418:. One important aspect of episodic memory is the spatial context in which the event occurred. Hippocampal place cells have stable firing patterns even when cues from a location are removed and specific place fields begin firing when exposed to signals or a subset of signals from a previous location. This suggests that place cells provide the spatial context for a memory by recalling the neural representation of the environment in which the memory occurred. By establishing spatial context, place cells play a role in completing memory patterns. Furthermore, place cells are able to maintain a spatial representation of one location while recalling the neural map of a separate location, effectively differentiating between present experience and past memory. Place cells are therefore considered to demonstrate both pattern completion and pattern separation qualities.
315:
information is any kind of spatial input that might indicate a distance between two points. For example, the edges of an environment might signal the size of the overall place field or the distance between two points within a place field. Metric signals can be either linear or directional. Directional inputs provide information about the orientation of a place field, whereas linear inputs essentially form a representational grid. Contextual cues allow established place fields to adapt to minor changes in the environment, such as a change in object color or shape. Metric and contextual inputs are processed together in the
114:
215:, meaning that they are defined with respect to the outside world rather than the body. By orienting based on the environment rather than the individual, place fields can work effectively as neural maps of the environment. A typical place cell will have only one or a few place fields in a small laboratory environment. However, in larger environments, place cells have been shown to contain multiple place fields which are usually irregular. Place cells may also show directionality, meaning they will only fire in a certain location when travelling in a particular direction.
22:
295:
383:
584:. Place cells have been shown to degenerate in Alzheimer's mouse models, which causes such problems with spatial memory in these mice. Furthermore, the place cells in these models have unstable representations of space, and cannot learn stable representations for new environments as well as place cells in healthy mice. The hippocampal theta waves, as well as the gamma waves, that influence place cell firing, for example through phase precession, are also affected.
154:
designed to provide a subject with spatial information. Recent findings, such as a study showing that place cells respond to non-spatial dimensions, such as sound frequency, disagree with the cognitive map theory. Instead, they support a new theory saying that the hippocampus has a more general function encoding continuous variables, and location just happens to be one of those variables. This fits in with the idea that the hippocampus has a predictive function.
219:
493:
291:
in color or shape of an object. This suggests that place cells respond to complex stimuli rather than simple individual sensory cues. According to the functional differentation model, sensory information is processed in various cortical structures upstream of the hippocampus before actually reaching the structure, so that the information received by place cells is a compilation, a functional derivative, of different stimuli.
5064:
625:
Contrarily, the CA3 place cells are show increased plasticity in aged subjects. The same place fields in the CA3 region to activate in similar environments, whereas different place fields in young rats would fire in similar environments because they would pick up on subtle differences in these environments. One possible cause of these changes in plasticity may be increased reliance on self-motion cues.
185:
158:
119:
118:
115:
598:
path, connection between place fields are strengthened due to plasticity, causing subsequent place fields to fire more quickly and causing place field expansion, possibly aiding young rats in spatial memory and learning. However, this observed place field expansion and plasticity is decreased in aged rat subjects, possibly reducing their capacity for spatial learning and memory.
263:. Upon entering a place field, place cells will fire in bursts at a particular point in the phase of the underlying theta waves. However, as an animal progresses through the place field, the firing will happen progressively earlier in the phase. It is thought that this phenomenon increases the accuracy of the place coding, and aids in plasticity, which is required for learning.
120:
506:
are available. Additionally mice can be headfixed, allowing for the use of microscopy techniques to look directly into the brain. Though rats and mice have similar place cells dynamics, mice have smaller place cells, and on the same size track have an increase in number of place fields per cell. Additionally, their replay is weaker compared to the replay in rats.
138:, which also fire only in a particular place, but only when the rat performed an additional behaviour, such as sniffing, which was often correlated with the presence of a novel stimulus, or the absence of an expected stimulus. The findings ultimately supported the cognitive map theory, the idea that the hippocampus hold a spatial representation, a
117:
406:, which are a type of neuron in the entorhinal cortex that relay information to place cells in the hippocampus. Grid cells establish a grid representation of a location, so that during movement place cells can fire according to their new location while orienting according to the reference grid of their external environment.
402:. This is especially the case in the absence of continuous sensory inputs. For example, in an environment with a lack of visuospatial inputs, an animal might search for the environment edge using touch, and discern location based on the distance of its movement from that edge. Path integration is largely aided by
181:. But grid cells may perform a more supporting role in the formation of place fields, such as path integration input. Another non-spatial explanation of hippocampal function suggests that the hippocampus performs clustering of inputs to produce representations of the current context – spatial or non-spatial.
449:, and relay a preliminary representation to form place fields. Place fields are extremely specific, as they are capable of remapping and adjusting firing rates in response to subtle sensory signal changes. This specificity is critical for pattern separation, as it distinguishes memories from one another.
271:
In some cases place cells show directionality, meaning they will only fire in a location when the subject is travelling in a particular direction. However, they may also be omnidirectional, meaning they fire regardless of the direction the subject. The lack of directionality in some place cells might
240:
remapping. When global remapping occurs, most or all of the place cells remap, meaning they lose or gain a place field, or their place field changes its location. Partial remapping means that most place fields are unchanged and only a small portion of the place cells remap. Some of the changes to the
153:
There has also been much debate as to whether hippocampal pyramidal cells truly encode non-spatial information as well as spatial information. According to the cognitive map theory, the hippocampus's primary role is to store spatial information through place cells and the hippocampus was biologically
505:
Both rats and mice are often used as model animals for place cells research. Rats became especially popular after the development of multiarray electrodes, which allows for the simultaneous recording of a large number of cells. However, mice have the advantage that a larger range of genetic variants
349:
Although place cells primarily rely on visuospatial input, some studies suggest that olfactory input may also affect the formation and stability of place fields. Olfaction may compensate for a loss of visual information, or even be responsible for the formation of stable place fields in the same way
231:
Remapping refers to the change in the place field characteristics that occurs when a subject experiences a new environment, or the same environment in a new context. This phenomenon was first reported in 1987, and is thought to play a role in the memory function of the hippocampus. There are broadly
133:
These units were cells that fired in a particular place in the environment, the place field. They are described as having a low resting firing rate (<1 Hz) when a rat is not in its place field, but a particularly high firing rate, which can be over 100 Hz in some cases, within the place
57:
Place-cell firing patterns are often determined by stimuli in the environment such as visual landmarks, and olfactory and vestibular stimuli. Place cells have the ability to suddenly change their firing pattern from one pattern to another, a phenomenon known as remapping. This remapping may occur in
553:
is still debated. Spatial view cells respond to locations that are visually explored by eye movement, or the "view of a space", rather than the location of the monkey's body. In the macaque, cells were recorded while the monkey was driving a motorised cab around the experimental room. Additionally,
532:
for the first time in 2007 by Nachum
Ulanovsky and his lab. The place cells in bats have a place field in 3D, which is probably due to the bat flying in three dimensions. The place cells in bats can be based on either vision or echolocation, which remapping taking place when bats switch between the
426:
Pattern completion is the ability to recall an entire memory from a partial or degraded sensory cue. Place cells are able to maintain a stable firing field even after significant signals are removed from a location, suggesting that they can recall a pattern based on only part of the original input.
335:
input. An example is the walls of an environment, which provides information about relative distance and location. Place cells generally rely on set distal cues rather than cues in the immediate proximal environment, though local cues can have a profound impact on local place fields. Visual sensory
290:
Place cells were initially believed to fire in direct relation to simple sensory inputs, but studies have suggested that this may not be the case. Place fields are usually unaffected by large sensory changes, like removing a landmark from an environment, but respond to subtle changes, like a change
149:
in the environment, on environmental boundaries, or on an interaction between the two. Additionally, not all place cells rely on the same external cues. One important distinction in cues is local and distal, where local cues appear in the immediate vicinity of a subject, whereas distal cues are far
597:
region remains the same between young and aged rats, average firing rate in this region is higher in aged rats. Young rats exhibit place field plasticity: when they are moving along a straight path, place fields are activated one after another. When young rats repeatedly traverse the same straight
276:
is one such environment where directionality does occur. In this environment, cells may even have multiple place fields, of which one is strongly directional, while the others are not. In virtual reality corridors, the degree of directionality in the population of place cells is particularly high.
463:
Place cells often exhibit reactivation outside their place fields. This reactivation has a much faster time scale than the actual experience, and it occurs mostly in the same order in which it was originally experienced, or, more rarely, in reverse. Replay is believed to have a functional role in
624:
Aged rats further show a high instability in their place cells in the CA1 region. When introduced to the same environment several times, the hippocampal map of the environment changed about 30% of the time, suggesting that the place cells are remapping in response to the exact same environment.
427:
Furthermore, the pattern completion exhibited by place cells is symmetric, because an entire memory can be retrieved from any part of it. For example, in an object-place association memory, spatial context can be used to recall an object and the object can be used to recall the spatial context.
