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Dissipation is a process that occurs continuously in circumstellar discs throughout the lifetime of the central star, and at the same time, for the same stage, is a process that is present in different parts of the disc. Dissipation can be divided in inner disc dissipation, mid-disc dissipation, and
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Material dissipation is one of the processes responsible for circumstellar discs evolution. Together with information about the mass of the central star, observation of material dissipation at different stages of a circumstellar disc can be used to determine the timescales involved in its evolution.
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Once a circumstellar disk has formed, spiral density waves are created within the circumstellar material via a differential torque due to the binary's gravity. The majority of these discs form axissymmetric to the binary plane, but it is possible for processes such as the
Bardeen-Petterson effect, a
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emissions is seen on the order of 50–200 days; much slower than the systems' binary orbit of ~1 day. The periodic blockage is believed to result from precession of a circumprimary or circumbinary disk, which normally occurs retrograde to the binary orbit as a result of the same differential torque
535:
It was originally believed that all binaries located within circumbinary disk would evolve towards orbital decay due to the gravitational torque of the circumbinary disk, primarily from material at the innermost edge of the excised cavity. This decay is no longer guaranteed when accretion from the
614:
Evidence of tilted circumbinary disks can be seen through warped geometry within circumstellar disks, precession of protostellar jets, and inclined orbits of circumplanetary objects (as seen in the eclipsing binary TY CrA). For disks orbiting a low secondary-to-primary mass ratio binary, a tilted
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outer
Lindblad resonances. This period is approximately five times the binary orbital period. For eccentric binaries, the period of accretion variability is the same as the binary orbital period due to each binary component scooping in matter from the circumbinary disk each time it reaches the
807:, indeed in the mid-infrared region, which makes it very difficult to detect and to predict the timescale of this region's dissipation. Studies made to determine the dissipation timescale in this region provide a wide range of values, predicting timescales from less than 10 up to 100 Myr.
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Stages in circumstellar discs refer to the structure and the main composition of the disc at different times during its evolution. Stages include the phases when the disc is composed mainly of submicron-sized particles, the evolution of these particles into grains and larger objects, the
273:
Circumsecondary disc is one which orbits around the secondary (i.e. less massive) star of the binary star system. This type of disc will only form when a high enough level of angular momentum is present within the infalling gas. The amount of angular momentum required is dependent on the
754:
Dissipation process and its duration in each stage is not well understood. Several mechanisms, with different predictions for discs' observed properties, have been proposed to explain dispersion in circumstellar discs. Mechanisms like decreasing dust opacity due to grain growth,
182:. If the disc is sufficiently massive, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the appearance of planetary embryos. The formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A sun-like star usually takes around 100 million years to form.
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circumbinary disc will undergo rigid precession with a period on the order of years. For discs around a binary with a mass ratio of one, differential torques will be strong enough to tear the interior of the disc apart into two or more separate, precessing discs.
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around the young, rotating star. The former is a rotating circumstellar disc of dense gas and dust that continues to feed the central star. It may contain a few percent of the mass of the central star, mainly in the form of gas which is itself mainly
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825:. Mean dust masses for this region has been reported to be ~ 10 solar masses. Studies of older debris discs (10 - 10 yr) suggest dust masses as low as 10 solar masses, implying that diffusion in outer discs occurs on a very long timescale.
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data showed that circumbinary disks around short period binaries are often aligned with the orbit of the binary. Binaries with a period longer than one month showed typically a misalignment of the disk with the binary orbit.
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disc is one which orbits about both the primary and secondary stars. Such a disc will form at a later time than the circumprimary and circumsecondary discs, with an inner radius much larger than the orbital radius of the
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Viscosity in the disc, whether molecular, turbulent or other, transports angular momentum outwards in the disc and most of the mass inwards, eventually accreting onto the central object. The mass accretion onto the star
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and the behavior of the gas along the innermost region of the cavity. For non-eccentric binaries, accretion variability coincides with the
Keplerian orbital period of the inner gas, which develops lumps corresponding to
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is generally unable to perturb the disc strongly enough for gas to be further accreted onto the circumprimary and circumsecondary discs. An example of a circumbinary disc may be seen around the star system
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consist of planetesimals along with fine dust and small amounts of gas generated through their collisions and evaporation. The original gas and small dust particles have been dispersed or accumulated into
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Protoplanetary disks and debris disks can be imaged with different methods. If the disk is seen edge-on, the disk can sometimes block the light of the star and the disk can be directly observed without a
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is the material in the Solar System created by collisions of asteroids and evaporation of comet seen to observers on Earth as a band of scattered light along the ecliptic before sunrise or after sunset.
