4767:
136:
4773:
4780:
177:
4760:
1652:
evolved flight and echolocation, allowing them to be highly effective nocturnal, aerial insectivores; and whales first occupied freshwater lakes and rivers and then moved into the oceans. Primates, meanwhile, acquired specialized grasping hands and feet which allowed them to grasp branches, and large
2464:
O'Leary, Maureen A.; Bloch, Jonathan I.; Flynn, John J.; Gaudin, Timothy J.; Giallombardo, Andres; Giannini, Norberto P.; Goldberg, Suzann L.; Kraatz, Brian P.; Luo, Zhe-Xi; Meng, Jin; Ni, Michael J.; Novacek, Fernando A.; Perini, Zachary S.; Randall, Guillermo; Rougier, Eric J.; Sargis, Mary T.;
1184:(basal Afrotheria) and a hypothesis supporting a near simultaneous divergence. Estimates for the divergence times among these three placental groups mostly range from 105 to 120 million years ago (MYA), depending on the type of DNA, whether it is translated, and the phylogenetic method (e.g.
1196:
data. In addition, a strict molecular clock does not hold, so it is necessary to assume models of how evolutionary rates change along lineages. These assumptions alone can make substantial differences to the relative ages of different mammal groups estimated with genomic data.
1635:
around 66 to 23 mya, following the
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The evolution of crown orders such modern primates, rodents, and carnivores appears to be part of an adaptive radiation that took place as mammals quickly evolved to take advantage of ecological
447:
Analysis of molecular data led to rapid changes in assessments of the phylogeny of placental orders at the close of the 20th century. A novel phylogeny and classification of placental orders appeared with
Waddell, Hasegawa and Okada in 1999. "Jumping genes"-type
1644:. As they occupied new niches, mammals rapidly increased in body size, and began to take over the large herbivore and large carnivore niches that had been left open by the decimation of the dinosaurs (and perhaps more relevantly competing
1616:. The lineages leading to Xenarthra and Afrotheria probably originated around 90 mya, and Boreoeutheria underwent an initial diversification around 70-80 mya, producing the lineages that eventually would lead to modern primates, rodents,
2095:
Bertrand, O. C.; Shelley, S. L.; Williamson, T. E.; Wible, J. R.; Chester, S. G. B.; Flynn, J. J.; Holbrook, L. T.; Lyson, T. R.; Meng, J.; Miller, I. M.; Püschel, H. P.; Smith, T.; Spaulding, M.; Tseng, Z. J.; Brusatte, S. L. (2022).
415:
extending forward from the pelvis, which are found in all other mammals. (Their function in non-placental mammals is to stiffen the body during locomotion, but in placentals they would inhibit the expansion of the abdomen during
2465:
Silcox, Nancy b.; Simmons, Micelle; Spaulding, Paul M.; Velazco, Marcelo; Weksler, John r.; Wible, Andrea L.; Cirranello, A. L. (8 February 2013). "The
Placental Mammal Ancestor and the Post–K-Pg Radiation of Placentals".
1604:, sometimes considered a stem-primate, appears no more than 300,000 years after the K-Pg boundary; both species, however, are sometimes placed outside the crown placental group, but many newer studies place them back in
452:
presence/absence patterns have provided corroboration of phylogenetic relationships inferred from molecular sequences. It is now widely accepted that there are three major subdivisions or lineages of placental mammals:
1656:
The evolution of land placentals followed different pathways on different continents since they cannot easily cross large bodies of water. An exception is smaller placentals such as rodents and primates, who left
2298:
2353:
Kitazoe, Y.; Kishino, H.; Waddell, P. J.; Nakajima, T.; Okabayashi, T.; Watabe, T.; Okuhara, Y. (2007). "Robust time estimation reconciles views of the antiquity of placental mammals".
1887:
Novacek, M. J., Rougier, G. W, Wible, J. R., McKenna, M. C, Dashzeveg, D. and
Horovitz, I. (October 1997). "Epipubic bones in eutherian mammals from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2372:
Amrine-Madsen, H.; Koepfli, K. P.; Wayne, R. K.; Springer, M. S. (2003). "A new phylogenetic marker, apoliprotein B, provides compelling evidence for eutherian relationships".
144:
1168:
The exact relationships among these three lineages is currently a subject of debate, and four different hypotheses have been proposed with respect to which group is
3655:
2541:
Fox, R. C.; Scott, C. S. (2011). "A new, early
Puercan (earliest Paleocene) species of Purgatorius (Plesiadapiformes, Primates) from Saskatchewan, Canada".
3396:
380:
of its mother to a relatively late stage of development. The name is something of a misnomer considering that marsupials also nourish their fetuses via a
4499:
3685:
3909:
3598:
4654:
4078:
3939:
3810:
3733:
3589:
3220:
3185:
3037:
2008:
1938:
4647:
4639:
4406:
4392:
3967:
3960:
3768:
3664:
3540:
3496:
3368:
3331:
3131:
4623:
4558:
4513:
4378:
4336:
4240:
4231:
4099:
3568:
3503:
3453:
3338:
3174:
151:
150:
4594:
4587:
4580:
4551:
4520:
4478:
4471:
4364:
4343:
4220:
4155:
4134:
4050:
4029:
3995:
3858:
3844:
3837:
3796:
3782:
3754:
3719:
3696:
3575:
3510:
3489:
3439:
3310:
3249:
3110:
3089:
140:
4676:
4485:
4464:
4441:
4385:
4371:
4357:
4213:
4141:
4092:
4071:
4022:
3925:
3900:
3886:
3872:
3803:
3789:
3726:
3705:
3561:
3547:
3482:
3475:
3403:
3389:
3303:
3256:
3047:
1550:
has been sequenced for at least one species in each extant placental order and in 83% of families (105 of 127 extant placental families).
