1902:
4619:
the rotation of the Earth drives the revolution of the Moon. In Kepler's era, no one had any evidence of
Jupiter's rotation. However, Kepler argued that the force by which a central body causes its satellites to revolve around it, weakens with distance; consequently, satellites that are farther from the central body revolve slower. Kepler noted that Jupiter's moons obeyed this pattern and he inferred that a similar force was responsible. He also noted that the orbital periods and semi-major axes of Jupiter's satellites were roughly related by a 3/2 power law, as are the orbits of the six (then known) planets. However, this relation was approximate: the periods of Jupiter's moons were known within a few percent of their modern values, but the moons' semi-major axes were determined less accurately. Kepler discussed Jupiter's moons in his
8558:
955:
3533:" as the central event in the history of science, and Kepler as a (perhaps the) central figure in the revolution. Koyré placed Kepler's theorization, rather than his empirical work, at the center of the intellectual transformation from ancient to modern world-views. Since the 1960s, the volume of historical Kepler scholarship has expanded greatly, including studies of his astrology and meteorology, his geometrical methods, the role of his religious views in his work, his literary and rhetorical methods, his interaction with the broader cultural and philosophical currents of his time, and even his role as an historian of science.
3001:(1610). Nominally this workâpresented to the common patron of Roeslin and Feseliusâwas a neutral mediation between the feuding scholars (the titled meaning "Third-party interventions"), but it also set out Kepler's general views on the value of astrology, including some hypothesized mechanisms of interaction between planets and individual souls. While Kepler considered most traditional rules and methods of astrology to be the "evil-smelling dung" in which "an industrious hen" scrapes, there was an "occasional grain-seed, indeed, even a pearl or a gold nugget" to be found by the conscientious scientific astrologer.
4628:(4) However, the credibility of this is proved by the comparison of the four of Jupiter and Jupiter with the six planets and the Sun. Because, regarding the body of Jupiter, whether it turns around its axis, we don't have proofs for what suffices for us the body of the Earth and especially of the Sun, certainly : but reason attests that, just as it is clearly among the six planets around the Sun, so also it is among the four of Jupiter, because around the body of Jupiter any that can go farther from it orbits slower, and even that is not in the same proportion, but greater ; that is, 3/2 (
2006:
2316:
and part treatise on interplanetary travel (and is sometimes described as the first work of science fiction). Years later, a distorted version of the story may have instigated the witchcraft trial against his mother, as the mother of the narrator consults a demon to learn the means of space travel. Following her eventual acquittal, Kepler composed 223 footnotes to the storyâseveral times longer than the actual textâwhich explained the allegorical aspects as well as the considerable scientific content (particularly regarding lunar geography) hidden within the text.
8642:
8510:
1650:
3630:
2330:
2220:, but Kepler's position in the imperial court allowed him to practice his Lutheran faith unhindered. The emperor nominally provided an ample income for his family, but the difficulties of the over-extended imperial treasury meant that actually getting hold of enough money to meet financial obligations was a continual struggle. Partly because of financial troubles, his life at home with Barbara was unpleasant, marred with bickering and bouts of sickness. Court life, however, brought Kepler into contact with other prominent scholars (
8498:
2732:âbegan with the analysis, under Tycho's direction, of the orbit of Mars. In this work Kepler introduced the revolutionary concept of planetary orbit, a path of a planet in space resulting from the action of physical causes, distinct from previously held notion of planetary orb (a spherical shell to which planet is attached). As a result of this breakthrough astronomical phenomena came to be seen as being governed by physical laws. Kepler calculated and recalculated various approximations of Mars's orbit using an
2176:. To that end, Kepler composed an essayâdedicated to Ferdinandâin which he proposed a force-based theory of lunar motion: "In Terra inest virtus, quae Lunam ciet" ("There is a force in the earth which causes the moon to move"). Though the essay did not earn him a place in Ferdinand's court, it did detail a new method for measuring lunar eclipses, which he applied during the 10 July eclipse in Graz. These observations formed the basis of his explorations of the laws of optics that would culminate in
8594:
8152:
2020:
4609:"Kepler's decision to base his causal explanation of planetary motion on a distance-velocity law, rather than on uniform circular motions of compounded spheres, marks a major shift from ancient to modern conceptions of science ... had begun with physical principles and had then derived a trajectory from it, rather than simply constructing new models. In other words, even before discovering the area law, Kepler had abandoned uniform circular motion as a physical principle."
2459:). He eventually returned to Reuttinger (the fifth match) who, he wrote, "won me over with love, humble loyalty, economy of household, diligence, and the love she gave the stepchildren." The first three children of this marriage (Margareta Regina, Katharina, and Sebald) died in childhood. Three more survived into adulthood: Cordula (born 1621); Fridmar (born 1623); and Hildebert (born 1625). According to Kepler's biographers, this was a much happier marriage than his first.
2699:
2505:
1552:
968:
240:
8522:
2927:
1029:
2409:
1855:
8666:
8582:
8570:
2886:
2247:
3023:
8606:
8654:
3122:
2282:. In it, Kepler addressed the star's astronomical properties while taking a skeptical approach to the many astrological interpretations then circulating. He noted its fading luminosity, speculated about its origin, and used the lack of observed parallax to argue that it was in the sphere of fixed stars, further undermining the doctrine of the immutability of the heavens (the idea accepted since Aristotle that the
3452:
3591:(1856â1934). Dyck compiled copies of Kepler's unedited manuscripts, using international diplomatic contacts to convince the Soviet authorities to lend him the manuscripts kept in Leningrad for photographic reproduction. These manuscripts contained several works by Kepler that had not been available to Frisch. Dyck's photographs remain the basis for the modern editions of Kepler's unpublished manuscripts.
8534:
1564:
2136:
8618:
8486:
8630:
83:
8546:
8474:
3073:. From there, he extended his harmonic analysis to music, meteorology, and astrology; harmony resulted from the tones made by the souls of heavenly bodiesâand in the case of astrology, the interaction between those tones and human souls. In the final portion of the work (Book V), Kepler dealt with planetary motions, especially relationships between
2169:, Kepler attempted to negotiate a more formal employment arrangement with Tycho, but negotiations broke down in an angry argument and Kepler left for Prague on 6 April. Kepler and Tycho soon reconciled and eventually reached an agreement on salary and living arrangements, and in June, Kepler returned home to Graz to collect his family.
2161:(35 km from Prague), the site where Tycho's new observatory was being constructed. Over the next two months, he stayed as a guest, analyzing some of Tycho's observations of Mars; Tycho guarded his data closely, but was impressed by Kepler's theoretical ideas and soon allowed him more access. Kepler planned to test his theory from
3299:
2740:(the average measurement error). But he was not satisfied with the complex and still slightly inaccurate result; at certain points the model differed from the data by up to eight arcminutes. The wide array of traditional mathematical astronomy methods having failed him, Kepler set about trying to fit an
4640:
presents these distances, from
Jupiter, of the four of Jupiter: 3, 5, 8, 13 (or 14 Galileo) ... Mayr presents their time periods: 1 day 18 1/2 hours, 3 days 13 1/3 hours, 7 days 3 hours, 16 days 18 hours: for all the proportion is greater than double, thus greater than of the distances 3, 5,
4618:
By 1621 or earlier, Kepler recognized that
Jupiter's moons obey his third law. Kepler contended that rotating massive bodies communicate their rotation to their satellites, so that the satellites are swept around the central body; thus the rotation of the Sun drives the revolutions of the planets and
3393:
Several astronomers tested Kepler's theory, and its various modifications, against astronomical observations. Two transits of Venus and
Mercury across the face of the sun provided sensitive tests of the theory, under circumstances when these planets could not normally be observed. In the case of the
2475:
Kepler's belief that God created the cosmos in an orderly fashion caused him to attempt to determine and comprehend the laws that govern the natural world, most profoundly in astronomy. The phrase "I am merely thinking God's thoughts after Him" has been attributed to him, although this is probably a
2036:
Before concluding his studies at TĂŒbingen, Kepler accepted an offer to teach mathematics as a replacement to Georg
Stadius at the Protestant school in Graz (now in Styria, Austria). During this period (1594â1600), he issued many official calendars and prognostications that enhanced his reputation as
3244:. He endorsed Galileo's observations and offered a range of speculations about the meaning and implications of Galileo's discoveries and telescopic methods, for astronomy and optics as well as cosmology and astrology. Later that year, Kepler published his own telescopic observations of the moons in
3211:
when a focus moves toward infinity, and when two foci of an ellipse merge into one another, a circle is formed. As the foci of a hyperbola merge into one another, the hyperbola becomes a pair of straight lines. He also assumed that if a straight line is extended to infinity it will meet itself at a
2970:
is sentient but not conscious. As a shepherd is pleased by the piping of a flute without understanding the theory of musical harmony, so likewise Earth responds to the angles and aspects made by the heavens but not in a conscious manner. Eclipses are important as omens because the animal faculty of
2874:
from beginners to that of expert astronomers and mathematicians, as the arguments became more and more sophisticated and required advanced mathematics to be understood. The second volume, consisting of Book IV, was published in 1620, followed by the third volume, consisting of Books VâVII, in 1621.
2773:
of the Earth and Mars, he created a formula in which a planet's rate of motion is inversely proportional to its distance from the Sun. Verifying this relationship throughout the orbital cycle required very extensive calculation; to simplify this task, by late 1602 Kepler reformulated the proportion
2653:
was published late in 1596, and Kepler received his copies and began sending them to prominent astronomers and patrons early in 1597; it was not widely read, but it established Kepler's reputation as a highly skilled astronomer. The effusive dedication, to powerful patrons as well as to the men who
2315:
was to describe what practicing astronomy would be like from the perspective of another planet, to show the feasibility of a non-geocentric system. The manuscript, which disappeared after changing hands several times, described a fantastic trip to the Moon; it was part allegory, part autobiography,
2065:
and with the blessing of the Graz school inspectors, Kepler began an ambitious program to extend and elaborate his work. He planned four additional books: one on the stationary aspects of the universe (the Sun and the fixed stars); one on the planets and their motions; one on the physical nature of
2044:
In
December 1595, Kepler was introduced to Barbara MĂŒller, a 23-year-old widow (twice over) with a young daughter, Regina Lorenz, and he began courting her. MĂŒller, an heiress to the estates of her late husbands, was also the daughter of a successful mill owner. Her father Jobst initially opposed a
2349:. Both sides sought Kepler's astrological advice, an opportunity he used to deliver conciliatory political advice (with little reference to the stars, except in general statements to discourage drastic action). However, it was clear that Kepler's future prospects in the court of Matthias were dim.
2683:
devices (viz., epicycles and eccentric circles) in order to explain the change in planets' orbital speed, and also continued to use as a point of reference the center of the Earth's orbit rather than that of the Sun "as an aid to calculation and in order not to confuse the reader by diverging too
5750:
When the celebrated German astronomer, Johannes Kepler (1571â1630), lost his first wife to cholera in 1611, he set about finding a new wife using the same methodical thoroughness and careful consideration of the data that he used in finding the orbit of Mars to be an ellipse ... The process
3105:
to demonstrate independently that the presumed gravitational attraction between the Sun and its planets decreased with the square of the distance between them. This refuted the traditional assumption of scholastic physics that the power of gravitational attraction remained constant with distance
2089:
with Tycho. Despite this black mark, Tycho also began corresponding with Kepler, starting with a harsh but legitimate critique of Kepler's system; among a host of objections, Tycho took issue with the use of inaccurate numerical data taken from
Copernicus. Through their letters, Tycho and Kepler
2965:
In this work, Kepler describes the effects of the Sun, Moon, and the planets in terms of their light and their influences upon humors, finalizing with Kepler's view that the Earth possesses a soul with some sense of geometry. Stimulated by the geometric convergence of rays formed around it, the
2462:
On 8 October 1630, Kepler set out for
Regensburg, hoping to collect interest on work he had done previously. A few days after reaching Regensburg, Kepler became sick, and progressively became worse. On 15 November 1630, just over a month after his arrival, he died. He was buried in a Protestant
2208:
Kepler's primary obligation as imperial mathematician was to provide astrological advice to the emperor. Though Kepler took a dim view of the attempts of contemporary astrologers to precisely predict the future or divine specific events, he had been casting well-received detailed horoscopes for
3416:
was read by astronomers throughout Europe, and following Kepler's death, it was the main vehicle for spreading Kepler's ideas. In the period 1630â1650, this book was the most widely used astronomy textbook, winning many converts to ellipse-based astronomy. However, few adopted his ideas on the
2947:
observed that Kepler was somewhat disdainful of astrology in his own day, as he was "continually attacking and throwing sarcasm at astrology, but it was the only thing for which people would pay him, and on it after a fashion he lived." Nonetheless, Kepler spent a huge amount of time trying to
3337:
in 1613, on measuring the volume of containers such as wine barrels, which was published in 1615. Kepler also contributed to the development of infinitesimal methods and numerical analysis, including iterative approximations, infinitesimals, and the early use of logarithms and transcendental
2564:
bound one inscribed and one circumscribed circle at definite ratios, which, he reasoned, might be the geometrical basis of the universe. After failing to find a unique arrangement of polygons that fit known astronomical observations (even with extra planets added to the system), Kepler began
2395:
Kepler postponed the move to Linz and remained in Prague until Rudolf's death in early 1612, though between political upheaval, religious tension, and family tragedy (along with the legal dispute over his wife's estate), Kepler could do no research. Instead, he pieced together a chronology
2183:
On 2 August 1600, after refusing to convert to
Catholicism, Kepler and his family were banished from Graz. Several months later, Kepler returned, now with the rest of his household, to Prague. Through most of 1601, he was supported directly by Tycho, who assigned him to analyzing planetary
2209:
friends, family, and patrons since his time as a student in TĂŒbingen. In addition to horoscopes for allies and foreign leaders, the emperor sought Kepler's advice in times of political trouble. Rudolf was actively interested in the work of many of his court scholars (including numerous
2644:
contained an extensive chapter reconciling heliocentrism with biblical passages that seemed to support geocentrism. With the support of his mentor
Michael Maestlin, Kepler received permission from the TĂŒbingen university senate to publish his manuscript, pending removal of the Bible
2037:
an astrologer. Although Kepler had mixed feelings about astrology and disparaged many customary practices of astrologers, he believed deeply in a connection between the cosmos and the individual. He eventually published some of the ideas he had entertained while a student in the
6528:
Tertius Interveniens, das ist Warnung an etliche Theologos, Medicos vnd Philosophos, sonderlich D. Philippum Feselium, dass sie bey billicher Verwerffung der Sternguckerischen Aberglauben nict das Kindt mit dem Badt aussschĂŒtten vnd hiermit jhrer Profession vnwissendt zuwider
3085:." Although he gives the date of this epiphany (8 March 1618), he does not give any details about how he arrived at this conclusion. However, the wider significance for planetary dynamics of this purely kinematical law was not realized until the 1660s. When conjoined with
3606:
in the following year. Assisted by Martha List (1908â1992) and Franz Hammer (1898â1969), Caspar continued editorial work during World War II. Max Caspar also published a biography of Kepler in 1948. The commission was later chaired by Volker Bialas (during 1976â2003) and
2200:. Two days after Tycho's unexpected death on 24 October 1601, Kepler was appointed his successor as the imperial mathematician with the responsibility to complete his unfinished work. The next 11 years as imperial mathematician would be the most productive of his life.
1898:. Johannes had six siblings, of which two brothers and one sister survived to adulthood. Born prematurely, he claimed to have been weak and sickly as a child. Nevertheless, he often impressed travelers at his grandfather's inn with his phenomenal mathematical faculty.
2117:
and other earthly phenomena. By 1599, however, he again felt his work limited by the inaccuracy of available dataâjust as growing religious tension was also threatening his continued employment in Graz. In December of that year, Tycho invited Kepler to visit him in
2090:
discussed a broad range of astronomical problems, dwelling on lunar phenomena and Copernican theory (particularly its theological viability). But without the significantly more accurate data of Tycho's observatory, Kepler had no way to address many of these issues.
3529:'s work on Kepler was, after Apelt, the first major milestone in historical interpretations of Kepler's cosmology and its influence. In the 1930s and 1940s, Koyré, and a number of others in the first generation of professional historians of science, described the "
2785:
orbit. After approximately 40 failed attempts, in late 1604 he at last hit upon the idea of an ellipse, which he had previously assumed to be too simple a solution for earlier astronomers to have overlooked. Finding that an elliptical orbit fit the Mars data (the
2049:, but the engagement nearly fell apart while Kepler was away tending to the details of publication. However, Protestant officialsâwho had helped set up the matchâpressured the MĂŒllers to honor their agreement. Barbara and Johannes were married on 27 April 1597.
6539:, that is warning to some theologians, medics and philosophers, especially D. Philip Feselius, that they in cheap condemnation of the star-gazer's superstition do not throw out the child with the bath and hereby unknowingly act contrary to their profession."
2388:âon the recommendation of the departing Galileoâsought Kepler to fill the mathematics professorship, but Kepler, preferring to keep his family in German territory, instead travelled to Austria to arrange a position as teacher and district mathematician in
2974:
Kepler surmises that the Earth has "cycles of humors" as living animals do, and gives for an example that "the highest tides of the sea are said by sailors to return after nineteen years around the same days of the year". (This may refer to the 18.6-year
2993:
engaged in a series of published attacks and counter-attacks on the importance of astrology after the supernova of 1604; around the same time, physician Philip Feselius published a work dismissing astrology altogether (and Roeslin's work in particular).