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on the other hand can map larger millimeter-sized dust grains found in the mid-plane of the disk. Radio arrays like ALMA can also detect narrow emission from the gas of the disk. This can reveal the
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Avenhaus, Henning; Quanz, Sascha P.; Garufi, Antonio; Perez, Sebastian; Casassus, Simon; Pinte, Christophe; Bertrang, Gesa H. -M.; Caceres, Claudio; Benisty, Myriam; Dominik, Carsten (2018-08-01).
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Pinte, C.; van der Plas, G.; Ménard, F.; Price, D. J.; Christiaens, V.; Hill, T.; Mentiplay, D.; Ginski, C.; Choquet, E.; Boehler, Y.; Duchêne, G.; Perez, S.; Casassus, S. (2019-08-01).
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circumbinary disk onto the binary occurs, and can even lead to increased binary separations. The dynamics of orbital evolution depend on the binary's parameters, such as the mass ratio
160:. The main accretion phase lasts a few million years, with accretion rates typically between 10 and 10 solar masses per year (rates for typical systems presented in Hartmann et al.).
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of the disc, which is the amount of mass per unit area so after the volume density at a particular location in the disc has been integrated over the vertical structure, is given by:
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For example, observations of the dissipation process in transition discs (discs with large inner holes) estimate the average age of a circumstellar disc to be approximately 10 Myr.
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Given the formation of a circumbinary disc, the formation of an inner cavity surrounding the binary is inevitable. This cavity is the result of spiral density waves located at
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Gomez's
Hamburger, with the bright "buns" being the scattered light of the star on the surface of the disk. The reddish dark "patty" represents the mid-plane of the disk.
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803:) and is characterized for the presence of much more cooler material than in the inner part of the disc. Consequently, radiation emitted from this region has greater
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Transition discs: At this stage, the disc shows significant reduction in the presence of gas and dust and presents properties between protoplanetary and debris discs.
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712:: In this stage large quantities of primordial material (e.g., gas and dust) are present and the discs are massive enough to have potential to be planet-forming.
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in which infalling gas contains some degree of angular momentum. A general progression of disc formation is observed with increasing levels of angular momentum:
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785:). Since it is closest to the star, this region is also the hottest, thus material present there typically emits radiation in the near-infrared region of the
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C. Roddier; F. Roddier; M. J. Northcott; J. E. Graves; K. Jim (1996). "Adaptive optics imaging of GG Tauri: Optical detection of the circumbinary ring".
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The infall of gas onto a binary system allows the formation of circumstellar and circumbinary discs. The formation of such a disc will occur for any
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The indicative timescale that governs the short-term evolution of accretion onto binaries within circumbinary disks is the binary's orbital period
771:), or the dynamical influence of a giant planet forming within the disc are some of the processes that have been proposed to explain dissipation.
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721:: In this stage the circumstellar disc is a tenuous dust disc, presenting small gas amounts or even no gas at all. It is characterized by having
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789:. Study of the radiation emitted by the very hot dust present in that part of the disc indicates that there is an empirical connection between
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Strong evidence of tilted disks is seen in the systems Her X-1, SMC X-1, and SS 433 (among others), where a periodic line-of-sight blockage of
2214:
Bryden, G.; et al. (1999). "Tidally
Induced Gap Formation in Protostellar Disks: Gap Clearing and Suppression of Protoplanetary Growth".
2067:
Cieza, L; et al. (2007). "The spitzer c2d survey of weak-line T Tauri stars. II New constraints on the timescale for planet building".
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As mentioned, circumstellar discs are not equilibrium objects, but instead are constantly evolving. The evolution of the surface density
39:
35:
2692:
Hodapp, Klaus W.; Walker, Christina H.; Reipurth, Bo; Wood, Kenneth; Bally, John; Whitney, Barbara A.; Connelley, Michael (2004-01-01).
1990:
90:. Around the youngest stars, they are the reservoirs of material out of which planets may form. Around mature stars, they indicate that
459:
Eccentric binaries also see accretion variability over secular timescales hundreds of times the binary period. This corresponds to the
266:
Circumprimary disc is one which orbits the primary (i.e. more massive) star of the binary system. This type of disc will form through
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An artist's illustration giving a simple overview of the main regions of a protoplanetary disk, delineated by the soot and frost line
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301:, specifically the outer Lindblad resonances. The exact resonances which excise the cavity depend on the eccentricity of the binary
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678:
98:, they indicate that planetary material survived the whole of stellar evolution. Such a disc can manifest itself in various ways.
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or differential images to take an image of the disk with a telescope. These optical and infrared observations, for example with
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1283:
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C. Terquem; J. C. B. Papaloizou (2000). "The response of an accretion disc to an inclined dipole with application to AA Tau".