314:
Sensory information received by place cells can be categorized as either metric or contextual information, where metric information corresponds to where place cells should fire and contextual input corresponds to whether or not a place field should fire in a certain environment. Metric sensory
100:
Place cells were first discovered by John O'Keefe and
Jonathan Dostrovsky in 1971 in rats' hippocampuses. They noticed that rats with impairments in their hippocampus performed poorly in spatial tasks, and thus hypothesised that this area must hold some kind of spatial representation of the
206:
of sensory neurons, in that the firing region corresponds to a region of sensory information in the environment. However, unlike receptive fields, place cells show no topography, meaning that two neighboring cells do not necessarily have neighboring place fields. Place cells fire spikes in
177:, pyramidal cells in the entorhinal cortex. This theory suggests that the place fields of the place cells are a combination of several grid cells, which have hexagonal grid-like patterns of activity. The theory has been supported by computational models. The relation may arise through
472:. However, when replay is disturbed, it does not necessarily affect place coding, which means it is not essentially for consolidation in all circumstances. The same sequence of activity may occur before the actual experience. This phenomenon, termed preplay, may have a role in
277:
The directionality of place cells has been shown to emerge as a result of the animal's behaviour. For example, the receptive fields become skewed when rats travel a linear track in a single direction. Recent theoretical studies suggest that place cells encode a
592:
Place field properties, including the rate of firing and spike characteristics such as width and amplitude of the spikes, are largely similar between young and aged rats in the CA1 hippocampal region. However, while the size of place fields in the hippocampal
340:
information. A change in color of a specific object or the walls of the environment can affect whether or not a place cell fires in a particular field. Thus, visuospatial sensory information is critical to the formation and recollection of place field.
116:
488:
Place cells were first discovered in rats, but place cells and place-like cells have since been found in a number of different animals, including rodents, bats and primates. Additionally, evidence for place cells in humans was found in 2003.
150:
away, and act more like landmarks. Individual place cells have been shown to follow either or rely on both. Additionally, the cues on which the place cells rely may depend on previous experience of the subject and the saliency of the cue.
3672:
Hori, Etsuro; Nishio, Yoichi; Kazui, Kenichi; Umeno, Katsumi; Tabuchi, Eiichi; Sasaki, Kazuo; Endo, Shunro; Ono, Taketoshi; Nishijo, Hisao (2005). "Place-related neural responses in the monkey hippocampal formation in a virtual space".
69:– the reactivation of the place cells involved in a certain experience at a much faster timescale. Place cells show alterations with age and disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, which may be involved in a decrease of memory function.
29:
layer of a rat. The rat ran back and forth along an elevated track, stopping at each end to eat a small food reward. Dots indicate positions where action potentials were recorded, with color indicating which neuron emitted that action
54:. Place cells work with other types of neurons in the hippocampus and surrounding regions to perform this kind of spatial processing. They have been found in a variety of animals, including rodents, bats, monkeys and humans.
281:
which maps the current state to the predicted successor states, and that directionality emerges from this formalism. This computational framework also provides an account for the distortion of place fields around obstacles.
109:
in the hippocampus. They noted that some of the cells showed activity when a rat was "situated in a particular part of the testing platform facing in a particular direction". These cells would later be called place cells.
2661:
Bourboulou, Romain; Marti, Geoffrey; Michon, François-Xavier; El
Feghaly, Elissa; Nouguier, Morgane; Robbe, David; Koenig, Julie; Epsztein, Jerome (2019-03-01). Burgess, Neil; Behrens, Timothy E; Burke, Sara N (eds.).
362:, such as rotations, can cause changes in place cells firing. After receiving vestibular input some place cells may remap to align with this input, though not all cells will remap and are more reliant on visual cues.
350:
visuospatial cues are. This has been confirmed by a study in a virtual environment that was composed of odor gradients. Change in the olfactory stimulus in an environment may also cause the remapping of place cells.
241:
environment that have been shown to induce remapping include changing the shape or size of the environment, the color of the walls, the smell in the environment, or the relevance of a location to the task at hand.
4828:
Mably, Alexandra J.; Gereke, Brian J.; Jones, Dylan T.; Colgin, Laura Lee (2017). "Impairments in spatial representations and rhythmic coordination of place cells in the 3xTg mouse model of
Alzheimer's disease".
567:
Place cell firing rate decreases dramatically after ethanol exposure, causing reduced spatial sensitivity, which has been hypothesised to be the cause of impairments in spatial procession after alcohol exposure.
554:
place-related responses have been found macaques while they navigated in a virtual reality. More recently, place cells may have been identified in the hippocampus of freely moving macaques and marmosets.
124:
This video shows a rat running around in a circular environment (black line) and any time a particular cell is active (red dots). The red dots cluster around one location, which is the place field of the
3769:
Ekstrom, Arne D.; Kahana, Michael J.; Caplan, Jeremy B.; Fields, Tony A.; Isham, Eve A.; Newman, Ehren L.; Fried, Itzhak (2003-09-11). "Cellular networks underlying human spatial navigation".
1978:
McNaughton, B. L.; Barnes, C. A.; O'Keefe, J. (1983-09-01). "The contributions of position, direction, and velocity to single unit activity in the hippocampus of freely-moving rats".
617:, exhibit decreased activity in aged subjects. The application of memantine leads to in increase in place field plasticity in aged rat subjects. Although memantine aids in the
2957:
Smith, Paul F.; Darlington, Cynthia L.; Zheng, Yiwen (29 April 2009). "Move it or lose it—Is stimulation of the vestibular system necessary for normal spatial memory?".
3618:
Geva-Sagiv, Maya; Las, Liora; Yovel, Yossi; Ulanovsky, Nachum (2015). "Spatial cognition in bats and rats: from sensory acquisition to multiscale maps and navigation".
1876:
Geva-Sagiv, Maya; Las, Liora; Yovel, Yossi; Ulanovsky, Nachum (2015). "Spatial cognition in bats and rats: from sensory acquisition to multiscale maps and navigation".
398:
Movement can also be an important spatial cue. Mice use their self-motion information to determine how far and in which direction they have travelled, a process called
366:
lesions of the vestibular system in patients may cause abnormal firing of hippocampal place cells as evidenced, in part, by difficulties with spatial tasks such as the
278:
222:
An example of place cell remapping, with the location of the place field of cell 1 changing between environment, and cell 2 losing its place field in environment 2.
2724:
Save, Etienne; Ludek Nerad; Bruno Poucet (23 February 2000). "Contribution of multiple sensory information to place field stability in hippocampal place cells".
3062:
Wiener, S. I.; Korshunov, V. A.; Garcia, R.; Berthoz, A. (1995-11-01). "Inertial, substratal and landmark cue control of hippocampal CA1 place cell activity".
1545:
Behrens, Timothy E. J.; Muller, Timothy H.; Whittington, James C. R.; Mark, Shirley; Baram, Alon B.; Stachenfeld, Kimberly L.; Kurth-Nelson, Zeb (2018-10-24).
613:
which is known to improve spatial memory, and was therefore used in an attempt to restore place field plasticity in aged subjects. NMDA receptors, which are
1833:
Jeffery, Kathryn; Michael
Anderson; Robin Hayman; Subhojit Chakraborty (2004). "A proposed architecture for the neural representation of spatial context".
4715:
Delpolyi, AR; Rankin, K; Mucke, L; Miller, BL; Gorno-Tempini, ML (4 September 2007). "Spatial cognition and the human navigation network in AD and MCI".
650:
4320:
Geva-Sagiv, Maya; Romani, Sandro; Las, Liora; Ulanovsky, Nachum (2016). "Hippocampal global remapping for different sensory modalities in flying bats".
323:
inputs are examples of sensory inputs that are utilized by place cells. These types of sensory cues can include both metric and contextual information.
4554:
Hazama, Yutaro; Tamura, Ryoi (2019-05-14). "Effects of self-locomotion on the activity of place cells in the hippocampus of a freely behaving monkey".
4882:"Impairments in experience-dependent scaling and stability of hippocampal place fields limit spatial learning in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease"
5046:
858:
O'Keefe, J.; Dostrovsky, J. (November 1971). "The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat".
4605:
Courellis, Hristos S.; Nummela, Samuel U.; Metke, Michael; Diehl, Geoffrey W.; Bussell, Robert; Cauwenberghs, Gert; Miller, Cory T. (2019-12-09).
3280:
Leutgeb, Stefan; Leutgeb, Jill K; Moser, May-Britt; Moser, Edvard I (2005-12-01). "Place cells, spatial maps and the population code for memory".
445:, a section of the hippocampus involved in memory formation and retrieval. Granule cells in the dentate gyrus process sensory information using
58:
either some of the place cells or in all place cells at once. It may be caused by a number of changes, such as in the odor of the environment.
4016:
Muir, Gary M.; Brown, Joel E.; Carey, John P.; Hirvonen, Timo P.; Santina, Charles C. Della; Minor, Lloyd B.; Taube, Jeffrey S. (2009-11-18).
4503:
Ono, Taketoshi; Nakamura, Kiyomi; Fukuda, Masaji; Tamura, Ryoi (1991-01-02). "Place recognition responses of neurons in monkey hippocampus".
533:
two. Bats also have social place cells; this finding was published in
Science at the same time as the report of social place cells in rats.
4664:
White, Aaron M.; Matthews, Douglas B.; Best, Phillip J. (2000). "Ethanol, memory, and hippocampal function: A review of recent findings".
3176:
Nakazawa, Kazu; Thomas McHugh; Matthew Wilson; Susumu
Tonegawa (May 2004). "NMDA Receptors, Place Cells and Hippocampal Spatial Memory".
1325:
Moser, Edvard I.; Kropff, Emilio; Moser, May-Britt (2008). "Place Cells, Grid Cells, and the Brain's
Spatial Representation System".
1259:
Bostock, Elizabeth; Muller, Robert U.; Kubie, John L. (1991). "Experience-dependent modifications of hippocampal place cell firing".
4677:
4465:
4261:
Yartsev, Michael M.; Ulanovsky, Nachum (2013-04-19). "Representation of Three-Dimensional Space in the
Hippocampus of Flying Bats".