2765:) radiated by the Sun weakens with distance, causing faster or slower motion as planets move closer or farther from it. Perhaps this assumption entailed a mathematical relationship that would restore astronomical order. Based on measurements of the
3180:. The solution to this dilemma was not of particular importance to Kepler as he did not see it as pertaining to optics, although he did suggest that the image was later corrected "in the hollows of the brain" due to the "activity of the Soul."
2613:âKepler found that the spheres could be placed at intervals corresponding to the relative sizes of each planet's path, assuming the planets circle the Sun. Kepler also found a formula relating the size of each planet's orb to the length of its
3106:
whenever it applied between two bodies, such as was assumed by Kepler and also by Galileo in his mistaken universal law that gravitational fall is uniformly accelerated, and also by Galileo's student Borrelli in his 1666 celestial mechanics.
2941:, Kepler considered astrology as the counterpart to astronomy, and as being of equal interest and value. However, in the following years, the two subjects drifted apart until astrology was no longer practiced among professional astronomers.
1818:). Kepler also incorporated religious arguments and reasoning into his work, motivated by the religious conviction and belief that God had created the world according to an intelligible plan that is accessible through the natural light of
3077:
and orbital distance from the Sun. Similar relationships had been used by other astronomers, but Keplerâwith Tycho's data and his own astronomical theoriesâtreated them much more precisely and attached new physical significance to them.
3576:
Modern translations of a number of Kepler's books appeared in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, the systematic publication of his collected works began in 1937 (and is nearing completion in the early 21st century).
2454:
to Protestant German lands. On 30 October 1613, Kepler married Susanna Reuttinger. Following the death of his first wife Barbara, Kepler had considered 11 different matches over two years (a decision process formalized later as the
2423:) were teaching at the district school and providing astrological and astronomical services. In his first years there, he enjoyed financial security and religious freedom relative to his life in Pragueâthough he was excluded from
3171:
and the apparent sizes of heavenly bodies. He also extended his study of optics to the human eye, and is generally considered by neuroscientists to be the first to recognize that images are projected inverted and reversed by the
2052:
In the first years of their marriage, the Keplers had two children (Heinrich and Susanna), both of whom died in infancy. In 1602, they had a daughter (Susanna); in 1604, a son (Friedrich); and in 1607, another son (Ludwig).
3255:
Kepler also started a theoretical and experimental investigation of telescopic lenses using a telescope borrowed from Duke Ernest of Cologne. The resulting manuscript was completed in September 1610 and published as
1651:
1901:
2488:
among Christian denominations, for example arguing that Catholics and Lutherans should be able to take communion together. He wrote, "Christ the Lord neither was nor is Lutheran, nor Calvinist, nor Papist."
3410:, had used his own observations to adjust the parameters of the Keplerian model, predicted the transit, and then built apparatus to observe the transit. He remained a firm advocate of the Keplerian model.
2838:
contained all three laws of planetary motion and attempted to explain heavenly motions through physical causes. Although it explicitly extended the first two laws of planetary motion (applied to Mars in
1878:). His grandfather, Sebald Kepler, had been Lord Mayor of the city. By the time Johannes was born, the Kepler family fortune was in decline. His father, Heinrich Kepler, earned a precarious living as a
1992:. Near the end of his studies, Kepler was recommended for a position as teacher of mathematics and astronomy at the Protestant school in Graz. He accepted the position in April 1594, at the age of 22.
2184:
observations and writing a tract against Tycho's (by then deceased) rival, Ursus. In September, Tycho secured him a commission as a collaborator on the new project he had proposed to the emperor: the
309:
3656:
and the last scientific astrologer". The debate over Kepler's place in the Scientific Revolution has produced a wide variety of philosophical and popular treatments. One of the most influential is
2286:
were perfect and unchanging). The birth of a new star implied the variability of the heavens. Kepler also attached an appendix where he discussed the recent chronology work of the Polish historian
2172:
Political and religious difficulties in Graz dashed his hopes of returning immediately to Brahe; in hopes of continuing his astronomical studies, Kepler sought an appointment as a mathematician to
3523:". Apelt, who saw Kepler's mathematics, aesthetic sensibility, physical ideas, and theology as part of a unified system of thought, produced the first extended analysis of Kepler's life and work.
2794:âhis first law of planetary motion. Because he employed no calculating assistants, he did not extend the mathematical analysis beyond Mars. By the end of the year, he completed the manuscript for
2918:
in 1623, which at the time was considered his major work. However, due to the publishing requirements of the emperor and negotiations with Tycho Brahe's heir, it would not be printed until 1627.
2122:; on 1 January 1600 (before he even received the invitation), Kepler set off in the hopes that Tycho's patronage could solve his philosophical problems as well as his social and financial ones.
3155:
astronomical observations. Through most of 1603, Kepler paused his other work to focus on optical theory; the resulting manuscript, presented to the emperor on 1 January 1604, was published as
2948:
restore astrology on a firmer philosophical footing, composing numerous astrological calendars, more than 800 nativities, and a number of treaties dealing with the subject of astrology proper.
2066:
planets and the formation of geographical features (focused especially on Earth); and one on the effects of the heavens on the Earth, to include atmospheric optics, meteorology, and astrology.
3147:
presented unexplained phenomena, such as unexpected shadow sizes, the red color of a total lunar eclipse, and the reportedly unusual light surrounding a total solar eclipse. Related issues of
2617:: from inner to outer planets, the ratio of increase in orbital period is twice the difference in orb radius. However, Kepler later rejected this formula, because it was not precise enough.
2400:, from correspondence and earlier work. Upon succession as Holy Roman Emperor, Matthias re-affirmed Kepler's position (and salary) as imperial mathematician but allowed him to move to Linz.
2109:
consequences. By assuming the Earth to possess a soul (a property he would later invoke to explain how the Sun causes the motion of planets), he established a speculative system connecting
6865:
2427:
by his Lutheran church over his theological scruples. It was also during his time in Linz that Kepler had to deal with the accusation and ultimate verdict of witchcraft against his mother
2862:
to non-experts. Kepler completed the first of three volumes, consisting of Books IâIII, by 1615 in the same question-answer format of Maestlin's and have it printed in 1617. However, the
3394:
transit of Mercury in 1631, Kepler had been extremely uncertain of the parameters for Mercury, and advised observers to look for the transit the day before and after the predicted date.
2261:) appeared, but Kepler did not believe the rumors until he saw it himself. Kepler began systematically observing the supernova. Astrologically, the end of 1603 marked the beginning of a
6802:
Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum / New solid geometry of wine barrels. Accessit stereometriĂŠ ArchimedeĂŠ supplementum / A supplement to the Archimedean solid geometry has been added
3584:
was prepared by Christian Frisch (1807â1881), during 1858 to 1871, on the occasion of Kepler's 300th birthday. Frisch's edition only included Kepler's Latin, with a Latin commentary.
3040:(1619), he attempted to explain the proportions of the natural worldâparticularly the astronomical and astrological aspectsâin terms of music. The central set of "harmonies" was the
1988:
was the principal source of motive power in the universe. Despite his desire to become a minister in the Lutheran church, he was denied ordination because of beliefs contrary to the
4641:
8, 13 or 14, although less than of the squares, which double the proportions of the distances, namely 9, 25, 64, 169 or 196, just as 3/2 is also greater than 1 but less than 2.
1964:
while he was a student, until he became Chancellor at TĂŒbingen in 1590. He proved himself to be a superb mathematician and earned a reputation as a skillful astrologer, casting
3081:
Among many other harmonies, Kepler articulated what came to be known as the third law of planetary motion. He tried many combinations until he discovered that (approximately) "
2665:, half as long again as the first, detailing in footnotes the corrections and improvements he had achieved in the 25 years since its first publication. In terms of impact, the
3713:(1957), and during the prolonged process of its creation, he also wrote a symphony of the same name based on the musical ideas he developed for it. Hindemith's opera inspired
3398:
observed the transit on the date predicted, a confirmation of Kepler's prediction. This was the first observation of a transit of Mercury. However, his attempt to observe the
333:
2360:. As Barbara was recovering, Kepler's three children all fell sick with smallpox; Friedrich, 6, died. Following his son's death, Kepler sent letters to potential patrons in
3402:
just one month later was unsuccessful due to inaccuracies in the Rudolphine Tables. Gassendi did not realize that it was not visible from most of Europe, including Paris.
2688:, despite flaws in its main thesis, "since it represents the first step in cleansing the Copernican system of the remnants of the Ptolemaic theory still clinging to it."
3786:
2165:
based on the Mars data, but he estimated that the work would take up to two years (since he was not allowed to simply copy the data for his own use). With the help of
3688:
was minted in 2002. The reverse side of the coin has a portrait of Kepler, who spent some time teaching in Graz and the surrounding areas. Kepler was acquainted with
3382:. Many astronomers, including Kepler's teacher, Michael Maestlin, objected to Kepler's introduction of physics into his astronomy. Some adopted compromise positions.
2045:
marriage. Even though Kepler had inherited his grandfather's nobility, Kepler's poverty made him an unacceptable match. Jobst relented after Kepler completed work on
3685:
1153:
2736:(the mathematical tool that Copernicus had eliminated with his system), eventually creating a model that generally agreed with Tycho's observations to within two
2480:
Those laws are within the grasp of the human mind; God wanted us to recognize them by creating us after his own image so that we could share in his own thoughts.
8117:
3240:, Galileo sought the opinion of Kepler, in part to bolster the credibility of his observations. Kepler responded enthusiastically with a short published reply,
3338:
equations. Kepler's work on calculating volumes of shapes, and on finding the optimal shape of a wine barrel, were significant steps toward the development of
3280:
images, upright vs. inverted images, and the effects of focal length on magnification and reduction. He also described an improved telescopeânow known as the
2870:, meant that publication of the next two volumes would be delayed. In the interim, and to avoid being subject to the ban, Kepler switched the audience of the
1937:
1524:
4808:
3314:
As a New Year's gift that year (1611), he also composed for his friend and some-time patron, Baron Wackher von Wackhenfels, a short pamphlet entitled
2979:.) Kepler advocates searching for such cycles by gathering observations over a period of many years, "and so far this observation has not been made".
4537:(2nd edition List, 1968), a complete bibliography of editions of Kepler's works, with a supplementary volume to the second edition (ed. Hamel 1998).
2273:(c. 800 years earlier) and the birth of Christ (c. 1600 years earlier), and thus expected events of great portent, especially regarding the emperor.
3417:
physical basis for celestial motions. In the late 17th century, a number of physical astronomy theories drawing from Kepler's workânotably those of
3137:
As Kepler slowly continued analyzing Tycho's Mars observationsânow available to him in their entiretyâand began the slow process of tabulating the
3322:). In this treatise, he published the first description of the hexagonal symmetry of snowflakes and, extending the discussion into a hypothetical
1913:
He was introduced to astronomy at an early age and developed a strong passion for it that would span his entire life. At age six, he observed the
4727:
7637:; with a new introduction and references by Owen Gingerich; bibliographic citations by Owen Gingerich and Alain Segonds. New York: Dover, 1993.
8751:
5105:
2276:
It was in this context, as the imperial mathematician and astrologer to the emperor, that Kepler described the new star two years later in his
7728:
2971:
the Earth is violently disturbed by the sudden intermission of light, experiencing something like emotion and persisting in it for some time.
2997:
In response to what Kepler saw as the excesses of astrology, on the one hand, and overzealous rejection of it, on the other, Kepler prepared
2341:
In 1611, the growing political-religious tension in Prague came to a head. Emperor Rudolfâwhose health was failingâwas forced to abdicate as
999:
3677:(1981), explored many of the themes developed in Koestler's non-fiction narrative and in the philosophy of science. A 2004 nonfiction book,
2962:(1601), whose full title can be translated as âOn Giving Astrology Sounder Foundationsâ, as a short foreword to one of his yearly almanacs.
1787:, the Keplerian telescope, which became the foundation of the modern refracting telescope, while also improving on the telescope design by
4998:"How Kepler Invented Science Fiction and Defended His Mother in a Witchcraft Trial While Revolutionizing Our Understanding of the Universe"
3431:
1968:
for fellow students. Under the instruction of Michael Maestlin, TĂŒbingen's professor of mathematics from 1583 to 1631, he learned both the
1594:
5689:
4924:
3425:âbegan to incorporate attractive forces (though not the quasi-spiritual motive species postulated by Kepler) and the Cartesian concept of
2221:
8736:
8726:
588:
8192:
2085:. Ursus did not reply directly, but republished Kepler's flattering letter to pursue his priority dispute over (what is now called) the
1917:, writing that he "was taken by mother to a high place to look at it." In 1580, at age nine, he observed another astronomical event, a
8451:
3763:
3624:
707:
3203:
were allowed to move along the line joining the foci, the geometric form would morph or degenerate, one into another. In this way, an
2577:; nesting these solids, each encased in a sphere, within one another would produce six layers, corresponding to the six known planetsâ
8831:
8716:
8706:
8262:
2798:, though it would not be published until 1609 due to legal disputes over the use of Tycho's observations, the property of his heirs.
8826:
7809:
7649:
Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother
8836:
8781:
7274:. Ulf Hashagen, Walther von Dyck (1856â1934). Mathematik, Technik und Wissenschaftsorganisation an der TH MĂŒnchen, Stuttgart, 2003.
3553:
3436:
1703:
680:
3386:
accepted elliptical orbits but replaced Kepler's area law with uniform motion in respect to the empty focus of the ellipse, while
8816:
8216:
4978:
8746:
8741:
8731:
8721:
4138:
3248:, providing further support of Galileo. To Kepler's disappointment, however, Galileo never published his reactions (if any) to
3036:
Kepler was convinced "that the geometrical things have provided the Creator with the model for decorating the whole world". In
265:
1841:, transforming the ancient tradition of physical cosmology by treating astronomy as part of a universal mathematical physics.
8090:
8045:
8027:
8019:
8005:
7982:
7957:
7943:
7915:
7899:
7891:
7883:
7865:
7848:
7746:
7724:
7710:
7674:
7656:
7642:
7192:
6813:
6611:
5699:
5089:
4938:
4839:
4787:
4756:
4466:
2624:
had revealed God's geometrical plan for the universe. Much of Kepler's enthusiasm for the Copernican system stemmed from his
2545:
7361:
8711:
8290:
7130:
5338:
3743:
3367:
2729:
1677:
1328:
166:
5323:
Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy", Osiris, 2nd Series, Vol. 16, Science
2909:(specific predictions of planet and star positions) based on the table, though neither would be completed for many years.
2446:(1613), an expanded treatise on the year of Christ's birth. He also participated in deliberations on whether to introduce
8811:
8701:
7969:, translated by Robert Schlapp and edited by P. Enz and Karl von Meyenn (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1994). See section 21,
7065:
5833:
Letter (9/10 Apr 1599) to the Bavarian chancellor Herwart von Hohenburg. Collected in Carola Baumgardt and Jamie Callan,
5149:
Omodeo, Pietro Daniel (August 2015). "The 'Impiety' of Kepler's shift from mathematical astronomy to celestial physics".
4708:
4632:) of the proportion of each of the distances from Jupiter, which is clearly the very as the six planets above. In his
2675:
662:
2649:
and the addition of a simpler, more understandable, description of the Copernican system as well as Kepler's new ideas.
2294:âanalogous to the present new starâwould have coincided with the first great conjunction of the earlier 800-year cycle.
7717:
Heavenly Intrigue: Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, and the Murder Behind One of History's Greatest Scientific Discoveries
5137:
From ancient times through the seventeenth century European astronomy and astrology remained two sides of the same coin
8110:
7365:
5820:
4773:
3696:(the motif of the obverse of the coin). In front of him on the coin is the model of nested spheres and polyhedra from
3648:
Kepler has acquired a popular image as an icon of scientific modernity and a man before his time; science popularizer
3290:âin which two convex lenses can produce higher magnification than Galileo's combination of convex and concave lenses.
8310:
8076:
8068:
7779:
7690:
4507:
4492:
4484:
4449:
4434:
4419:
4404:
4382:
4358:
4350:
4335:
4327:
4312:
4304:
4289:
4267:
4252:
4244:
4229:
4207:
4192:
4184:
4169:
4154:
3666:, in which Kepler is unambiguously the hero (morally and theologically as well as intellectually) of the revolution.
1537:
992:
8201:
8361:
7838:
4621:
3662:
2809:
2439:, is not seen as a coincidence but as a symptom of the full-fledged assault waged by the Lutherans against Kepler.
2173:
1764:
1694:
1587:
8557:
8022:(Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences; 13); reprinted Princeton:Princeton Univ. Pr., 1994.
3463:
Beyond his role in the historical development of astronomy and natural philosophy, Kepler has loomed large in the
2781:
He then set about calculating the entire orbit of Mars, using the geometrical rate law and assuming an egg-shaped
954:
8796:
8756:
1170:
328:
8806:
8766:
8320:
7599:
4997:
3426:
2632:; the universe itself was an image of God, with the Sun corresponding to the Father, the stellar sphere to the
1532:
1256:
1246:
583:
323:
1929:
left him with weak vision and crippled hands, limiting his ability in the observational aspects of astronomy.
8801:
8255:
8138:
7262:, "Sechzig Jahre Kepler-Kommission", in: Sitzungsberichte der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , 1996.
3751:
3491:
perspective treated Kepler's metaphysical and religious arguments with skepticism and disapproval, but later
3265:
3261:
3195:, Kepler introduced the idea of continuous change of a mathematical entity in this work. He argued that if a
3143:, Kepler also picked up the investigation of the laws of optics from his lunar essay of 1600. Both lunar and
2297:
Over the following years, Kepler attempted (unsuccessfully) to begin a collaboration with Italian astronomer
2078:
1891:
1756:
1175:
1098:
8821:
8771:
7323:, Vol. 13 (1982), pp. 135â136; "Dancing the grave dance: Science, art and religion in John Banville's
4579:
3602:(1842â1935). Caspar became Dyck's collaborator, succeeding him as project leader in 1934, establishing the
2346:
1760:
985:
972:
733:
656:
578:
421:
7920:
Lindberg, David C.: "The Genesis of Kepler's Theory of Light: Light Metaphysics from Plotinus to Kepler."