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stage. Within this disc, the formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ices can occur, and these can coagulate into
3447:
2451:"Disks around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S). I. SPHERE/IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of Eight Prominent T Tauri Disks"
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523:. This eccentricity may in turn affect the inner cavity accretion as well as dynamics further out in the disk, such as
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is dust around another star than the Sun in a location analogous to that of the
Zodiacal Light in the Solar System.
190:
3854:
3805:
3728:
3567:
2870:
2278:
Eisner, J.A.; Carpenter, J.M. (2003). "Distribution of circumstellar disk masses in the young cluster NGC 2024".
2257:
Hillenbrand, L.A. (2005). "Observational
Constraints on Dust Disk Lifetimes: Implications for Planet Formation".
285:. A circumbinary disc may form with an upper mass limit of approximately 0.005 solar masses, at which point the
3810:
1861:
1533:"The hydrodynamical response of a tilted circumbinary disc: linear theory and non-linear numerical simulations"
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1040:. This equation assumes axisymmetric symmetry in the disc, but is compatible with any vertical disc structure.
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smaller than the age of the disc, hence indicating that the disc is second generation rather than primordial.
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secondary-to-primary mass ratio. A circumsecondary disk is sometimes seen transiting in front of the primary.
4021:
3367:
1800:
P. R. Maloney; M. C. Begelman (1997). "The origin of warped, precessing accretion disks in X-ray binaries".
4175:
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4016:
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2633:
Pontoppidan, Klaus M.; Green, Joel D.; Pauly, Tyler A.; Salyk, Colette; DePasquale, Joseph (2020-06-01).
973:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Sigma }{\partial t}}={\frac {3}{r}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left}
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Images at 4.44 and 3.56 microns of the circumstellar debris disk around AU mic, a red dwarf star
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3655:
3267:
3217:
2771:
2014:
Mamajek, Eric (2009). "Initial
Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks".
1319:
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30:
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3512:
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3287:
3121:
831:
690:, and the growth and orbital evolution of planetesimals into the planetary systems, like our
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of the gas within and around the disk. In some cases an edge-on protoplanetary disk (e.g.
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on the surface of the disk and trace small micron-sized dust particles. Radio arrays like
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1966:"Circumstellar Disk Structure and Evolution through Resolved Submillimeter Observations"
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1290:) can cast a shadow onto the surrounding dusty material. This cast shadow works like a
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Uzpen, B; et al. (2008). "A glimpse into the Nature of
Galactic Mid-IR Excess".
1919:
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814:
800:
782:
250:, a young system in the constellation Scorpius. The image of the disk was taken with
211:
located between the orbit of Mars and
Jupiter. It is a source of interplanetary dust.
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1487:"Accretion during binary star formation - II. Gaseous accretion and disc formation"
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328:, but in each case the size of the cavity is proportional to the binary separation
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396:. Accretion into the inner cavity is not constant, and varies depending on
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75:
2175:"The dispersal of circumstellar discs: the role of the ultraviolet switch"
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rate of the inner edge of the cavity, which develops its own eccentricity
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1626:"Circumbinary Accretion: From Binary Stars to Massive Binary Black Holes"
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1329:
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1235:
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718:
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has a toroid-like shape. The outer Oort cloud is more spherical in shape.
226:
143:) is formed by the gravitational collapse of a pocket of matter within a
95:
71:
2510:"Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk"
631:
3575:
3342:
3116:
3040:
2966:
2945:
2775:
1683:"The Lense-Thirring effect and accretion discs around Kerr black holes"
1259:
818:
804:
490:, along with a significant region of the inner circumbinary disk up to
247:
230:
195:
118:
2426:"The Flying Saucer protoplanetary disc around 2MASS J16281370-2431391"
2045:
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outer disc dissipation, depending on the part of the disc considered.
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to produce a significant warp or tilt to an initially flat disk.
168:
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2890:
2825:
63:
1991:"Webb Looks for Fomalhaut's Asteroid Belt and Finds Much More"
2785:
2369:
Armitage, Philip (2011). "Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks".
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697:
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which creates spiral density waves in an axissymmetric disk.
607:
242:
83:
55:
2507:
1680:
635:
Primordial cloud of gas and dust surrounding the young star
1799:
163:
132:
87:
42:. The bottom images are illustrations of above real images.
4118:
2632:
817:, where temperatures are much lower and emitted radiation
4027:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
2578:"Projection of circumstellar disks on their environments"
67:
2694:"A Disk Shadow around the Young Star ASR 41 in NGC 1333"
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2448:
270:
if any angular momentum is present in the infalling gas.
1909:
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from a disc onto the star and ejections in an outflow.
2172:
781:
occurs at the inner part of the disc (< 0.05 – 0.1
590:, as well as the thermodynamics of the accreting gas.