5380:
4683:
4661:
4492:
4420:
4308:
4120:
4106:
4085:
4064:
4015:
3988:
3981:
3974:
3932:
3775:
3712:
3517:
3446:
3382:
3317:
3263:
1724:. These groups expanded beyond a single continent when land bridges formed linking Africa to Eurasia and South America to North America.
148:
384:, though for a relatively briefer period, giving birth to less developed young which are then nurtured for a period inside the mother's
4616:
4543:
4427:
4350:
4322:
4148:
3918:
3865:
3851:
3740:
3678:
3468:
3375:
2146:
372:. Placentalia contains the vast majority of extant mammals, which are partly distinguished from monotremes and marsupials in that the
147:
4329:
3410:
1836:
Reilly, S. M. & White, T. D. (January 2003). "Hypaxial Motor
Patterns and the Function of Epipubic Bones in Primitive Mammals".
4043:
149:
4113:
139:
1957:
Ji, Q., Luo, Z-X., Yuan, C-X., Wible, J. R., Zhang, J-P. and Georgi, J. A. (April 2002). "The earliest known eutherian mammal".
1612:
suggests that the group had already originated and undergone an initial diversification in the Late
Cretaceous, as suggested by
146:
1886:
154:
5385:
4766:
2213:"Retroposon analysis and recent geological data suggest near-simultaneous divergence of the three superorders of mammals"
2025:
Waddell, P. J.; Okada, N.; Hasegawa, M. (1999). "Towards
Resolving the Interordinal Relationships of Placental Mammals".
152:
143:
2800:
1577:
period, about 170 mya. These early eutherians were small, nocturnal insect eaters, with adaptations for life in trees.
156:
4815:
2638:"Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny"
2097:
1554:
141:
155:
2044:
Kriegs, Jan Ole; Churakov, Gennady; Kiefmann, Martin; Jordan, Ursula; Brosius, Jürgen; Schmitz, Jürgen (2006).
2273:
Waddell, P. J.; Kishino, H.; Ota, R. (2001). "A phylogenetic foundation for comparative mammalian genomics".
2130:
1595:
4772:
30:"Placental" redirects here. For the organ interfacing between a placental mammalian mother and a fetus, see
1956:
2730:
4779:
176:
153:
142:
17:
2529:
A study of
Mammalia and geology across the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary in Garfield County, Montana.
5375:
2144:
Sarah L. Shelley (2022.) "The phylogeny of
Paleocene mammals and the evolution of Placentalia", in
1692:. In South America a similar event occurred, with radiation of the Xenarthra, which led to modern
1735:
mammals diversified; afterwards, multituberculates decline and placentals explode in diversity.
5347:
5269:
2821:
2793:
2687:"The fossil record of North American Mammals: evidence for a Palaeocene evolutionary radiation"
2729:
Brocklehurst, Neil; Panciroli, Elsa; Benevento, Gemma Louise; Benson, Roger B.J. (July 2021).
1648:). Mammals also exploited niches that the non-avian dinosaurs had never touched: for example,
5342:
5307:
4808:
2002:
1932:
1712:. Expansion in Laurasia was dominated by Boreoeutheria, which includes primates and rodents,
1169:
4759:
1727:
A study on eutherian diversity suggests that placental diversity was constrained during the
145:
5370:
5316:
2550:
2476:
2307:
2224:
2172:
2109:
1966:
1896:
1845:
1791:
1590:
2636:
dos Reis, M.; Inoue, J.; Hasegawa, M.; Asher, R. J.; Donoghue, P. C. J.; Yang, Z. (2012).
8:
5208:(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)
4708:
2903:
2731:"Mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of Cenozoic mammals"
991:
2554:
2480:
2311:
2228:
2176:
2113:
1970:
1900:
1849:
1795:
1751:
Renfree, M. B. (March 2010). "Review: Marsupials: placental mammals with a difference".
2876:
2760:
2662:
2637:
2610:
2585:
2566:
2510:
2247:
2212:
2072:
2045:
1990:
1920:
1869:
1815:
1641:
1042:
171:
2385:
2330:
2293:
5176:
2930:
2786:
2764:
2752:
2708:
2667:
2615:
2570:
2514:
2502:
2467:
2430:
2389:
2335:
2292:
Springer, Mark S.; Murphy, William J.; Eizirik, Eduardo; O'Brien, Stephen J. (2003).
2252:
2190:
2077:
2043:
1982:
1924:
1912:
1861:
1807:
1764:
1189:
1181:
580:
428:
385:
2448:
1873:
1640:
that were left open when most dinosaurs and other animals disappeared following the
1598:
in the geological stratum that marks the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event and
1538:. (2009) Compare with Waddell, Hasegawa and Okada (1999) and Waddell et al. (2001).
392:, which contains all mammals more closely related to placentals than to marsupials.
5197:
4938:
4875:
4801:
4601:
4455:
3211:
2742:
2698:
2657:
2649:
2605:
2597:
2558:
2492:
2484:
2420:
2381:
2325:
2315:
2242:
2232:
2180:
2161:"Late Cretaceous relatives of rabbits, rodents, and other extant eutherian mammals"
2125:
2117:
2067:
2057:
2046:"Retroposed Elements as Archives for the Evolutionary History of Placental Mammals"
1994:
1974:
1904:
1853:
1819:
1799:
1760:
1756:
1732:
1637:
1613:
1273:
730:
316:
284:
5090:
4991:
4959:
4267:
4251:
3628:
3294:
2528:
2062:
1608:. The rapid appearance of placentals after the mass extinction at the end of the
1581:
1574:
1193:
643:
601:
597:
545:
373:
124:
5136:
5082:
4983:
4967:
4506:
3828:
3079:
3015:
1717:
1673:
1444:
1322:
1038:
894:
469:
289:
5187:(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales and dolphins)
2747:
2098:"Brawn before brains in placental mammals after the end-Cretaceous extinction"
5364:
5127:
4999:
4736:
4006:
3761:
3531:
3425:
3241:
3163:
3152:
1705:
1662:
1263:
1214:
1173:
1133:
1091:
953:
910:
844:
724:
639:
628:
609:
586:
553:
484:
454:
412:
279:
262:
87:
2703:
2686:
2488:
2320:
2237:
2121:
1857:
1569:
including all modern placentals) arose from stem-group members of the clade
5292:
5144:
5074:
4975:
4930:
4668:
4608:
4399:
4206:
4197:
4186:
4127:
3879:
3671:
3637:
3605:
3359:
3345:
3271:
3120:
2756:
2712:
2671:
2653:
2619:
2506:
2449:
A comparative genomics multitool for scientific discovery and conservation.