2737:
1386:
65:. They contain information about the spatial context a memory took place in. And they seem to perform consolidation by exhibiting
3737:
Las, Liora; Ulanovsky, Nachum (2014), Derdikman, Dori; Knierim, James J. (eds.), "Hippocampal
Neurophysiology Across Species",
2822:
2767:
Poucet, Bruno; Save, Etienne; Lenck-Santini, Pierre-Pascal (2011). "Sensory and Memory Properties of Hippocampal Place Cells".
3754:
2832:
830:
211:
at a high frequency inside the place field, but outside of the place field they remain relatively inactive. Place fields are
73:
4181:
Ulanovsky, Nachum; Moss, Cynthia F. (2007). "Hippocampal cellular and network activity in freely moving echolocating bats".
621:
process of spatial information in aged rat subjects, it does not help with the retrieval of this information later in time.
441:
Pattern separation is the ability to differentiate one memory from other stored memories. Pattern separation begins in the
202:
Place cells fire in a specific region of an environment, known as a place field. Place fields are roughly analogous to the
272:
occur particularly in impoverished environments, whereas in more complicated environments directionality is enhanced. The
4018:"Disruption of the Head Direction Cell Signal after Occlusion of the Semicircular Canals in the Freely Moving Chinchilla"
50:. Place cells are thought to act collectively as a cognitive representation of a specific location in space, known as a
1373:
O'Keefe, John (3 September 1999). "Do hippocampal pyramidal cells signal non-spatial as well as spatial information?".
1143:"Dynamic Interactions between Local Surface Cues, Distal Landmarks, and Intrinsic Circuitry in Hippocampal Place Cells"
678:
516:
Rats furthermore have social place cells, cells which encode the position of other rats. This finding was published in
1106:
Lew, Adena R. (7 February 2011). "Looking beyond the boundaries: Time to put landmarks back on the cognitive map?".
696:"Instability in the Place Field Location of Hippocampal Place Cells after Lesions Centered on the Perirhinal Cortex"
594:
77:
4236:
310:(DG) and the different hippocampal subfields (CA1 and CA3). Inset shows the wiring between these different areas.
2618:
Jeffery, Kathryn (5 July 2007). "Integration of the Sensory Inputs to Place Cells: What, Where, Why, and How?".
2310:
O'Keefe, J; Recce, M. L. (1993). "Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm".
26:
4760:"Place cell firing correlates with memory deficits and amyloid plaque burden in Tg2576 Alzheimer mouse model"
5084:
5068:
1488:
371:
4452:
Rolls, Edmund T. (1999). "Spatial view cells and the representation of place in the primate hippocampus".
3902:"Comparing Mouse and Rat Hippocampal Place Cell Activities and Firing Sequences in the Same Environments"
5094:
2573:"Local remapping of place cell firing in the Tolman detour task: Place cell firing and detour behavior"
46:
that becomes active when an animal enters a particular place in its environment, which is known as the
3838:
Wilson, M. A.; McNaughton, B. L. (1993-08-20). "Dynamics of the hippocampal ensemble code for space".
3118:
Smith, David; Sheri Mizumori (10 June 2006). "Hippocampal Place Cells, Context, and Episodic Memory".
754:
Jeffery, Kathryn (2007). "Integration of Sensory Inputs to Place Cells: what, where, why, and how?".
102:
3791:
3132:
2094:"The effects of changes in the environment on the spatial firing of hippocampal complex-spike cells"
1212:
805:
3003:
Jacob, Pierre-Yves; Poucet, Bruno; Liberge, Martine; Save, Etienne; Sargolini, Francesca (2014).
4880:
Zhao, Rong; Fowler, Stephanie W.; Chiang, Angie C. A.; Ji, Daoyun; Jankowsky, Joanna L. (2014).
4429:"Researchers identify 'social place cells' in the brain that respond to the locations of others"
3961:"Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation"
3959:
Dombeck, Daniel A.; Harvey, Christopher D.; Tian, Lin; Looger, Loren L.; Tank, David W. (2010).
2475:"Functional imaging of hippocampal place cells at cellular resolution during virtual navigation"
2473:
Dombeck, Daniel A.; Harvey, Christopher D.; Tian, Lin; Looger, Loren L.; Tank, David W. (2010).
1006:
Eichenbaum, Howard; Dudchenko, Paul; Wood, Emma; Shapiro, Matthew; Tanila, Heikki (1999-06-01).
3786:
3127:
1207:
581:
212:
188:
Place cells are found in the hippocampus, a structure in the medial temporal lobe of the brain.
1653:"A non-spatial account of place and grid cells based on clustering models of concept learning"
5040:
1088:
787:
299:
129:
In 1976, O'Keefe performed a follow-up study, demonstrating the presence of what they called
4771:
4758:
Cacucci, Francesca; Yi, Ming; Wills, Thomas J.; Chapman, Paul; O'Keefe, John (2008-06-03).
4384:
4270:
4086:
3847:
3778:
3458:
3390:"The hippocampal sharp wave–ripple in memory retrieval for immediate use and consolidation"
2910:
1778:
1664:
1432:
1338:
914:
645:
469:
446:
331:
Spatial cues such as geometric boundaries or orienting landmarks are important examples of
8:
606:
4775:
4428:
4388:
4274:
4090:
3851:
3782:
3462:
2914:
2572:
1782:
1668:
1436:
918:
5023:
4996:
4970:
4914:
4881:
4862:
4802:
4759:
4740:
4728:
4697:
4641:
4606:
4587:
4536:
4485:
4353:
4302:
4214:
4163:
4050:
4017:
3993:
3960:
3936:
3901:
3879:
3820:
3706:
3651:
3595:
3560:
3541:
3487:
3446:
3422:
3389:
3365:
3332:
3313:
3254:
3227:
3201:
3153:
3095:
3075:
3039:
3004:
2982:
2931:
2898:
2874:
2849:
2800:
2749:
2698:
2663:
2643:
2600:
2507:
2474:
2450:
2433:
2417:
2390:
2357:
2335:
2241:
2224:
2208:
2177:
2142:
2118:
2109:
2093:
2071:
2011:
1960:
1909:
1858:
1832:
1742:
1717:
1693:
1652:
1628:
1595:
1527:
1461:
1420:
1398:
1350:
1292:
1241:
1175:
1158:
1142:
1080:
1045:
988:
955:
O'Keefe, John (1976-01-01). "Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat".
779:
720:
711:
695:
634:
614:
550:
529:
458:
363:
66:
2548:
2531:
1024:
1007:
21:
5028:
4962:
4954:
4919:
4901:
4854:
4846:
4807:
4789:
4732:
4689:
4681:
4646:
4628:
4579:
4571:
4528:
4520:
4516:
4477:
4469:
4410:
4402:
4345:
4337:
4294:
4286:
4206:
4198:
4155:
4147:
4112:
4104:
4055:
4037:
3998:
3980:
3941:
3923:
3871:
3863:
3812:
3804:
3750:
3698:
3690:
3643:
3635:
3600:
3582:
3533:
3492:
3474:
3427:
3409:
3370:
3352:
3305:
3297:
3259:
3193:
3145:
3087:
3079:
3044:
3026:
2974:
2936:
2879:
2828:
2792:
2784:
2741:
2703:
2685:
2635:
2592:
2588:
2553:
2512:
2494:
2455:
2437:
2395:
2377:
2327:
2287:
2246:
2228:
2182:
2164:
2123:
2063:
2055:
2003:
1995:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1901:
1893:
1850:
1806:
1801:
1766:
1747:
1698:
1680:
1633:
1615:
1576:
1568:
1531:
1519:
1511:
1466:
1448:
1390:
1342:
1284:
1276:
1233:
1225:
1180:
1162:
1123:
1084:
1037:
1029:
980:
972:
968:
932:
883:
875:
871:
771:
725:
674:
618:
517:
359:
316:
303:
145:
There has been much debate as to whether hippocampal place cells function depends on
4744:
4701:
4591:
4540:
4357:
4306:
3883:
3710:
3655:
3545:
3099:
2986:
2850:"Spatial Olfactory Learning Contributes to Place Field Formation in the Hippocampus"
2780:
2753:
2604:
2075:
1913:
1862:
1846:
1354:
1296:
1063:
O'Keefe, John; Nadel, Lynn (1 December 1979). "The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map".
436:
394:
of distance and direction travelled from a start point to estimate current position.
5089:
5018:
5008:
4974:
4946:
4909:
4893:
4866:
4838:
4797:
4779:
4724:
4673:
4636:
4618:
4563:
4512:
4489:
4461:
4392:
4329:
4278:
4218:
4190:
4167:
4139:
4094:
4045:
4033:
4029:
3988:
3972:
3931:
3913:
3855:
3824:
3796:
3742:
3682:
3627:
3590:
3572:
3523:
3482:
3466:
3417:
3401:
3360:
3344:
3317:
3289:
3249:
3239:
3205:
3185:
3137:
3071:
3034:
3016:
2966:
2926:
2918:
2869:
2861:
2804:
2776:
2733:
2693:
2675:
2647:
2627:
2584:
2543:
2502:
2486:
2445:
2429:
2385:
2369:
2339:
2319:
2277:
2236:
2220:
2172:
2154:
2113:
2105:
2045:
2015:
1987:
1964:
1936:
1885:
1842:
1796:
1786:
1737:
1729:
1688:
1672:
1623:
1607:
1558:
1503:
1456:
1440:
1402:
1382:
1334:
1268:
1245:
1217:
1170:
1154:
1115:
1072:
1049:
1019:
1008:"The Hippocampus, Memory, and Place Cells: Is It Spatial Memory or a Memory Space?"
