:"Framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems - I. Four classes of planetary system architecture"
1835:
1675:
1496:
1036:
4068:
848:, is a strong candidate for a natural satellite. Indications suggest that the confirmed extrasolar planet
6384:
6364:
4931:
4899:
4757:
4556:
5747:
2817:
Winn, Joshua N.; Fabrycky, Daniel C. (2015). "The Occurrence and Architecture of Exoplanetary Systems".
6644:
6578:
6448:
6379:
6349:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4333:
3993:
2540:
2462:
2430:
2398:
2369:
1220:
1085:
have potentially Venus-like planets based on planet size and distance from star, increasing to 45% for
841:
804:
647:
561:
The mass of the planets in a system tends to increase with increasing distance from the host star. The
1115:
6455:
6332:
6309:
5891:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
4820:
4570:
4238:
4023:
3907:
1642:
1090:
1086:
756:
702:
3197:
1259:
1231:, the nearest halo star to Earth, around 13 light years away. However, later research suggests that
5598:
5472:
5107:
4580:
4525:
4386:
4278:
4173:
3933:
3576:
1820:
1321:. Data for Sun-like stars were not available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about
1170:
923:
833:
similar to the events believed to have led to the formation of terrestrial planets like the Earth.
4293:
3178:
2768:
1534::787:2a. "For his advocacy of an infinity of suns and earths, he was burned at the stake in 1600."
6374:
6125:
5924:
5834:
5794:
5776:
5702:
5273:
5199:
4844:
4802:
4505:
4429:
4003:
3541:
3430:
3353:, G. Gonzalez, (Submitted on March 14, 2005 (v1), last revised March 21, 2005 (this version, v2))
2625:
1102:
826:
476:
39:
2593:
6535:
6515:
6287:
6282:
6180:
6075:
6024:
5829:
5819:
5492:
5290:
5258:
5149:
5132:
4515:
4396:
4008:
3958:
3386:"Galaxy morphology in rich clusters - Implications for the formation and evolution of galaxies"
943:
655:
626:
622:
618:
610:
3983:
962:
The Kepler Dichotomy among the M Dwarfs: Half of Systems Contain Five or More Coplanar Planets
6389:
6359:
6354:
6344:
6272:
6060:
5226:
5036:
4909:
4484:
4253:
4128:
4028:
3862:
3123:
1504:
1131:
is 100,000 light-years across, but 90% of planets with known distances are within about 2000
926:
such as quasi-satellites, trojans and exchange orbits; and interlocking orbits maintained by
360:. The frequency of detections has increased since then, particularly through advancements in
5507:
4053:
2840:
2563:
2475:
2443:
2411:
2382:
2310:
2256:
2199:
2092:
1979:
1920:
1861:
459:
6530:
6428:
6418:
6267:
6235:
6029:
5824:
5809:
5122:
5013:
4797:
4772:
4752:
4362:
4033:
3948:
3644:
3571:
3499:
3452:
3397:
3295:
3248:
3145:
3065:
2971:
2914:
2836:
2686:
2559:
2507:
2471:
2439:
2407:
2378:
2306:
2252:
2195:
2141:
2088:
2034:
1975:
1916:
1857:
1778:
1725:
1582:
1110:
1106:
861:
816:
588:
464:
208:
193:
1704:"The origin of planetary system architectures - I. Multiple planet traps in gaseous discs"
938:
884:. Many compact systems with multiple close-in planets interior to the equivalent orbit of
8:
6628:
5990:
5973:
5644:
5546:
5369:
4967:
4565:
4113:
4093:
4048:
4018:
3827:
3822:
3621:
1288:
1018:
and likely become free-floating again through encounters with other field stars or giant
508:
402:
381:
365:
285:
253:
64:
6130:
3503:
3456:
3401:
3299:
3252:
3149:
3069:
2975:
2950:
On the origin of planets at very wide orbits from the recapture of free-floating planets
2918:
2848:
2690:
2511:
2427:
2145:
2038:
1893:
Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Udry, Stéphane; Mordasini, Christoph (February 1, 2023).
1834:
Mishra, Lokesh; Alibert, Yann; Udry, Stéphane; Mordasini, Christoph (February 1, 2023).
1782:
1729:
1586:
942:
The spacings between orbits vary widely amongst the different systems discovered by the
687:) and clearly-observable disks have been detected around nearby solar analogs including
593:
83:
constitute a planetary system, although such systems may also consist of bodies such as
6616:
6604:
6525:
6486:
6438:
6423:
6337:
6277:
6200:
6110:
6080:
6070:
6014:
5936:
5627:
5263:
5062:
4972:
4161:
4078:
4038:
3953:
3653:
3534:
3515:
3489:
3468:
3442:
3264:
3238:
3161:
3135:
3088:
3055:
3041:
2962:
Amend, J. P.; Teske, A. (2005). "Expanding frontiers in deep subsurface microbiology".
2932:
2904:
2871:
2852:
2826:
2750:
2732:
2704:
2676:
2575:
2549:
2322:
2296:
2268:
2242:
2211:
2185:
2157:
2131:
2104:
2078:
2050:
2024:
1965:
1906:
1847:
1802:
1751:
1715:
1680:
1647:
1546:
1293:
1074:
1070:
890:
829:, and confirmed by ground observations, suggests the involvement of large asteroids or
642:
566:
377:
229:
200:
108:
3464:
2614:
2231:
1466:
625:. Nevertheless, several tens of planets around red dwarfs have been discovered by the
6476:
5901:
5874:
5854:
5654:
5438:
5426:
5253:
5233:
5187:
5169:
5137:
4409:
4043:
3791:
3786:
3735:
3585:
3367:
3326:
3165:
3157:
3093:
2927:
2892:
2754:
2746:
2708:
2699:
2664:
2579:
2494:"Circumstellar Gas-Disk Variability Around A-Type Stars: The Detection of Exocomets?"