5016:
8776:
8761:
7702:
7623:
6826:
6433:
2863:
2752:
1580:
1556:
1103:
652:
453:
7564:
431:
88:
42:
8610:
8464:
8234:
8037:
7771:
7666:
5119:
Dooley, Brendan (June 2021). "From astrology to astronomy: renaissance and early modern perspectives".
2707:
1516:
1322:
1302:
1110:
1055:
872:
761:
687:
547:
480:
8237:- Kepler's three laws of planetary motion in the historic context of developing the Heliocentric model
2305:. Around 1611, Kepler circulated a manuscript of what would eventually be published (posthumously) as
2290:; he calculated that, if Suslyga was correct that accepted timelines were four years behind, then the
8786:
8502:
7289:
3689:
3468:
2751:) was the source of motive force in the Solar System. As a physical basis, Kepler drew by analogy on
2342:
1744:
1148:
626:
38:
17:
7538:
6248:
The Teaching of Astronomy, Proceedings of IAU Colloq. 105, Held in Williamstown, MA, 27â30 July 1988
2369:
1945:
152:
8791:
8686:
8337:
8248:
8221:
7875:
6196:
4552:
4117:
4107:
4097:
4087:
4077:
4067:
4057:
4047:
4037:
3995:
3895:
De vero Anno, quo aeternus Dei Filius humanam naturam in Utero benedictae Virginis Mariae assumpsit
3799:
3714:
3560:, falsification, and many other philosophical concepts have been found in Kepler's work. Physicist
3418:
3070:
2931:
2528:
2518:
1973:
1772:
1644:
1317:
1082:
902:
746:
7592:
De vero anno quo aeternus dei filius humanum naturam in utero benedictae Virginis Mariae assumpsit
5905:, pp. 60â65; see also: Barker and Goldstein, "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy."
4964:
3929:
3472:
7182:
6931:"Joannes Keplerus Leomontanus: Kepler's childhood in Weil der Stadt and Leonberg 1571–1584"
6705:
6672:
4823:
3971:
3959:
3949:
3939:
3823:
3775:
2536:, 1596), was the first published defense of the Copernican system. Kepler claimed to have had an
2353:
2298:
2232:, Martin Bachazek, and Johannes Brengger, among others) and astronomical work proceeded rapidly.
1828:
1285:
1165:
852:
616:
63:
8211:
7092:"Jeremiah Horrocks, the transit of Venus, and the 'New Astronomy' in early 17th-century England"
5914:
Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy," pp. 99â103, 112â113.
2818:, Kepler had intended to compose an astronomy textbook that would cover all the fundamentals of
892:
8431:
6067:
4871:"Commentary on Ernan McMullin, "The Impact of Newton's Principia on the Philosophy of Science""
3782:
3642:
3541:
3537:
3492:
3480:
3435:(1687), in which Newton derived Kepler's laws of planetary motion from a force-based theory of
3407:
3148:
1882:, and he left the family when Johannes was five years old. He was believed to have died in the
897:
714:
8186:
7822:, Chicago: EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica, Inc., 1952. (contains English translations by of Kepler's
6162:
6146:
6071:
4831:
2158:
8404:
8315:
3771:
3747:
3709:
3565:
3530:
3520:
3512:
3464:
2241:
1673:
1490:
1292:
1234:
907:
882:
568:
386:
7805:
7801:
7797:
7793:
8696:
8691:
8445:
8305:
7494:
7447:
7030:
6838:
6445:
6398:
6311:
6251:
6018:
On motive species, see Lindberg, "The Genesis of Kepler's Theory of Light," pp. 38â40.
5860:
5028:
4557:
3598:
in 1923. Both Dyck and Caspar were influenced in their interest in Kepler by mathematician
3557:
3488:
3163:
governing the intensity of light, reflection by flat and curved mirrors, and principles of
2867:
2787:
2464:
2110:
1883:
1784:
1706:. The variety and impact of his work made Kepler one of the founders and fathers of modern
1661:
1503:
1475:
1297:
927:
887:
795:
791:
783:
773:
563:
556:
312:
5848:
5171:
4855:
4662:
is based on German astronomer Johannes Kepler's cosmological model from the 17th century,
3789:
as of 16 June 2023, with many of them being named after the telescope and Kepler himself.
3383:
2005:
1875:
922:
8:
8436:
8208:
8057:
7756:, Volume VII. Charles Coulston Gillispie, editor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1973
7615:
Barker, Peter and Bernard R. Goldstein: "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy".
6603:
6372:
6360:
5062:
4547:
4345:. Commentary J. HĂŒbner, H. Grössing, F. Boockmann, F. Seck. Directed by V. Bialas. 1990.
3599:
3516:
3286:
3192:
2944:
2670:
2485:
2385:
2377:
2302:
1977:
1957:
1914:
1906:
1395:
1365:
1312:
1268:
1160:
1050:
702:
643:
621:
366:
361:
356:
256:
7498:
7451:
7034:
6842:
6449:
6402:
6315:
6255:
5864:
5766:, p. 252, translated from an 23 October 1613 letter from Kepler to an anonymous nobleman
5032:
4668:, in which the harmony of the universe is determined by the motion of celestial bodies.
2679:. While Copernicus sought to advance a heliocentric system in this book, he resorted to
1435:
8514:
7904:
7520:
7463:
7416:
7178:
7046:
6960:
6885:
6492:
6414:
6343:
6335:
6224:
5988:
5884:
5806:
5741:
5715:
5385:
5099:
5044:
4906:
4898:
4814:
4589:
4562:
3387:
3269:
3160:
3086:
3042:
2976:
2850:
Originally intended as an introduction for the uninitiated, Kepler sought to model his
2761:(1600) and on his own work on optics. Kepler supposed that the motive power (or motive
2537:
2451:
2381:
2287:
2166:
1989:
1863:
1815:
1669:
1455:
1425:
1390:
1360:
1307:
1251:
1020:
832:
573:
448:
416:
376:
210:
7853:
6040:
Peter Barker and Bernard R. Goldstein, "Distance and Velocity in Kepler's Astronomy",
4772:
Krech, Eva-Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz Christian (2009).
3739:(2009) based on Kepler's life, with a libretto in German and Latin by Martina Winkel.
3629:
3526:
8598:
8574:
8526:
8509:
8490:
8377:
8285:
8181:
8169:
8147:
8086:
8072:
8064:
8041:
8023:
8015:
8001:
7978:
7953:
7939:
7911:
7895:
7887:
7879:
7861:
7844:
7775:
7742:
7720:
7706:
7686:
7670:
7652:
7638:
7512:
7455:
7408:
7198:
7188:
7050:
6964:
6952:
6889:
6850:
6809:
6805:
6779:
6607:
6598:
Deciphering the cosmic number: the strange friendship of Wolfgang Pauli and Carl Jung
6484:
6457:
6418:
6347:
6327:
6228:
6216:
5968:
5888:
5876:
5695:
5389:
5377:
5085:
5048:
4910:
4890:
4835:
4783:
4752:
4659:
4503:
4488:
4480:
4462:
4445:
4430:
4415:
4400:
4378:
4354:
4346:
4331:
4323:
4308:
4300:
4285:
4263:
4248:
4240:
4225:
4203:
4188:
4180:
4165:
4150:
4007:
3755:
3564:
even used Kepler's priority dispute with Robert Fludd to explore the implications of
3508:
3503:
of 1837, found Kepler to be the archetype of the inductive scientific genius; in his
3471:. Kepler and his laws of motion were central to early histories of astronomy such as
3403:
3347:
3343:
3327:
3303:
3213:
3188:
3139:
3083:
The square of the periodic times are to each other as the cubes of the mean distances
2990:
2914:
2847:, it did not explain how elliptical orbits could be derived from observational data.
2834:
is less about Copernicus's work and more about Kepler's own astronomical system. The
2456:
2447:
2291:
2283:
2266:
2186:
1711:
1485:
842:
799:
756:
751:
692:
468:
458:
351:
177:
171:
7908:
The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought
7121:
7091:
6978:
6243:
5992:
4669:
3375:
1941:
148:
8538:
8478:
8411:
8369:
8156:
7634:
7595:
7524:
7502:
7400:
7170:
7038:
6942:
6877:
6846:
6800:, pp. 209â220, 227â240. In 2018 a complete English translation was published:
6591:
6532:
6453:
6406:
6319:
6208:
5980:
5969:"Kepler's Move from Orbs to Orbits: Documenting a Revolutionary Scientific Concept"
5868:
5731:
5369:
5166:
5158:
5128:
5036:
4882:
4827:
3729:
composition based on Kepler's scheme for representing planetary motion with music.
3693:
3588:
3399:
3236:
3196:
3098:
2859:
2855:
2578:
2428:
2329:
2197:
1969:
1961:
1887:
1871:
1822:. Kepler described his new astronomy as "celestial physics", as "an excursion into
1613:
1568:
1370:
1206:
1075:
937:
917:
862:
857:
803:
778:
633:
491:
436:
411:
222:
217:
6977:
For a detailed study of the reception of Kepler's astronomy see Wilbur Applebaum,
5691:
Shifting the Earth: The Mathematica Quest to Understand the Motion of the Universe
3754:(a set of geometrical constructions), two of which were described by him; and the
1380:
1355:
8385:
8353:
8300:
8121:
7833:
7695:
7679:
7340:
6641:, p. 248; De Gandt, 'Force and Geometry in Newton's Principia', chapter 2; Wolf,
6596:
6368:
4942:
4819:
4742:
4703:
4664:
4572:
4030:
4019:
3987:
3981:
3887:
3845:
3722:
3657:
3612:
3545:
3496:
3395:
3227:
3028:
3017:
2720:
2574:
2561:
2436:
2392:. However, Barbara relapsed into illness and died shortly after Kepler's return.
2307:
2229:
2192:
2150:
2086:
1953:
1788:
1728:
1723:
1715:
1688:
1682:
1495:
1415:
1400:
1385:
1375:
1239:
1136:
932:
877:
827:
741:
8143:
5040:
3507:
of 1840, Whewell held Kepler up as the embodiment of the most advanced forms of
2216:
Officially, the only acceptable religious doctrines in Prague were Catholic and
8670:
8658:
8586:
8562:
8424:
8345:
7989:
7962:
7734:
7259:
7174:
7042:
7021:
van Helden, Albert (1976). "The Importance of the Transit of Mercury of 1631".
6410:
4584:
3833:
3759:
3735:
3704:
3608:
3561:
3440:
3173:
3164:
2844:
2748:
2614:
2570:
2509:
2278:
2074:
1867:
1834:
1719:
1480:
1440:
959:
867:
768:
485:
117:
8228:
8097:
A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the 16th and 17th centuries
7993:, Volume 51, No. 4. University of Chicago Press, 1960, pp. 531â545.
7404:
7069:
6904:
6881:
6145:
Linz ("Lentiis ad Danubium"), (Austria): Johann Planck, 1622, book 4, part 2,
3515:âthe first to extensively study Kepler's manuscripts, after their purchase by
2926:
2361:
1921:, recording that he remembered being "called outdoors" to see it and that the
8680:
8646:
8417:
8134:
8126:
7516:
7459:
7412:
7202:
6956:
6488:
6473:"Johannes Kepler's on the More Certain Fundamentals of Astrology Prague 1601"
6386:
6331:
6220:
5984:
5880:
5381:
4965:"Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You â Timeline â Johannes Kepler"
4894:
4699:
4654:
3766:
include multiple city streets and squares, several educational institutions,
3670:
3277:
3234:âdiscovered four satellites orbiting Jupiter. Upon publishing his account as
3200:
3144:
3094:
3074:
3066:
2819:
2669:
can be seen as an important first step in modernizing the theory proposed by
2154:
1981:
1918:
1465:
1450:
1350:
847:
674:
6212:
5736:
5719:
4260:
Mysterium Cosmographicum. Editio altera cum notis. De Cometis. Hyperaspistes
3951:
Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae. 4, Doctrina theorica. 1, Physica coelestis
2225:
2026:
8622:
8550:
8295:
7974:
7813:
6767:
6697:
5319:
5317:
5162:
5132:
4637:
4567:
3730:
3653:
3495:-era natural philosophers viewed these elements as central to his success.
3422:
3102:
3090:
3059:
2629:
2602:
2513:
2262:
2069:
He also sought the opinions of many of the astronomers to whom he had sent
2019:
1933:
1807:
1699:
1470:
1445:
1420:
1405:
1261:
912:
837:
526:
406:
7187:(Advanced ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 451.
6783:
4751:] (in German) (7th ed.). Berlin: Dudenverlag. pp. 487, 505.
4722:
2654:
controlled his position in Graz, also provided a crucial doorway into the
1984:
from both a theoretical and theological perspective, maintaining that the
8634:
7569:
3767:
3726:
3718:
3681:, suggested that Kepler murdered Tycho Brahe to gain access to his data.
3549:
2967:
2906:
2698:
2637:
2625:
2606:
2598:
2270:
2146:
2139:
2114:
2102:
2082:
1748:
1218:
1211:
206:
8111:
Kepler's Conversation with the Starry Messenger (English translation of
7971:
The influence of archetypical ideas on the scientific theories of Kepler
7820:
Great Books of the Western World. Volume 16: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler
7467:
7435:
6339:
6299:
5314:
3330:, a statement about the most efficient arrangement for packing spheres.
2504:
2269:; astrologers associated the two previous such periods with the rise of
7420:
7388:
7284:
6947:
6930:
6323:
5745:
5185:
Barker and Goldstein. "Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy",
4902:
4870:
4803:
3649:
3634:
3273:
3187:
is generally recognized as the foundation of modern optics (though the
3047:
2770:
2757:
2703:
2594:
2566:
2098:
2094:
1803:
1665:
1657:
1460:
697:
371:
136:
6496:
6472:
5872:
5336:
Westman, Robert S. "Kepler's Early Physico-Astrological Problematic,"
4515:
Manuscripta astronomica (III) et mathematica. De Calendario Gregoriano
4477:
Manuscripta astronomica (I). Apologia, De motu Terrae, Hipparchus etc.
4122:(in Latin). Vol. 9. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1871.
4112:(in Latin). Vol. 8. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1870.
4102:(in Latin). Vol. 7. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1868.
4092:(in Latin). Vol. 6. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1866.
4082:(in Latin). Vol. 5. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1864.
4072:(in Latin). Vol. 4. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1863.
4062:(in Latin). Vol. 3. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1860.
4052:(in Latin). Vol. 2. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1859.
4042:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Frankfurt am Main: Heyder & Zimmer. 1858.
3326:
physical basis for the symmetry, posed what later became known as the
3298:
239:
8185:
8164:
6244:"Five Centuries of Astronomical Textbooks and Their Role in Teaching"
5751:
consumed much of his attention and energy for nearly 2 years ...
3920:
3638:
3231:
2737:
2655:
2424:
2408:
2373:
2217:
2106:
1965:
1895:
1879:
1854:
1823:
1799:
1795:
1707:
1410:
719:
202:
198:
8052:
The Fabric of the Heavens: The Development of Astronomy and Dynamics
7507:
7482:
7224:
Jardine, "KoyrĂ©'s Kepler/Kepler's KoyrĂ©," pp. 367â372; Shapin,
6756:
Schneer, "Kepler's New Year's Gift of a Snowflake," pp. 531â545
6161:, vol. 6 (Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany): Heyder & Zimmer, 1866),
5357:
4024:
3815:
3594:
Max Caspar (1880â1956) published his German translation of Kepler's
2885:
2246:
7271:
6387:"Soul-Searching with Kepler: An Analysis of Anima in His Astrology"
5373:
4886:
3339:
3208:
3168:
3022:
2822:. Kepler spent the next several years working on what would become
2766:
2646:
2432:
1949:
1926:
1794:
Kepler lived in an era when there was no clear distinction between
1736:
1143:
1045:
1038:
638:
521:
496:
8581:
8569:
8240:
5063:"Keplerian telescope | Optical Design, Refracting, Astronomy"
2419:
In Linz, Kepler's primary responsibilities (beyond completing the
2041:(1596), published a little over a year after his arrival at Graz.
7924:, N.S. 2. University of Chicago Press, 1986, pp. 5â42.
4782:] (in German). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 628, 646.
3371:
3323:
3204:
3051:
2938:
2680:
2553:
2357:
2258:
2251:
2210:
1811:
1802:, but there was a strong division between astronomy (a branch of
1779:, being named the father of modern optics, in particular for his
611:
464:
381:
8605:
7169:
3121:
2901:, most of Kepler's research was focused on preparations for the
2213:) and kept up with Kepler's work in physical astronomy as well.
5952:
5015:
Coullet, Pierre; San Martin, Jaime; Tirapegui, Enrique (2022).
3456:
3451:
3177:
2830:). Despite its title, which merely hints at heliocentrism, the
2747:
In Kepler's religious view of the cosmos, the Sun (a symbol of
2733:
2557:
2549:
2334:
2119:
1819:
1776:
1752:
670:
516:
426:
7565:"Kepler, the Little NASA Spacecraft That Could, No Longer Can"
6076:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 402.
2858:, who published a well-regarded book explaining the basics of
2628:
convictions about the connection between the physical and the
2135:
1631:
3370:
were not immediately accepted. Several major figures such as
3167:, as well as the astronomical implications of optics such as
3159:(The Optical Part of Astronomy). In it, Kepler described the
2782:
2633:
2586:
2582:
2365:
1909:, which attracted the attention of astronomers across Europe.