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1175:{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}=3\pi \nu \Sigma \left^{-1}}
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Artist's impression of a transitional disc around a
2576:Pontoppidan, K. M.; Dullemond, C. P. (2005-05-01).
1862:"The Strange Orbits of 'Tatooine' Planetary Disks"
1201:
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992:
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840:
705:Major stages of evolution of circumstellar discs:
582:
555:
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482:
442:
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320:
147:. The infalling material possesses some amount of
3704:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3699:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2635:"Variability of the Great Disk Shadow in Serpens"
2331:Wyatt, Mark (2008). "Evolution of Debris Disks".
1530:
729:
174:The disc gradually cools in what is known as the
4167:
3323:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2421:
2364:
2362:
2277:
1416:"Accretion and the Evolution of T Tauri Disks"
151:, which results in the formation of a gaseous
2801:
1758:
1382:"Circumstellar Disks HD 141943 and HD 191089"
2359:
2173:Clarke, C; Gendrin, A; Sotomayor, M (2001).
2371:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2256:
1630:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1484:
1456:"ALMA Reveals Planetary Construction Sites"
1340:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
2808:
2794:
1910:Klahr, Hubert; Brandner, Wolfgang (2006).
1531:Larwood, J.D.; Papaloizou, J.C.B. (1997).
821:increases to the millimeter region of the
185:
131:According to the widely accepted model of
2866:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2755:"Catalog of Resolved Circumstellar Disks"
2709:
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2484:
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2262:
2198:
2133:
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2027:
1813:
1784:
1761:"Self-induced warping of accretion discs"
1735:
1706:
1641:
1624:Lai, Dong; Muñoz, Diego J. (2023-08-18).
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1548:
1510:
1439:
364:
3734:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
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1623:
1310:List of transiting circumsecondary disks
1224:
1216:
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696:
672:
630:
454:
359:
241:
189:
162:
135:formation, sometimes referred to as the
105:
29:
2013:
1681:J. M. Bardeen; J. A. Petterson (1975).
1000:is the radial location in the disc and
14:
4168:
2752:
2353:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110525
2213:
1988:
1963:
207:is a reservoir of small bodies in the
94:formation has taken place, and around
4042:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2789:
2571:
2569:
2330:
2119:
2066:
799:, occurs at the mid-disc region (1-5
686:agglomeration of larger objects into
599:misaligned dipole magnetic field and
3724:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3714:Habitability of neutron star systems
1866:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1305:List of resolved circumstellar disks
530:
27:Accumulation of matter around a star
4067:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3694:Habitability of binary star systems
2401:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102521
1660:10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933
1238:or other advanced techniques (e.g.
813:occurs in regions between 50 – 100
593:
24:
4052:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3709:Habitability of natural satellites
2566:
1124:
944:
932:
928:
894:
890:
866:
861:
858:
835:
167:Illustration of the dynamics of a
25:
4197:
3719:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2746:
1802:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1687:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1610:
1519:
1469:
1212:
121:has an unusual circumstellar disc
4153:
4141:
4129:
4117:
4105:
3816:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3780:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3770:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3258:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2889:
2780:Circumstellar Disk Learning Site
2200:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04891.x
237:
3729:Habitable zone for complex life
3167:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2871:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2685:
2626:
2501:
2442:
2415:
2324:
2271:
2250:
2207:
2166:
2113:
2060:
2007:
1982:
1957:
1940:"Safe havens for young planets"
1932:
1903:
1878:
1854:
1793:
1752:
1270:, usually take an image of the
1073:in terms of the disc viscosity
767:photons from the central star (
3910:Discovered exoplanets by year
2815:
1715:
1674:
1575:
1448:
1399:
1374:
730:Disc dissipation and evolution
13:
1:
4186:Stellar astrophysics concepts
4037:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3684:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2753:McCabe, Caer (May 30, 2007).
1367:
1246:). Other edge-on disks (e.g.
1202:{\displaystyle r_{\text{in}}}
1020:is the viscosity at location
246:The circumbinary disk around
223:, beyond the orbit of Neptune
217:, beyond the orbit of Neptune
101:
4057:Planets in globular clusters
3674:Circumstellar habitable zone
2333:Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys
1989:Adkins, Jamie (2023-05-08).
1485:Bate, M; Bonnell, A (1997).
516:{\displaystyle \sim 10a_{b}}
82:, or collision fragments in
7:
4017:Exoplanet naming convention
3127:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2772:Image Gallery of Dust disks
1297:
10:
4202:
3253:Extraterrestrial materials
2887:
2612:10.1051/0004-6361:20042059
2582:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2016:AIP Conference Proceedings
1916:Cambridge University Press
1724:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1272:star light being scattered
1254:) and face-on disks (e.g.