1993:
1934:
1875:
1794:
1755:
1743:
1738:
1703:
1553:
1513:
1448:
1414:
1393:
1365:
1251:
1228:
1224:
1212:
1190:
907:
438:
them escape the gravitational hold of the star, or in some cases the supernova would
290:
92:
5961:
3472:
3268:
2936:
2640:
2345:
2326:
2272:
2215:
2174:
2161:
2108:
2054:
1606:, Paul Duffell, Matteo Cantiello, Andrew MacFadyen, (Submitted on December 17, 2013)
6592:
6304:
6257:
6195:
6173:
6168:
6095:
6055:
6002:
5784:
5707:
5682:
5576:
5497:
5221:
5182:
4904:
4787:
4535:
4298:
4288:
3988:
3978:
3902:
3832:
3817:
3519:
3507:
3460:
3405:
3303:
3256:
3153:
3083:
3073:
2979:
2922:
2856:
2844:
2742:
2694:
2567:
2515:
2314:
2260:
2203:
2149:
2096:
2042:
1983:
1924:
1865:
1806:
1786:
1733:
1390:
The Universal Book of Astronomy, from the Andromeda Galaxy to the Zone of Avoidance
1208:
1182:
1135:
of Earth, as of July 2014. One method that can detect planets much further away is
927:
911:
714:
480:
301:
297:
265:
225:
185:
2571:
2264:
2207:
2100:
1988:
1929:
1870:
1204:
47:
6491:
6294:
6163:
6007:
5978:
5919:
5914:
5789:
5517:
5482:
5416:
5362:
5357:
5302:
5112:
4233:
4073:
3973:
3897:
3887:
3666:
3204:
3185:
2983:
2318:
2010:
1186:
1019:
688:
338:
was in 1992, with the discovery of several terrestrial-mass planets orbiting the
261:
257:
204:
6553:
6319:
6158:
5985:
5956:
5931:
5864:
5553:
5421:
5307:
5209:
5099:
5089:
4962:
4138:
4133:
3938:
3847:
1271:
1263:
1243:
1173:
of metals. The Sun is an example of a metal-rich star. These are common in the
1144:
974:
The Solar System and the Exoplanet Orbital Eccentricity - Multiplicity Relation
680:
630:
444:
406:
281:
150:
2285:
6638:
6505:
6299:
6262:
6230:
6105:
5814:
5637:
5608:
5586:
5204:
5177:
5154:
5055:
5018:
5003:
4273:
4268:
4263:
3943:
3882:
3837:
3776:
3771:
3746:
3681:
3671:
3661:
2012:
1997:
1938:
1879:
1747:
1603:
1255:
1148:
1015:
983:
919:
881:
760:
752:
710:
696:
672:
606:
496:
346:
342:
169:
is the doctrine that the Sun is at the centre of the universe, as opposed to
166:
3217:
MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb: First Microlensing Planet possibly in the Habitable Zone
3078:
6565:
6240:
6190:
6185:
6085:
5968:
5951:
5909:
5879:
5869:
5804:
5687:
5632:
5613:
5593:
5571:
5563:
5406:
5399:
5238:
5159:
5142:
4977:
4914:
4894:
4889:
4419:
4404:
4283:
4180:
4103:
3872:
3852:
3842:
3740:
3676:
3260:
3097:
1616:
1333:
For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, Earth-sized means 1–2 Earth radii
1143:
could use microlensing to measure the relative frequency of planets in the
1136:
1006:
1001:
955:
893:
system: the planets c and d have a mutual inclination of about 30 degrees.
784:
780:
651:
570:
562:
500:
413:
233:
188:, which often refers to the Sun as the "centre of spheres". Some interpret
146:
120:
104:
84:
31:
1798:
1768:
1203:, are those with relatively low metallicity which can have hundreds (e.g.
721:
dust that fill the plane of the Solar System has been detected around the
443:
leaving behind planet-sized bodies. Alternatively, planets may form in an
142:
are known to be common while other objects are more difficult to observe.
30:"Solar systems" redirects here. For the Sun and its planetary system, see
6481:
6153:
6145:
6135:
6115:
6090:
6019:
5941:
5697:
5672:
5667:
5581:
5541:
5502:
5467:
5450:
5445:
5117:
4998:
4941:
4936:
4870:
4345:
4123:
4118:
4088:
4058:
4013:
3968:
3963:
3892:
3877:
3812:
3756:
3751:
3717:
3702:
3697:
3691:
3447:
3350:
3243:
2083:
1361:
1322:
1318:
1166:
1132:
1120:
1010:
990:
Are Planetary Systems Filled to Capacity? A Study Based on Kepler Results
952:
On The Relative Sizes of Planets Within Kepler Multiple Candidate Systems
830:
768:
722:
676:
513:
504:
439:
354:
350:
170:
139:
76:
35:
3126:(2014). "On the Frequency of Potential Venus Analogs from Kepler Data".
621:
M) are less likely to have planets massive enough to be detected by the
6065:
5762:
5735:
5712:
5692:
5677:
5529:
5433:
5411:
5389:
5384:
5248:
5008:
4316:
4083:
3857:
3781:
3707:
3686:
2769:"NASA – Out of Whack Planetary System Offers Clues to a Disturbed Past"
1508:
1174:
980:
The period ratio distribution of Kepler's candidate multiplanet systems
903:
684:
542:
532:
448:
241:
237:
189:
3429:
Kóspál, Ágnes; Ardila, David R.; Moór, Attila; Ábrahám, Péter (2009).
2366:
1041:
933:
6252:
6100:
5884:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5799:
5752:
5742:
5536:
5512:
5487:
5394:
5345:
5278:
5268:
5243:
5216:
5192:
5127:
3766:
3761:
3727:
3712:
3601:
3323:
Stellar activity mimics a habitable-zone planet around Kapteyn's star
2395:
1790:
1266:
activity. The distribution of the different types of galaxies in the
1232:
1216:
1178:
1128:
1082:
845:
800:
726:
706:
614:
546:
472:
434:
357:
335:
131:
96:
3011:"Astronomers answer key question: How common are habitable planets?"
2176:
disk. III. Detailed models of the exozodiacal disk and its origin".
507:
gas giant very close to the star have been found. Theories, such as
6245:
5946:
5620:
5379:
5352:
4156:
3511:
3410:
3385:
3322:
3308:
3283:
2681:
2537:
2520:
2493:
2455:
2453:
2153:
2046:
1970:
1911:
1852:
1267:
968:
Exoplanet Predictions Based on the Generalised Titius-Bode Relation
865:
849:
837:
822:
730:
718:
692:
535:. The planets in these systems are said to be like 'peas in a pod'.
88:
4836:
3494:
3338:
3216:
3140:
3110:
3060:
2949:
2909:
2876:
2831:
2737:
2554:
2301:
2247:
2190:
2136:
2029:
1720:
1599:
989:
979:
973:
967:
961:
951:
115:
together with the planetary system revolving around it, including
6520:
5995:
5757:
5524:
5477:
5460:
5455:
5374:
4168:
821:
Computer modelling of an impact in 2013 detected around the star
776:
395:
269:
60:
2450:
1447:, Ian Ridpath, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
1274:, with elliptical galaxies found mostly close to their centers.
6510:
6498:
5717:
5603:
4884:
4479:
3807:
3631:
3566:
430:
339:
211:, but received no support from most other ancient astronomers.
80:
3479:
275:
3526:
2893:"Equilibria in the secular, non-co-planar two-planet problem"
1600:
The fate of fallback matter around newly born compact objects
1573:
Podsiadlowski, Philipp (1993). "Planet formation scenarios".
1155:
at a distance of 7.7 kiloparsecs (about 25,000 light years).
1078:
1009:
because these are likely to be ejected from the cluster by a
885:
764:
746:
181:
116:
100:
68:
3281:
3121:
2423:
2421:
2067:
1951:
5859:
5078:
4867:
2721:
2641:Российские астрономы впервые открыли луну возле экзопланеты
1317:
For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic, "Sun-like" means
734:
390:
296:
In the 18th century, the same possibility was mentioned by
127:
is sometimes used in reference to other planetary systems.