506:
501:
443:
8230:
The Heliocentric Model and Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion
5807:"Johannes Kepler | Biography, Discoveries, & Facts"
4500:
Manuscripta astronomica (II). Commentaria in Theoriam Martis
4392:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1949. Out-of-print. 2nd ed. in preparation.
3941:
Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae. 1â3, De doctrina sphaerica
3390:
used an elliptical orbit with motions defined by an equant.
3191:
is conspicuously absent). With respect to the beginnings of
1672:
and writer on music. He is a key figure in the 17th-century
1028:
8061:
The Construction of Modern Science: Mechanism and Mechanics
7987:
Schneer, Cecil: "Kepler's New Year's Gift of a Snowflake."
6979:"Keplerian Astronomy after Kepler: Researches and Problems"
4939:"Johannes Kepler: His Life, His Laws and Times | NASA"
3964:(in Latin). Vol. 44323. Linz: Gottfried Tambach. 1621.
3692:
personally, and he probably influenced the construction of
2741:
2610:
2590:
2541:
2413:
2389:
1922:
1768:
1740:
1622:
511:
474:
8629:
7436:"Kepler's Harmony of the World: A Realization for the Ear"
7215:
Jardine, "KoyrĂ©'s Kepler/Kepler's KoyrĂ©," pp. 363â367
7063:
5014:
4771:
4740:
2593:, Jupiter, and Saturn. By ordering the solids selectivelyâ
82:
7812:, Frankfurt am Main and Erlangen, Heyder & Zimmer, â
4179:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1937. IV, 487 p. 2. ed. 1990. Paperback
3130:
3054:
and others before Kepler; in fact, soon after publishing
1985:
304:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
7967:
Wolfgang Pauli â Writings on physics and philosophy
7594:, on the chronology related to the Star of Bethlehem.",
3961:
Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae. 5â7, Doctrina theorica
3742:
Directly named for Kepler's contribution to science are
3260:
in 1611. In it, Kepler set out the theoretical basis of
3089:' newly discovered law of centrifugal force, it enabled
2661:
In 1621, Kepler published an expanded second edition of
1775:. Additionally, he did fundamental work in the field of
3954:(in Latin). Vol. 4. Linz: Gottfried Tambach. 1622.
3944:(in Latin). Vol. 44199. Linz: Johann Planck. 1618.
3439:, a mathematical challenge later known as "solving the
3069:, including the figures that would come to be known as
2958:
In his bid to become imperial astronomer, Kepler wrote
2792:
all planets move in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus
2435:. That blow, happening only a few years after Kepler's
8130:(with links to digital scans of the published volumes)
7872:
The Astronomical Revolution: Copernicus-Kepler-Borelli
7590:"... in 1614, Johannes Kepler published his book
7354:
7343:, "Kepler in the Dock", review of Gilder and Gilder's
6073:
History of the Planetary Systems from Thales to Kepler
4741:
Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) .
4343:
Theologica. HexenprozeĂ. Tacitus-Ăbersetzung. Gedichte
4320:
Calendaria et Prognostica. Astronomica minora. Somnium
3062:, who had recently published his own harmonic theory.
1948:. There, he studied philosophy under Vitus MĂŒller and
8462:
8034:
The Music of the Heavens: Kepler's Harmonic Astronomy
7841:: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe.
7481:
Pasachoff, Jay M.; Pasachoff, Naomi (December 2009).
6637:, pp. 143, 152, 402â403; Toulmin and Goodfield,
6197:"Kepler's Epitome of Copernican Astronomy in context"
5356:
Barker, Peter; Goldstein, Bernard R. (January 2001).
5281:, p. 234 (translated from Kepler's family horoscope).
3828:(in Latin). Frankfurt am Main: Claude de Marne. 1604.
3046:
or "music of the spheres", which had been studied by
2077:(Nicolaus Reimers BĂ€r)âthe imperial mathematician to
1702:, providing one of the foundations for his theory of
1619:
268:
7096:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society,
6866:"Early Numerical Analysis in Kepler's New Astronomy"
6827:"Johannes Kepler and the development of mathematics"
2866:
by the Catholic Church, as well as the start of the
2463:
churchyard that was completely destroyed during the
1980:
at that time. In a student disputation, he defended
1656:; 27 December 1571 â 15 November 1630) was a German
1628:
1625:
6128:
6126:
5079:
3333:Kepler wrote the influential mathematical treatise
1616:
7480:
6804:. Edited and translated, with an Introduction, by
6595:
5957:, Dover Publications, 1953, pp. 331, 377â379.
4807:
4277:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1955, 2nd ed. 1999. Out-of-print.
3058:, Kepler was embroiled in a priority dispute with
2801:
2684:much from Ptolemy." Modern astronomy owes much to
2573:could be inscribed and circumscribed by spherical
1791:, who mentioned Kepler's discoveries in his work.
303:
8206:
8196:. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). pp. 749â751.
7910:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957.
7331:, Vol. 86, no. 5 (October 2005), pp. 424â438
6702:Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times
6477:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
6470:
6281:Robert J. King, âJohannes Kepler and Australiaâ,
4672:also composed the score according to this theory.
3618:
2843:) to all the planets as well as the Moon and the
2755:'s theory of the magnetic soul of the Earth from
2718:The extended line of research that culminated in
2372:in WĂŒrttemberg, concerns over Kepler's perceived
1747:. Later he became an assistant to the astronomer
8678:
7931:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965
7759:Jardine, Nick: "Koyré's Kepler/Kepler's Koyré,"
6471:Brackenridge, J. Bruce; Rossi, Mary Ann (1979).
6123:
4129:A critical edition of Kepler's collected works (
3216:, thus having the properties of a large circle.
2636:, and the intervening space between them to the
7936:The Fontana History of Astronomy and Cosmology,
6434:"Kepler's astrology: The direction of a reform"
6176:A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy
5358:"Theological Foundations of Kepler's Astronomy"
5355:
4149:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1938, 2nd ed. 1993. Paperback
3587:A new edition was planned beginning in 1914 by
3552:âhave repeatedly turned to Kepler: examples of
3065:Kepler began by exploring regular polygons and
2476:capsulized version of a writing from his hand:
1755:, and eventually the imperial mathematician to
59:German astronomer and mathematician (1571â1630)
8071:; reprinted Cambridge University Press, 1978.
8000:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
7739:The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler
7562:
7147:, Cambridge University Press, 2016, "Inertia."
5273:
5271:
3750:SN 1604, which he observed and described; the
2706:trajectory of Mars through several periods of
2337: â house where Kepler lived, now a museum
1932:In 1589, after moving through grammar school,
1783:. He also invented an improved version of the
8256:
7770:trans. W. Donahue, foreword by O. Gingerich,
7556:
6643:History of Science, Technology and Philosophy
3976:(in Latin). Augsburg: Sebastian MĂŒller. 1619.
3362:
2352:Also in that year, Barbara Kepler contracted
1588:
993:
62:"Kepler" redirects here. For other uses, see
7683:A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler
7389:"Review of Hindemith: Die Harmonie der Welt"
7237:Pauli, "The Influence of Archetypical Ideas"
5966:
4728:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
4133:, KGW) in 22 volumes is being edited by the
3571:
3487:. These and other histories written from an
2776:planets sweep out equal areas in equal times
2301:, and dealt with chronology, especially the
2257:In October 1604, a bright new evening star (
1862:Kepler was born on 27 December 1571, in the
7433:
7293:, episode III: "The Harmony of the Worlds".
7184:The Mechanical Universe: Mechanics and Heat
7064:HM Nautical Almanac Office (10 June 2004).
6863:
5694:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5268:
4322:. Commentary V. Bialas, H. Grössing. 1993.
4031:English translation on Google Books preview
2497:
2265:, the start of the about 800-year cycle of
23:
8263:
8249:
8083:Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton
7310:, Vol. 59, no. 18 (1962), pp. 500â503
7020:
6671:Finger, "Origins of Neuroscience," p. 74.
6584:
5325:in Theistic Contexts: Cognitive Dimensions
5104:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3625:List of things named after Johannes Kepler
3293:
3114:
1722:. He has been described as the "father of
1595:
1581:
1027:
1000:
986:
81:
24:
7506:
7386:
7351:, Vol. 35, pt. 4 (2004), pp. 487â489
6946:
6241:
5821:"Astronomy â the techniques of astronomy"
5735:
5720:"Who solved the secretary problem ?"
5202:, title page, tr. Donohue, pp. 26â27
5170:
3641:discovered using data transmitted by the
2897:In the years following the completion of
2222:Johannes MatthÀus Wackher von Wackhenfels
1925:"appeared quite red". However, childhood
8128:Herausgabe der Werke von Johannes Kepler
7763:, Vol. 38 (2000), pp. 363â376
7665:Principia, Translated by Curtis Wilson,
7319:William Donahue, "A Novelist's Kepler,"
6300:"A Lutheran Astrologer: Johannes Kepler"
5714:
5708:
4502:. Commentary V. Bialas. 1998. Paperback
4262:. Commentary F. Hammer. 1955. Paperback
4147:Mysterium Cosmographicum. De Stella Nova
3628:
3450:
3297:
3268:âand how they are combined to produce a
3120:
3021:
2925:
2884:
2697:
2526:Kepler's first major astronomical work,
2503:
2407:
2328:
2245:
2134:
1900:
1853:
1849:
32:This is an accepted version of this page
8217:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
7790:John Kepler, Astronomer; Complete Works
7784:Kepler, Johannes and Christian Frisch.
7752:Gingerich, Owen: "Kepler, Johannes" in
7741:. American Institute of Physics, 1993.
6928:
6194:
5967:Goldstein, Bernard; Hon, Giora (2005).
5846:
4979:"Kepler, the Father of Science Fiction"
4868:
4832:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.14903
4529:Vol. 22: General index, in preparation.
4200:Kleinere Schriften 1602â1611. Dioptrice
2982:
1832:", and as "a supplement to Aristotle's
14:
8679:
8180:
7483:"Third physics opera for Philip Glass"
6902:
6765:
6602:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
6590:
6526:, pp. 181â185. The full title is
6066:
5849:"Johannes Kepler's pursuit of harmony"
5148:
5127:(1). Walter de Gruyter GmbH: 156â175.
5118:
5017:"Kepler in search of the 'Anaclastic'"
4995:
4139:Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften
3934:(in Latin). Linz: Johann Planck. 1618.
3871:Conversation with the Starry Messenger
3811:De Fundamentis Astrologiae Certioribus
3455:Monument to Tycho Brahe and Kepler in
2025:House of Kepler and Barbara MĂŒller in
1858:Kepler's birthplace, in Weil der Stadt
1735:Kepler was a mathematics teacher at a
8752:German expatriates in the Czech lands
8244:
8202:Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"
8050:Toulmin, Stephen and June Goodfield.
7786:Joannis Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia
6905:"Kepler: The Volume of a Wine Barrel"
6824:
6431:
6384:
6304:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
6297:
6293:
6291:
6190:
6188:
6159:Joannis Kepleri Astronomi Opera Omnia
5687:
4802:
4533:The Kepler-Kommission also publishes
4399:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1951. 2nd ed. 1995.
4239:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1953, 2nd ed. 1991.
4224:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1940, 2nd ed. 1981,
3911:Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum
3707:wrote an opera about Kepler entitled
3446:
3335:Nova stereometria doliorum vinariorum
2790:), Kepler immediately concluded that
2778:âhis second law of planetary motion.
2303:dating of events in the life of Jesus
2130:
1643:
682:Newton's law of universal gravitation
8085:. Cambridge University Press, 1981.
7715:Gilder, Joshua and Anne-Lee Gilder:
7539:"Exoplanet and Candidate Statistics"
7434:Rodgers, John; Ruff, Willie (1979).
7349:Journal for the History of Astronomy
7321:Journal for the History of Astronomy
7246:Gingerich, introduction to Caspar's
7163:
7131:Journal for the History of Astronomy
7023:Journal for the History of Astronomy
6552:, pp. 265â266, translated from
6391:Journal for the History of Astronomy
5462:, pp. 89â100, 114â116; Caspar.
5339:Journal for the History of Astronomy
4809:"Kepler [Keppler], Johannes"
4217:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1953. Out-of-print.
3785:observed 530,506 stars and detected
3669:A well-received historical novel by
3519:âidentified Kepler as a key to the "
3505:Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences
3429:. This culminated in Isaac Newton's
2893:showing eclipses of the Sun and Moon
2878:
2235:
2125:
2093:Instead, he turned his attention to
118:Free Imperial City of Weil der Stadt
8270:
7122:"Boulliau, Mercator, and Horrock's
7120:Wilbur Applebaum and Robert Hatch,
6929:Albinus, Hans-Joachim (June 2002).
6909:Mathematical Association of America
6808:. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2018.
6132:Gingerich, "Kepler, Johannes" from
5084:. Kent, England. pp. 233â237.
4709:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
4297:Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium
3922:Ephemerides nouae motuum coelestium
3839:On the New Star in Ophiuchus's Foot
3686:10-euro Johannes Kepler silver coin
3320:A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow
2676:De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
2540:on 19 July 1595, while teaching in
2403:
2203:
1995:
663:Mechanics of planar particle motion
271:
56:
8737:17th-century German mathematicians
8727:16th-century German mathematicians
7754:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
7563:Dennis Overbye (30 October 2018).
7109:History of Astronomy and Cosmology
7009:History of Astronomy and Cosmology
6647:The Construction of Modern Science
6288:
6185:
6134:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
5080:Tunnacliffe, AH; Hirst JG (1996).
4996:Popova, Maria (27 December 2019).
4697:
4202:. Ed. M. Caspar, F. Hammer. 1941.
3834:De Stella nova in pede Serpentarii
3346:, an approximation method used in
3009:
2691:
2442:His first publication in Linz was
2105:and the physical world, and their
1743:, where he became an associate of
1323:2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ("2dF")
57:
8848:
8291:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
8153:Works by or about Johannes Kepler
8104:
8099:. George Allen & Unwin, 1950.
7973:, concerning Johannes Kepler and
7749:(Masters of modern physics; v. 7)
7543:exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu
5847:Rothman, Aviva (1 January 2020).
5121:Berliner Theologische Zeitschrift
4164:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1939, Paperback
3816:On Firmer Fundaments of Astrology
3744:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
3684:In Austria, a silver collector's
3501:History of the Inductive Sciences
3368:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
2951:
2569:. He found that each of the five
2565:experimenting with 3-dimensional
2056:
1976:of planetary motion. He became a
1905:As a child, Kepler witnessed the
1890:, an innkeeper's daughter, was a
1538:Timeline of cosmological theories
1303:Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE)
167:Kepler's laws of planetary motion
8832:17th-century German philosophers
8717:17th-century German male writers
8707:16th-century German male writers
8664:
8652:
8640:
8628:
8616:
8604:
8592:
8580:
8568:
8556:
8544:
8532:
8520:
8508:
8496:
8484:
8472:
8362:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
7685:. Dover Publications Inc, 1967.
7584:
7531:
7474:
7427:
7380:
7334:
7313:
7296:
7277:
7265:
7253:
7240:
7231:
7218:
7209:
7150:
7137:
7114:
7101:
7084:
7057:
7014:
7001:
6988:
6971:
6922:
6896:
6857:
6818:
6790:
6778:]. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
6759:
6750:
6737:
6724:
6711:
6691:
6044:51 (1994): 59â73, at p. 60.
5835:Johannes Kepler Life and Letters
5229:Great Books of the Western World
4237:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
4137:(founded 1935) on behalf of the
4131:Johannes Kepler Gesammelte Werke
4001:The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos
3931:Epitome astronomiae copernicanae
3805:The Sacred Mystery of the Cosmos
3690:Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg
3536:Philosophers of scienceâsuch as
3485:Histoire de l'astronomie moderne
3129:, illustrating the structure of
2824:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
2810:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
2018:
2011:Portraits of Kepler and his wife
2004:
1960:at Wittenberg), who also taught
1886:in the Netherlands. His mother,
1767:. He also taught mathematics in
1745:Prince Hans Ulrich von Eggenberg
1695:Epitome Astronomiae Copernicanae
1612:
1562:
1551:
1550:
967:
966:
953:
286:
238:
137:Free Imperial City of Regensburg
8837:16th-century German astronomers
8782:17th-century German astronomers
8113:Dissertation cum Nuncio Sidereo
7952:, Dover Publications Inc 1989.
7364:. Austrian Mint. Archived from
7145:The Cambridge Descartes Lexicon
6678:
6665:
6652:
6627:
6571:
6558:
6542:
6516:
6503:
6464:
6425:
6378:
6354:
6275:
6262:
6235:
6178:, pp. 140â141; Pannekoek,
6168:
6151:
6139:
6110:
6093:
6080:
6060:
6047:
6034:
6021:
6012:
5999:
5960:
5943:
5930:
5917:
5908:
5895:
5840:
5827:
5813:
5799:
5786:
5769:
5756:
5681:
5668:
5651:
5638:
5625:
5612:
5599:
5586:
5573:
5560:
5547:
5534:
5521:
5508:
5495:
5482:
5469:
5452:
5439:
5426:
5413:
5396:
5349:
5330:
5301:
5284:
5251:
5234:
5225:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
5218:
5205:
5192:
5179:
5142:
5112:
5073:
5055:
5008:
4989:
4971:
4780:German Pronunciation Dictionary
4646:
4622:Summary of Copernican Astronomy
4612:
4603:
3915:New Stereometry of Wine Barrels
3414:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
3266:double-concave diverging lenses
3262:double-convex converging lenses
2912:Kepler, at last, completed the
2828:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
2803:Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
2470:
2145:On 4 February 1600, Kepler met
1318:Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)
1171:Future of an expanding universe
8817:Members of the Lincean Academy
7699:Kepler's geometrical cosmology
7663:Force and Geometry in Newton's
7600:Kapteyn Astronomical Institute
6935:The Mathematical Intelligencer
5938:Kepler's Geometrical Cosmology
5172:11858/00-001M-0000-002A-8F0F-E
5021:Chaos, Solitons & Fractals
4957:
4931:
4917:
4862:
4796:
4775:Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch
4765:
4734:
4716:
4691:
4377:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1945. 432 p.