2434:
2425:
2408:
2393:
2339:
2256:
2194:
2081:
1986:
1865:
1811:
1768:
1721:
1713:
1681:
1621:
1617:
1588:, 66 mya, following the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. The species
1459:
1335:
1058:
1027:
987:
937:
654:
632:
620:
605:
557:
419:
the rearmost bones of the foot fit into a socket formed by the ends of the
246:
1916:
5329:
5301:
5184:
5106:
4534:
4413:
4299:
4173:
4036:
3554:
3324:
3279:
3196:
3058:
1709:
1625:
1600:
1566:
1372:
1185:
1117:
975:
761:
690:
671:
473:
365:
62:
400:
Placental mammals are anatomically distinguished from other mammals by:
5213:
5066:
4909:
4866:
4850:
4793:
4729:
4697:
4274:
4057:
3619:
3432:
3069:
3026:
2294:"Placental mammal diversification and the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary"
1701:
1669:
1609:
1605:
1431:
1360:
1347:
1301:
1242:
981:
964:
926:
850:
833:
827:
773:
660:
537:
513:
494:
462:
449:
308:
267:
107:
72:
5334:
2601:
2531:
University of California Publications in Geological Sciences 122, 286.
2497:
1584:
around 90 mya, but the earliest undisputed fossils are from the early
408:
to allow the birth of a large baby relative to the size of the mother.
5221:
5168:
5045:
5037:
4917:
4883:
4743:
4573:
4565:
4281:
4260:
3946:
3747:
3460:
2861:
2562:
2185:
2160:
1728:
1697:
1685:
1632:
1585:
1527:
1410:
1395:
1227:
1177:
1137:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1075:
957:
941:
898:
837:
812:
734:
694:
675:
565:
509:
490:
468:
2022 studies of Bertrand, O. C. and Sarah L. Shelley have identified
458:
435:
369:
272:
188:
112:
56:
46:
5263:
2728:
1978:
1803:
5286:
5160:
5016:
4844:
4631:
4434:
4315:
3953:
3644:
3418:
3234:
3141:
2998:
2976:
2942:
2888:
2833:
2809:
1782:
Weil, A. (April 2002). "Mammalian evolution: Upwards and onwards".
1689:
1658:
1645:
1570:
1023:
999:
930:
902:
861:
742:
709:
683:
590:
569:
541:
528:
502:
389:
381:
361:
231:
208:
102:
97:
82:
77:
67:
50:
31:
1908:
1653:
eyes with keener vision which allowed them to forage in the dark.
1631:
However, modern members of the placental orders originated in the
5321:
5237:
5114:
4946:
4856:
3227:
2371:
1677:
1141:
1050:
1019:
945:
881:
865:
854:
816:
777:
746:
738:
705:
701:
679:
664:
624:
613:
561:
549:
117:
92:
2409:"The new framework for understanding placental mammal evolution"
2291:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1594:
is sometimes placed as a stem-ungulate known 1 meter above the
479:
The living orders of placental mammals in the three groups are:
5229:
5205:
5053:
4900:
4838:
4825:
3099:
2915:
2845:
2839:
2827:
1693:
1547:
1286:
1062:
1054:
1046:
1011:
949:
906:
877:
796:
792:
767:
754:
573:
524:
520:
498:
424:
405:
377:
218:
198:
2210:
2094:
1672:
underwent a major adaptive radiation, which led to elephants,
1172:
or diverged first from other placentals. These hypotheses are
5098:
2352:
1945:
1382:
1153:
1145:
1129:
1087:
1071:
1003:
873:
808:
785:
781:
750:
420:
2586:"Resolving the relationships of Paleocene placental mammals"
2147:"The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 82nd annual meeting"
2778:
2463:
1649:
1125:
1121:
1083:
1079:
1031:
1015:
1007:
968:
922:
918:
914:
869:
804:
800:
352:
349:
343:
331:
2724:
2722:
2635:
5152:
1835:
1775:
1149:
995:
325:
2158:
360:) are one of the three extant subdivisions of the class
2719:
2159:
Archibald JD, Averianov AO, Ekdale EG (November 2001).
388:. Placentalia represents the only living group within
334:
328:
4694:
4531:
4452:
4296:
4170:
3897:
3825:
3616:
3586:
3528:
3356:
3291:
3208:
3192:
3181:
3170:
3159:
3148:
3137:
3127:
3116:
3106:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3054:
3043:
3033:
3022:
3011:
2206:
2204:
2024:
346:
340:
322:
319:
2406:
337:
5240:(lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans)
2272:
2201:
2131:20.500.11820/d7fb8c6e-886e-4c1d-9977-0cd6406fda20
404:a sufficiently wide opening at the bottom of the
5362:
2631:
2629:
1661:and colonized Africa and then South America via
4874:
2407:Asher, R. J.; Bennett, N.; Lehmann, T. (2009).
2299:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2217:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2211:Nishihara, H.; Maruyama, S.; Okada, N. (2009).
465:. All of these diverged from common ancestors.
138:
2268:
2266:
1750:
1530:and classification based on Amrine-Madsen, H.