72:
6560:
3042:"Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars"
2491:
1892:
1833:
1284:
Comparison between the Solar System and extrasolar systems
1119:
90% of planets with known distances are within about 2000
1045:
Location of habitable zone around different types of stars
636:
6225:
4768:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
2459:
2418:
1575:
In: Planets Around Pulsars; Proceedings of the Conference
1544:
Newton, Isaac; Cohen, I. Bernard; Whitman, Anne (1999) .
918:
Other, as yet unobserved, orbital possibilities include:
602:
601:
Most known exoplanets orbit stars roughly similar to the
177:
112:
5047:
3325:, Paul Robertson (1 and 2), Arpita Roy (1 and 2 and 3),
970:, Timothy Bovaird, Charles H. Lineweaver, August 1, 2013
3428:
2997:
Further away planets 'can support life' say researchers
2499:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
2017:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
3431:"On the Relationship Between Debris Disks and Planets"
2890:
2870:
Fabrycky, Daniel C. (2010). "Non-Keplerian Dynamics".
1458:
1392:, David J. Dsrling, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley, 2004.
495:
The Solar System consists of an inner region of small
433:
have been discovered. Pulsars are the remnants of the
6576:
3228:
3040:
Petigura, E. A.; Howard, A. W.; Marcy, G. W. (2013).
2665:"Kepler-108: A Mutually Inclined Giant Planet System"
964:, Sarah Ballard, John Asher Johnson, October 15, 2014
3179:
SAG 11: Preparing for the WFIRST Microlensing Survey
2891:
Migaszewski, Cezary; Goździewski, Krzysztof (2009).
2533:
2531:
2121:
666:, using improved imaging processes (April 24, 2014).
3284:"On the Two Oosterhoff Groups of Globular Clusters"
3039:
2615:
NASA's Spitzer Telescope Witnesses Asteroid Smashup
2487:
2485:
1695:
1096:
1054:habitable zone extends much further from the star.
976:, Mary Anne Limbach, Edwin L. Turner, April 9, 2014
934:
Number of planets, relative parameters and spacings
345:. The first confirmed detection of exoplanets of a
176:The notion of a heliocentric Solar System with the
1545:
1543:
364:and dedicated planet-finding programs such as the
353:, was found in a four-day orbit around the nearby
4445:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
4440:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2964:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2897:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
2528:
2360:
1708:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
405:that form around stars as part of the process of
180:at its centre is possibly first suggested in the
27:Set of non-stellar objects in orbit around a star
6636:
4064:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2482:
992:, Julia Fang, Jean-Luc Margot, February 28, 2013
214:
3047:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2227:
2225:
1701:
1552:. University of California Press. p. 940.
880:between two planets is the angle between their
573:in the outer part, is a type of Ordered system.
173:(placing Earth at the centre of the universe).
79:. Generally speaking, systems with one or more
3033:
2586:
1702:Hasegawa, Yasuhiro; Pudritz, Ralph E. (2011).
1413:, Valerie Illingworth, London: Collins, 2000.
134:in 4,949 planetary systems, with 1007 systems
130:As of 24 July 2024, there are 7,026 confirmed
5063:
4852:
3542:
2952:, Hagai B. Perets, M. B. N. Kouwenhoven, 2012
2943:
2662:
1572:
221:Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
3383:
2999:, BBC, January 7, 2014 Last updated at 12:40
2816:
2663:Mills, Sean M.; Fabrycky, Daniel C. (2017).
2594:"'Exocomets' Common Across Milky Way Galaxy"
2222:
1667:
1634:
1355:
349:star was made in 1995, when a giant planet,
280:In the 16th century the Italian philosopher
2819:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2342:"Known populations of solar system objects"
1219:, whereas Population II stars found in the
906:system contains four planets in an 8:6:4:3
386:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
276:Speculation on extrasolar planetary systems
5070:
5056:
4859:
4845:
3549:
3535:
3198:Toward a New Era in Planetary Microlensing
2961:
2492:Welsh, B. Y. & Montgomery, S. (2013).
1548:The Principia: A New Translation and Guide
1492:
1258:. Most elliptical galaxies contain mainly
915:to another planet that is far enough out.
889:actually been measured One example is the
329:
4215:
3607:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
3493:
3446:
3409:
3307:
3242:
3139:
3122:Kane, Stephen R.; Kopparapu, Ravi Kumar;
3087:
3077:
3059:
2926:
2908:
2875:
2830:
2736:
2698:
2680:
2553:
2519:
2389:
2300:
2246:
2189:
2135:
2082:
2061:
2028:
2004:
1987:
1969:
1928:
1910:
1869:
1851:
1737:
1719:
1467:"Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog"
1345:
1336:
1327:
1311:
855:
597:The Morgan-Keenan spectral classification
51:An artist's concept of a planetary system
4475:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
2869:
2339:
1673:
1640:
1593:
1114:
1040:
937:
646:
592:
458:
389:
320:search for extraterrestrial intelligence
224:
46:
3332:
3282:T. S. van Albada; Norman Baker (1973).
3008:
3002:
713:, the 1–100 micrometre-sized grains of
637:Circumstellar disks and dust structures
490:
463:Protoplanetary discs observed with the
371:
362:methods of detecting extrasolar planets
14:
6637:
3356:
2789:
1500:
5051:
4840:
4783:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
3530:
1464:
871:
840:has not yet been confirmed. The star
324:has been a prevalent theme in fiction
4465:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
4455:Habitability of neutron star systems
1223:are older and thus more metal-poor.
1069:is the region around a star where a
986:, Jason A. Hwang, September 11, 2014
633:, which can detect smaller planets.
582:
334:The first confirmed detection of an
4866:
4808:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
4435:Habitability of binary star systems
2849:10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122246
2340:Johnston, Robert (August 2, 2014).
1674:Ferreira, Becky (August 19, 2022).
1472:The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia
896:
810:
454:
249:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
38:. For the solar power company, see
24:
4920:List of most massive star clusters
4793:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
4450:Habitability of natural satellites
3422:
2798:. International Business Times Inc
424:
419:
394:Illustration of the dynamics of a
207:as early as the 3rd century BC by
25:
6661:
4460:Habitability of red dwarf systems
1270:depends on their location within
1141:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1030:
996:
864:. An example of such a system is
852:also has at least one satellite.
519:
6622:
6610:
6598:
6586:
6559:
6549:
6548:
5032:
5031:
4557:Stars with proto-planetary discs
4521:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
4511:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3999:Extraterrestrial sample curation
3630:
3207:, Andy Gould, September 21, 2010
3009:Sanders, R. (November 4, 2013).
2928:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14552.x
2011:Andrew Cumming; R. Paul Butler;
1739:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19338.x
1655:from the original on May 3, 2023
1097:Galactic distribution of planets
658:archival images of young stars,
326:, particularly science fiction.