992:
964:
922:
867:
783:
763:
715:
707:
542:
465:
399:
391:
387:
320:
260:
250:
4937:
Burke, Sara N.; Barnes, Carol A. (2006). "Neural plasticity in the ageing brain".
3175:
3157:
4623:
4567:
3746:
3528:
3511:
3228:"The mechanisms for pattern completion and pattern separation in the hippocampus"
1563:
1546:
546:
415:
367:
273:
203:
85:
62:
1092:
791:
3293:
2922:
2664:"Dynamic control of hippocampal spatial coding resolution by local visual cues"
2373:
2050:
2033:
1716:
O'Keefe, J; Burgess, N; Donnett, J. G.; Jeffery, K. J.; Maguire, E. A. (1998).
1676:
1611:
1198:
Etienne, Ariane S.; Jeffery, Kathryn J. (2004). "Path integration in mammals".
577:
178:
39:
3405:
3348:
1076:
294:
5078:
5013:
4958:
4905:
4850:
4793:
4685:
4632:
4575:
4524:
4473:
4406:
4371:
Omer, David B.; Maimon, Shir R.; Las, Liora; Ulanovsky, Nachum (2018-01-12).
4341:
4290:
4202:
4151:
4108:
4041:
3984:
3927:
3918:
3900:
Mou, Xiang; Cheng, Jingheng; Yu, Yan S. W.; Kee, Sara E.; Ji, Daoyun (2018).
3867:
3808:
3694:
3639:
3586:
3478:
3413:
3356:
3301:
3244:
3083:
3030:
3021:
2788:
2689:
2498:
2441:
2381:
2291:
2232:
2168:
2159:
2141:
Latuske, Patrick; Kornienko, Olga; Kohler, Laura; Allen, Kevin (2018-01-04).
2059:
1999:
1948:
1897:
1684:
1619:
1572:
1515:
1487:
Stachenfeld, Kimberly L.; Botvinick, Matthew M.; Gershman, Samuel J. (2017).
1452:
1280:
1229:
1166:
1033:
976:
879:
610:
442:
307:
139:
106:
51:
4784:
4397:
4372:
4282:
4099:
4074:
3859:
2865:
831:"Scientific Background: The Brain's Navigational Place and Grid Cell System"
5032:
4966:
4923:
4858:
4811:
4736:
4693:
4650:
4583:
4481:
4414:
4349:
4298:
4210:
4159:
4116:
4059:
4002:
3945:
3816:
3702:
3647:
3604:
3537:
3496:
3447:"Preplay of future place cell sequences by hippocampal cellular assemblies"
3431:
3374:
3309:
3263:
3197:
3149:
3048:
2978:
2940:
2883:
2796:
2745:
2707:
2639:
2596:
2557:
2516:
2399:
2323:
2250:
2186:
2067:
1905:
1854:
1733:
1702:
1637:
1580:
1523:
1470:
1394:
1346:
1272:
1237:
1184:
1127:
1041:
936:
775:
729:
382:
81:
4532:
3875:
3577:
3091:
2459:
2331:
2127:
2007:
1810:
1791:
1751:
1421:"Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal/entorhinal circuit"
1288:
984:
887:
134:
field. Additionally, O'Keefe described six special cells, which he called
4997:"Neural protein synthesis during aging: effects on plasticity and memory"
3512:"Generative Predictive Codes by Multiplexed Hippocampal Neuronal Tuplets"
1956:
43:
4143:
3800:
3470:
3005:"Vestibular control of entorhinal cortex activity in spatial navigation"
2680:
2264:
Deadwyler, Sam A.; Breese, Charles R.; Hampson, Robert E. (1989-09-01).
1444:
4897:
4842:
4678:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(2000)10:1<88::AID-HIPO10>3.0.CO;2-L
4466:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:4<467::AID-HIPO13>3.0.CO;2-F
3686:
3141:
2970:
2956:
2631:
2532:"Experience-Dependent Asymmetric Shape of Hippocampal Receptive Fields"
2282:
2265:
1991:
1927:
O'Keefe, John (1979-01-01). "A review of the hippocampal place cells".
1221:
767:
510:
473:
256:
2738:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(2000)10:1<64::AID-HIPO7>3.0.CO;2-Y
2530:
Mehta, Mayank R.; Quirk, Michael C.; Wilson, Matthew A. (March 2000).
1722:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1387:
10.1002/(SICI)1098-1063(1999)9:4<352::AID-HIPO3>3.0.CO;2-1
218:
2209:"Heterogeneous Modulation of Place Cell Firing by Changes in Context"
1547:"What Is a Cognitive Map? Organizing Knowledge for Flexible Behavior"
1119:
640:
602:
403:
174:
164:
and place cells work together to determine the position of the animal
161:
89:
4950:
4333:
3976:
3631:
3189:
2490:
2032:
Colgin, Laura Lee; Moser, Edvard I.; Moser, May-Britt (2008-09-01).
1889:
1507:
927:
902:
4714:
4194:
4073:
Danjo, Teruko; Toyoizumi, Taro; Fujisawa, Shigeyoshi (2018-01-12).
3331:Ólafsdóttir, H. Freyja; Bush, Daniel; Barry, Caswell (2018-01-08).
492:
477:
208:
146:
3561:"Reactivation, Replay, and Preplay: How It Might All Fit Together"
509:
In addition to rats and mice, place cells have also been found in
2418:"On the directional firing properties of hippocampal place cells"
580:
and navigation are thought to be one of the early indications of
4607:"Spatial encoding in primate hippocampus during free navigation"
1715:
105:, with which they could record the activity of individual cells
5063:
3510:
Liu, Kefei; Sibille, Jeremie; Dragoi, George (September 2018).
2660:
2416:
Muller, R. U.; Bostock, E.; Taube, J. S.; Kubie, J. L. (1994).
1718:"Place cells, navigational accuracy, and the human hippocampus"
25:
Spatial firing patterns of eight place cells recorded from the
4075:"Spatial representations of self and other in the hippocampus"
1005:
520:
at the same time as the report of social place cells in bats.
319:
before reaching the hippocampal place cells. Visuospatial and
184:
1419:
Aronov, Dmitriy; Nevers, Rhino; Tank, David W. (2017-03-29).
4319:
3061:
2358:"Models of Place and Grid Cell Firing and Theta Rhythmicity"
1544:
1486:
3617:
2723:
2140:
1977:
1875:
1765:
Bures J, Fenton AA, Kaminsky Y, Zinyuk L (7 January 1997).
601:
This plasticity can be rescued in aged rats by giving them
4995:
Schimanski, Lesley, A.; Barnes, Carol A. (6 August 2010).
4994:
4604:
2847:
2571:
Alvernhe, Alice; Save, Etienne; Poucet, Bruno (May 2011).
1594:
Bush, Daniel; Barry, Caswell; Burgess, Neil (2014-03-01).
3768:
1764:
173:
It has been proposed that place cells are derivatives of
157:
3279:
2848:
Zhang, Sijie; Denise Manahan-Vaughn (5 September 2013).
2207:
Anderson, Michael I.; Jeffery, Kathryn J. (2003-10-01).
541:
Place-related responses have been found in cells of the
255:
The firing of place cells is timed in relation to local
4502:
4130:
Bray, Natasha (2018). "An 'other' kind of place cell".
3958:
3333:"The Role of Hippocampal Replay in Memory and Planning"
2952:
2950:
2896:
2766:
2472:
2415:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
16:
Place-activated hippocampus cells found in some mammals
4827:
4370:
4072:
4015:
3002:
2263:
1062:
557:
4823:
4821:
4757:
3113:
3111:
3109:
1596:"What do grid cells contribute to place cell firing?"
857:
101:
environment. To test this hypothesis, they developed
61:
Place cells are thought to play an important role in
3671:
3667:
3665:
3330:
2947:
2897:
Radvansky, Brad; Daniel Dombeck (26 February 2018).
2611:
2034:"Understanding memory through hippocampal remapping"
1817:
452:
3739:
Space, Time and Memory in the Hippocampal Formation
3117:
693:
651:
List of distinct cell types in the adult human body
637:, primate hippocampal counterpart for visual field.
4879:
4818:
3106:
2570:
1258:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4663:
3662:
3559:Buhry, Laure; Azizi, Amir H.; Cheng, Sen (2011).
3445:Dragoi, George; Tonegawa, Susumu (January 2011).
2266:"Control of place-cell activity in an open field"
2143:"Hippocampal Remapping and Its Entorhinal Origin"
903:"Nobel prize for decoding brain's sense of place"
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
739:
549:, however, whether these are true place cells or
5076:
4260:
3837:
3509:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
2529:
2309:
2031:
1593:
1418:
1324:
806:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014"
4764:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3558:
2206:
1771:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1651:Mok, Robert M.; Love, Bradley C. (2019-12-12).
4981:
3444:
2899:"An olfactory virtual reality system for mice"
2890:
2355:
1197:
900:
828:
736:
4180:
3899:
3284:. Motor systems / Neurobiology of behaviour.
3212:
2356:Burgess, Neil; O’Keefe, John (October 2011).
2305:
2303:
2301:
1368:
1366:
1364:
901:Abbott, Alison; Callaway, Ewen (2014-10-09).