1066:{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}}
744:James Webb Space Telescope
124:
4080:Discoveries of exoplanets
4075:
4004:
3793:
3752:
3654:
3566:
3473:
3406:
3283:Interplanetary dust cloud
3179:
3059:
2985:
2911:
2898:
2853:
2821:
2698:The Astrophysical Journal
2639:The Astrophysical Journal
2544:10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6
2455:The Astrophysical Journal
2280:The Astrophysical Journal
2216:The Astrophysical Journal
2122:The Astrophysical Journal
2069:The Astrophysical Journal
1584:The Astrophysical Journal
1420:The Astrophysical Journal
1262:) require a coronagraph,
746:with annotations by NASA.
668:
527:formation and migration.
58:, pancake or ring-shaped
3785:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3760:Nearby Habitable Systems
3646:Transit-timing variation
2670:10.3847/1538-4357/ab91ae
2486:10.3847/1538-4357/aab846
1362:, producing a dusty disk
823:electromagnetic spectrum
787:electromagnetic spectrum
742:'s asteroid belt by the
618:A study from 2020 using
451:apocenter of its orbit.
4062:Small planet radius gap
3765:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3689:Galactic habitable zone
3263:Giant-impact hypothesis
2604:2005A&A...435..595P
2393:2011ARA&A..49..195A
2345:2008ARA&A..46..339W
1886:"Planets in the Making"
1786:10.1093/mnras/281.1.357
1746:2000A&A...360.1031T
1652:2023ARA&A..61..517L
1568:10.1093/mnras/285.2.288
841:{\displaystyle \Sigma }
626:
186:Around the Solar System
4022:Exoplanet phase curves
3860:Terrestrial candidates
3811:Multiplanetary systems
3775:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3458:Mean-motion resonances
3268:Gravitational collapse
3218:Circumstellar envelope
1759:J. E. Pringle (1996).
1512:10.1093/mnras/285.1.33
1320:Circumstellar envelope
1230:
1222:
1203:
1176:
1087:
1067:
1034:
1014:
994:
974:
842:
811:Outer disc dissipation
779:Inner disc dissipation
747:
702:
682:
640:
584:
557:
517:
484:
444:
417:
390:
365:Short-Term Variability
349:
322:
255:
199:
171:
122:
43:
3897:Potentially habitable
3802:Exoplanetary systems
3744:Superhabitable planet
3503:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3388:Sample-return mission
3288:Interplanetary medium
1228:
1220:
1209:is the inner radius.
1204:
1177:
1088:
1068:
1035:
1015:
995:
975:
843:
737:
700:
694:or many other stars.
676:
634:
585:
583:{\displaystyle e_{b}}
558:
556:{\displaystyle q_{b}}
518:
485:
483:{\displaystyle e_{d}}
455:Long-Term Variability
445:
418:
416:{\displaystyle e_{b}}
391:
389:{\displaystyle P_{b}}
360:Accretion Variability
350:
348:{\displaystyle a_{b}}
323:
321:{\displaystyle e_{b}}
245:
215:Edgeworth-Kuiper belt
193:
166:
145:giant molecular cloud
116:
33:
4032:Extragalactic planet
4012:Carl Sagan Institute
3293:Interplanetary space
3208:Circumplanetary disk
2881:Planet-hosting stars
1964:Hughes, Amy (2010).
1352:− oddly dimming star
1244:Flying Saucer Nebula
1186:
1097:
1086:{\displaystyle \nu }
1077:
1048:
1024:
1013:{\displaystyle \nu }
1004:
984:
852:
832:
797:Mid-disc dissipation
710:Protoplanetary discs
677:Protoplanetary disk
567:
540:
494:
467:
428:
400:
373:
332:
305:
34:Circumstellar discs
4176:Circumstellar disks
3373:Protoplanetary disk
3353:Planetary migration
3308:Interstellar medium
3087:Circumtriple planet
3082:Circumbinary planet
2720:2004ApJ...601L..79H
2661:2020ApJ...896..169P
2536:2019NatAs...3.1109P
2477:2018ApJ...863...44A
2302:2003ApJ...598.1341E
2228:1999ApJ...514..344B
2191:2001MNRAS.328..485C
2144:2008ApJ...685.1157U
2091:2007ApJ...667..308C
2038:2009AIPC.1158....3M
1824:1997ApJ...491L..43M
1777:1996MNRAS.281..357P
1699:1975ApJ...195L..65B
1596:1996ApJ...463..326R
1559:1997MNRAS.285..288L
1503:1997MNRAS.285...33B
1432:1998ApJ...495..385H
656:interplanetary dust
525:circumbinary planet
443:{\displaystyle m=1}
299:Lindblad resonances
153:protoplanetary disc
127:Protoplanetary disk
3338:Nebular hypothesis
3313:Interstellar space
3298:Interstellar cloud
3278:Internal structure
3213:Circumstellar disc
1358:- star destroying
1231:
1223:
1199:
1172:
1083:
1063:
1030:
1010:
990:
970:
838:
748:
703:
683:
641:
601:radiation pressure
580:
553:
513:
480:
461:apsidal precession
440:
413:
386:
345:
318:
256:
200:
172:
137:nebular hypothesis
123:
52:circumstellar disk
48:circumstellar disc
44:
18:Circumstellar disk
4093:
4092:
3669:Astrooceanography
3303:Interstellar dust
3175:
3174:
3051:Ultra-hot Neptune
3046:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2995:Eccentric Jupiter
2845:Planetary science
2520:(12): 1109–1114.