161:
4470:Habitable zone for complex life
3908:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
3612:Methods of detecting exoplanets
3377:
3351:Habitable Zones in the Universe
3344:
3316:
3275:
3222:
3210:
3191:
3172:
3115:
3104:
2990:
2955:
2884:
2863:
2810:
2790:Emspak, Jesse (March 2, 2011).
2783:
2761:
2715:
2656:
2646:
2634:
2619:
2608:
2333:
2279:
2168:
2115:
1945:
1886:
1827:
1813:
1762:
1641:Ferreira, Becky (May 3, 2023).
1609:
1528:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
1432:Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
1411:Collins Dictionary of Astronomy
1111:Globular cluster § Planets
199:The idea was first proposed in
4651:Discovered exoplanets by year
3556:
3111:Habitable Zone Gallery - Venus
2792:"Kepler Finds Bizarre Systems"
1566:
1537:
1530:(15th edition, Chicago, 1991)
1520:
1486:
1437:
1424:
1403:
1382:
1368:estimated at = −0.89. 10 ≈ 1/8
1299:List of multiplanetary systems
1165:, are those young stars whose
471:As stars evolve and turn into
268:developed an understanding of
13:
1:
6461:Timeline of stellar astronomy
4925:List of largest star clusters
4778:Extrasolar planets in fiction
4425:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1375:
1254:are much older than stars in
1060:
577:
215:Discovery of the Solar System
34:. For a system of stars, see
4798:Planets in globular clusters
4415:Circumstellar habitable zone
2984:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.018
2796:International Business Times
2596:. Space.com. January 7, 2013
1958:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1899:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1840:Astronomy & Astrophysics
1242:have different histories of
1037:Circumstellar habitable zone
401:Planetary systems come from
284:, an early supporter of the
196:as implicitly heliocentric.
7:
6121:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
4932:Hypercompact stellar system
4900:Hypercompact stellar system
4758:Exoplanet naming convention
3868:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
3465:10.1088/0004-637X/700/2/L73
3384:Dressler, A. (March 1980).
2572:10.1051/0004-6361/201323128
2265:10.1051/0004-6361/201117719
2208:10.1051/0004-6361/201321415
2101:10.1051/0004-6361:200500193
1989:10.1051/0004-6361/202140761
1930:10.1051/0004-6361/202244705
1871:10.1051/0004-6361/202243751
1277:
136:having more than one planet
10:
6666:
6035:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
3994:Extraterrestrial materials
3628:
3184:February 22, 2014, at the
3158:10.1088/2041-8205/794/1/L5
2747:10.1088/0004-637X/798/1/46
2700:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/45
2541:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2463:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2431:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2399:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2370:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2319:10.1051/0004-6361:20077625
2289:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2235:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2178:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2071:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1123:of Earth, as of July 2014.
1100:
1034:
842:1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6
814:
744:
703:Interplanetary dust clouds
640:
586:
499:and outer region of large
375:
218:
156:
145:Of particular interest to
29:
6544:
6469:
6318:
6216:
6144:
6043:
5900:
5775:
5653:
5562:
5298:
5289:
5168:
5098:
5085:
5077:
5027:
4991:
4955:
4877:
4821:Discoveries of exoplanets
4816:
4745:
4534:
4493:
4395:
4307:
4214:
4147:
4024:Interplanetary dust cloud
3920:
3800:
3726:
3652:
3639:
3594:
3562:
3482:The Astrophysical Journal
3435:The Astrophysical Journal
3390:The Astrophysical Journal
3203:November 3, 2014, at the
3128:The Astrophysical Journal
3124:Domagal-Goldman, Shawn D.
2725:The Astrophysical Journal
2124:The Astrophysical Journal
1445:A Dictionary of Astronomy
928:precessing orbital planes
757:A-type main-sequence star
740:
6414:With multiple exoplanets
4526:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
4501:Nearby Habitable Systems
4387:Transit-timing variation
2771:. Nasa.gov. May 25, 2010
2669:The Astronomical Journal
1824:at Astro Washington.com.
1304:
1025:
803:) are around very young
5200:Asymptotic giant branch
4803:Small planet radius gap
4506:Exoplanet Data Explorer
4430:Galactic habitable zone
4004:Giant-impact hypothesis
3079:10.1073/pnas.1319909110
3015:newscenter.berkeley.edu
2841:2015ARA&A..53..409W
2564:2014A&A...561L..10K
2476:1997A&A...325..228L
2444:1990A&A...227L..13L
2412:1990A&A...236..202B
2383:1987A&A...185..267F
2311:2007A&A...475..243D
2257:2011A&A...535A..68A
2200:2013A&A...555A.146L
2093:2005A&A...443L..15B
1980:2021A&A...656A..74M
1921:2023A&A...670A..69M
1862:2023A&A...670A..68M
1215:near the center of the
1103:Galactic habitable zone
958:et al. December 9, 2012
844:, in the constellation
827:Spitzer Space Telescope
477:asymptotic giant branch
330:Detection of exoplanets
40:Solar Systems (company)
6536:Tidal disruption event
6025:Circumstellar envelope
5259:Luminous blue variable
4763:Exoplanet phase curves
4601:Terrestrial candidates
4552:Multiplanetary systems
4516:NASA Exoplanet Archive
4199:Mean-motion resonances
4009:Gravitational collapse
3959:Circumstellar envelope
3261:10.1006/icar.2001.6607
1124:
1046:
947:
944:Kepler space telescope
856:Orbital configurations
667:
627:Kepler space telescope
623:radial-velocity method
598:
569:in the inner part and
468:
398:
244:
52:
6650:Concepts in astronomy
6061:Effective temperature
5037:Category:Star systems
4910:Dark globular cluster
4638:Potentially habitable
4543:Exoplanetary systems
4485:Superhabitable planet
4244:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
4129:Sample-return mission
4029:Interplanetary medium
3288:Astrophysical Journal
1207:) or thousands (e.g.
1118:
1044:
1002:Free-floating planets
941:
815:Further information:
650:
596:
462:
393:
304:" that concludes his
228:
50:
6531:Planet-hosting stars
6409:With resolved images
6380:Historical brightest
6310:Photometric-standard
6236:Solar radio emission
6030:Eddington luminosity
5810:Triple-alpha process
5748:Thorne–Żytkow object
5123:Young stellar object
4773:Extragalactic planet
4753:Carl Sagan Institute
4034:Interplanetary space
3949:Circumplanetary disk
3622:Planet-hosting stars
1821:Types and Attributes
1107:Extragalactic planet
862:orbital eccentricity
817:Circumplanetary disk
799:, and more recently
589:Planet-hosting stars
516:have been detected.
491:System architectures
465:Very Large Telescope
403:protoplanetary disks
372:Origin and evolution
209:Aristarchus of Samos
6355:Highest temperature
6126:Color–color diagram
5991:Protoplanetary disk
5795:Proton–proton chain
5473:Chemically peculiar
4968:Stellar association
4114:Protoplanetary disk
4094:Planetary migration
4049:Interstellar medium
3828:Circumtriple planet
3823:Circumbinary planet
3504:2009ApJ...700L..73K
3457:2000ApJ...537L.147O
3402:1980ApJ...236..351D
3300:1973ApJ...185..477V
3253:2001Icar..151..307L
3150:2014ApJ...794L...5K
3070:2013PNAS..11019273P
3054:(48): 19273–19278.