168:
5045:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4553:
3736:
4936:
4373:"Social place-cells in the bat hippocampus"
2719:
2717:
2091:
1926:
1372:
954:
694:Muir, Gary; David K. Bilkey (1 June 2001).
668:
2841:
2298:
1361:
5022:
5012:
4913:
4801:
4783:
4640:
4622:
4396:
4098:
4049:
3992:
3935:
3917:
3790:
3594:
3576:
3527:
3486:
3421:
3364:
3253:
3243:
3131:
3038:
3020:
2930:
2873:
2697:
2679:
2547:
2506:
2449:
2389:
2281:
2240:
2176:
2158:
2117:
2049:
1800:
1790:
1741:
1692:
1627:
1562:
1460:
1211:
1174:
1023:
926:
719:
80:for the discovery of place cells, and to
3388:Joo, Hannah R.; Frank, Loren M. (2018).
3387:
2714:
1835:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
491:
381:
293:
217:
183:
156:
112:
20:
2820:
2617:
1650:
1140:
753:
5077:
4237:"The Bat Man: Neuroscience on the Fly"
4234:
4230:
4228:
3895:
3893:
3732:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3275:
3273:
3171:
3169:
3167:
2998:
2996:
2816:
2814:
1482:
1480:
1339:10.1146/annurev.neuro.31.061307.090723
571:
414:Place cells play an important role in
326:
4451:
3741:, Springer Vienna, pp. 431–461,
3225:
3009:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
2824:The Neurobiology of Spatial Behaviour
2411:
2409:
2351:
2349:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2087:
2085:
2027:
2025:
1489:"The hippocampus as a predictive map"
1414:
1412:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1306:
562:
430:
421:
74:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
4129:
3064:The European Journal of Neuroscience
2147:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
2092:Muller, R. U.; Kubie, J. L. (1987).
950:
948:
946:
853:
851:
829:Kiehn, Ole; Forssberg, Hans (2014).
353:
4254:
4225:
3890:
3831:
3717:
3270:
3164:
2993:
2811:
1477:
1105:
558:Disturbances to place cell function
386:Grid and place cells contribute to
344:
244:
13:
4729:10.1212/01.wnl.0000271376.19515.c6
3906:Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience
3076:10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00642.x
2434:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.14-12-07235.1994
2406:
2346:
2225:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-26-08827.2003
2193:
2110:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.07-07-01951.1987
2082:
2022:
1767:"Place cells and place navigation"
1409:
1303:
1159:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-14-06254.2002
1056:
712:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-11-04016.2001
671:The Hippocampus as a Cognitive Map
409:
377:
14:
5106:
5056:
4235:Abbott, Alison (September 2018).
3232:Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience
943:
848:
496:A rat with an electrode implanted
453:Reactivation, replay, and preplay
336:inputs can also supply important
266:
47:
5062:
2589:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07653.x
2577:European Journal of Neuroscience
1141:Knierim, James J. (2002-07-15).
483:
285:
5001:Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
4930:
4873:
4751:
4708:
4657:
4598:
4547:
4496:
4445:
4421:
4364:
4313:
4174:
4123:
4066:
4009:
3952:
3762:
3611:
3552:
3503:
3438:
3381:
3324:
3282:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
3055:
2781:10.1515/REVNEURO.2000.11.2-3.95
2760:
2654:
2564:
2523:
2466:
2362:Current Opinion in Neurobiology
2257:
2134:
1971:
1920:
1869:
1847:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2003.12.002
1758:
1709:
1644:
1587:
1538:
1252:
1191:
1134:
1099:
197:
4034:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3450-09.2009
999:
894:
822:
798:
687:
662:
1:
2549:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)81072-7
1327:Annual Review of Neuroscience
1065:Behavioral and Brain Sciences
1025:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80773-4
656:
528:Place cells were reported in
192:
95:
4624:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000546
4568:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.02.009
4517:10.1016/0304-3940(91)90683-K
3747:10.1007/978-3-7091-1292-2_16
3529:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.07.047
2821:Jeffery, Kathryn J. (2003).
2769:Reviews in the Neurosciences
1941:10.1016/0301-0082(79)90005-4
1564:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.002
969:10.1016/0014-4886(76)90055-8
872:10.1016/0006-8993(71)90358-1
372:Morris water navigation task
226:
7:
4939:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
4132:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
3620:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
3394:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
3178:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
2827:. Oxford University Press.
2098:The Journal of Neuroscience
1980:Experimental Brain Research
1878:Nature Reviews Neuroscience
700:The Journal of Neuroscience
628:
536:
437:Dentate gyrus § Memory
390:, a process which sums the
10:
5111:
3294:10.1016/j.conb.2005.10.002
2923:10.1038/s41467-018-03262-4
2374:10.1016/j.conb.2011.07.002
2051:10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.008
1677:10.1038/s41467-019-13760-8
1612:10.1016/j.tins.2013.12.003
500:
456:
434:
248:
169:Relationship to grid cells
103:chronic electrode implants
3406:10.1038/s41583-018-0077-1
3349:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.073
3226:Rolls, Edmund T. (2013).
1077:10.1017/s0140525x00063949
5014:10.3389/fnagi.2010.00026
3919:10.3389/fncel.2018.00332
3245:10.3389/fnsys.2013.00074
3022:10.3389/fnint.2014.00038
2160:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00253
1929:Progress in Neurobiology
587:
279:successor representation
232:two types of remapping:
4785:10.1073/pnas.0802908105
4398:10.1126/science.aao3474
4283:10.1126/science.1235338
4100:10.1126/science.aao3898
4022:Journal of Neuroscience
3860:10.1126/science.8351520
2422:Journal of Neuroscience
2213:Journal of Neuroscience
2038:Trends in Neurosciences
1600:Trends in Neurosciences
1147:Journal of Neuroscience
523:
2324:10.1002/hipo.450030307
1734:10.1098/rstb.1998.0287
1273:10.1002/hipo.450010207
1108:Psychological Bulletin
957:Experimental Neurology
836:. Karolinska Institute
669:O'Keefe, John (1978).
497:
395:
311:
223:
189:
165:
126:
31:
2903:Nature Communications
2866:10.1093/cercor/bht239
1792:10.1073/pnas.94.1.343
1657:Nature Communications
495:
385:
300:hippocampal formation
297:
221:
187:
160:
123:
88:for the discovery of
24:
5071:at Wikimedia Commons
4556:Neuroscience Letters
4505:Neuroscience Letters
646:Head direction cells
470:memory consolidation
447:competitive learning
142:of the environment.
5085:Hippocampus (brain)
4776:2008PNAS..105.7863C
4389:2018Sci...359..218O
4322:Nature Neuroscience
4275:2013Sci...340..367Y
4241:Scientific American
4183:Nature Neuroscience
4144:10.1038/nrn.2018.12
4091:2018Sci...359..213D
4028:(46): 14521–14533.
3965:Nature Neuroscience
3852:1993Sci...261.1055W
3846:(5124): 1055–1058.
3801:10.1038/nature01964
3783:2003Natur.425..184E
3578:10.1155/2011/203462
3522:(6): 1329–1341.e6.
3471:10.1038/nature09633
3463:2011Natur.469..397D
2915:2018NatCo...9..839R
2681:10.7554/eLife.44487
2479:Nature Neuroscience
1783:1997PNAS...94..343B
1669:2019NatCo..10.5685M
1496:Nature Neuroscience
1445:10.1038/nature21692
1437:2017Natur.543..719A
919:2014Natur.514..153A
673:. Clarendon Press.
615:glutamate receptors
582:Alzheimer's disease
572:Alzheimer's disease
530:Egyptian fruit bats
327:Visuospatial inputs
259:, a process termed
4898:10.1002/hipo.22283
4843:10.1002/hipo.22697
3687:10.1002/hipo.20108
3142:10.1002/hipo.20208
2971:10.1002/hipo.20588
2632:10.1002/hipo.20322
2283:10.1007/BF03337772
1992:10.1007/BF00237147
1222:10.1002/hipo.10173
768:10.1002/hipo.20322
635:Spatial view cells
563:Effects of alcohol
551:spatial view cells
498:
459:Hippocampal replay
431:Pattern separation
422:Pattern completion
396:
312:
224:
190:
166:
127:
32:
5095:Spatial cognition
5067:Media related to
4770:(22): 7863–7868.
4723:(10): 1986–1997.
4383:(6372): 218–224.
4269:(6130): 367–372.
4243:. Nature Magazine
4085:(6372): 213–218.
3971:(11): 1433–1440.
3777:(6954): 184–188.
3756:978-3-7091-1292-2
3565:Neural Plasticity
3457:(7330): 397–401.
3070:(11): 2206–2219.
2834:978-0-19-851524-1
2485:(11): 1433–1440.
2428:(12): 7235–7251.
2219:(26): 8827–8835.
1728:(1373): 1333–40.
1502:(11): 1643–1653.
1431:(7647): 719–722.
1153:(14): 6254–6264.
706:(11): 4016–4025.
360:vestibular system
358:Stimuli from the
354:Vestibular inputs
317:entorhinal cortex
304:entorhinal cortex
121:
5102:
5066:
5051:
5050:
5044:
5036:
5026:
5016:
4992:
4979:
4978:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4917:
4877:
4871:
4870:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4787:
4755:
4749:
4748:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4644:
4626:
4617:(12): e3000546.