4809:
2794:
2626:
2020:
2018:
2457:
2285:
2007:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1937:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1831:
1829:
2346:
2263:
1580:True placentals may have originated in the
27:Infraclass of mammals in the clade Eutheria
4816:
4802:
2801:
2787:
2015:
1744:
2746:
2702:
2661:
2609:
2496:
2424:
2329:
2319:
2246:
2236:
2184:
2129:
2071:
2061:
2037:
1826:
5147:(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)
4823:
2860:
2583:
2540:
1781:
2996:
1573:, which had existed since at least the
1560:
14:
5363:
395:
5268:
5267:
4797:
2820:
2782:
2684:
2374:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
24:
5381:Extant Paleocene first appearances
2642:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
1192:), and varying interpretations of
476:as basal placental mammal clades.
166:Placentals from different orders.
134:
25:
5397:
5179:(Horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs)
2774:
4778:
4771:
4765:
4758:
1555:list of sequenced animal genomes
315:
175:
60:
2678:
2584:Halliday, Thomas J. D. (2015).
2577:
2534:
2521:
2441:
2400:
2365:
2152:
442:
2138:
2088:
1880:
1761:10.1016/j.placenta.2009.12.023
13:
1:
2386:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00118-0
1738:
1596:Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary
297:For extinct groups, see text
2808:
2063:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040091
1565:True placental mammals (the
438:at the bottom of the fibula.
7:
2447:Zoonomia Consortium (2020)
1541:
10:
5402:
5386:Taxa named by Richard Owen
5216:(Rabbits, hares and pikas)
5171:(Dogs, cats and relatives)
5077:(Tenrecs and golden moles)
1534:. (2003) and Asher, R. J.
29:
5276:
5196:
5135:
5126:
5065:
5036:
5015:
5002:(Kangaroos and relatives)
4958:
4929:
4908:
4899:
4865:
4833:
4755:
4719:
4693:
4530:
4451:
4295:
4250:
4230:
4196:
4181:
4169:
4005:
3908:
3896:
3824:
3695:
3654:
3627:
3615:
3585:
3527:
3355:
3290:
3207:
3007:
2992:
2973:
2941:
2923:
2914:
2896:
2887:
2869:
2856:
2816:
2748:10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.044
2275:Genome Informatics Series
1704:, as well as the extinct
1642:Chicxulub asteroid impact
1457:
1442:
1435:
1408:
1393:
1386:
1376:
1358:
1351:
1333:
1326:
1299:
1284:
1277:
1267:
1240:
1225:
1218:
1208:
259:
254:
172:Scientific classification
170:
165:
132:
41:
4994:(Bilbies and bandicoots)
1755:. 31 Supplement: S21–6.
4886:(Platypus and echidnas)
2704:10.1080/106351599260472
2543:Journal of Paleontology
2527:Archibald, J.D., 1982.
2489:10.1126/science.1229237
2321:10.1073/pnas.0334222100
2238:10.1073/pnas.0809297106
2122:10.1126/science.abl5584
1858:10.1126/science.1074905
1176:(basal Boreoeutheria),
5117:(Dugongs and manatees)
5056:(Anteaters and sloths)
2654:10.1098/rspb.2012.0683
2426:10.1002/bies.200900053
364:, the other two being
159:
5343:Paleobiology Database
4986:(Quolls and dunnarts)
427:, forming a complete
158:
3656:Pseudorhyncocyonidae
2741:(13): 2955–2963.e4.
1591:Protungulatum donnae
1561:Evolutionary history
2648:(1742): 3491–3500.
2555:2011JPal...85..537F
2481:2013Sci...339..662O
2312:2003PNAS..100.1056S
2229:2009PNAS..106.5235N
2177:2001Natur.414...62A
2114:2022Sci...376...80B
1971:2002Natur.416..816J
1901:1997Natur.389..483N
1850:2003Sci...299..400R
1796:2002Natur.416..798W
1180:(basal Xenarthra),
992:even-toed ungulates
396:Anatomical features
4970:(Monito del monte)
2691:Systematic Biology
2590:Biological Reviews
2027:Systematic Biology
1043:odd-toed ungulates
434:the presence of a
431:upper ankle joint.
376:is carried in the
160:
5358:
5357:
5270:Taxon identifiers
5261:
5260:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5249:
5248:
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5188:
5180:
5172:
5164:
5156:
5148:
5118:
5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5085:(Elephant shrews)
5078:
5057:
5049:
5030:
5011:
5010:
5003:
4995:
4987:
4979:
4978:(Marsupial moles)
4976:Notoryctemorphia
4971:
4950:
4942:
4939:Paucituberculata
4923:
4895:
4894:
4887:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4786:
4753:
4752:
4500:Prozalambdalestes
4291:
4290:
4165:
4164:
3820:
3819:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2685:Alroy, J (1999).
2602:10.1111/brv.12242
2475:(6120): 662–667.
2223:(13): 5235–5240.
1965:(6883): 816–822.
1895:(6650): 483–486.
1844:(5605): 400–402.
1790:(6883): 798–799.
1524:
1523:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1469:
1421:
1420:
1312:
1311:
1253:
1252:
1182:Exafroplacentalia
581:Afroinsectiphilia
429:mortise and tenon
305:Placental mammals
302:
301:
250:
16:(Redirected from
5393:
5351:
5350:
5338:
5337:
5325:
5324:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5265:
5264:
5239:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5207:
5198:Euarchontoglires
5186:
5178:
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5133:
5132:
5116:
5108:
5100:
5092:
5084:
5076:
5055:
5047:
5034:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5020:
5001:
4993:
4992:Peramelemorphia
4985:
4977:
4969:
4948:
4947:Didelphimorphia
4941:(Shrew opossums)
4940:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4921:
4913:
4906:
4905:
4885:
4876:Australosphenida
4872:
4871:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4795:
4794:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4696:
4602:Kharmerungulatum
4533:
4456:Zalambdalestidae
4454:
4298:
4179:
4178:
4172:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3827:
3686:Pseudorhyncocyon
3625:
3624:
3618:
3588:
3530:
3358:
3293:
3212:Adapisoriculidae
3210:
3194:
3183:
3172:
3161:
3150:
3139:
3129:
3118:
3108:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3056:
3045:
3035:
3024:
3013:
3005:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2921:
2920:
2894:
2893:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2665:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2613:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2563:10.1666/10-059.1
2538:
2532:
2525:
2519:
2518:
2500:
2461:
2455:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2333:
2323:
2306:(3): 1056–1061.