3021:on November 7, 2014
2976:2005PPP...219..131A
2919:2009MNRAS.395.1777M
2691:2017AJ....153...45M
2512:2013PASP..125..759W
2146:2008ApJ...686..637S
2039:2008PASP..120..531C
1783:1996Natur.384..619W
1730:2011MNRAS.417.1236H
1587:1993ASPC...36..149P
1289:Protoplanetary disk
1252:elliptical galaxies
611:spectral categories
607:main-sequence stars
509:planetary migration
382:Planetary migration
254:Nicolaus Copernicus
125:exoplanetary system
111:. For example, the
109:circumstellar disks
6360:Lowest temperature
6111:Photometric system
6081:Absolute magnitude
6015:Circumstellar dust
5628:Stellar black hole
5264:Stellar population
5150:Herbig–Haro object
4983:Hypervelocity star
4079:Nebular hypothesis
4054:Interstellar space
4039:Interstellar cloud
4019:Internal structure
3954:Circumstellar disc
1681:The New York Times
1648:The New York Times
1294:List of exoplanets
1153:MOA-2011-BLG-293Lb
1125:
1075:runaway greenhouse
1071:terrestrial planet
1047:
948:
924:co-orbital planets
891:Upsilon Andromedae
872:Mutual inclination
668:
643:Circumstellar disk
599:
469:
399:
378:Nebular hypothesis
245:
230:Heliocentric model
201:Western philosophy
93:natural satellites
63:bound non-stellar
53:
6645:Planetary systems
6574:
6573:
6477:Substellar object
6456:Planetary nebulae
5875:Luminous red nova
5785:Deuterium burning
5771:
5770:
5254:Instability strip
5234:Wolf-Rayet nebula
5188:Horizontal branch
5133:Pre-main-sequence
5045:
5044:
4834:
4833:
4410:Astrooceanography
4044:Interstellar dust
3916:
3915:
3792:Ultra-hot Neptune
3787:Ultra-hot Jupiter
3736:Eccentric Jupiter
3586:Planetary science
3362:John, D, (2006),
3327:Suvrath Mahadevan
2013:Geoffrey W. Marcy
1777:(6610): 619–621.
1514:The Sand Reckoner
1240:types of galaxies
1225:Globular clusters
1191:relative velocity
1183:elliptical orbits
908:orbital resonance
619:spectral category
583:Planets and stars
481:planetary nebulae
429:Planets orbiting
291:Roman Inquisition
18:Planetary systems
16:(Redirected from
6657:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6615:
6614:
6613:
6603:
6602:
6601:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6566:Stars portal
6564:
6563:
6552:
6551:
6208:Planetary system
6131:Strömgren sphere
6003:Asteroseismology
5724:Black hole star
5296:
5295:
5222:Planetary nebula
5183:Red-giant branch
5072:
5065:
5058:
5049:
5048:
5035:
5034:
4947:Planetary system
4905:Globular cluster
4861:
4854:
4847:
4838:
4837:
4788:Neptunian desert
4174:Tidally detached
4109:Planet formation
4099:Planetary system
3989:Exozodiacal dust
3979:Disrupted planet
3903:Ultra-cool dwarf
3833:Disrupted planet
3818:Chthonian planet
3650:
3649:
3634:
3617:Planetary system
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3497:
3488:(2): L147–L151.
3476:
3450:
3448:astro-ph/0007014
3416:
3415:
3413:
3381:
3375:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3330:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3246:
3244:astro-ph/0012399
3226:
3220:
3214:
3208:
3195:
3189:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3143:
3119:
3113:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3081:
3063:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3017:. Archived from
3006:
3000:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2970:(1–2): 131–155.
2959:
2953:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2930:
2912:
2903:(4): 1777–1794.
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2834:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2740:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2684:
2660:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2557:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2506:(929): 759–774.
2489:
2480:
2479:
2457:
2448:
2447:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2344:. Archived from
2337:
2331:
2330:
2304:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2250:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2193:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2139:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2086:
2084:astro-ph/0509211
2065:
2059:
2058:
2032:
2023:(867): 531–554.
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1973:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1932:
1914:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1855:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1791:10.1038/384619a0
1766:
1760:
1759:
1741:
1723:
1714:(2): 1236–1259.
1699:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1551:
1541:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1462:
1456:
1441:
1435:
1428:
1422:
1407:
1401:
1386:
1369:
1359:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1248:planet formation
1201:metal-poor stars
1163:metal-rich stars
1077:conditions like
1020:molecular clouds
984:Jason H. Steffen
897:Orbital dynamics
811:Other components
715:amorphous carbon
455:Lower-mass stars
302:General Scholium
298:Sir Isaac Newton
266:Sir Isaac Newton
57:planetary system
21:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6623:
6621:
6611:
6609:
6599:
6597:
6587:
6585:
6577:
6575:
6570:
6558:
6540:
6465:
6434:Milky Way novae
6370:Smallest volume
6314:
6295:Radial velocity
6218:
6212:
6164:Common envelope
6140:
6039:
6008:Helioseismology
5979:Bipolar outflow
5920:Microturbulence
5915:Convection zone
5896:
5790:Lithium burning
5777:Nucleosynthesis
5767:
5649:
5558:
5285:
5164:
5113:Molecular cloud
5094:
5081:
5076:
5046:
5041:
5023:
4992:Visual grouping
4987:
4951:
4873:
4865:
4835:
4830:
4826:Search projects
4812:
4741:
4530:
4489:
4391:
4363:Radial velocity
4303:
4259:K/Orange dwarfs
4249:G/Yellow dwarfs
4210:
4204:Titius–Bode law
4143:
4074:Molecular cloud
3974:Detached object
3925:
3923:
3912:
3898:Toroidal planet
3888:Sub-brown dwarf
3796:
3722:
3694:(Super-Mercury)
3667:Coreless planet
3643:
3641:
3635:
3626:
3590:
3558:
3555:
3425:
3423:Further reading
3420:
3419:
3382:
3378:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3333:
3321:
3317:
3280:
3276:
3227:
3223:
3215:
3211:
3205:Wayback Machine
3196:
3192:
3186:Wayback Machine
3177:
3173:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3105:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2991:
2960:
2956:
2948:
2944:
2889:
2885:
2868:
2864:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2774:
2772:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2720:
2716:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2536:
2529:
2490:
2483:
2458:
2451:
2426:
2419:
2394:
2390:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2348:on June 9, 2019
2338:
2334:
2284:
2280:
2230:
2223:
2173:
2169:
2120:
2116:
2066:
2062:
2009:
2005:
1950:
1946:
1891:
1887:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1767:
1763:
1700:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1623:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1598:
1594:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1542:
1538:
1525:
1521:
1491:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1463:
1459:
1442:
1438:
1429:
1425:
1408:
1404:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1372:
1360:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1280:
1272:galaxy clusters
1262:, with minimal
1256:spiral galaxies
1187:Galactic Center
1139:. The upcoming
1113:
1099:
1063:
1039:
1033:
1028:
999:
956:David R. Ciardi
936:
899:
874:
858:
819:
813:
755:, a very young
749:
743:
689:Epsilon Eridani
645:
639:
591:
585:
580:
522:
493:
457:
427:
425:High-mass stars
422:
420:Evolved systems
388:
374:
332:
278:
262:Johannes Kepler
258:Galileo Galilei
223:
217:
205:Greek astronomy
192:'s writings in
164:
159:
61:gravitationally
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6632:
6631:
6619:
6607:
6595:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6556:
6545:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6473:
6471:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6458:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6446:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6405:
6404:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6365:Largest volume
6362:
6357:
6352:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6335:
6324:
6322:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6290:
6285:
6280:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6222:
6220:
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6205:
6204:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6161:
6150:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6076:Magnetic field
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6047:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5986:Accretion disk
5983:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5966:
5965:
5964:
5962:Alfvén surface
5959:
5957:Stellar corona
5954:
5949:
5944:
5934:
5932:Radiation zone
5929:
5928:
5927:
5922:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5773:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5730:
5722:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5670:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5611:
5601:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5574:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5554:Blue straggler
5551:
5550:
5549:
5539:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5465:
5464:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5431:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5409:
5404:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5312:Main sequence
5310:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5291:Classification
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5230:
5229:
5227:Protoplanetary
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5207:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5180:
5174:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5104:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5075:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5052:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4963:Stellar stream
4959:
4957:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4864:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4841:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4648:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4389:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4375:Transit method
4372:
4371:
4370:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4322:Direct imaging
4319:
4313:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4139:Star formation
4136:
4134:Scattered disc
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3984:Excretion disk
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Accretion disk
3936:
3930:
3928:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3848:Eyeball planet
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3647:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3512:10.1086/312779
3477:
3441:(2): L73–L77.