4602:
4596:
4595:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4500:
4494:
4493:
4449:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4400:
4368:
4362:
4361:
4317:
4311:
4310:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4232:
4223:
4222:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4102:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4053:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3996:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3939:
3921:
3897:
3888:
3887:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3794:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3734:
3715:
3714:
3669:
3660:
3659:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3598:
3580:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3531:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3490:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3385:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3277:
3268:
3267:
3257:
3247:
3223:
3210:
3209:
3173:
3162:
3161:
3135:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3042:
3024:
3000:
2991:
2990:
2954:
2945:
2944:
2934:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2683:
2658:
2652:
2651:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2583:(9): 1696–1705.
2568:
2562:
2561:
2551:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2353:
2344:
2343:
2307:
2296:
2295:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2180:
2162:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2121:
2089:
2080:
2079:
2053:
2029:
2020:
2019:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1830:
1815:
1814:
1804:
1794:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1745:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1696:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1464:
1416:
1407:
1406:
1370:
1359:
1358:
1322:
1301:
1300:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1215:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1120:10.1037/a0022315
1103:
1097:
1096:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1027:
1003:
997:
996:
952:
941:
940:
930:
898:
892:
891:
855:
846:
845:
843:
841:
835:
826:
820:
819:
817:
816:
802:
796:
795:
751:
734:
733:
723:
691:
685:
684:
666:
609:that blocks the
543:Japanese macaque
466:memory retrieval
400:path integration
388:path integration
345:Olfactory inputs
302:, including the
261:phase precession
251:Phase precession
245:Phase precession
204:receptive fields
179:Hebbian learning
122:
40:pyramidal neuron
5110:
5109:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5075:
5074:
5059:
5054:
5038:
5037:
4993:
4982:
4951:10.1038/nrn1809
4935:
4931:
4878:
4874:
4826:
4819:
4756:
4752:
4713:
4709:
4662:
4658:
4603:
4599:
4552:
4548:
4501:
4497:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4435:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4369:
4365:
4334:10.1038/nn.4310
4318:
4314:
4259:
4255:
4246:
4244:
4233:
4226:
4179:
4175:
4128:
4124:
4071:
4067:
4014:
4010:
3977:10.1038/nn.2648
3957:
3953:
3898:
3891:
3836:
3832:
3792:10.1.1.408.4443
3767:
3763:
3757:
3735:
3718:
3670:
3663:
3632:10.1038/nrn3888
3616:
3612:
3557:
3553:
3508:
3504:
3443:
3439:
3400:(12): 744–757.
3386:
3382:
3337:Current Biology
3329:
3325:
3278:
3271:
3224:
3213:
3190:10.1038/nrn1385
3174:
3165:
3133:10.1.1.141.1450
3116:
3107:
3060:
3056:
3001:
2994:
2955:
2948:
2895:
2891:
2854:Cerebral Cortex
2846:
2842:
2835:
2819:
2812:
2775:(2–3): 95–112.
2765:
2761:
2722:
2715:
2659:
2655:
2616:
2612:
2569:
2565:
2528:
2524:
2491:10.1038/nn.2648
2471:
2467:
2414:
2407:
2354:
2347:
2308:
2299:
2262:
2258:
2205:
2194:
2139:
2135:
2090:
2083:
2030:
2023:
1976:
1972:
1925:
1921:
1890:10.1038/nrn3888
1874:
1870:
1831:
1818:
1763:
1759:
1714:
1710:
1649:
1645:
1592:
1588:
1543:
1539:
1508:10.1038/nn.4650
1491:
1485:
1478:
1417:
1410:
1371:
1362:
1323:
1304:
1257:
1253:
1213:10.1.1.463.1315
1196:
1192:
1139:
1135:
1104:
1100:
1061:
1057:
1004:
1000:
953:
944:
928:10.1038/514153a
899:
895:
856:
849:
839:
837:
833:
827:
823:
814:
812:
804:
803:
799:
752:
737:
692:
688:
681:
667:
663:
659:
631:
590:
574:
565:
560:
547:common marmoset
539:
526:
503:
486:
461:
455:
439:
433:
424:
416:episodic memory
412:
410:Episodic memory
380:
378:Movement inputs
368:radial arm maze
356:
347:
329:
298:Anatomy of the
288:
274:radial arm maze
269:
253:
247:
229:
200:
195:
171:
113:
107:extracellularly
98:
86:May-Britt Moser
76:was awarded to
63:episodic memory
17:
12:
11:
5:
5108:
5098:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5073:
5072:
5058:
5057:External links
5055:
5053:
5052:
4980:
4929:
4892:(8): 963–978.
4872:
4837:(4): 378–392.
4817:
4750:
4707:
4656:
4597:
4546:
4511:(1): 194–198.
4495:
4460:(4): 467–480.
4444:
4420:
4363:
4328:(7): 952–958.
4312:
4253:
4224:
4195:10.1038/nn1829
4189:(2): 224–233.
4173:
4122:
4065:
4008:
3951:
3889:
3830:
3761:
3755:
3716:
3681:(8): 991–996.
3661:
3610:
3551:
3502:
3437:
3380:
3343:(1): R37–R50.
3323:
3288:(6): 738–746.
3269:
3211:
3184:(5): 368–369.
3163:
3126:(9): 716–729.
3105:
3054:
2992:
2946:
2889:
2860:(2): 423–432.
2840:
2833:
2810:
2759:
2713:
2653:
2626:(9): 775–785.
2610:
2563:
2542:(3): 707–715.
2522:
2465:
2405:
2368:(5): 734–744.
2345:
2297:
2276:(3): 221–227.
2256:
2192:
2133:
2104:(7): 1951–68.
2081:
2044:(9): 469–477.
2021:
1970:
1935:(4): 419–439.
1919:
1868:
1841:(2): 201–218.
1816:
1777:(1): 343–350.
1757:
1708:
1643:
1606:(3): 136–145.
1586:
1557:(2): 490–509.
1537:
1476:
1408:
1381:(4): 352–364.
1360:
1302:
1267:(2): 193–205.
1251:
1206:(2): 180–192.
1190:
1133:
1114:(3): 484–507.
1098:
1071:(4): 487–533.
1055:
1018:(2): 209–226.
998:
942:
893:
866:(1): 171–175.
860:Brain Research
847:
821:
810:Nobelprize.org
797:
762:(9): 775–785.
735:
686:
680:978-0198572060
679:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
648:
643:
638:
630:
627:
611:NMDA receptors
589:
586:
578:spatial memory
576:Problems with
573:
570:
564:
561:
559:
556:
538:
535:
525:
522:
502:
499:
485:
482:
457:Main article:
454:
451:
432:
429:
423:
420:
411:
408:
379:
376:
355:
352:
346:
343:
328:
325:
287:
284:
268:
267:Directionality
265:
249:Main article:
246:
243:
236:remapping and
228:
225:
199:
196:
194:
191:
170:
167:
136:misplace units
97:
94:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5107:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5070:
5065:
5061:
5060:
5048:
5042:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4876:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4711:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4455:
4448:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4367:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4229:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4126:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3896:
3894:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3626:(2): 94–108.
3625:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3506:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3327:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
2999:
2997:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2951:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2817:
2815:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2718:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2318:(3): 317–30.
2317:
2313:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2270:Psychobiology
2267:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2026:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:(2): 94–108.
1883:
1879:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
963:(1): 78–109.
962:
958:
951:
949:
947:
938:
934:
929:
924:
920:
916:
913:(7521): 153.
912:
908:
904:
897:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
832:
825:
811:
807:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
731:
727:
722:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
690:
682:
676:
672:
665:
661:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
636:
633:
632:
626:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
599:
596:
585:
583:
579:
569:
555:
552:
548:
544:
534:
531:
521:
519:
514:
512:
507:
494:
490:
484:Model animals
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
460:
450:
448:
444:
443:dentate gyrus
438:
428:
419:
417:
407:
405:
401:
393:
389:
384:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
342:
339:
334:
324:
322:
318:
309:
308:dentate gyrus
305:
301:
296:
292:
286:Sensory input
283:
280:
275:
264:
262:
258:
252:
242:
239:
235:
220:
216:
214:
210:
205:
186:
182:
180:
176:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
143:
141:
140:cognitive map
137:
132:
111:
108:
104:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
59:
55:
53:
52:cognitive map
49:
45:
41:
38:is a kind of
37:
28:
23:
19:
5041:cite journal
5004:
5000:
4945:(1): 30–40.
4942:
4938:
4932:
4889:
4885:
4875:
4834:
4830:
4767:
4763:
4753:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4672:(1): 88–93.
4669:
4665:
4659:
4614:
4611:PLOS Biology
4610:
4600:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4457:
4453:
4447:
4436:. Retrieved
4432:
4423:
4380:
4376:
4366:
4325:
4321:
4315:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4245:. Retrieved
4240:
4186:
4182:
4176:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4082:
4078:
4068:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3909:
3905:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3774:
3770:
3764:
3738:
3678:
3674:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3285:
3281:
3235:
3231:
3181:
3177:
3123:
3119:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3012:
3008:
2965:(1): 36–43.
2962:
2958:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2823:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2732:(1): 64–76.
2729:
2725:
2671:
2667:
2656:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2580:
2576:
2566:
2539:
2535:
2525:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2425:
2421:
2365:
2361:
2315:
2311:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2216:
2212:
2150:
2146:
2136:
2101:
2097:
2041:
2037:
1986:(1): 41–49.
1983:
1979:
1973:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1838:
1834:
1774:
1770:
1760:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1499:
1495:
1428:
1424:
1378:
1374:
1333:(1): 69–89.