4299:. Commentary V. Bialas. 1983.
3905:Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo
3867:Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo
3619:Cultural influence and eponymy
3246:Narratio de Jovis Satellitibus
3242:Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo
2845:Medicean satellites of Jupiter
2250:Remnant of Kepler's Supernova
2113:and astronomical distances to
1645:[joËhanÉsËkÉplÉ,-nÉs-]
1533:History of the Big Bang theory
1329:Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy
13:
1:
8827:University of TĂŒbingen alumni
8747:German expatriates in Austria
8742:17th-century German novelists
8732:17th-century writers in Latin
8722:16th-century writers in Latin
8139:Mathematics Genealogy Project
8063:. John Wiley and Sons, 1971.
7768:Johannes Kepler New Astronomy
7626:, 2001, pp. 88â113
7621:Science in Theistic Contexts.
5189:, 16, 2001, pp. 112â113.
4925:"DPMA | Johannes Kepler"
4679:
3888:On the Six-Cornered Snowflake
3580:An edition in eight volumes,
3568:on scientific investigation.
3226:In the first months of 1610,
2544:, demonstrating the periodic
2376:heresies in violation of the
2319:
2061:Following the publication of
1844:
1525:Discovery of cosmic microwave
1176:Ultimate fate of the universe
589:Koopmanâvon Neumann mechanics
92:
8014:. New York: Springer, 1987.
7651:. HarperSanFrancisco, 2004.
7126:: Three Unpublished Letters"
6851:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90149-X
6458:10.1016/0083-6656(75)90122-1
5951:A History of Astronomy from
5779:, pp. 220â223; Connor,
5661:, pp. 222â226; Caspar,
5246:Revolutionizing the Sciences
4856:UK public library membership
4749:The Pronunciation Dictionary
4684:
4479:Commentary V. Bialas. 1988.
4461:. Commentary M. List. 1975.
3652:described him as "the first
3378:completely ignored Kepler's
3316:Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula
3308:Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula
3272:âas well as the concepts of
3219:
2921:
2492:
2333:Karlova street in Old Town,
657:Non-inertial reference frame
7:
8712:16th-century German writers
8012:Kepler's physical astronomy
7703:University of Chicago Press
7624:University of Chicago Press
7302:Stephen Toulmin, Review of
6996:The Astronomical Revolution
6660:The Astronomical Revolution
6568:, pp. 264â266, 290â293
6120:, pp. 239â240, 293â300
6105:The Astronomical Revolution
6103:, pp. 131â140; KoyrĂ©,
6029:The Astronomical Revolution
5583:, pp. 146â148, 159â177
5406:, pp. 38â52; Connor.
5242:Kepler's Physical Astronomy
5041:10.1016/j.chaos.2022.112695
4540:
4459:Dokumente zu Leben und Werk
3302:A diagram illustrating the
3026:Geometrical harmonies from
2977:lunar node precession cycle
2905:and a comprehensive set of
2864:banning of Copernican books
2324:
2101:relationships among music,
1698:, influencing among others
1293:Black Hole Initiative (BHI)
584:Appell's equation of motion
454:Inertial frame of reference
10:
8853:
8812:Mathematicians from Prague
8702:People from Weil der Stadt
8038:Princeton University Press
7792:), 8 volumes (1858â1871).
7772:Cambridge University Press
7667:Princeton University Press
7608:
7043:10.1177/002182867600700101
6766:Kepler, Johannes (1966) .
6411:10.1177/002182860503600102
5294:, pp. 36â38; Connor.
4869:Voelkel, James R. (2001).
3637:, a potentially habitable
3622:
3521:Revolution of the sciences
3477:Histoire des mathématiques
3363:Reception of his astronomy
3015:
2807:
2728:)âincluding the first two
2708:apparent retrograde motion
2640:. His first manuscript of
2431:in the Protestant town of
2384:prevented his return. The
2239:
1056:Chronology of the universe
61:
8396:
8329:
8278:
7998:The Scientific Revolution
7818:Kepler, Johannes, et al.
7405:10.1017/S0040298204210063
7387:MacDonald, Calum (2004).
7308:The Journal of Philosophy
7290:Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
7226:The Scientific Revolution
7158:The Copernican Revolution
6882:10.1017/S0269889709990238
6639:The Fabric of the Heavens
4652:The opening of the movie
4472:Vols. 20â21: manuscripts
3861:Third-party Interventions
3633:An artist's rendition of
3572:Editions and translations
3469:historiography of science
3357:
3109:
2854:after that of his master
2311:. Part of the purpose of
1149:Expansion of the universe
237:
232:
228:
216:
194:
187:
159:
144:
125:
103:
80:
73:
8338:Mysterium Cosmographicum
8222:University of St Andrews
8144:Works by Johannes Kepler
7876:Cornell University Press
6903:Cardil, Roberto (2020).
6864:Thorvaldsen, S. (2010).
6365:The World of Mathematics
6285:no. 90, 2021, pp. 15â24.
6242:Gingerich, Owen (1990).
5985:10.1162/1063614053714126
5067:Encyclopaedia Britannica
4744:Das Aussprachewörterbuch
4596:
4580:KeplerâBouwkamp constant
4535:Bibliographia Kepleriana
4215:Chronologische Schriften
3996:Mysterium cosmographicum
3800:Mysterium Cosmographicum
3792:
3752:KeplerâPoinsot polyhedra
3698:Mysterium Cosmographicum
3596:Mysterium Cosmographicum
3419:Giovanni Alfonso Borelli
3354:(Kepler's barrel rule).
3350:, is known in German as
3230:âusing his powerful new
3004:
2889:Two pages from Kepler's
2730:laws of planetary motion
2686:Mysterium Cosmographicum
2534:The Cosmographic Mystery
2529:Mysterium Cosmographicum
2519:Mysterium Cosmographicum
2499:Mysterium Cosmographicum
2190:that should replace the
2163:Mysterium Cosmographicum
2039:Mysterium Cosmographicum
1771:, and was an adviser to
1678:laws of planetary motion
1313:Planck space observatory
1099:Gravitational wave (GWB)
747:Rotating reference frame
579:HamiltonâJacobi equation
39:latest accepted revision
8193:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
8120:17 October 2020 at the
7860:Harvester Press, 1977.
7826:, Books IV & V and
7362:"Eggenberg Palace coin"
7173:; Olenick, Richard P.;
7160:, pp. 238, 246â252
7066:"1631 Transit of Venus"
6776:The Six-sided Snowflake
6706:Oxford University Press
6673:Oxford University Press
6548:Quotation from Caspar,
6213:10.1111/1600-0498.12356
6157:Christian Frisch, ed.,
6068:Dreyer, John Louis Emil
5973:Perspectives on Science
5940:, Chapter IV, pp. 73ff.
5762:Quotation from Connor,
4824:Oxford University Press
4444:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1959.
4429:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1955.
4414:. Ed. M. Caspar. 1954.
4284:. Ed. F. Hammer. 1969.
4275:Mathematische Schriften
4162:Astronomiae pars optica
3825:Astronomiae pars optica
3787:2,778 confirmed planets
3611:(during 1984â1999) and
3294:Mathematics and physics
3185:Astronomiae Pars Optica
3157:Astronomiae Pars Optica
3127:Astronomiae Pars Optica
3116:Astronomiae Pars Optica
2930:Kepler's horoscope for
2354:Hungarian spotted fever
2299:Giovanni Antonio Magini
2178:Astronomiae Pars Optica
2029:, near Graz (1597â1599)
1874:in the German state of
1781:Astronomiae pars optica
1759:and his two successors
1166:Inhomogeneous cosmology
688:Newton's laws of motion
548:Newton's laws of motion
64:Kepler (disambiguation)
8797:German music theorists
8757:Scientists from Prague
8432:Kepler space telescope
8187:"Kepler, Johann"
7950:A History of Astronomy
7143:Lawrence Nolan (ed.),
6180:A History of Astronomy
5688:Mazer, Arthur (2010).
5244:, pp. 1â2; Dear,
5163:10.1002/andp.201500238
5133:10.1515/bthz-2021-0010
4698:Liscia, Daniel A. Di.
4643:
3903:(1615, published with
3783:Kepler space telescope
3762:. Places and entities
3733:wrote an opera called
3645:
3643:Kepler space telescope
3542:Norwood Russell Hanson
3538:Charles Sanders Peirce
3481:Jean-Baptiste Delambre
3460:
3311:
3149:atmospheric refraction
3134:
3033:
2934:
2894:
2820:heliocentric astronomy
2774:in terms of geometry:
2715:
2523:
2482:
2416:
2412:A statue of Kepler in
2370:University of TĂŒbingen
2338:
2254:
2142:
2081:and a bitter rival of
1946:University of TĂŒbingen
1910:
1859:
715:Simple harmonic motion
628:Euler's laws of motion
422:D'Alembert's principle
305:
153:University of TĂŒbingen
8807:Copernican Revolution
8767:Christian astrologers
8405:Die Harmonie der Welt
8081:Westfall, Richard S.
7938:Fontana Press, 1994.
7633:; transl. and ed. by
7596:The Star of Bethlehem
6825:Belyi, Y. A. (1975).
6385:Boner, P. J. (2005).
6363:, "Johann Kepler" in
6298:Field, J. V. (1984).
5737:10.1214/ss/1177012493
5261:, pp. 29â36; Connor.
4875:Philosophy of Science
4626:
4553:Cavalieri's principle
4366:Vols. 13â18: Letters:
4003:), 2nd edition (1621)
3988:Harmony of the Worlds
3710:Die Harmonie der Welt
3632:
3566:analytical psychology
3531:Scientific Revolution
3513:Ernst Friedrich Apelt
3499:, in his influential
3473:Jean-Ătienne Montucla
3454:
3437:universal gravitation
3432:Principia Mathematica
3301:
3124:
3025:
2929:
2888:
2814:Since completing the
2808:Further information:
2701:
2507:
2484:Kepler advocated for
2478:
2411:
2332:
2249:
2138:
1938:seminary at Maulbronn
1904:
1857:
1850:Childhood (1571â1590)
1704:universal gravitation
1676:, best known for his
1674:Scientific Revolution
1257:Large-scale structure
1235:Shape of the universe
569:Hamiltonian mechanics
387:Statistical mechanics
306:
98:, after 1627 original
8802:Natural philosophers
8446:Astronomers Monument
8209:Robertson, Edmund F.
8173:(1920 book, part of
8058:Westfall, Richard S.
7719:, Doubleday (2004).
7661:De Gandt, Francois.
7272:kepler-kommission.de
7171:Frautschi, Steven C.
6985:, 34(1996): 451â504.
6645:, p. 150; Westfall,
6537:Tertius Interveniens
6367:, Vol. 1 (1956) Ed.
6195:Rothman, A. (2021).
4634:The World of Jupiter
4558:History of astronomy
3857:Tertius Interveniens
3703:The German composer
3582:Kepleri Opera omnia,
3558:analogical reasoning
3352:Keplersche Fassregel
2999:Tertius Interveniens
2984:Tertius Interveniens
2860:geocentric astronomy
2788:Vicarious Hypothesis
2356:, then began having
2111:astrological aspects
1888:Katharina Guldenmann
1785:refracting telescope
1569:Astronomy portal
1527:background radiation
1504:List of cosmologists
792:Angular acceleration
784:Rotational frequency
564:Lagrangian mechanics
557:Analytical mechanics
313:Second law of motion
266:
8822:Writers about music
8772:German cosmologists
8611:Speculative fiction
8321:Keplerian telescope
8207:O'Connor, John J.;
8032:Stephenson, Bruce.
8010:Stephenson, Bruce.
7499:2009Natur.462..724P
7452:1979AmSci..67..286R
7179:Goodstein, David L.
7134:, 14(1983): 166â179
7111:, pp. 348â349
7098:31 (1990): 333â357.
7035:1976JHA.....7....1V
7011:, pp. 355â360
6843:1975VA.....18..643B
6831:Vistas in Astronomy
6450:1975VA.....18..439S
6438:Vistas in Astronomy
6403:2005JHA....36....7B
6316:1984AHES...31..189F
6256:1990teas.conf..189G
6031:, pp. 199â202.
5865:2020PhT....73a..36R
5783:, pp. 251â254.
5724:Statistical Science
5716:Ferguson, Thomas S.
5609:, pp. 151â153.
5557:, pp. 111â122.
5544:, pp. 108â111.
5518:, pp. 100â108.
5033:2022CSF...16412695C
4985:. 16 November 2015.
4548:Theoretical physics
4282:Tabulae Rudolphinae
4008:Tabulae Rudolphinae
3600:Alexander von Brill
3517:Catherine the Great
3406:, who observed the
3287:Keplerian telescope
3193:projective geometry
2932:General Wallenstein
2744:orbit to the data.
2620:Kepler thought the
2560:: he realized that
2386:University of Padua
2378:Augsburg Confession
2159:BenĂĄtky nad Jizerou
2149:and his assistants
2097:and "harmony," the
1958:Philipp Melanchthon
1915:Great Comet of 1577
1907:Great Comet of 1577
1773:General Wallenstein
1670:natural philosopher
1269:Structure formation
1161:Friedmann equations
1051:Age of the universe
1015:Part of a series on
644:Harmonic oscillator
622:Equations of motion
257:Classical mechanics
251:Part of a series on
139:, Holy Roman Empire
120:, Holy Roman Empire
29:Page version status
8777:German astrologers
8762:Austrian Lutherans
8503:History of science
8316:Kepler's Supernova
8182:Clerke, Agnes Mary
8162:Walter W. Bryant.
7948:Pannekoek, Anton:
7870:Koyré, Alexandre:
7766:Kepler, Johannes.
7761:History of Science
7440:American Scientist
7124:Venus in sole visa
6998:, pp. 362â364
6983:History of Science
6948:10.1007/BF03024733
6870:Science in Context
6747:, pp. 198â202
6649:, chapters 7 and 8
6581:, pp. 266â290
6513:, pp. 178â181
6432:Simon, G. (1975).
6373:Simon and Schuster
6324:10.1007/BF00327703
6136:, pp. 302â304
6107:, pp. 277â279
6057:, pp. 129â132
6042:Annals of Science,
6009:, pp. 123â128
5796:, pp. 358â360
5678:, pp. 208â211
5665:, pp. 204â207
5648:, pp. 202â204
5622:, pp. 153â157
5570:, pp. 149â153
5410:, pp. 49â69.
5151:Annalen der Physik
5002:themarginalian.org
4815:Grove Music Online
4590:Radiation pressure
4563:History of physics
3764:named in his honor
3748:Kepler's Supernova
3646:
3554:incommensurability
3461:
3447:History of science
3408:1639 Venus transit
3312:
3270:Galilean telescope
3161:inverse-square law
3135:
3133:of various species
3087:Christiaan Huygens
3043:musica universalis
3034:
2935:
2895:
2716:
2524:
2417:
2382:Formula of Concord
2339:
2288:Laurentius Suslyga
2267:great conjunctions
2255:
2242:Kepler's Supernova
2174:Archduke Ferdinand
2167:Johannes Jessenius
2143:
2131:Prague (1600â1612)
1990:Formula of Concord
1940:, Kepler attended
1911:
1864:Free Imperial City
1860:
1816:natural philosophy
1308:Dark Energy Survey
1252:Large quasar group
1021:Physical cosmology
960:Physics portal
574:Routhian mechanics
449:Frame of reference
301:
211:natural philosophy
35:
8460:
8459:
8452:List of namesakes
8378:Rudolphine Tables
8306:Kepler's equation
8286:Kepler conjecture
8279:Scientific career
8212:"Johannes Kepler"
8170:Project Gutenberg
8148:Project Gutenberg
8091:978-0-521-23143-5
8046:978-0-691-03439-3
8028:978-0-691-03652-6
8020:978-0-387-96541-3
8006:978-0-226-75020-0
7983:978-3-540-56859-9
7958:978-0-486-65994-7
7944:978-0-00-686177-5
7916:978-0-674-17103-9
7900:978-2-7056-5648-5
7894:; Hermann, 1973.
7892:978-0-416-76980-7
7886:; Methuen, 1973.
7884:978-0-8014-0504-4
7866:978-0-85527-354-5
7849:978-0-14-019246-9
7747:978-0-88318-863-7
7725:978-0-385-50844-5
7711:978-0-226-24823-3
7675:978-0-691-03367-9
7657:978-0-06-052255-1
7647:Connor, James A.
7643:978-0-486-67605-0
7345:Heavenly Intrigue
7194:978-0-521-71590-4
7072:on 1 October 2006
6814:978-2-251-44832-9
6806:Eberhard Knobloch
6772:De nive sexangula
6613:978-0-393-06532-9
6592:Miller, Arthur I.
5927:, pp. 65â71.
5873:10.1063/PT.3.4388
5809:. 31 August 2023.
5701:978-1-118-02427-0
5505:, pp. 89â100
5479:, pp. 85â86.
5449:. pp. 71â75.
5436:. pp. 58â65.
5423:. pp. 50â51.
5307:Connor, James A.
5298:, pp. 25â27.
5231:, Vol. 15, p. 845
5091:978-0-900099-15-1
4854:(subscription or
4841:978-1-56159-263-0
4789:978-3-11-018202-6
4758:978-3-411-04067-4
4700:"Johannes Kepler"
4660:Martin Villeneuve
4524:. In preparation.