2046:10.1063/1.3215910
1386:ESA/Hubble images
1240:Gomez's Hamburger
1196:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1109:
1060:
1033:{\displaystyle r}
993:{\displaystyle r}
939:
901:
886:
873:
563:and eccentricity
531:Orbital Evolution
229:; only the inner
114:
16:(Redirected from
4193:
4158:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4101:
4047:Neptunian desert
3433:Tidally detached
3368:Planet formation
3358:Planetary system
3248:Exozodiacal dust
3238:Disrupted planet
3162:Ultra-cool dwarf
3092:Disrupted planet
3077:Chthonian planet
2909:
2908:
2893:
2876:Planetary system
2810:
2803:
2796:
2787:
2786:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2740:
2739:
2713:
2711:astro-ph/0312256
2689:
2683:
2682:
2672:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2597:
2595:astro-ph/0502103
2573:
2564:
2563:
2529:
2514:Nature Astronomy
2505:
2499:
2498:
2488:
2470:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2386:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2295:
2293:astro-ph/0308279
2286:(2): 1341–1349.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:astro-ph/0511083
2254:
2248:
2247:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2137:
2128:(2): 1157–1182.
2117:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1912:Planet Formation
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1840:2060/19980058823
1817:
1815:astro-ph/9710060
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:astro-ph/0006113
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1645:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1552:
1550:astro-ph/9609145
1528:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1410:; Gullbring, E;
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1325:Disrupted planet
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
999:
997:
996:
991:
979:
977:
976:
971:
969:
965:
964:
963:
959:
940:
938:
927:
925:
924:
920:
902:
900:
889:
887:
879:
874:
872:
864:
856:
847:
845:
844:
839:
757:photoevaporation
662:Exozodiacal dust
594:Misaligned Disks
589:
587:
586:
581:
579:
578:
562:
560:
559:
554:
552:
551:
522:
520:
519:
514:
512:
511:
489:
487:
486:
481:
479:
478:
449:
447:
446:
441:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
395:
393:
392:
387:
385:
384:
354:
352:
351:
346:
344:
343:
327:
325:
324:
319:
317:
316:
149:angular momentum
139:, a young star (
115:
21:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4154:
4152:
4142:
4140:
4130:
4128:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4096:
4094:
4089:
4085:Search projects
4071:
4000:
3789:
3748:
3650:
3622:Radial velocity
3562:
3518:K/Orange dwarfs
3508:G/Yellow dwarfs
3469:
3463:Titius–Bode law
3402:
3333:Molecular cloud
3233:Detached object
3184:
3182:
3171:
3157:Toroidal planet
3147:Sub-brown dwarf
3055:
2981:
2953:(Super-Mercury)
2926:Coreless planet
2902:
2900:
2894:
2885:
2849:
2817:
2814:
2763:
2761:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2690:
2686:
2631:
2627:
2574:
2567:
2506:
2502:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2367:
2360:
2329:
2325:
2276:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2212:
2208:
2171:
2167:
2118:
2114:
2065:
2061:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1798:
1794:
1757:
1753:
1720:
1716:
1679:
1675:
1622:
1611:
1580:
1576:
1529:
1520:
1483:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1300:
1264:adaptive optics
1215:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1005:
1002:
1001:
985:
982:
981:
955:
951:
947:
931:
926:
916:
912:
908:
907:
903:
893:
888:
878:
865:
857:
855:
853:
850:
849:
833:
830:
829:
759:of material by
732:
671:
629:
596:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
547:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
507:
503:
495:
492:
491:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
457:
429:
426:
425:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
362:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
240:
188:
129:
106:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4163:
4162:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4114:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3907:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3634:Transit method
3631:
3630:
3629:
3619:
3618:
3617:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3588:
3581:Direct imaging
3578:
3572:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3412:
3410:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3398:Star formation
3395:
3393:Scattered disc
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Excretion disk
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3198:Accretion disk
3195:
3189:
3187:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:Eyeball planet
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2805:
2798:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2769:
2748:
2747:External links
2745:
2742:
2741:
2728:10.1086/381732
2704:(1): L79–L82.