1330:
1326:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1015:
1011:
1001:
960:
956:
910:
906:
896:
863:
859:
840:September 7,
838:. Retrieved
824:
813:. Retrieved
809:
800:
759:
755:
703:
699:
689:
670:
664:
623:
600:
591:
575:
566:
540:
527:
515:
508:
504:
487:
462:
440:
425:
413:
397:
357:
348:
337:
332:
330:
313:
289:
270:
254:
237:
233:
230:
201:
198:Place fields
172:
152:
144:
135:
131:place units.
130:
128:
99:
78:John O'Keefe
71:
60:
56:
35:
33:
18:
5069:Place cells
4886:Hippocampus
4831:Hippocampus
4666:Hippocampus
4454:Hippocampus
3675:Hippocampus
3120:Hippocampus
2959:Hippocampus
2726:Hippocampus
2620:Hippocampus
2312:Hippocampus
1663:(1): 5685.
1375:Hippocampus
1261:Hippocampus
1200:Hippocampus
907:Nature News
756:Hippocampus
511:chinchillas
257:theta waves
213:allocentric
48:place field
44:hippocampus
5079:Categories
4438:2020-01-03
4247:2020-01-03
4138:(3): 122.
3571:: 203462.
2909:(1): 839.
2674:: e44487.
815:2014-10-06
657:References
641:Grid cells
607:antagonist
474:prediction
435:See also:
404:grid cells
338:contextual
306:(EC), the
193:Properties
175:grid cells
162:Grid cells
96:Background
90:grid cells
36:place cell
30:potential.
4959:1471-0048
4906:1098-1063
4851:1098-1063
4794:0027-8424
4717:Neurology
4686:1098-1063
4633:1545-7885
4576:0304-3940
4562:: 32–37.
4525:0304-3940
4474:1098-1063
4407:0036-8075
4342:1546-1726
4291:0036-8075
4203:1546-1726
4152:1471-0048
4109:0036-8075
4042:0270-6474
3985:1546-1726
3928:1662-5102
3868:0036-8075
3809:1476-4687
3787:CiteSeerX
3695:1098-1063
3640:1471-0048
3587:2090-5904
3479:0028-0836
3414:1471-0048
3357:0960-9822
3302:0959-4388
3128:CiteSeerX
3084:0953-816X
3031:1662-5145
2789:2191-0200
2690:2050-084X
2499:1546-1726
2442:0270-6474
2382:0959-4388
2292:0889-6313
2233:0270-6474
2169:1662-5153
2060:0166-2236
2000:1432-1106
1949:0301-0082
1898:1471-0048
1685:2041-1723
1620:0166-2236
1573:0896-6273
1532:205441266
1516:1546-1726
1453:0028-0836
1281:1098-1063
1230:1098-1063
1208:CiteSeerX
1167:0270-6474
1093:616519952
1085:144038992
1034:0896-6273
977:0014-4886
880:0006-8993
792:621877128
603:memantine
364:Bilateral
321:olfactory
227:Remapping
147:landmarks
72:The 2014
5033:20802800
4967:16371948
4924:24752989
4859:28032686
4812:18505838
4745:23800745
4737:17785667
4702:12921247
4694:10706220
4651:31815940
4592:72332794
4584:30738872
4541:27398046
4482:10495028
4433:phys.org
4415:29326274
4358:23242606
4350:27239936
4307:21953971
4299:23599496
4211:17220886
4160:29386614
4117:29326273
4060:19923286
4003:20890294
3946:30297987
3884:15611758
3817:12968182
3711:35411577
3703:16108028
3656:18397443
3648:25601780
3605:21918724
3546:52092903
3538:30146305
3497:21179088
3432:30356103
3375:29316421
3310:16263261
3264:24198767
3198:15100719
3150:16897724
3100:10675209
3049:24926239
2987:10344864
2979:19405142
2941:29483530
2884:24008582
2797:10718148
2754:34908637
2746:10706218
2708:30822270
2640:17615579
2605:41211033
2597:21395871
2558:10774737
2517:20890294
2400:21820895
2251:14523083
2187:29354038
2076:17019065
2068:18687478
1914:18397443
1906:25601780
1863:36456584
1855:15172764
1703:31831749
1638:24485517
1581:30359611
1524:28967910
1471:28358077
1395:10495018
1355:16036900
1347:18284371
1297:31246290
1238:15098724
1185:12122084
1128:21299273
1089:ProQuest
1042:10399928
937:25297415
788:ProQuest
776:17615579
730:11356888
629:See also
619:encoding
537:Primates
478:learning
370:and the
5090:Neurons
5024:2928699
4975:1784238
4915:4456091
4867:2904174
4803:2396558
4772:Bibcode
4642:6922474
4533:2020375
4490:7685147
4385:Bibcode
4377:Science
4271:Bibcode
4263:Science
4219:9181649
4168:3267792
4087:Bibcode
4079:Science
4051:2821030
3994:2967725
3937:6160568
3912:: 332.
3876:8351520
3848:Bibcode
3840:Science
3825:1673654
3779:Bibcode
3596:3171894
3488:3104398
3459:Bibcode
3423:6794196
3366:5847173
3318:9770011
3255:3812781
3206:7728258
3092:8563970
3040:4046575
2932:5827522
2911:Bibcode
2875:4380081
2805:1952601
2699:6397000
2648:3141473
2508:2967725
2460:7996172
2451:6576887
2391:3223517
2340:6539236
2332:8353611
2242:6740394
2178:5758554
2153:: 253.
2128:3612226
2119:6568940
2016:6193356
2008:6628596
1965:8022838
1811:8990211
1779:Bibcode
1752:9770226
1743:1692339
1694:6908717
1665:Bibcode
1629:3945817
1462:5492514
1433:Bibcode
1403:1961703
1289:1669293
1246:1646974
1176:6757929
1050:8518920
993:1113367
985:1261644
915:Bibcode
888:5124915
784:3141473
721:6762702
518:Science
501:Rodents
392:vectors
238:partial
42:in the
5031:
5021:
4973:
4965:
4957:
4922:
4912:
4904:
4865:
4857:
4849:
4810:
4800:
4792:
4743:
4735:
4700:
4692:
4684:
4649:
4639:
4631:
4590:
4582:
4574:
4539:
4531:
4523:
4488:
4480:
4472:
4413:
4405:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4305:
4297:
4289:
4217:
4209:
4201:
4166:
4158:
4150:
4115:
4107:
4058:
4048:
4040:
4001:
3991:
3983:
3944:
3934:
3926:
3882:
3874:
3866:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3789:
3771:Nature
3753:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3654:
3646:
3638:
3603:
3593:
3585:
3544:
3536:
3516:Neuron
3495:
3485:
3477:
3451:Nature
3430:
3420:
3412:
3373:
3363:
3355:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3262:
3252:
3238:: 74.
3204:
3196:
3158:720574
3156:
3148:
3130:
3098:
3090:
3082:
3047:
3037:
3029:
3015:: 38.
2985:
2977:
2939:
2929:
2882:
2872:
2831:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2752:
2744:
2706:
2696:
2688:
2646:
2638:
2603:
2595:
2556:
2536:Neuron
2515:
2505:
2497:
2458:
2448:
2440:
2398:
2388:
2380:
2338:
2330:
2290:
2249:
2239:
2231:
2185:
2175:
2167:
2126:
2116:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1963:
1957:396576
1955:
1947:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1861:
1853:
1809:
1799:
1750:
1740:
1701:
1691:
1683:
1636:
1626:
1618:
1579:
1571:
1551:Neuron
1530:
1522:
1514:
1469:
1459:
1451:
1425:Nature
1401:
1393:
1353:
1345:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1244:
1236:
1228:
1210:
1183:
1173:
1165:
1126:
1091:
1083:
1048:
1040:
1032:
1012:Neuron
991:
983:
975:
935:
886:
878:
790:
782:
774:
728:
718:
677:
333:metric
234:global
209:bursts
82:Edvard
67:replay
5007:: 1.
4971:S2CID
4863:S2CID
4741:S2CID
4698:S2CID
4588:S2CID
4537:S2CID
4486:S2CID
4354:S2CID
4303:S2CID
4215:S2CID
4164:S2CID
3880:S2CID
3821:S2CID
3707:S2CID
3652:S2CID
3542:S2CID
3314:S2CID
3202:S2CID
3154:S2CID
3096:S2CID
2983:S2CID
2801:S2CID
2750:S2CID
2668:eLife
2644:S2CID
2601:S2CID
2336:S2CID
2072:S2CID
2012:S2CID
1961:S2CID
1910:S2CID
1859:S2CID
1802:19339
1528:S2CID
1492:(PDF)
1399:S2CID
1351:S2CID
1293:S2CID
1242:S2CID
1081:S2CID
1046:S2CID
989:S2CID
834:(PDF)
780:S2CID
605:, an
588:Aging
125:cell.