3424:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3411:10.1086/157753
3376:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3315:
3309:10.1086/152434
3274:
3237:(2): 307–313.
3221:
3209:
3190:
3188:, Jennifer Yee
3171:
3114:
3103:
3032:
3001:
2989:
2954:
2942:
2883:
2862:
2809:
2782:
2760:
2714:
2655:
2645:
2633:
2618:
2607:
2585:
2527:
2521:10.1086/671757
2481:
2449:
2417:
2388:
2359:
2332:
2295:(1): 243–250.
2278:
2221:
2167:
2154:10.1086/591442
2130:(1): 637–648.
2114:
2077:(3): L15–L18.
2060:
2047:10.1086/588487
2003:
1944:
1885:
1826:
1812:
1761:
1694:
1666:
1633:
1608:
1592:
1565:
1558:
1536:
1519:
1485:
1465:Schneider, J.
1457:
1436:
1423:
1402:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:Kapteyn's star
1354:
1344:
1335:
1326:
1309:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1279:
1276:
1264:star-formation
1260:low-mass stars
1244:star formation
1229:Kapteyn's star
1145:galactic bulge
1098:
1095:
1062:
1059:
1035:Main article:
1032:
1031:Habitable zone
1029:
1027:
1024:
998:
997:Planet capture
995:
994:
993:
987:
977:
971:
965:
959:
935:
932:
920:double planets
898:
895:
882:orbital planes
873:
870:
857:
854:
812:
809:
745:Main article:
742:
739:
681:scattered disc
641:Main article:
638:
635:
631:transit method
587:Main article:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
574:
556:
550:
536:
521:
520:Classification
518:
492:
489:
456:
453:
445:accretion disk
426:
423:
421:
418:
407:star formation
373:
370:
366:Kepler mission
331:
328:
282:Giordano Bruno
277:
274:
219:Main article:
216:
213:
184:literature of
163:
160:
158:
155:
151:habitable zone
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6662:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6630:
6620:
6618:
6608:
6606:
6596:
6594:
6584:
6583:
6580:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6555:
6547:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6526:Intergalactic
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6506:Galactic year
6504:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6474:
6472:
6468:
6462:
6459:
6457:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6400:
6396:
6393:
6392:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6385:Most luminous
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6330:
6329:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6321:
6317:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6300:Proper motion
6298:
6296:
6293:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Constellation
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6231:Solar eclipse
6229:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6221:
6217:Earth-centric
6215:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6155:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6042:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5988:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5967:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5893:
5890:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5815:Alpha process
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5675:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5652:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5622:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5606:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5587:Helium planet
5585:
5584:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5577:Parker's star
5575:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Lambda Boötis
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5436:
5435:
5432:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5274:Superluminous
5272:
5271:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5178:Main sequence
5176:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5155:Hayashi track
5153:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5097:
5091:
5088:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5073:
5068:
5066:
5061:
5059:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5020:
5019:Constellation
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Multiple star
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4926:
4923:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4850:
4848:
4843:
4842:
4839:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4299:Yellow giants
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4170:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4146:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:Merging stars
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:Asteroid belt
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3919:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Pulsar planet
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Double planet
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3777:Super-Neptune
3775:
3773:
3772:Super-Jupiter
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3747:Helium planet
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3682:Hycean planet
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Desert planet
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Carbon planet
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3638:
3633:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3426:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3372:1-4054-6314-7
3369:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3218:
3213:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3187:
3183:
3180:
3175:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3036:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2951:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2878:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2797:
2793:
2786:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2659:
2649:
2642:
2637:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:
2534:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2456:
2454:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1816:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1604:Rosalba Perna
1601:
1596:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1569:
1561:
1559:0-520-20217-1
1555:
1550:
1549:
1540:
1533:
1529:
1526:"Cosmos" in
1523:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1501:Linton (2004)
1498:
1494:
1493:Dreyer (1953)
1489:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1453:0-19-860513-7
1450:
1446:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1420:
1419:0-00-710297-6
1416:
1412:
1406:
1399:
1398:0-471-26569-1
1395:
1391:
1385:
1381:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1221:galactic halo
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Sneden's Star
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:Population II
1194:
1192:
1189:, with a low
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1149:galactic disk
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1043:
1038:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1016:galactic tide
1012:
1008:
1007:neutron stars
1003:
991:
988:
985:
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
953:
950:
949:
945:
940:
931:
929:
925:
921:
916:
913:
912:Kepler's laws
909:
905:
894:
892:
887:
883:
879:
869:
867:
863:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Beta Pictoris
758:
754:
753:Beta Pictoris
748:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:zodiacal dust
708:
704:
700:
698:
697:main sequence
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:asteroid belt
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
644:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
595:
590:
572:
571:giant planets
568:
567:rocky planets
565:, with small
564:
560:
557:
554:
553:Anti-Ordered:
551:
548:
544:
540:
537:
534:
530:
527:
526:
525:
517:
515:
510:
506:
502:
501:giant planets
498:
497:rocky planets
488:
484:
482:
478:
474:
466:
461:
452:
450:
446:
441:
436:
432:
417:
415:
414:rogue planets
410:
408:
404:
397:
392:
387:
383:
379:
369:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
347:main-sequence
344:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
315:
313:
309:
308:
303:
299:
294:
292:
287:
283:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
212:
210:
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
186:ancient India
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
167:Heliocentrism
162:Heliocentrism
154:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:planetesimals
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
85:dwarf planets
82:
78:
74:
70:
67:in or out of
66:
62:
58:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6629:Solar System
6429:White dwarfs
6419:Brown dwarfs
6402:Most distant
6350:Most massive
6328:Proper names
6288:Photographic
6241:Solar System
6219:observations
6207:
6146:Star systems
5969:Stellar wind
5952:Chromosphere
5925:Oscillations
5805:Helium flash
5655:Hypothetical
5633:X-ray binary
5572:Compact star
5407:Bright giant
5160:Henyey track
5138:Herbig Ae/Be
4978:Runaway star
4973:Moving group
4946:
4915:Open cluster
4895:Star cluster
4890:Dwarf galaxy
4643:Proper names
4420:Earth analog
4405:Astrobiology
4397:Habitability
4334:Microlensing
4294:White dwarfs
4264:M/Red dwarfs
4254:Herbig Ae/Be
4239:Brown dwarfs
4181:Rogue planet
4162:Interstellar
4148:
4104:Planetesimal
4098:
3873:Planetesimal
3853:Giant planet
3843:Ecumenopolis
3741:Mini-Neptune
3677:Dwarf planet
3616:
3485:
3481:
3438:
3434:
3393:
3389:
3379:
3374:, p. 224-225
3363:
3358:
3346:
3334:
3318:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3212:
3193:
3174:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3106:
3051:
3045:
3035:
3023:. Retrieved
3019:the original
3014:
3004:
2992:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2945:
2900:
2896:
2886:
2865:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2795:
2785:
2773:. Retrieved
2763:
2728:
2724:
2717:
2672:
2668:
2658:
2648:
2636:
2628:
2621:
2610:
2598:. Retrieved
2588:
2545:
2539:
2503:
2497:
2467:
2461:
2435:
2429:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:the original
2335:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2238:
2234:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2020:
2016:
2006:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1902:
1898:
1888:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1815:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1679:
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1646:
1636:
1624:. Retrieved
1620:
1611:
1595:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1547:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1488:
1476:. Retrieved
1470:
1460:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1426:
1410:
1405:
1389:
1384:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1329:
1323:K-type stars
1313:
1237:
1205:BD +17° 3248
1200:
1196:
1195:
1162:
1159:Population I
1158:
1157:
1137:microlensing
1126:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1000:
917:
900:
875:
859:
835:
831:protoplanets
825:-ID8 by the
820:
805:A-type stars
785:2 Andromedae
781:5 Vulpeculae
750:
707:exoplanetary
701:
669:
663:
659:
654:detected in
652:Debris disks
600:
563:Solar System
558:
552:
538:
528:
523:
514:Super-Earths
494:
485:
470:
428:
411:
400:
343:PSR B1257+12
333:
316:
311:
305:
295:
279:
247:
246:
234:Solar System
198:
175:
165:
147:astrobiology
144:
140:Debris disks
129:
124:
121:Solar System
59:is a set of
56:
54:
44:
32:Solar System
6617:Outer space
6605:Spaceflight
6482:Brown dwarf
6258:Circumpolar
6136:Kraft break
6116:Color index
6091:Metallicity
6051:Designation
6020:Cosmic dust
5942:Photosphere
5708:Dark-energy
5683:Electroweak
5668:Black dwarf
5599:Radio-quiet
5582:White dwarf
5468:White dwarf
5118:Bok globule
4999:Double star
4942:Binary star
4937:Star system
4655:before 2000
4571:Discoveries
4346:Polarimetry
4234:Binary star
4124:Rubble pile
4119:Ring system
4089:Outer space
4059:Kuiper belt
4014:Hills cloud
3969:Debris disk
3964:Cosmic dust
3893:Sub-Neptune
3878:Protoplanet
3813:Brown dwarf
3801:Other types
3757:Hot Neptune
3752:Hot Jupiter
3743:(Gas dwarf)
3718:Super-Earth
3703:Ocean world
3698:Lava planet
3692:Iron planet
3654:Terrestrial
3595:Main topics
3396:: 351–365.
3294:: 477–498.
3025:November 6,
2825:: 409–447.
2470:: 228–236.
2438:: L13–L16.
2406:: 202–216.
2377:: 267–270.
2352:January 19,
1626:December 7,
1621:www.eso.org
1362:Metallicity
1319:G-type star
1185:around the
1175:spiral arms
1167:metallicity
1147:versus the
1133:light years
1121:light years
1073:would have
1011:pulsar kick
878:inclination
876:The mutual
769:51 Ophiuchi
723:51 Ophiuchi
677:Kuiper belt
605:: that is,
505:hot Jupiter
479:stars, and
449:black holes
355:G-type star
351:51 Pegasi b
194:Āryabhaṭīya
171:geocentrism
123:. The term
119:, form the
77:star system
36:Star system
6639:Categories
6444:Candidates
6439:Supernovae
6424:Red dwarfs
6283:Extinction
6071:Kinematics
6066:Luminosity
6044:Properties
5937:Atmosphere
5835:Si burning
5825:Ne burning
5763:White hole
5736:Quasi-star
5663:Blue dwarf
5518:Technetium
5434:Hypergiant
5412:Supergiant
5009:Star cloud
4566:Exoplanets
4547:Host stars
4494:Catalogues
4317:Astrometry
4279:Subdwarf B
4216:Host stars
4189:Retrograde
4084:Oort cloud
3922:Formation
3858:Mesoplanet
3782:Super-puff
3708:Mega-Earth
3687:Ice planet
3572:Definition
3557:Exoplanets
2775:August 17,
2682:1606.04485
2600:January 8,
1971:2105.12745
1912:2301.02373
1853:2301.02374
1687:August 19,
1509:Archimedes
1376:References
1246:and hence
1238:Different
1101:See also:
1083:red dwarfs
1067:Venus zone
1061:Venus zone
922:; various
904:Kepler-223
709:analog of
685:Oort cloud
615:red dwarfs
578:Components
543:Gliese 876
533:Trappist-1
473:red giants
376:See also:
286:Copernican
242:manuscript
238:Copernicus
190:Aryabhatta
132:exoplanets
97:meteoroids
6593:Astronomy
6375:Brightest
6273:Magnitude
6253:Pole star
6174:Symbiotic
6169:Eclipsing
6101:Starlight
5902:Structure
5892:Supernova
5885:Micronova
5880:Recurrent
5865:Symbiotic
5850:p-process
5845:r-process
5840:s-process
5830:O burning
5820:C burning
5800:CNO cycle
5743:Gravastar
5279:Hypernova
5269:Supernova
5244:Dredge-up
5217:Blue loop
5210:super-AGB
5193:Red clump
5170:Evolution
5128:Protostar
5108:Accretion
5100:Formation
4660:2000–2009
4626:1501–2000
4621:1001–1500
4309:Detection
4274:Red giant
3934:Accretion
3926:evolution
3767:Ice giant
3762:Gas giant
3713:Sub-Earth
3602:Exoplanet
3495:0907.0028
3364:Astronomy
3166:119178082
3141:1409.2886
3134:(1): L5.