2684:
2625:
2588:(2): 595–610.
2565:
2500:
2441:
2414:
2377:(1): 195–236.
2358:
2323:
2310:10.1086/379102
2270:
2249:
2236:10.1086/306917
2222:(1): 344–367.
2206:
2185:(2): 485–491.
2165:
2152:10.1086/591119
2112:
2099:10.1086/520698
2075:(1): 308–328.
2059:
2006:
1981:
1956:
1931:
1924:
1918:. p. 25.
1902:
1877:
1853:
1832:10.1086/311058
1808:(1): L43–L46.
1792:
1771:(1): 357–361.
1751:
1714:
1708:10.1086/181711
1673:
1636:(1): 517–560.
1609:
1604:10.1086/177245
1574:
1518:
1468:
1447:
1441:10.1086/305277
1426:(1): 385–400.
1398:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1345:Peter Pan disk
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Accretion disk
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1252:AU Microscopii
1214:
1213:Direct imaging
1211:
1192:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1093:is expressed:
1082:
1059:
1056:
1029:
1009:
989:
968:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:
937:
934:
930:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
899:
896:
892:
885:
882:
877:
871:
868:
863:
860:
837:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:dust lifetimes
716:
713:
670:
667:
666:
665:
659:
652:Zodiacal cloud
649:
628:
625:
595:
592:
577:
573:
550:
546:
532:
529:
510:
506:
502:
499:
477:
473:
456:
453:
439:
436:
433:
410:
406:
383:
379:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
342:
338:
315:
311:
295:
275:
271:
239:
236:
235:
234:
224:
221:Scattered disc
218:
212:
187:
184:
125:Main article:
103:
100:
60:accretion disk
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4113:
4103:
4102:
4099:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
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3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3558:Yellow giants
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Merging stars
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3203:Asteroid belt
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Pulsar planet
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:Double planet
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3036:Super-Neptune
3034:
3032:
3031:Super-Jupiter
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Helium planet
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:Hycean planet
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2931:Desert planet
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2921:Carbon planet
2919:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2892:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2811:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
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2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1967:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1925:0-521-86015-6
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
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1825:
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1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
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1614:
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1569:
1564:
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1527:
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1523:
1513:
1508:
1504:
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1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1479:
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1475:
1473:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:Hartmann, L;
1402:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Beta Pictoris
1245:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1190:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1080:
1057:
1054:
1041:
1027:
1007:
987:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
935:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
897:
883:
880:
875:
869:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
745:
741:
736:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
695:
693:
689:
688:planetesimals
680:
675:
663:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
633:
624:
621:
616:
612:
609:
604:
602:
591:
575:
571:
548:
544:
528:
526:
508:
504:
500:
497:
475:
471:
462:
452:
437:
434:
431:
408:
404:
381:
377:
340:
336:
313:
309:
300:
296:
293:
288:
287:binary system
284:
283:binary system
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
261:
260:binary system
253:
249:
244:
238:Binary system
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:asteroid belt
202:
201:
197:
192:
183:
181:
180:planetesimals
177:
170:
165:
161:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
120:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:planetesimals
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4160:Solar System
3902:Proper names
3679:Earth analog
3664:Astrobiology
3656:Habitability
3593:Microlensing
3553:White dwarfs
3523:M/Red dwarfs
3513:Herbig Ae/Be
3498:Brown dwarfs
3440:Rogue planet
3421:Interstellar
3363:Planetesimal
3212:
3132:Planetesimal
3112:Giant planet
3102:Ecumenopolis
3000:Mini-Neptune
2936:Dwarf planet
2762:. Retrieved
2701:
2697:
2687:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2585:
2581:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2433:. Retrieved
2429:
2417:
2374:
2370:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2252:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1911:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1633:
1629:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1540:
1536:
1497:(1): 33–48.