2289:
2283:
2282:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2250:
2240:
2208:
2199:
2198:
2188:
2186:10.1038/35102048
2156:
2150:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2065:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2013:
2012:
2006:
1998:
1954:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1833:
1824:
1823:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1748:
1733:multituberculate
1614:molecular clocks
1546:As of 2020, the
1438:
1437:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1354:
1353:
1329:
1328:
1280:
1279:
1274:Euarchontoglires
1270:
1269:
1221:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1201:
1200:
731:Euarchontoglires
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
321:
285:Euarchontoglires
245:
180:
179:
137:
122:
59:
45:Temporal range:
39:
38:
21:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5376:Mammal taxonomy
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5346:
5341:
5333:
5328:
5320:
5315:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5291:
5290:
5285:
5272:
5262:
5245:
5192:
5177:Perissodactyla
5122:
5061:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5007:
4984:Dasyuromorphia
4968:Microbiotheria
4960:Australidelphia
4954:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4891:
4861:
4829:
4822:
4792:
4783:
4770:
4757:
4749:
4715:
4689:
4526:
4447:
4287:
4268:Psittacotherium
4252:Stylinodontidae
4246:
4226:
4192:
4161:
4001:
3910:Paroxyclaenidae
3892:
3816:
3691:
3650:
3629:Gypsonictopidae
3611:
3599:Ferrequitherium
3581:
3523:
3351:
3295:Asioryctitheria
3286:
3203:
3001:
2980:
2957:
2937:
2910:
2883:
2852:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2777:
2772:
2735:Current Biology
2727:
2720:
2683:
2679:
2634:
2627:
2582:
2578:
2539:
2535:
2526:
2522:
2462:
2458:
2446:
2442:
2405:
2401:
2370:
2366:
2351:
2347:
2290:
2286:
2271:
2264:
2209:
2202:
2157:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2108:(6588): 80–85.
2093:
2089:
2042:
2038:
2023:
2016:
2000:
1999:
1979:10.1038/416816a
1955:
1946:
1930:
1929:
1885:
1881:
1834:
1827:
1804:10.1038/416798a
1780:
1776:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1674:elephant shrews
1668:In Africa, the
1582:Late Cretaceous
1575:Middle Jurassic
1563:
1544:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1422:
1313:
1254:
1194:paleogeographic
644:elephant shrews
602:elephant shrews
598:Afroinsectivora
546:elephant shrews
445:
411:the absence of
398:
318:
314:
244:
174:
161:
157:
135:
128:
125:Late Cretaceous
121:
120:
115:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
54:
53:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5399:
5389:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5356:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5339:
5326:
5313:
5298:
5282:
5280:
5274:
5273:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5235:
5227:
5219:
5211:
5202:
5200:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5141:
5139:
5137:Laurasiatheria
5130:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5091:Tubulidentata
5088:
5083:Macroscelidea
5080:
5071:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5060:
5059:
5051:
5042:
5040:
5031:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
5000:Diprotodontia
4997:
4989:
4981:
4973:
4964:
4962:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4952:
4944:
4935:
4933:
4924:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4880:
4878:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4813:
4806:
4798:
4789:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4702:
4700:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4665:
4658:
4655:Sheikhdzheilia
4651:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4539:
4537:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4517:
4510:
4507:Zalambdalestes
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4460:
4458:
4449:
4448:
4446:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4319:
4312:
4304:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4256:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4236:
4234:
4232:Onychodectidae
4228:
4227:
4225:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4182:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4079:Cryptopithecus
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3940:Kiinkerishella
3936:
3929:
3922:
3914:
3912:
3903:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3833:
3831:
3829:Palaeoryctidae
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3693:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3660:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3633:
3631:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3590:Horolodectidae
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3536:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3400:
3393:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3364:
3362:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3221:Adapisoriculus
3216:
3214:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3190:
3186:Prokennalestes
3179:
3168:
3157:
3146:
3135:
3125:
3114:
3104:
3093:
3083:
3080:Durlstotherium
3073:
3063:
3052:
3041:
3038:Bayshinoryctes
3031:
3020:
3016:Acristatherium
3008:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2938:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2924:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2776:
2775:External links
2773:
2771:
2770:
2718:
2697:(1): 107–118.
2677:
2625:
2596:(1): 521–550.
2576:
2549:(3): 537–548.
2533:
2520:
2456:
2440:
2419:(8): 853–864.
2399:
2380:(2): 225–240.
2364:
2345:
2284:
2262:
2200:
2171:(6859): 62–5.