4522:Manuscripta varia
4517:. In preparation.
4467:978-3-406-01674-5
4187:. Semi-parchment
4135:Kepler-Kommission
4013:Rudolphine Tables
3901:Eclogae Chronicae
3883:De nive sexangula
3756:Kepler conjecture
3679:Heavenly Intrigue
3604:Kepler-Kommission
3509:scientific method
3404:Jeremiah Horrocks
3384:Ismaël Bullialdus
3348:integral calculus
3328:Kepler conjecture
3304:Kepler conjecture
3214:point at infinity
3189:law of refraction
3140:Rudolphine Tables
2991:Helisaeus Roeslin
2915:Rudolphine Tables
2903:Rudolphine Tables
2891:Rudolphine Tables
2880:Rudolphine Tables
2868:Thirty Years' War
2465:Thirty Years' War
2452:reformed calendar
2421:Rudolphine Tables
2398:Eclogae Chronicae
2292:Star of Bethlehem
2284:celestial spheres
2236:Supernova of 1604
2187:Rudolphine Tables
2126:Scientific career
1974:Copernican system
1884:Eighty Years' War
1876:Baden-WĂŒrttemberg
1870:(now part of the
1757:Emperor Rudolf II
1712:scientific method
1605:
1604:
1276:
1275:
1118:
1117:
1010:
1009:
757:Centrifugal force
752:Centripetal force
708:Euler's equations
693:Relative velocity
469:Moment of inertia
299:
273:
246:
245:
189:Scientific career
178:Rudolphine Tables
172:Kepler conjecture
47:19 September 2024
26:
16:(Redirected from
8844:
8787:German Lutherans
8669:
8668:
8667:
8657:
8656:
8655:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8633:
8632:
8621:
8620:
8619:
8609:
8608:
8597:
8596:
8595:
8585:
8584:
8573:
8572:
8561:
8560:
8549:
8548:
8547:
8537:
8536:
8535:
8525:
8524:
8523:
8513:
8512:
8501:
8500:
8499:
8489:
8488:
8487:
8477:
8476:
8475:
8468:
8412:Katharina Kepler
8370:Harmonices Mundi
8311:Kepler polyhedra
8265:
8258:
8251:
8242:
8241:
8231:
8225:
8197:
8189:
8172:
8157:Internet Archive
8054:. Pelican, 1963.
7996:Shapin, Steven.
7858:Galilean Studies
7854:Koyré, Alexandre
7839:The Sleepwalkers
7834:Koestler, Arthur
7680:Dreyer, J. L. E.
7635:C. Doris Hellman
7602:
7588:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7560:
7554:
7553:
7551:
7549:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7510:
7478:
7472:
7471:
7431:
7425:
7424:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7375:
7373:
7358:
7352:
7338:
7332:
7317:
7311:
7304:The Sleepwalkers
7300:
7294:
7281:
7275:
7269:
7263:
7257:
7251:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7229:
7222:
7216:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7167:
7161:
7154:
7148:
7141:
7135:
7118:
7112:
7105:
7099:
7088:
7082:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7068:. Archived from
7061:
7055:
7054:
7018:
7012:
7005:
6999:
6992:
6986:
6975:
6969:
6968:
6950:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6900:
6894:
6893:
6861:
6855:
6854:
6822:
6816:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6748:
6741:
6735:
6732:The Sleepwalkers
6728:
6722:
6715:
6709:
6695:
6689:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6663:
6656:
6650:
6631:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6620:
6601:
6588:
6582:
6575:
6569:
6562:
6556:
6546:
6540:
6533:C. Doris Hellman
6531:, translated by
6520:
6514:
6507:
6501:
6500:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6382:
6376:
6358:
6352:
6351:
6295:
6286:
6279:
6273:
6266:
6260:
6259:
6239:
6233:
6232:
6192:
6183:
6172:
6166:
6155:
6149:
6143:
6137:
6130:
6121:
6114:
6108:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6078:
6077:
6064:
6058:
6051:
6045:
6038:
6032:
6025:
6019:
6016:
6010:
6003:
5997:
5996:
5964:
5958:
5947:
5941:
5934:
5928:
5921:
5915:
5912:
5906:
5899:
5893:
5892:
5844:
5838:
5831:
5825:
5824:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5803:
5797:
5790:
5784:
5773:
5767:
5760:
5754:
5753:
5739:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5685:
5679:
5672:
5666:
5655:
5649:
5642:
5636:
5629:
5623:
5616:
5610:
5603:
5597:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5538:
5532:
5525:
5519:
5512:
5506:
5499:
5493:
5492:, pp. 86â89
5486:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5466:, pp. 75â77
5456:
5450:
5443:
5437:
5430:
5424:
5417:
5411:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5353:
5347:
5346:(2001): 227â236.
5334:
5328:
5321:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5288:
5282:
5279:The Sleepwalkers
5275:
5266:
5255:
5249:
5248:, pp. 74â78
5238:
5232:
5222:
5216:
5209:
5203:
5196:
5190:
5183:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5103:
5095:
5077:
5071:
5070:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5012:
5006:
5005:
4993:
4987:
4986:
4983:bbvaopenmind.com
4975:
4969:
4968:
4961:
4955:
4954:
4952:
4950:
4941:. Archived from
4935:
4929:
4928:
4921:
4915:
4914:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4852:
4850:
4848:
4811:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4738:
4732:
4720:
4714:
4713:
4704:Zalta, Edward N.
4695:
4673:
4650:
4644:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4442:Briefe 1620â1630
4427:Briefe 1612â1620
4412:Briefe 1607â1611
4397:Briefe 1604â1607
4390:Briefe 1599â1603
4375:Briefe 1590â1599
4123:
4113:
4103:
4093:
4083:
4073:
4063:
4053:
4043:
3977:
3965:
3955:
3945:
3935:
3829:
3694:Eggenberg Castle
3663:The Sleepwalkers
3589:Walther von Dyck
3459:, Czech Republic
3400:transit of Venus
3237:Sidereus Nuncius
3099:Christopher Wren
3075:orbital velocity
2945:Sir Oliver Lodge
2856:Michael Maestlin
2656:patronage system
2562:regular polygons
2457:marriage problem
2404:Linz (1612â1630)
2204:Imperial Advisor
2198:Erasmus Reinhold
2022:
2008:
1996:Graz (1594â1600)
1970:Ptolemaic system
1962:Michael Maestlin
1872:Stuttgart Region
1840:
1726:" for his novel
1680:, and his books
1655:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1553:
1247:Galaxy formation
1207:Lambda-CDM model
1196:
1195:
1188:Components
1070:
1069:
1031:
1012:
1011:
1002:
995:
988:
975:
970:
969:
962:
958:
957:
863:Johann Bernoulli
858:Daniel Bernoulli
779:Tangential speed
683:
659:
634:Fictitious force
629:
481:Mechanical power
471:
412:Angular momentum
310:
308:
307:
302:
300:
298:
290:
289:
280:
275:
274:
248:
247:
242:
223:Michael Maestlin
218:Doctoral advisor
132:
129:15 November 1630
114:27 December 1571
113:
111:
97:
94:
85:
71:
70:
21:
8852:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8845:
8843:
8842:
8841:
8792:Anglican saints
8687:Johannes Kepler
8677:
8676:
8675:
8665:
8663:
8653:
8651:
8641:
8639:
8627:
8617:
8615:
8603:
8593:
8591:
8579:
8567:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8533:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8507:
8497:
8495:
8485:
8483:
8473:
8471:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8438:Johannes Kepler
8392:
8365:(1618, 1620-21)
8354:Astronomia nova
8325:
8301:Kepler triangle
8274:
8272:Johannes Kepler
8269:
8229:
8161:
8135:Johannes Kepler
8122:Wayback Machine
8107:
8102:
7963:Pauli, Wolfgang
7905:Kuhn, Thomas S.
7735:Gingerich, Owen
7611:
7606:
7605:
7589:
7585:
7575:
7573:
7561:
7557:
7547:
7545:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7508:10.1038/462724a
7479:
7475:
7432:
7428:
7385:
7381:
7371:
7369:
7368:on May 31, 2011
7360:
7359:
7355:
7341:Marcelo Gleiser
7339:
7335:
7329:English Studies
7318:
7314:
7301:
7297:
7282:
7278:
7270:
7266:
7258:
7254:
7245:
7241:
7236:
7232:
7223:
7219:
7214:
7210:
7195:
7175:Apostol, Tom M.
7168:
7164:
7155:
7151:
7142:
7138:
7119:
7115:
7106:
7102:
7090:Allan Chapman,
7089:
7085:
7075:
7073:
7062:
7058:
7019:
7015:
7006:
7002:
6993:
6989:
6976:
6972:
6927:
6923:
6913:
6911:
6901:
6897:
6862:
6858:
6823:
6819:
6795:
6791:
6764:
6760:
6755:
6751:
6742:
6738:
6729:
6725:
6716:
6712:
6696:
6692:
6683:
6679:
6670:
6666:
6657:
6653:
6632:
6628:
6618:
6616:
6614:
6589:
6585:
6576:
6572:
6563:
6559:
6554:Harmonice Mundi
6547:
6543:
6521:
6517:
6508:
6504:
6469:
6465:
6430:
6426:
6383:
6379:
6359:
6355:
6296:
6289:
6280:
6276:
6267:
6263:
6240:
6236:
6193:
6186:
6173:
6169:
6156:
6152:
6144:
6140:
6131:
6124:
6115:
6111:
6098:
6094:
6085:
6081:
6065:
6061:
6052:
6048:
6039:
6035:
6026:
6022:
6017:
6013:
6004:
6000:
5965:
5961:
5949:Dreyer, J.L.E.
5948:
5944:
5935:
5931:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5900:
5896:
5845:
5841:
5832:
5828:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5805:
5804:
5800:
5791:
5787:
5774:
5770:
5761:
5757:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5686:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5656:
5652:
5643:
5639:
5635:, pp. 1â78
5630:
5626:
5617:
5613:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5587:
5578:
5574:
5565:
5561:
5552:
5548:
5539:
5535:
5526:
5522:
5513:
5509:
5500:
5496:
5487:
5483:
5474:
5470:
5457:
5453:
5444:
5440:
5431:
5427:
5418:
5414:
5401:
5397:
5354:
5350:
5335:
5331:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5302:
5289:
5285:
5276:
5269:
5256:
5252:
5239:
5235:
5223:
5219:
5210:
5206:
5197:
5193:
5184:
5180:
5147:
5143:
5117:
5113:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5078:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5013:
5009:
4994:
4990:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4946:
4945:on 24 June 2021
4937:
4936:
4932:
4923:
4922:
4918:
4867:
4863:
4853:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4820:H. Floris Cohen
4801:
4797:
4790:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4739:
4735:
4721:
4717:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4676:
4665:Harmonice Mundi
4651:
4647:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4573:Kepler triangle
4543:
4222:Harmonice Mundi
4177:Astronomia Nova
4119:[Opere]
4116:
4109:[Opere]
4106:
4099:[Opere]
4096:
4089:[Opere]
4086:
4079:[Opere]
4076:
4069:[Opere]
4066:
4059:[Opere]
4056:
4049:[Opere]
4046:
4039:[Opere]
4036:
3982:Harmonice Mundi
3970:
3958:
3948:
3938:
3928:
3846:Astronomia nova
3822:
3795:
3723:Yale University
3658:Arthur Koestler
3627:
3621:
3613:Roland Bulirsch
3574:
3546:Stephen Toulmin
3527:Alexandre Koyré
3497:William Whewell
3449:
3396:Pierre Gassendi
3380:Astronomia nova
3365:
3360:
3296:
3250:Astronomia Nova
3228:Galileo Galilei
3224:
3165:pinhole cameras
3119:
3112:
3071:Kepler's solids
3056:Harmonice Mundi
3038:Harmonice Mundi
3029:Harmonice Mundi
3020:
3018:Harmonice Mundi
3014:
3011:Harmonice Mundi
3007:
2987:
2956:
2924:
2899:Astronomia Nova
2883:
2841:Astronomia nova
2816:Astronomia Nova
2812:
2806:
2796:Astronomia nova
2753:William Gilbert
2726:A New Astronomy
2721:Astronomia Nova
2712:Astronomia Nova
2702:Diagram of the
2696:
2693:Astronomia Nova
2571:Platonic solids
2502:
2495:
2473:
2437:excommunication
2406:
2345:by his brother
2343:King of Bohemia
2327:
2322:
2244:
2238:
2230:David Fabricius
2206:
2193:Prutenic Tables
2151:Franz Tengnagel
2133:
2128:
2087:Tychonic system
2059:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2009:
1998:
1954:Jacob Heerbrand
1852:
1847:
1838:
1789:Galileo Galilei
1724:science fiction
1689:Harmonice Mundi
1683:Astronomia nova
1649:
1648:
1640:
1615:
1611:
1608:Johannes Kepler
1601:
1563:
1561:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1517:Subject history
1509:
1508:
1500:
1345:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1240:Galaxy filament
1193:
1181:
1180:
1132:
1127:Expansion
1120:
1119:
1104:Microwave (CMB)
1083:Nucleosynthesis
1067:
1006:
965:
952:
951:
944:
943:
942:
817:
809:
808:
788:
742:Circular motion
736:
726:
725:
724:
681:
651:
648:
627:
606:
598:
597:
594:
593:
551:
541:
533:
532:
531:
490:
486:Mechanical work
479:
463:
401:
393:
392:
391:
346:
338:
315:
291:
285:
281:
279:
270:
269:
267:
264:
263:
183:
140:
134:
130:
121:
115:
109:
107:
99:
95:
76:
75:Johannes Kepler
67:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8850:
8840:
8839:
8834:
8829:
8824:
8819:
8814:
8809:
8804:
8799:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8769:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8674:
8673:
8661:
8649:
8637:
8625:
8613:
8601:
8589:
8577:
8565:
8553:
8541:
8529:
8517:
8505:
8493:
8481:
8458:
8457:
8455:
8454:
8449:
8442:
8434:
8429:
8421:
8415:
8409:
8400:
8398:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8390:
8382:
8374:
8366:
8358:
8350:
8346:De Stella Nova
8342:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8282:
8280:
8276:
8275:
8268:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8245:
8239:
8238:
8226:
8204:
8200:Plant, David,
8198:
8178:
8175:Men of Science
8159:
8150:
8141:
8132:
8124:
8106:
8105:External links
8103:
8101:
8100:
8093:
8079:
8055:
8048:
8030:
8008:
7994:
7985:
7960:
7946:
7932:
7929:Kepler's Dream
7925:
7918:
7902:
7868:
7851:
7831:
7816:
7782:
7764:
7757:
7750:
7732:
7713:
7693:
7677:
7659:
7645:
7627:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7583:
7555:
7530:
7473:
7446:(3): 286â292.
7426:
7399:(227): 63â66.
7379:
7353:
7333:
7312:
7295:
7276:
7264:
7260:Ulrich Grigull
7252:
7250:, pp. 3â4
7239:
7230:
7228:, pp. 1â2
7217:
7208:
7193:
7162:
7149:
7136:
7113:
7100:
7083:
7056:
7013:
7000:
6987:
6970:
6921:
6895:
6856:
6837:(1): 643â660.
6817:
6789:
6758:
6749:
6736:
6723:
6710:
6690:
6677:
6664:
6651:
6626:
6612:
6583:
6570:
6557:
6541:
6515:
6502:
6463:
6444:(1): 439â448.
6424:
6377:
6353:
6310:(3): 189â272.
6287:
6274:
6272:. pp. 178â179.
6261:
6234:
6184:
6167:
6150:
6138:
6122:
6109:
6092:
6079:
6059:
6046:
6033:
6020:
6011:
5998:
5959:
5942:
5929:
5916:
5907:
5894:
5839:
5826:
5812:
5798:
5785:
5781:Kepler's Witch
5768:
5764:Kepler's Witch
5755:
5730:(3): 282â289.
5707:
5700:
5680:
5667:
5659:Kepler's Witch
5650:
5637:
5633:Kepler's Dream
5624:
5611:
5598:
5596:, p. 151.
5585:
5572:
5559:
5546:
5533:
5520:
5507:
5494:
5481:
5468:
5460:Kepler's Witch
5451:
5438:
5425:
5412:
5408:Kepler's Witch
5395:
5374:10.1086/649340
5348:
5329:
5327:(2001), p. 96.
5313:
5311:(2004), p. 58.
5309:Kepler's Witch
5300:
5296:Kepler's Witch
5283:
5267:
5263:Kepler's Witch
5250:
5233:
5217:
5204:
5191:
5178:
5157:(7â8). Wiley.
5141:
5111:
5090:
5072:
5054:
5007:
4988:
4970:
4956:
4930:
4916:
4887:10.1086/392885
4881:(3): 319â326.