1494:
1490:
1459:. Retrieved
1450:
1423:
1419:
1412:D’Alessio, P
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1360:planetesimal
1350:Tabby's Star
1232:
1042:
827:
810:
809:
796:
795:
778:
777:
773:
769:stellar wind
753:
749:
719:Debris discs
704:
692:Solar System
684:
645:Debris discs
617:
613:
605:
597:
534:
458:
368:
278:Circumbinary
257:
209:Solar System
176:T Tauri star
173:
130:
96:white dwarfs
92:planetesimal
66:composed of
51:
47:
45:
4148:Outer space
4136:Spaceflight
3914:before 2000
3830:Discoveries
3605:Polarimetry
3493:Binary star
3383:Rubble pile
3378:Ring system
3348:Outer space
3318:Kuiper belt
3273:Hills cloud
3228:Debris disk
3223:Cosmic dust
3152:Sub-Neptune
3137:Protoplanet
3072:Brown dwarf
3060:Other types
3016:Hot Neptune
3011:Hot Jupiter
3002:(Gas dwarf)
2977:Super-Earth
2962:Ocean world
2957:Lava planet
2951:Iron planet
2913:Terrestrial
2854:Main topics
2430:www.eso.org
2339:: 339–383.
1944:www.eso.org
1895:26 December
1890:www.eso.org
1693:: L65–L67.
1590:: 326–335.
1461:21 December
1356:WD 1145+017
1330:Exoasteroid
1292:shadow play
1236:coronagraph
227:Hills cloud
4170:Categories
3825:Exoplanets
3806:Host stars
3753:Catalogues
3576:Astrometry
3538:Subdwarf B
3475:Host stars
3448:Retrograde
3343:Oort cloud
3181:Formation
3117:Mesoplanet
3041:Super-puff
2967:Mega-Earth
2946:Ice planet
2831:Definition
2816:Exoplanets
2776:Paul Kalas
2764:2007-07-17
2652:2006.05965
2645:(2): 169.
2527:1907.02538
2468:1803.10882
2435:2024-03-13
2000:2023-05-08
1974:2 February
1949:4 February
1871:2020-03-21
1643:2211.00028
1543:(2): 288.
1368:References
1260:AB Aurigae
819:wavelength
805:wavelength
248:AK Scorpii
231:Oort cloud
196:young star
119:SAO 206462
102:Young star
4112:Astronomy
3919:2000–2009
3885:1501–2000
3880:1001–1500
3568:Detection
3533:Red giant
3193:Accretion
3185:evolution
3026:Ice giant
3021:Gas giant
2972:Sub-Earth
2861:Exoplanet
2736:0004-637X
2679:0004-637X
2620:0004-6361
2560:195820690
2552:2397-3366
2495:0004-637X
2461:(1): 44.
2384:1011.1496
2244:121394271
2135:0807.3982
2082:0706.0563
2029:0906.5011
1668:0066-4146
1408:Calvet, N
1335:Exoplanet
1165:−
1137:−
1125:Σ
1122:ν
1119:π
1107:˙
1081:ν
1058:˙
1008:ν
945:Σ
942:ν
933:∂
929:∂
895:∂
891:∂
867:∂
862:Σ
859:∂
836:Σ
791:accretion
740:Fomalhaut
738:Image of
637:HD 163296
498:∼
268:accretion
141:protostar
117:The star
86:around a
80:asteroids
40:HD 191089
36:HD 141943
3875:501–1000
3855:Heaviest
3835:Extremes
3543:Subgiant
3416:Exocomet
2759:NASA JPL
2409:55900935
2160:17412712
2107:14805330
2054:16660243
2022:: 3–10.
1848:16725007
1730:: 1031.
1414:(1998).
1391:29 April
1298:See also
1280:velocity
648:planets.
292:GG Tauri
158:hydrogen
4181:Nebulae
4098:Portals
3850:Largest
3845:Nearest
3548:T Tauri
3444:Orbits
3428:Exomoon
3408:Systems
3122:Planemo
2987:Gaseous
2716:Bibcode
2657:Bibcode
2600:Bibcode
2532:Bibcode
2473:Bibcode
2389:Bibcode
2341:Bibcode
2298:Bibcode
2224:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
2140:Bibcode
2087:Bibcode
2034:Bibcode
1820:Bibcode
1773:Bibcode
1742:Bibcode
1695:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1592:Bibcode
1555:Bibcode
1499:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1256:IM Lupi
169:proplyd
54:) is a
3865:Kepler
3840:Firsts
3739:Tholin
3610:Timing
3528:Pulsar
3453:Trojan
3067:Blanet
2826:Planet
2774:(from
2734:
2677:
2618:
2558:
2550:
2493:
2407:
2318:478399
2316:
2242:
2158:
2105:
2052:
1922:
1846:
1666:
1288:ASR 41
1268:SPHERE
1182:where
980:where
679:AS 209
669:Stages
64:matter
4124:Stars
4005:Other
3870:1–500
3795:Lists
2904:types
2899:Sizes
2706:arXiv
2647:arXiv
2590:arXiv
2556:S2CID
2522:arXiv
2463:arXiv
2405:S2CID
2379:arXiv
2314:S2CID
2288:arXiv
2259:arXiv
2240:S2CID
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