2151:
2137:
2087:
2036:
2014:
1944:
1879:
1825:
1774:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1718:perissodactyls
1716:, carnivores,
1562:
1559:
1543:
1540:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:Perissodactyla
1441:
1436:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1377:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1323:Laurasiatheria
1319:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1207:
1199:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1110:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1039:Perissodactyla
1035:
1028:hippopotamuses
972:
961:
895:Laurasiatheria
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:
885:
858:
841:
824:
823:
822:
821:
820:
789:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
716:
715:
714:
713:
698:
668:
651:
650:
649:
648:
647:
636:
594:
534:
533:
532:
517:
444:
441:
440:
439:
432:
417:
413:epipubic bones
409:
397:
394:
300:
299:
295:
294:
293:
292:
290:Laurasiatheria
287:
277:
276:
275:
270:
257:
256:
252:
251:
239:
235:
234:
229:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
196:
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
168:
167:
163:
162:
133:
130:
129:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:66.043–0
44:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5398:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5318:
5314:
5309:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5226:
5220:
5218:
5212:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5189:
5185:Artiodactyla
5183:
5181:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5165:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5145:Eulipotyphla
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5128:Boreoeutheria
5125:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5105:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5081:
5079:
5075:Afrosoricida
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5032:
5026:
5018:
5014:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4911:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4898:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4827:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4807:
4805:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4768:
4761:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4737:Boreoeutheria
4734:
4732:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4710:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4699:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4659:
4657:
4656:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:Parazhelestes
4645:
4642:
4641:
4640:Paranyctoides
4637:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4614:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4538:
4536:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4459:
4457:
4450:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4408:
4407:Plesiesthonyx
4404:
4402:
4401:
4397:
4395:
4394:
4393:Megalesthonyx
4390:
4388:
4387:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4339:
4338:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4168:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4007:Pantolestidae
4004:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3970:
3969:
3968:Paroxyclaenus
3965:
3963:
3962:
3961:Paraspaniella
3958:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3849:
3847:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3823:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3785:
3784:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3770:
3769:Myrmecoboides
3766:
3764:
3763:
3762:Megaleptictis
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3665:Diaphyodectes
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3584:
3578:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3541:Archaeoryctes
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3532:Didymoconidae
3526:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3501:
3499:
3498:
3497:Protentomodon
3494:
3492:
3491:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3435:
3434:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3426:Chacopterygus
3423:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3369:Aboletylestes
3366:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3334:
3333:
3332:Sasayamamylos
3329:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:Deccanolestes
3239:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:Montanalestes
3158:
3155:
3154:
3153:Microtherulum
3147:
3144:
3143:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3132:Indoclemensia
3126:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3010:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2681:
2673:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2580:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2524:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2469:
2460:
2453:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2361:(e384): 1–11.
2360:
2356:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2019:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:10.1038/39020
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1883:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1830:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1743:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:ground sloths
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1308:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1264:Boreoeutheria
1262:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1223:
1222:
1216:
1215:Atlantogenata
1213:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1190:mitochondrial
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:Atlantogenata
1171:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
984:
983:
979:
978:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
847:
846:
845:Primatomorpha
842:
839:
835:
831:
830:
829:
825:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:
769:
765:
764:
763:
759:
758:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
727:
726:
725:Boreoeutheria
722:
711:
707:
703:
699:
696:
692:
688:
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
666:
662:
658:
657:
656:
652:
645:
641:
640:Macroscelidea
637:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
592:
588:
587:Tubulidentata
584:
583:
582:
578:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
506:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
486:
485:Atlantogenata
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
471:
470:palaeoryctids
466:
464:
460:
456:
455:Boreoeutheria
451:
437:
433:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
407:
403:
402:
401:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
313:
310:
306:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
281:
280:Boreoeutheria
278:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
264:
263:Atlantogenata
261:
260:
258:
253:
248:
243:
240:
237:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
193:
190:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
169:
164:
131:
126:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
58:
52:
48:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5277:
5224:(Treeshrews)
5107:Proboscidea
5048:(Armadillos)
5024:
4931:Ameridelphia
4884:Monotremata
4764:
4742:
4735:
4728:
4720:
4682:
4675:
4669:Valentinella
4667:
4660:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4630:
4624:Mistralestes
4622:
4615:
4609:Khuduklestes
4607:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4564:
4559:Avitotherium
4557:
4550:
4542:
4519:
4514:Zhangolestes
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4400:Meiostylodon
4398:
4391:
4384:
4379:Kuanchuanius
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4337:Chungchienia
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4241:Onychodectes
4239:
4219:
4212:
4207:Conoryctella
4205:
4198:Conoryctidae
4187:Schowalteria
4185:
4154:
4147:
4140:
4133:
4128:Palaeosinopa
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4100:Gobipithecus
4098:
4091:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4021:
4014:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3885:
3880:Palaeoryctes
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3684:
3677:
3672:Leptictidium
3670:
3663:
3643:
3638:Gypsonictops
3636:
3606:Horolodectes
3604:
3597:
3574:
3569:Kennatherium
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3516:
3509:
3504:Puercolestes
3502:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3454:Ilerdoryctes
3452:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3424:
3417:
3409:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3374:
3367:
3360:Cimolestidae
3346:Ukhaatherium
3344:
3339:Uchkudukodon
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3302:
3278:
3272:Sahnitherium
3270:
3262:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3195:
3184:
3175:Murtoilestes
3173:
3162:
3151:
3140:
3130:
3121:Hyotheridium
3119:
3109:
3098:
3088:
3078:
3068:
3057:
3046:
3036:
3025:
3014:
2975:
2738:
2734:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2645:
2641:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2523:
2472:
2466:
2459:
2454:587, 240–245
2451:
2443:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2303:
2297:
2287:
2278:
2274:
2220:
2216:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2145:
2140:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2053:
2050:PLOS Biology
2049:
2039:
2030:
2026:
2003:cite journal
1962:
1958:
1933:cite journal
1892:
1888:
1882:
1841:
1837:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1752:
1746:
1726:
1722:artiodactyls
1714:insectivores
1682:golden moles
1667:
1655:
1630:
1622:artiodactyls
1618:insectivores
1599:
1589:
1579:
1564:
1552:
1545:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1460:Artiodactyla
1458:
1443:
1409:
1394:
1359:
1336:Eulipotyphla
1334:
1300:
1285:
1241:
1226:
1204:
1167:
1059:rhinoceroses
988:Artiodactyla
938:Eulipotyphla
655:Paenungulata
633:golden moles
629:otter shrews
621:Afrosoricida
610:otter shrews
606:golden moles
558:golden moles
554:otter shrews
478:
467:
446:
443:Subdivisions
399:
311:
304:
303:
296:
241:
238:Infraclass:
225:
36:
5371:Placentalia
5330:iNaturalist
5308:Placentalia
5302:Wikispecies
5278:Placentalia
5230:Dermoptera
5222:Scandentia
5214:Lagomorpha
5163:(Pangolins)
5153:Chiroptera
5109:(Elephants)
5099:Hyracoidea
4855:(unranked)
4721:Placentalia
4595:Gallolestes
4588:Eozhelestes
4581:Eoungulatum
4552:Aspanlestes
4535:Zhelestidae
4521:Zofialestes
4479:Barunlestes
4472:Anchilestes
4414:Plethorodon
4365:Higotherium
4344:Dysnoetodon
4300:Tillodontia
4221:Huerfanodon
4174:Taeniodonta
4156:Todralestes
4135:Pantolestes
4051:Bouffinomus
4037:Bisonalveus
4030:Bessoecetor
3996:Vulpavoides
3859:Lainoryctes
3845:Aceroryctes
3838:Aaptoryctes
3797:Prodiacodon
3783:Palaeictops
3755:Leptonysson
3720:Gallolestes
3697:Leptictidae
3576:Zeuctherium
3555:Didymoconus
3511:Scollardius
3490:Procerberus
3440:Didelphodus
3325:Kennalestes
3311:Bulaklestes
3280:Wyonycteris
3250:Garatherium
3197:Sinodelphys
3111:Hovurlestes
3090:Endotherium
3059:Cokotherium
1710:glyptodonts
1626:carnivorans
1601:Purgatorius
1567:crown group
1373:Ferungulata
1205:Placentalia
1118:carnivorans
976:Ferungulata
974:Grandorder
893:Superorder
872:(including
864:(primates:
826:Grandorder
762:Gliriformes
760:Grandorder
729:Superorder
691:Proboscidea
672:Tethytheria
653:Grandorder
579:Grandorder
536:Superorder
489:Superorder
474:taeniodonts
416:pregnancy.)
370:Marsupialia
366:Monotremata
312:Placentalia
242:Placentalia
5365:Categories
5169:Carnivora
5161:Pholidota
5093:(Aardvark)
5067:Afrotheria
5046:Cingulata
5027:inclusive)
4949:(Opossums)
4920:inclusive)
4910:Metatheria
4867:Yinotheria
4851:Vertebrata
4849:Subphylum
4730:Afrotheria
4709:Pantodonta
4698:Pantodonta
4677:Zhalmousia
4486:Beleutinus
4465:Alymlestes
4442:Yuesthonyx
4386:Lofochaius
4372:Interogale
4358:Franchaius
4275:Stylinodon
4214:Conoryctes
4142:Pentacodon
4093:Galethylax
4072:Coriphagus
4058:Buxolestes
4023:Aphronorus
3926:Euhookeria
3901:Pantolesta
3887:Pinoryctes
3873:Ottoryctes
3804:Protictops
3790:Praolestes
3727:Ictopidium
3706:Amphigyion
3620:Leptictida
3562:Hunanictis
3548:Ardynictis
3483:Pararyctes
3476:Paleotomus
3433:Cimolestes
3404:Bagalestes
3390:Ambilestes
3304:Asioryctes
3257:Namibiodon
3070:Durlstodon
3048:Bobolestes
3027:Ambolestes
2952:see below↓
2904:Cynodontia
2889:Cynodontia
2844:Subclass:
2498:11336/7302
2281:: 141–154.
2056:(4): e91.
1739:References
1702:armadillos
1670:Afrotheria
1610:Cretaceous
1606:eutherians
1432:Euungulata
1361:Chiroptera
1348:Scrotifera
1302:Euarchonta
1243:Afrotheria
982:Euungulata
965:Chiroptera
958:solenodons
851:Dermoptera
838:treeshrews
834:Scandentia
828:Euarchonta
774:Lagomorpha
735:treeshrews
723:Magnorder
661:Hyracoidea
538:Afrotheria
514:armadillos
495:armadillos
483:Magnorder
463:Afrotheria
450:retroposon
309:infraclass
268:Afrotheria
255:Subgroups
42:Placentals
5238:Primates
5232:(Colugos)
5206:Rodentia
5101:(Hyraxes)
5038:Xenarthra
5025:Placental
4918:Marsupial
4744:Xenarthra
4684:Zhelestes
4662:Sorlestes
4574:Borisodon
4566:Azilestes
4493:Kulbeckia
4421:Simplodon
4309:Adapidium
4282:Wortmania
4261:Ectoganus
4121:Pagonomus
4107:Kochictis
4086:Dyspterna
4065:Chadronia
4016:Amaramnis
3989:Spaniella
3982:Sororodon
3975:Pugiodens
3947:Kopidodon
3933:Fratrodon
3776:Ongghonia
3748:Leptictis
3713:Blacktops
3518:Tsaganius
3461:Maelestes
3447:Gelastops
3397:Avunculus
3383:Alveugena
3318:Daulestes
3264:Remiculus
2877:Synapsida
2862:Synapsida
2826:Kingdom:
2765:234782605
2571:131519722
2515:206544776
2413:BioEssays
2033:(1): 1–5.