4861:
4840:
4795:
4788:
4764:
4757:
4733:
4715:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4670:BenoĂźt Charest
4645:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4587:
4585:Penrose tiling
4582:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4496:
4470:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4438:
4423:
4408:
4393:
4386:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4339:
4316:
4293:
4278:
4271:
4256:
4233:
4218:
4211:
4196:
4173:
4158:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4054:
4034:
4016:
4004:
3992:
3978:
3968:
3967:
3966:
3956:
3936:
3926:
3918:
3908:
3898:
3892:
3880:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3842:
3830:
3820:
3808:
3794:
3791:
3776:Martian crater
3760:sphere packing
3705:Paul Hindemith
3654:astrophysicist
3623:Main article:
3620:
3617:
3609:Ulrich Grigull
3573:
3570:
3562:Wolfgang Pauli
3448:
3445:
3441:Kepler problem
3376:René Descartes
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3344:Simpson's rule
3295:
3292:
3223:
3218:
3145:solar eclipses
3118:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3097:, and perhaps
3067:regular solids
3016:Main article:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2986:
2981:
2960:De Fundamentis
2955:
2953:De Fundamentis
2950:
2923:
2920:
2882:
2877:
2805:
2800:
2749:God the Father
2695:
2690:
2615:orbital period
2510:Platonic solid
2501:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2472:
2469:
2405:
2402:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2279:De Stella Nova
2237:
2234:
2205:
2202:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2075:Reimarus Ursus
2058:
2057:Other research
2055:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1956:(a student of
1942:TĂŒbinger Stift
1868:Weil der Stadt
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1835:On the Heavens
1720:modern science
1603:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1585:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1559:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1209:
1201:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1151:
1146:
1133:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1113:
1111:Neutrino (CNB)
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1068:
1066:Early universe
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
997:
990:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
963:
946:
945:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
819:
818:
815:
814:
811:
810:
807:
806:
787:
786:
781:
776:
771:
769:Coriolis force
766:
765:
764:
754:
749:
744:
738:
737:
732:
731:
728:
727:
723:
722:
717:
712:
711:
710:
705:
695:
690:
685:
678:
667:
666:
665:
660:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
624:
619:
614:
608:
607:
604:
603:
600:
599:
596:
595:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
560:
554:
552:
545:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
530:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
483:
477:
472:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
440:
439:
434:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
402:
399:
398:
395:
394:
390:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
331:
326:
320:
317:
316:
311:
297:
294:
288:
284:
278:
260:
259:
253:
252:
244:
243:
235:
234:
230:
229:
226:
225:
220:
214:
213:
196:
192:
191:
185:
184:
182:
181:
174:
169:
163:
161:
160:Known for
157:
156:
149:TĂŒbinger Stift
146:
142:
141:
135:
133:(aged 58)
127:
123:
122:
116:
105:
101:
100:
86:
78:
77:
74:
58:
36:
30:
27:
25:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8849:
8838:
8835:
8833:
8830:
8828:
8825:
8823:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8813:
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8778:
8775:
8773:
8770:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8758:
8755:
8753:
8750:
8748:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8708:
8705:
8703:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8693:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8672:
8662:
8660:
8650:
8648:
8638:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8624:
8614:
8612:
8607:
8602:
8600:
8590:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8518:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8504:
8494:
8492:
8482:
8480:
8470:
8469:
8466:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8447:
8443:
8441:
8439:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8422:
8419:
8418:Jakob Bartsch
8416:
8413:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8402:
8401:
8399:
8395:
8388:
8387:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8375:
8372:
8371:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8351:
8348:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8339:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8266:
8261:
8259:
8254:
8252:
8247:
8246:
8243:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8219:
8218:
8213:
8210:
8205:
8203:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8188:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8171:
8167:
8166:
8160:
8158:
8154:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8142:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8129:
8125:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8109:
8108:
8098:
8094:
8092:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8078:
8077:0-521-29295-6
8074:
8070:
8069:0-471-93531-X
8066:
8062:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8049:
8047:
8043:
8039:
8035:
8031:
8029:
8025:
8021:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8007:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7986:
7984:
7980:
7977:(1574â1637).
7976:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7961:
7959:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7934:North, John.
7933:
7930:
7926:
7923:
7919:
7917:
7913:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7893:
7889:
7885:
7881:
7877:
7873:
7869:
7867:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7840:
7835:
7832:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7817:
7815:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7783:
7781:
7780:0-521-30131-9
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7691:0-486-60079-3
7688:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7672:
7668:
7664:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7646:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7629:Caspar, Max.
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:, Volume 16.
7618:
7614:
7613:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7587:
7572:
7571:
7566:
7559:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7526:
7522:
7518:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7500:
7496:
7493:(7274): 724.
7492:
7488:
7484:
7477:
7469:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7453:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7437:
7430:
7422:
7418:
7414:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7394:
7390:
7383:
7367:
7363:
7357:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7337:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7316:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7292:
7291:
7286:
7280:
7273:
7268:
7261:
7256:
7249:
7243:
7234:
7227:
7221:
7212:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7159:
7153:
7146:
7140:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7125:
7117:
7110:
7104:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7071:
7067:
7060:
7052:
7048:
7044:
7040:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7017:
7010:
7004:
6997:
6991:
6984:
6980:
6974:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6910:
6906:
6899:
6891:
6887:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6860:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6821:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6768:Hardie, Colin
6762:
6753:
6746:
6740:
6733:
6727:
6721:, pp. 192â197
6720:
6714:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6688:, pp. 142â146
6687:
6681:
6674:
6668:
6662:, p. 502
6661:
6655:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6635:Never at Rest
6630:
6615:
6609:
6605:
6600:
6599:
6593:
6587:
6580:
6574:
6567:
6561:
6555:
6551:
6545:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6525:
6519:
6512:
6506:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6483:(2): 85â116.
6482:
6478:
6474:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6439:
6435:
6428:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6388:
6381:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6292:
6284:
6278:
6271:
6265:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6214:
6210:
6206:
6202:
6198:
6191:
6189:
6181:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6102:
6096:
6090:, p. 133
6089:
6083:
6075:
6074:
6069:
6063:
6056:
6050:
6043:
6037:
6030:
6024:
6015:
6008:
6002:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5954:
5946:
5939:
5933:
5926:
5920:
5911:
5904:
5898:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5853:Physics Today
5850:
5843:
5836:
5830:
5822:
5816:
5808:
5802:
5795:
5789:
5782:
5778:
5772:
5765:
5759:
5752:
5747:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5711:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5684:
5677:
5671:
5664:
5660:
5654:
5647:
5641:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5615:
5608:
5602:
5595:
5589:
5582:
5576:
5569:
5563:
5556:
5550:
5543:
5537:
5530:
5524:
5517:
5511:
5504:
5498:
5491:
5485:
5478:
5472:
5465:
5461:
5455:
5448:
5442:
5435:
5429:
5422:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5399:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5352:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5320:
5318:
5310:
5304:
5297:
5293:
5287:
5280:
5274:
5272:
5264:
5260:
5254:
5247:
5243:
5237:
5230:
5226:
5221:
5214:
5213:New Astronomy
5208:
5201:
5200:New Astronomy
5195:
5188:
5182:
5173:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5101:
5093:
5087:
5083:
5076:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4974:
4966:
4960:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4926:
4920:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4865:
4857:
4843:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4818:. Revised by
4817:
4816:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4760:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4737:
4730:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4655:Mars et Avril
4649:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4602:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4512:
4509:
4508:3-406-40593-2
4505:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4493:3-406-31502-X
4490:
4486:
4485:3-406-31501-1
4482:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4450:3-406-01672-3
4447:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:3-406-01671-5
4432:
4428:
4424:
4421:
4420:3-406-01668-5
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:3-406-01667-7
4402:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4383:3-406-01663-4
4380:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4359:3-406-01661-8
4356:
4352:
4351:3-406-01660-X
4348:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:3-406-37511-1
4333:
4329:
4328:3-406-37510-3
4325:
4321:
4317:
4314:
4313:3-406-01659-6
4310:
4306:
4305:3-406-01658-8
4302:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4290:3-406-01656-1
4287:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4268:3-406-01653-7
4265:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4253:3-406-01651-0
4250:
4246:
4245:3-406-01650-2
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:3-406-01648-0
4227:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:3-406-01644-8
4205:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4193:3-406-01642-1
4190:
4186:
4185:3-406-01643-X
4182:
4178:
4174:
4171:
4170:3-406-01641-3
4167:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:3-406-01639-1
4152:
4148:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4005:
4002:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3962:
3957:
3953:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3932:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3872:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3851:New Astronomy
3848:
3847:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3770:, and both a
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3671:John Banville
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3615:(1998â2014).
3614:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3592:
3590:
3585:
3583:
3578:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3511:. Similarly,
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:Enlightenment
3486:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:conic section
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3132:
3128:
3125:A plate from
3123:
3117:
3107:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3095:Edmund Halley
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3019:
3012:
3002:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2985:
2980:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2963:
2961:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2940:
2933:
2928:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2892:
2887:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2512:model of the
2511:
2506:
2500:
2490:
2487:
2481:
2477:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2410:
2401:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2336:
2331:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2212:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2155:Longomontanus
2152:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2123:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:numerological
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2073:, among them
2072:
2067:
2064:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2028:
2021:
2007:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1982:heliocentrism
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1919:lunar eclipse
1916:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1856:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1814:(a branch of
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1662:mathematician
1659:
1652:
1646:
1636:
1609:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1341:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1003:
998:
996:
991:
989:
984:
983:
981:
980:
974:
964:
961:
956:
950:
949:
948:
947:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
820:
813:
812:
805:
801:
797:
793:
790:
789:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
763:
760:
759:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
730:
729:
721:
718:
716:
713:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
679:
676:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
658:
654:
650:
649:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
602:
601:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
559:
558:
553:
550:
549:
544:
543:
537:
536:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
489:
487:
484:
482:
478:
476:
473:
470:
466:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
438:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
404:
397:
396:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
342:
341:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
319:
318:
314:
295:
292:
282:
276:
262:
261:
258:
255:
254:
250:
249:
241:
236:
231:
227:
224:
221:
219:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
180:
179:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
147:
143:
138:
128:
124:
119:
106:
102:
90:
89:August Köhler
84:
79:
72:
69:
65:
48:
44:
40:
33:
28:
19:
8444:
8437:
8423:
8420:(son-in-law)
8403:
8384:
8376:
8368:
8360:
8352:
8344:
8336:
8296:Kepler orbit
8271:
8215:
8191:
8174:
8163:
8127:
8112:
8096:
8082:
8060:
8051:
8033:
8011:
7997:
7988:
7975:Robert Fludd
7970:
7966:
7949:
7935:
7928:
7927:Lear, John.
7921:
7907:
7874:Ithaca, NY:
7871:
7857:
7837:
7827:
7823:
7819:
7814:Google Books
7810:vol. 7, 1868
7806:vol. 6, 1866
7802:vol. 3, 1860
7798:vol. 2, 1859
7794:vol. 1, 1858
7789:
7785:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7738:
7729:bookpage.com
7716:
7698:
7696:Field, J. V.
7682:
7662:
7648:
7630:
7620:
7616:
7591:
7586:
7574:. Retrieved
7568:
7558:
7546:. Retrieved
7542:
7533:
7490:
7486:
7476:
7443:
7439:
7429:
7396:
7392:
7382:
7372:September 9,
7370:. Retrieved
7366:the original
7356:
7348:
7344:
7336:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7315:
7307:
7303:
7298:
7288:
7279:
7267:
7255:
7247:
7242:
7233:
7225:
7220:
7211:
7183:
7165:
7157:
7152:
7144:
7139:
7129:
7123:
7116:
7108:
7103:
7095:
7086:
7074:. Retrieved
7070:the original
7059:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7008:
7003:
6995:
6990:
6982:
6973:
6941:(3): 50â58.
6938:
6934:
6924:
6912:. Retrieved
6908:
6898:
6876:(1): 39â63.
6873:
6869:
6859:
6834:
6830:
6820:
6801:
6797:
6792:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6752:
6744:
6739:
6731:
6726:
6718:
6713:
6701:
6698:Morris Kline
6693:
6685:
6680:
6667:
6659:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6617:. Retrieved
6597:
6586:
6578:
6573:
6565:
6560:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6536:
6527:
6523:
6518:
6510:
6505:
6480:
6476:
6466:
6441:
6437:
6427:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6369:Newman, J.R.
6364:
6356:
6307:
6303:
6282:
6277:
6269:
6264:
6247:
6237:
6204:
6200:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6158:
6153:
6141:
6133:
6117:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6095:
6087:
6082:
6072:
6062:
6054:
6049:
6041:
6036:
6028:
6023:
6014:
6006:
6001:
5976:
5972:
5962:
5950:
5945:
5937:
5932:
5924:
5919:
5910:
5902:
5897:
5859:(1): 36â42.
5856:
5852:
5842:
5834:
5829:
5815:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5763:
5758:
5749:
5727:
5723:
5710:
5690:
5683:
5675:
5670:
5662:
5658:
5653:
5645:
5640:
5632:
5627:
5619:
5614:
5606:
5601:
5593:
5588:
5580:
5575:
5567:
5562:
5554:
5549:
5541:
5536:
5528:
5523:
5515:
5510:
5502:
5497:
5489:
5484:
5476:
5471:
5463:
5459:
5454:
5446:
5441:
5433:
5428:
5420:
5415:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5365:
5361:
5351:
5343:
5337:
5332:
5324:
5308:
5303:
5295:
5291:
5286:
5278:
5265:, pp. 23â46.
5262:
5258:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5240:Stephenson.
5236:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5212:
5207:
5199:
5194:
5186:
5181:
5154:
5150:
5144:
5136:
5124:
5120:
5114:
5081:
5075:
5066:
5057:
5024:
5020:
5010:
5001:
4991:
4982:
4973:
4959:
4947:. Retrieved
4943:the original
4933:
4919:
4878:
4874:
4864:
4847:26 September
4845:. Retrieved
4813:
4798:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4748:
4743:
4736:
4726:
4718:
4707:
4693:
4663:
4653:
4648:
4633:
4629:
4627:
4620:
4614:
4605:
4568:Kepler orbit
4534:
4532:
4521:
4520:Vol. 21, 2:
4514:
4513:Vol. 21, 1:
4499:
4498:Vol. 20, 2:
4487:. Paperback
4476:
4475:Vol. 20, 1:
4458:
4441:
4426:
4411:
4396:
4389:
4374:
4353:, Paperback
4342:
4330:, Paperback
4319:
4307:, Paperback
4296:
4281:
4274:
4259:
4247:, Paperback
4236:
4221:
4214:
4199:
4176:
4161:
4146:
4134:
4130:
4128:
4118:
4108:
4098:
4088:
4078:
4068:
4058:
4048:
4038:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4000:
3994:
3986:
3980:
3972:
3960:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3894:
3886:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3856:
3850:
3844:
3838:
3832:
3824:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3798:
3780:
3741:
3734:
3731:Philip Glass
3725:to create a
3715:John Rodgers
3708:
3702:
3697:
3683:
3678:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3647:
3603:
3595:
3593:
3586:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3535:
3525:
3504:
3500:
3484:
3476:
3462:
3430:
3423:Robert Hooke
3413:
3412:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3351:
3334:
3332:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3307:
3285:
3282:astronomical
3281:
3257:
3254:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3184:
3182:
3156:
3152:
3138:
3136:
3126:
3115:
3103:Robert Hooke
3091:Isaac Newton
3082:
3080:
3064:
3060:Robert Fludd
3055:
3041:
3037:
3035:
3027:
3010:
2998:
2996:
2988:
2983:
2973:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2952:
2943:
2936:
2913:
2911:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2890:
2879:
2871:
2851:
2849:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2813:
2802:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2775:
2762:
2756:
2746:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2692:
2685:
2674:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2650:
2641:
2621:
2619:
2603:dodecahedron
2533:
2527:
2525:
2517:
2514:Solar System
2498:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2471:Christianity
2461:
2448:Pope Gregory
2444:De vero Anno
2443:
2441:
2420:
2418:
2397:
2396:manuscript,
2394:
2351:
2340:
2312:
2306:
2296:
2277:
2275:
2263:fiery trigon
2256:
2215:
2207:
2191:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2171:
2162:
2144:
2107:astrological
2092:
2070:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
1934:Latin school
1931:
1912:
1861:
1833:
1827:
1808:liberal arts
1793:
1780:
1765:Ferdinand II
1734:
1727:
1700:Isaac Newton
1693:
1687:
1681:
1607:
1606:
1430:
1331:Probe (WMAP)
1265:
1262:Reionization
1243:
1215:
1189:
1157:
1140:
1137:Hubble's law
1128:
1107:
1079:
1042:
822:
802: /
798: /
796:displacement
794: /
655: /
617:Displacement
555:
546:
540:Formulations
527:Virtual work
467: /
407:Acceleration
400:Fundamentals
188:
176:
155:(M.A., 1591)
131:(1630-11-15)
87:Portrait by
68:
46:
37:This is the
31:
8697:1630 deaths
8692:1571 births
8515:Mathematics
7570:Nytimes.com
7283:Quote from
6397:(1): 7â20.
6361:Lodge, O.J.
6207:: 171â191.
4949:1 September
4804:Jeans, Susi
4318:Vol. 11,2:
4295:Vol. 11,1:
3768:an asteroid
3727:synthesizer
3719:Willie Ruff
3550:Karl Popper
3151:applied to
2989:Kepler and
2907:ephemerides
2638:Holy Spirit
2626:theological
2607:tetrahedron
2599:icosahedron
2546:conjunction
2362:WĂŒrttemberg
2271:Charlemagne
2147:Tycho Brahe
2140:Tycho Brahe
2103:mathematics
2083:Tycho Brahe
1829:Metaphysics
1806:within the
1804:mathematics
1749:Tycho Brahe
1286:Experiments
1219:Dark matter
1212:Dark energy
1154:FLRW metric
1091:Backgrounds
938:von Neumann
605:Core topics
207:mathematics
96: 1910
8681:Categories
8599:Literature
8575:Technology
8527:Arithmetic
8491:Philosophy
7576:31 October
7285:Carl Sagan
6730:Koestler,
6704:, p. 299.
6633:Westfall,
6375:, pp. 231.
6283:The Globe,
5979:: 74â111.
5837:(1953), 50
5368:: 88â113.
5277:Koestler.