3061:1311.6806
2910:0812.2949
2877:1006.3834
2832:1410.4199
2755:118409453
2738:1411.1059
2709:119295498
2675:(1): 45.
2580:118533377
2555:1401.1365
2302:0710.1731
2248:1110.1178
2191:1306.0956
2137:0810.2702
2030:0803.3357
1998:0004-6361
1939:0004-6361
1880:0004-6361
1756:118843952
1748:0035-8711
1721:1105.4015
1497:pp.135–48
1233:Kapteyn b
1217:Milky Way
1179:Milky Way
1171:accretion
1129:Milky Way
846:Centaurus
801:HD 172555
797:HD 110411
737:systems.
727:Fomalhaut
664:HD 191089
660:HD 141943
547:Kepler-89
435:supernova
358:51 Pegasi
336:exoplanet
307:Principia
89:asteroids
71:around a
6554:Category
6449:Remnants
6345:Extremes
6305:Parallax
6278:Apparent
6268:Asterism
6246:Sunlight
6196:Globular
6181:Multiple
6106:Variable
6096:Rotation
6056:Dynamics
5947:Starspot
5621:Magnetar
5564:Remnants
5380:Subgiant
5353:Subdwarf
5205:post-AGB
5014:Asterism
4616:501–1000
4596:Heaviest
4576:Extremes
4284:Subgiant
4157:Exocomet
3473:16636256
3269:14077895
3201:Archived
3182:Archived
3098:24191033
2937:14922361
2802:March 2,
2327:18317389
2273:13144157
2216:12112032
2184:: A146.
2162:52233547
2109:59569803
2055:10979195
1653:Archived
1505:pp.38–9)
1478:July 24,
1443:p. 420,
1430:p. 382,
1409:p. 314,
1388:p. 394,
1278:See also
1268:universe
866:16 Cygni
850:WASP-12b
838:exomoons
823:NGC 2547
793:HD 42111
789:HD 21620
731:Tau Ceti
719:silicate
693:Tau Ceti
559:Ordered:
529:Similar:
300:in the "
6579:Portals
6521:Gravity
6470:Related
6390:Nearest
6338:Chinese
6186:Cluster
6159:Contact
5996:Proplyd
5870:Remnant
5758:Blitzar
5732:Hawking
5688:Strange
5638:Burster
5594:Neutron
5547:Extreme
5498:He-weak
5143:T Tauri
4956:Unbound
4871:systems
4868:Stellar
4591:Largest
4586:Nearest
4289:T Tauri
4185:Orbits
4169:Exomoon
4149:Systems
3863:Planemo
3728:Gaseous
3520:1149097
3500:Bibcode
3453:Bibcode
3398:Bibcode
3296:Bibcode
3249:Bibcode
3146:Bibcode
3089:3845182
3066:Bibcode
2972:Bibcode
2915:Bibcode
2857:6867394
2837:Bibcode
2687:Bibcode
2560:Bibcode
2548:: L10.
2508:Bibcode
2472:Bibcode
2440:Bibcode
2408:Bibcode
2379:Bibcode
2307:Bibcode
2253:Bibcode
2241:: A68.
2196:Bibcode
2142:Bibcode
2089:Bibcode
2035:Bibcode
1976:Bibcode
1964:: A74.
1917:Bibcode
1905:: A69.
1858:Bibcode
1846:: A68.
1807:4304777
1799:8967949
1779:Bibcode
1726:Bibcode
1583:Bibcode
1581:: 149.
1177:of the
777:49 Ceti
773:HR 2174
629:by the
431:pulsars
396:proplyd
270:physics
232:of the
157:History
149:is the
81:planets
6511:Galaxy
6499:Planet
6487:Desert
6395:bright
6333:Arabic
6154:Binary
5974:Bubble
5698:Planck
5673:Exotic
5609:Binary
5604:Pulsar
5542:Helium
5503:Barium
5446:Carbon
5439:Yellow
5427:Yellow
5400:Yellow
5239:PG1159
4885:Galaxy
4606:Kepler
4581:Firsts
4480:Tholin
4351:Timing
4269:Pulsar
4194:Trojan
3808:Blanet
3567:Planet
3518:
3471:
3370:
3267:
3231:Icarus
3164:
3096:
3086:
2935:
2855:
2753:
2731:: 46.
2707:
2578:
2325:
2271:
2214:
2160:
2107:
2053:
1996:
1937:
1878:
1805:
1797:
1771:Nature
1754:
1746:
1659:May 3,
1556:
1451:
1417:
1396:
1352:stars.
1109:, and
1091:G-type
1087:K-type
741:Comets
733:, and
683:, and
539:Mixed:
384:, and
340:pulsar
264:, and
101:comets
65:bodies
6516:Guest
6320:Lists
6201:Super
5855:Fusor
5728:Black
5713:Quark
5693:Preon
5678:Boson
5614:X-ray
5530:Shell
5483:Ap/Bp
5385:Giant
5303:Early
5249:OH/IR
5079:Stars
4878:Bound
4746:Other
4611:1–500
4536:Lists
3645:types
3640:Sizes
3516:S2CID
3490:arXiv
3469:S2CID
3443:arXiv
3265:S2CID
3239:arXiv
3162:S2CID
3136:arXiv
3056:arXiv
2933:S2CID
2905:arXiv
2872:arXiv
2853:S2CID
2827:arXiv
2751:S2CID
2733:arXiv
2705:S2CID
2677:arXiv
2576:S2CID
2550:arXiv
2323:S2CID
2297:arXiv
2269:S2CID
2243:arXiv
2212:S2CID
2186:arXiv
2158:S2CID
2132:arXiv
2105:S2CID
2079:arXiv
2051:S2CID
2025:arXiv
1966:arXiv
1907:arXiv
1848:arXiv
1803:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1716:arXiv
1305:Notes
1213:bulge
1199:, or
1161:, or
1079:Venus
1026:Zones
886:Venus
765:HR 10
747:Comet
617:, of
182:Vedic
117:Earth
69:orbit
6191:Open
6086:Mass
5910:Core
5860:Nova
5753:Iron
5703:Dark
5513:Lead
5493:HgMn
5488:CEMP
5417:Blue
5390:Blue
5308:Late
5090:List
4735:2024
4730:2023
4725:2022
4720:2021
4715:2020
4710:2019
4705:2018
4700:2017
4695:2016
4690:2015
4685:2014
4680:2013
4675:2012
4670:2011
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