1925:205026882
1729:Paleocene
1698:anteaters
1686:aardvarks
1646:synapsids
1633:Paleogene
1586:Paleocene
1528:Cladogram
1411:Carnivora
1396:Pholidota
1228:Xenarthra
1178:Epitheria
1138:mongooses
1114:Carnivora
1107:pangolins
1103:Pholidota
1096:mongooses
1076:pangolins
1070:Mirorder
1024:cetaceans
1000:antelopes
980:Mirorder
942:hedgehogs
931:ungulates
903:pangolins
899:hedgehogs
843:Mirorder
813:squirrels
766:Mirorder
695:elephants
676:elephants
670:Mirorder
596:Mirorder
591:aardvarks
566:elephants
542:aardvarks
529:anteaters
510:Cingulata
503:anteaters
491:Xenarthra
459:Xenarthra
436:malleolus
273:Xenarthra
195:Kingdom:
189:Eukaryota
123:Possible
47:Paleocene
18:Placental
5322:42399417
5287:Wikidata
5115:Sirenia
5017:Eutheria
4845:Chordata
4839:Animalia
4837:Kingdom
4632:Oxlestes
4617:Lainodon
4544:Alostera
4435:Trogosus
4428:Tillodon
4351:Esthonyx
4323:Basalina
4316:Azygonyx
4149:Thelysia
3954:Merialus
3919:Dulcidon
3866:Nuryctes
3852:Eoryctes
3741:Lainodon
3679:Phakodon
3645:Sikuomys
3469:Naranius
3419:Betonnia
3376:Acmeodon
3235:Bustylus
3142:Juramaia
2999:Eutheria
2977:Eutheria
2943:Eutheria
2931:Mammalia
2916:Mammalia
2840:Mammalia
2834:Chordata
2832:Phylum:
2828:Animalia
2810:Eutheria
2757:34004143
2713:12078635
2672:22628470
2620:28075073
2507:23393258
2435:19582725
2394:12878460
2355:PLoS ONE
2340:12552136
2257:19286970
2195:11689942
2082:16515367
1987:11976675
1874:41470665
1866:12532019
1812:11976661
1769:20079531
1753:Placenta
1731:, while
1690:manatees
1659:Laurasia
1571:Eutheria
1542:Genomics
1142:raccoons
1098:, etc.)
1020:giraffes
946:gymnures
862:Primates
793:Rodentia
743:primates
710:manatees
684:manatees
570:manatees
390:Eutheria
382:placenta
362:Mammalia
232:Eutheria
219:Mammalia
209:Chordata
205:Phylum:
199:Animalia
185:Domain:
51:Holocene
32:Placenta
5054:Pilosa
4857:Amniota
4843:Phylum
4824:Extant
4330:Benaius
3411:Batodon
3228:Afrodon
2838:Class:
2663:3396900
2611:6849585
2551:Bibcode
2477:Bibcode
2468:Science
2308:Bibcode
2248:2655268
2225:Bibcode
2173:Bibcode
2110:Bibcode
2102:Science
2073:1395351
1995:4330626
1967:Bibcode
1917:9333234
1897:Bibcode
1846:Bibcode
1838:Science
1820:4332049
1792:Bibcode
1678:tenrecs
1663:rafting
1186:nuclear
1156:, etc.)
1051:donkeys
1034:, etc.)
884:, etc.)
882:lorises
866:monkeys
855:colugos
819:, etc.)
817:beavers
797:rodents
778:rabbits
755:rodents
747:rabbits
739:colugos
706:dugongs
702:Sirenia
680:dugongs
665:hyraxes
625:tenrecs
614:tenrecs
574:dugongs
562:hyraxes
550:tenrecs
215:Class:
5335:848320
5293:Q25833
5155:(Bats)
4901:Theria
4828:orders
4826:mammal
4044:Bogdia
3100:Eomaia
2846:Theria
2763:
2755:
2711:
2670:
2660:
2618:
2608:
2569:
2513:
2505:
2452:Nature
2433:
2392:
2338:
2331:298725
2328:
2255:
2245:
2193:
2165:Nature
2080:
2070:
1993:
1985:
1959:Nature
1923:
1915:
1889:Nature
1872:
1864:
1818:
1810:
1784:Nature
1767:
1700:, and
1694:sloths
1688:, and
1638:niches
1624:, and
1548:genome
1287:Glires
1154:hyenas
1146:skunks
1112:Order
1101:Order
1063:tapirs
1061:, and
1055:zebras
1047:horses
1037:Order
1012:camels
996:cattle
986:Order
963:Order
956:, and
950:shrews
936:Order
929:, and
907:shrews
878:lemurs
874:humans
860:Order
849:Order
832:Order
791:Order
784:, and
772:Order
768:Glires
753:, and
700:Order
689:Order
682:, and
659:Order
638:Order
631:, and
619:Order
612:, and
585:Order
572:, and
525:sloths
521:Pilosa
519:Order
508:Order
501:, and
499:sloths
461:, and
425:fibula
406:pelvis
378:uterus
249:, 1837
127:record
5348:91965
4114:Oboia
3811:Wania
3734:Labes
2761:S2CID
2567:S2CID
2511:S2CID
1991:S2CID
1921:S2CID
1870:S2CID
1816:S2CID
1536:et al
1532:et al
1383:Ferae
1170:basal
1150:foxes
1134:seals
1130:bears
1092:seals
1088:bears
1072:Ferae
1032:goats
1004:sheep
954:moles
927:seals
911:moles
809:voles
786:pikas
782:hares
751:hares
421:tibia
386:pouch
374:fetus
226:Clade
4707:see
2929:see
2902:see
2875:see
2753:PMID
2709:PMID
2668:PMID
2616:PMID
2503:PMID
2431:PMID
2390:PMID
2336:PMID
2253:PMID
2191:PMID
2078:PMID
2009:link
1983:PMID
1939:link
1913:PMID
1862:PMID
1808:PMID
1765:PMID
1720:and
1708:and
1650:bats
1553:See
1126:cats
1122:dogs
1084:cats
1080:dogs
1016:pigs
1008:deer
969:bats
923:cats
919:dogs
915:bats
870:apes
805:rats
801:mice
708:and
527:and
472:and
423:and
368:and
247:Owen
63:PreꞒ
5317:EoL
2743:doi
2699:doi
2658:PMC
2650:doi
2646:279
2606:PMC
2598:doi
2559:doi
2493:hdl
2485:doi
2473:339
2421:doi
2382:doi
2326:PMC
2316:doi
2304:100
2243:PMC
2233:doi
2221:106
2181:doi
2169:414
2126:hdl
2118:doi
2106:376
2068:PMC
2058:doi
1975:doi
1963:416
1905:doi
1893:389
1854:doi
1842:299
1800:doi
1788:416
1757:doi
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