4822:. Oxford:
4680:References
4029:) (1634) (
3973:De cometis
3650:Carl Sagan
3635:Kepler-62f
3465:philosophy
3207:becomes a
3174:eye's lens
3048:Pythagoras
2968:world-soul
2771:perihelion
2758:De Magnete
2738:arcminutes
2704:geocentric
2671:Copernicus
2595:octahedron
2320:Later life
2240:See also:
2226:Jost BĂŒrgi
2211:alchemists
2095:chronology
2027:Gössendorf
1978:Copernican
1966:horoscopes
1845:Early life
1739:school in
1666:astrologer
1658:astronomer
1366:Copernicus
1344:Scientists
1199:Components
873:d'Alembert
853:Maupertuis
816:Scientists
698:Rigid body
372:Kinematics
110:1571-12-27
8539:Astronomy
8479:Biography
8095:Wolf, A.
7828:Harmonice
7517:0028-0836
7460:0003-0996
7413:0040-2982
7203:227002144
7076:28 August
7051:220916972
6965:123965600
6957:0343-6993
6890:122605799
6489:0003-049X
6419:124764022
6348:119811074
6332:0003-9519
6229:230613099
6221:0008-8994
6201:Centaurus
5955:to Kepler
5889:214144110
5881:0031-9228
5531:, p. 110.
5390:145170215
5382:0369-7827
5100:cite book
5049:252834988
4911:144781947
4895:0031-8248
4858:required)
4806:(2013) .
4685:Citations
4457:Vol. 19:
4440:Vol. 18:
4425:Vol. 17:
4410:Vol. 16:
4388:Vol. 14:
4373:Vol. 13:
4341:Vol. 12:
4280:Vol. 10:
4026:The Dream
3925:(1617â30)
3877:Dioptrice
3639:exoplanet
3388:Seth Ward
3324:atomistic
3258:Dioptrice
3232:telescope
3221:Dioptrice
3176:onto the
2922:Astrology
2681:Ptolemaic
2667:Mysterium
2663:Mysterium
2651:Mysterium
2642:Mysterium
2630:spiritual
2622:Mysterium
2567:polyhedra
2508:Kepler's
2493:Astronomy
2486:tolerance
2429:Katharina
2425:Eucharist
2374:Calvinist
2368:. At the
2218:Utraquist
2079:Rudolf II
2071:Mysterium
2063:Mysterium
2047:Mysterium
1896:herbalist
1880:mercenary
1824:Aristotle
1800:astrology
1796:astronomy
1708:astronomy
1496:Zeldovich
1396:Friedmann
1371:de Sitter
1298:BOOMERanG
1227:Structure
1192:Structure
1076:Inflation
918:Liouville
800:frequency
720:Vibration
437:potential
362:Continuum
357:Celestial
334:Textbooks
233:Signature
203:astrology
199:Astronomy
145:Education
18:Keplerian
8414:(mother)
8184:(1911).
8118:Archived
8040:, 1994.
7878:, 1973.
7843:(1959).
7727:Reviews
7705:, 1988.
7669:, 1995.
7468:27849220
7181:(2007).
7029:: 1â10.
6796:Caspar,
6743:Caspar,
6717:Caspar,
6684:Caspar,
6594:(2009).
6577:Caspar,
6564:Caspar,
6522:Caspar,
6509:Caspar,
6340:41133735
6268:Caspar,
6182:, p. 252
6116:Caspar,
6099:Caspar,
6086:Caspar,
6070:(1906).
6053:Caspar,
6005:Caspar,
5993:57559843
5923:Caspar.
5901:Caspar.
5792:Caspar,
5775:Caspar,
5718:(1989).
5674:Caspar,
5657:Connor,
5644:Caspar,
5618:Caspar,
5605:Caspar,
5592:Caspar,
5579:Caspar,
5566:Caspar,
5553:Caspar,
5540:Caspar,
5527:Caspar,
5514:Caspar,
5501:Caspar,
5488:Caspar,
5475:Caspar.
5458:Connor.
5445:Caspar,
5432:Caspar,
5419:Caspar,
5402:Caspar.
5290:Caspar.
5257:Caspar.
5211:Kepler.
5198:Kepler.
4723:"Kepler"
4630:sescupla
4541:See also
4395:Vol 15:
4258:Vol. 8:
4235:Vol. 7:
4220:Vol. 6:
4213:Vol. 5:
4198:Vol. 4:
4175:Vol. 3:
4160:Vol. 2:
4145:Vol. 1:
4015:) (1627)
3991:) (1619)
3917:) (1615)
3891:) (1611)
3873:) (1610)
3863:) (1610)
3853:) (1609)
3841:) (1606)
3819:) (1601)
3807:) (1596)
3660:'s 1959
3493:Romantic
3483:'s 1821
3475:'s 1758
3340:calculus
3209:parabola
3169:parallax
2767:aphelion
2647:exegesis
2538:epiphany
2433:Leonberg
2380:and the
2358:seizures
2347:Matthias
2325:Troubles
1972:and the
1950:theology
1927:smallpox
1761:Matthias
1737:seminary
1557:Category
1476:Suntzeff
1436:LemaĂźtre
1386:Einstein
1351:Aaronson
1144:Redshift
1046:Universe
1039:Big Bang
973:Category
898:Hamilton
883:Lagrange
878:Clairaut
843:Horrocks
804:velocity
774:Pendulum
762:reactive
734:Rotation
703:dynamics
653:Inertial
639:Friction
522:Velocity
497:Momentum
377:Kinetics
367:Dynamics
345:Branches
329:Timeline
43:reviewed
8671:Denmark
8659:Germany
8587:Society
8563:Physics
8465:Portals
8428:(opera)
8408:(opera)
8397:Related
8386:Somnium
8235:YouTube
8177:series)
8155:at the
8137:at the
7830:Book 5)
7824:Epitome
7609:Sources
7548:16 June
7525:4391370
7495:Bibcode
7448:Bibcode
7421:3878689
7107:North,
7031:Bibcode
7007:North,
6994:Koyré,
6914:16 July
6839:Bibcode
6770:(ed.).
6708:, 1972.
6675:, 2001.
6658:Koyré,
6619:7 March
6529:handlen
6446:Bibcode
6399:Bibcode
6312:Bibcode
6252:Bibcode
6250:: 189.
6027:Koyré,
5936:Field.
5861:Bibcode
5746:2245639
5215:, p. 48
5029:Bibcode
4903:3080920
4706:(ed.).
4273:Vol 9:
4020:Somnium
3427:inertia
3372:Galileo
3278:virtual
3212:single
3205:ellipse
3183:Today,
3052:Ptolemy
2939:Ptolemy
2872:Epitome
2852:Epitome
2836:Epitome
2832:Epitome
2763:species
2673:in his
2579:Mercury
2556:in the
2554:Jupiter
2516:, from
2313:Somnium
2308:Somnium
2259:SN 1604
2252:SN 1604
2115:weather
1944:at the
1812:physics
1729:Somnium
1716:natural
1641:German:
1481:Sunyaev
1466:Schmidt
1456:Penzias
1451:Penrose
1426:Huygens
1416:Hawking
1401:Galileo
933:Koopman
893:Poisson
888:Laplace
833:Huygens
828:Galileo
673: (
612:Damping
465:Inertia
459:Impulse
432:kinetic
382:Statics
352:Applied
324:History
8647:Europe
8425:Kepler
8389:(1634)
8381:(1627)
8373:(1619)
8357:(1609)
8349:(1606)
8341:(1596)
8165:Kepler
8089:
8075:
8067:
8044:
8026:
8018:
8004:
7981:
7956:
7942:
7922:Osiris
7914:
7898:
7890:
7882:
7864:
7847:
7778:
7774:1993.
7745:
7723:
7709:
7689:
7673:
7655:
7641:
7631:Kepler
7617:Osiris
7523:
7515:
7487:Nature
7466:
7458:
7419:
7411:
7325:Kepler
7248:Kepler
7201:
7191:
7156:Kuhn,
7049:
6963:
6955:
6888:
6812:
6798:Kepler
6784:974730
6782:
6745:Kepler
6734:p. 384
6719:Kepler
6686:Kepler
6610:
6579:Kepler
6566:Kepler
6550:Kepler
6524:Kepler
6511:Kepler
6497:986232
6495:
6487:
6417:
6346:
6338:
6330:
6270:Kepler
6227:
6219:
6174:Wolf,
6163:p. 361
6147:p. 554
6118:Kepler
6101:Kepler
6088:Kepler
6055:Kepler
6007:Kepler
5991:
5953:Thales
5925:Kepler
5903:Kepler
5887:
5879:
5794:Kepler
5777:Kepler
5744:
5698:
5676:Kepler
5663:Kepler
5646:Kepler
5631:Lear,
5620:Kepler
5607:Kepler
5594:Kepler
5581:Kepler
5568:Kepler
5555:Kepler
5542:Kepler
5529:Kepler
5516:Kepler
5503:Kepler
5490:Kepler
5477:Kepler
5464:Kepler
5447:Kepler
5434:Kepler
5421:Kepler
5404:Kepler
5388:
5380:
5362:Osiris
5292:Kepler
5259:Kepler
5187:Osiris
5088:
5082:Optics
5047:
4909:
4901:
4893:
4838:
4786:
4755:
4506:
4491:
4483:
4465:
4448:
4433:
4418:
4403:
4381:
4357:
4349:
4334:
4326:
4311:
4303:
4288:
4266:
4251:
4243:
4228:
4206:
4191:
4183:
4168:
4153:
3897:(1614)
3879:(1611)
3774:and a
3736:Kepler
3675:Kepler
3548:, and
3457:Prague
3358:Legacy
3310:(1611)
3178:retina
3110:Optics
3032:(1619)
2734:equant
2714:(1609)
2558:zodiac
2550:Saturn
2522:(1596)
2335:Prague
2120:Prague
1952:under
1936:, and
1892:healer
1820:reason
1810:) and
1777:optics
1753:Prague
1710:, the
1692:, and
1555:
1491:Wilson
1486:Tolman
1446:Newton
1441:Mather
1431:Kepler
1421:Hubble
1381:Ehlers
1361:Alpher
1356:Alfvén
1264:
1242:
1214:
1156:
1139:
1131:Future
1106:
1078:
1041:
971:
923:Appell
908:Cauchy
903:Jacobi
848:Halley
838:Newton
823:Kepler
675:linear
671:Motion
517:Torque
492:Moment
427:Energy
417:Couple
195:Fields
8623:Space
8551:Music
8330:Works
7521:S2CID
7464:JSTOR
7417:JSTOR
7393:Tempo
7047:S2CID
6961:S2CID
6886:S2CID
6774:[
6493:JSTOR
6415:S2CID
6344:S2CID
6336:JSTOR
6225:S2CID
5989:S2CID
5885:S2CID
5742:JSTOR
5386:S2CID
5045:S2CID
4907:S2CID
4899:JSTOR
4778:[
4747:[
4702:. In
4597:Notes
3793:Works
3772:lunar
3306:from
3199:of a
3197:focus
3005:Music
2937:Like
2783:ovoid
2742:ovoid
2587:Earth
2583:Venus
2366:Padua
1471:Smoot
1461:Rubin
1406:Gamow
1391:Ellis
1376:Dicke
928:Gibbs
913:Routh
868:Euler
507:Speed
502:Space
444:Force
8635:Star
8087:ISBN
8073:ISBN
8065:ISBN
8042:ISBN
8024:ISBN
8016:ISBN
8002:ISBN
7990:Isis
7979:ISBN
7954:ISBN
7940:ISBN
7912:ISBN
7896:ISBN
7888:ISBN
7880:ISBN
7862:ISBN
7845:ISBN
7776:ISBN
7743:ISBN
7721:ISBN
7707:ISBN
7687:ISBN
7671:ISBN
7653:ISBN
7639:ISBN
7578:2018
7550:2023
7513:ISSN
7456:ISSN
7409:ISSN
7374:2009
7199:OCLC
7189:ISBN
7078:2006
6953:ISSN
6916:2022
6810:ISBN
6780:OCLC
6621:2011
6608:ISBN
6535:as "
6485:ISSN
6328:ISSN
6217:ISSN
5877:ISSN
5696:ISBN
5378:ISSN
5106:link
5086:ISBN
4951:2023
4891:ISSN
4849:2021
4836:ISBN
4784:ISBN
4753:ISBN
4638:Mayr
4504:ISBN
4489:ISBN
4481:ISBN
4463:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4431:ISBN
4416:ISBN
4401:ISBN
4379:ISBN
4355:ISBN
4347:ISBN
4332:ISBN
4324:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4301:ISBN
4286:ISBN
4264:ISBN
4249:ISBN
4241:ISBN
4226:ISBN
4204:ISBN
4189:ISBN
4181:ISBN
4166:ISBN
4151:ISBN
3781:The
3717:and
3479:and
3467:and
3421:and
3374:and
3276:vs.
3274:real
3264:and
3131:eyes
3101:and
2769:and
2611:cube
2591:Mars
2575:orbs
2552:and
2542:Graz
2414:Linz
2390:Linz
2364:and
2153:and
1923:Moon
1894:and
1798:and
1769:Linz
1763:and
1741:Graz
1718:and
1411:Guth
512:Time
475:Mass
126:Died
104:Born
8440:ATV
8233:on
8168:at
8146:at
7503:doi
7491:462
7401:doi
7327:,"
7306:in
7039:doi
6943:doi
6878:doi
6847:doi
6481:123
6454:doi
6407:doi
6320:doi
6209:doi
5981:doi
5869:doi
5732:doi
5370:doi
5227:in
5167:hdl
5159:doi
5155:527
5129:doi
5037:doi
5025:164
4883:doi
4828:doi
4658:by
3758:on
3721:of
3443:".
3284:or
3153:all
2710:in
2634:Son
2548:of
2450:'s
2196:of
2157:at
1986:Sun
1866:of
1826:'s
1751:in
45:on
8683::
8220:.
8214:.
8190:.
8036:,
7965:.
7856::
7836:.
7808:,
7804:,
7800:,
7796:,
7737:.
7701:.
7598:,
7567:.
7541:.
7519:.
7511:.
7501:.
7489:.
7485:.
7462:.
7454:.
7444:67
7442:.
7438:.
7415:.
7407:.
7397:58
7395:.
7391:.
7347:,
7287:,
7197:.
7177:;
7128:,
7094:,
7045:.
7037:.
7025:.
6981:,
6959:.
6951:.
6939:24
6937:.
6933:.
6907:.
6884:.
6874:23
6872:.
6868:.
6845:.
6835:18
6833:.
6829:.
6700:,
6606:.
6604:80
6491:.
6479:.
6475:.
6452:.
6442:18
6440:.
6436:.
6413:.
6405:.
6395:36
6393:.
6389:.
6371:,
6342:.
6334:.
6326:.
6318:.
6308:31
6306:.
6302:.
6290:^
6246:.
6223:.
6215:.
6205:63
6203:.
6199:.
6187:^
6165:.)
6125:^
5987:.
5977:13
5975:.
5971:.
5883:.
5875:.
5867:.
5857:73
5855:.
5851:.
5748:.
5740:.
5726:.
5722:.
5384:.
5376:.
5366:16
5364:.
5360:.
5344:32
5342:,
5316:^
5270:^
5165:.
5153:.
5135:.
5125:38
5123:.
5102:}}
5098:{{
5065:.
5043:.
5035:.
5027:.
5023:.
5019:.
5000:.
4981:.
4905:.
4897:.
4889:.
4879:68
4877:.
4873:.
4834:.
4826:.
4812:.
4725:.
4636:,
4141:.
3778:.
3746:;
3700:.
3673:,
3556:,
3544:,
3540:,
3342:.
3252:.
3093:,
3050:,
2658:.
2609:,
2605:,
2601:,
2597:,
2589:,
2585:,
2581:,
2467:.
2228:,
2224:,
2180:.
1732:.
1714:,
1686:,
1668:,
1664:,
1660:,
1639:;
1632:Ér
209:,
205:,
201:,
151:,
93:c.
91:,
41:,
8467::
8264:e
8257:t
8250:v
8224:.
8115:)
7788:(
7731:,
7580:.
7552:.
7527:.
7505::
7497::
7470:.
7450::
7423:.
7403::
7376:.
7205:.
7080:.
7053:.
7041::
7033::
7027:7
6967:.
6945::
6918:.
6892:.
6880::
6853:.
6849::
6841::
6786:.
6623:.
6499:.
6460:.
6456::
6448::
6421:.
6409::
6401::
6350:.
6322::
6314::
6258:.
6254::
6231:.
6211::
5995:.
5983::
5891:.
5871::
5863::
5823:.
5734::
5728:4
5704:.
5392:.
5372::
5175:.
5169::
5161::
5131::
5108:)
5094:.
5069:.
5051:.
5039::
5031::
5004:.
4967:.
4953:.
4927:.
4913:.
4885::
4851:.
4830::
4792:.
4761:.
4731:.
4712:.
4625::
4510:.
4495:.
4469:.
4452:.
4437:.
4422:.
4407:.
4385:.
4361:.
4338:.
4315:.
4292:.
4270:.
4255:.
4232:.
4210:.
4195:.
4172:.
4157:.
4033:)
4023:(
4011:(
3999:(
3985:(
3913:(
3907:)
3885:(
3869:(
3859:(
3849:(
3837:(
3813:(
3803:(
3318:(
2826:(
2724:(
2532:(
1839:"
1635:/
1629:l
1626:p
1623:É
1620:k
1617:Ë
1614:/
1610:(
1596:e
1589:t
1582:v
1266:·
1244:·
1216:·
1190:·
1158:·
1141:·
1129:·
1108:·
1080:·
1043:·
1001:e
994:t
987:v
677:)
296:t
293:d
287:p
283:d
277:=
272:F
112:)
108:(
66:.
49:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