5047:link
5029:PMID
4963:PMID
4955:ISSN
4920:PMID
4902:ISSN
4855:PMID
4847:ISSN
4808:PMID
4790:ISSN
4733:PMID
4690:PMID
4682:ISSN
4647:PMID
4629:ISSN
4580:PMID
4572:ISSN
4529:PMID
4521:ISSN
4478:PMID
4470:ISSN
4411:PMID
4403:ISSN
4346:PMID
4338:ISSN
4295:PMID
4287:ISSN
4207:PMID
4199:ISSN
4156:PMID
4148:ISSN
4113:PMID
4105:ISSN
4056:PMID
4038:ISSN
3999:PMID
3981:ISSN
3942:PMID
3924:ISSN
3872:PMID
3864:ISSN
3813:PMID
3805:ISSN
3751:ISBN
3699:PMID
3691:ISSN
3644:PMID
3636:ISSN
3601:PMID
3583:ISSN
3569:2011
3534:PMID
3493:PMID
3475:ISSN
3428:PMID
3410:ISSN
3371:PMID
3353:ISSN
3306:PMID
3298:ISSN
3260:PMID
3194:PMID
3146:PMID
3088:PMID
3080:ISSN
3045:PMID
3027:ISSN
2975:PMID
2937:PMID
2880:PMID
2829:ISBN
2793:PMID
2785:ISSN
2742:PMID
2704:PMID
2686:ISSN
2636:PMID
2593:PMID
2554:PMID
2513:PMID
2495:ISSN
2456:PMID
2438:ISSN
2396:PMID
2378:ISSN
2328:PMID
2288:ISSN
2247:PMID
2229:ISSN
2183:PMID
2165:ISSN
2124:PMID
2064:PMID
2056:ISSN
2004:PMID
1996:ISSN
1953:PMID
1945:ISSN
1902:PMID
1894:ISSN
1851:PMID
1807:PMID
1748:PMID
1699:PMID
1681:ISSN
1634:PMID
1616:ISSN
1577:PMID
1569:ISSN
1520:PMID
1512:ISSN
1467:PMID
1449:ISSN
1391:PMID
1343:PMID
1285:PMID
1277:ISSN
1234:PMID
1226:ISSN
1181:PMID
1163:ISSN
1124:PMID
1038:PMID
1030:ISSN
981:PMID
973:ISSN
933:PMID
884:PMID
876:ISSN
842:2018
772:PMID
726:PMID
675:ISBN
545:and
524:Bats
476:and
468:and
84:and
5019:PMC
5009:doi
4947:doi
4910:PMC
4894:doi
4839:doi
4798:PMC
4780:doi
4768:105
4725:doi
4674:doi
4637:PMC
4619:doi
4564:doi
4560:701
4513:doi
4509:121
4462:doi
4393:doi
4381:359
4330:doi
4279:doi
4267:340
4191:doi
4140:doi
4095:doi
4083:359
4046:PMC
4030:doi
3989:PMC
3973:doi
3932:PMC
3914:doi
3856:doi
3844:261
3797:doi
3775:425
3743:doi
3683:doi
3628:doi
3591:PMC
3573:doi
3524:doi
3483:PMC
3467:doi
3455:469
3418:PMC
3402:doi
3361:PMC
3345:doi
3290:doi
3250:PMC
3240:doi
3186:doi
3138:doi
3072:doi
3035:PMC
3017:doi
2967:doi
2927:PMC
2919:doi
2870:PMC
2862:doi
2777:doi
2734:doi
2694:PMC
2676:doi
2628:doi
2585:doi
2544:doi
2503:PMC
2487:doi
2446:PMC
2430:doi
2386:PMC
2370:doi
2320:doi
2278:doi
2237:PMC
2221:doi
2173:PMC
2155:doi
2114:PMC
2106:doi
2046:doi
1988:doi
1937:doi
1886:doi
1843:doi
1797:PMC
1787:doi
1738:PMC
1730:doi
1726:353
1689:PMC
1673:doi
1624:PMC
1608:doi
1559:doi
1555:100
1504:doi
1457:PMC
1441:doi
1429:543
1383:doi
1335:doi
1269:doi
1218:doi
1171:PMC
1155:doi
1116:doi
1112:137
1073:doi
1020:doi
965:doi
923:doi
911:514
868:doi
764:doi
716:PMC
708:doi
595:CA3
27:CA1
5081::
5043:}}
5039:{{
5027:.
5017:.
5003:.
4999:.
4983:^
4969:.
4961:.
4953:.
4941:.
4918:.
4908:.
4900:.
4890:24
4888:.
4884:.
4861:.
4853:.
4845:.
4835:27
4833:.
4820:^
4806:.
4796:.
4788:.
4778:.
4766:.
4762:.
4739:.
4731:.
4721:69
4719:.
4696:.
4688:.
4680:.
4670:10
4668:.
4645:.
4635:.
4627:.
4615:17
4613:.
4609:.
4586:.
4578:.
4570:.
4558:.
4535:.
4527:.
4519:.
4507:.
4484:.
4476:.
4468:.
4456:.
4431:.
4409:.
4401:.
4391:.
4379:.
4375:.
4352:.
4344:.
4336:.
4326:19
4324:.
4301:.
4293:.
4285:.
4277:.
4265:.
4239:.
4227:^
4213:.
4205:.
4197:.
4187:10
4185:.
4162:.
4154:.
4146:.
4136:19
4134:.
4111:.
4103:.
4093:.
4081:.
4077:.
4054:.
4044:.
4036:.
4026:29
4024:.
4020:.
3997:.
3987:.
3979:.
3969:13
3967:.
3963:.
3940:.
3930:.
3922:.
3910:12
3908:.
3904:.
3892:^
3878:.
3870:.
3862:.
3854:.
3842:.
3819:.
3811:.
3803:.
3795:.
3785:.
3773:.
3749:,
3719:^
3705:.
3697:.
3689:.
3679:15
3677:.
3664:^
3650:.
3642:.
3634:.
3624:16
3622:.
3599:.
3589:.
3581:.
3567:.
3563:.
3540:.
3532:.
3520:99
3518:.
3514:.
3491:.
3481:.
3473:.
3465:.
3453:.
3449:.
3426:.
3416:.
3408:.
3398:19
3396:.
3392:.
3369:.
3359:.
3351:.
3341:28
3339:.
3335:.
3312:.
3304:.
3296:.
3286:15
3272:^
3258:.
3248:.
3234:.
3230:.
3214:^
3200:.
3192:.
3180:.
3166:^
3152:.
3144:.
3136:.
3124:16
3122:.
3108:^
3094:.
3086:.
3078:.
3066:.
3043:.
3033:.
3025:.
3011:.
3007:.
2995:^
2981:.
2973:.
2963:20
2961:.
2949:^
2935:.
2925:.
2917:.
2905:.
2901:.
2878:.
2868:.
2858:25
2856:.
2852:.
2813:^
2799:.
2791:.
2783:.
2773:11
2771:.
2748:.
2740:.
2730:10
2728:.
2716:^
2702:.
2692:.
2684:.
2670:.
2666:.
2642:.
2634:.
2624:17
2622:.
2599:.
2591:.
2581:33
2579:.
2575:.
2552:.
2540:25
2538:.
2534:.
2511:.
2501:.
2493:.
2483:13
2481:.
2477:.
2454:.
2444:.
2436:.
2426:14
2424:.
2420:.
2408:^
2394:.
2384:.
2376:.
2366:21
2364:.
2360:.
2348:^
2334:.
2326:.
2314:.
2300:^
2286:.
2274:17
2272:.
2268:.
2245:.
2235:.
2227:.
2217:23
2215:.
2211:.
2195:^
2181:.
2171:.
2163:.
2151:11
2149:.
2145:.
2122:.
2112:.
2100:.
2096:.
2084:^
2070:.
2062:.
2054:.
2042:31
2040:.
2036:.
2024:^
2010:.
2002:.
1994:.
1984:52
1982:.
1959:.
1951:.
1943:.
1933:13
1931:.
1908:.
1900:.
1892:.
1882:16
1880:.
1857:.
1849:.
1839:28
1837:.
1819:^
1805:.
1795:.
1785:.
1775:94
1773:.
1769:.
1746:.
1736:.
1724:.
1720:.
1697:.
1687:.
1679:.
1671:.
1661:10
1659:.
1655:.
1632:.
1622:.
1614:.
1604:37
1602:.
1598:.
1575:.
1567:.
1553:.
1549:.
1526:.
1518:.
1510:.
1500:20
1498:.
1494:.
1479:^
1465:.
1455:.
1447:.
1439:.
1427:.
1423:.
1411:^
1397:.
1389:.
1377:.
1363:^
1349:.
1341:.
1331:31
1329:.
1305:^
1291:.
1283:.
1275:.
1263:.
1240:.
1232:.
1224:.
1216:.
1204:14
1202:.
1179:.
1169:.
1161:.
1151:22
1149:.
1145:.
1122:.
1110:.
1087:.
1079:.
1067:.
1044:.
1036:.
1028:.
1016:23
1014:.
1010:.
987:.
979:.
971:.
961:51
959:.
945:^
931:.
921:.
909:.
905:.
882:.
874:.
864:34
862:.
850:^
808:.
786:.
778:.
770:.
760:17
758:.
738:^
724:.
714:.
704:21
702:.
698:.
513:.
480:.
374:.
92:.
34:A
5049:)
5035:.
5011::
5005:2
4977:.
4949::
4943:7
4926:.
4896::
4869:.
4841::
4814:.
4782::
4774::
4747:.
4727::
4704:.
4676::
4653:.
4621::
4594:.
4566::
4543:.
4515::
4492:.
4464::
4458:9
4441:.
4417:.
4395::
4387::
4360:.
4332::
4309:.
4281::
4273::
4250:.
4221:.
4193::
4170:.
4142::
4119:.
4097::
4089::
4062:.
4032::
4005:.
3975::
3948:.
3916::
3886:.
3858::
3850::
3827:.
3799::
3781::
3745::
3713:.
3685::
3658:.
3630::
3607:.
3575::
3548:.
3526::
3499:.
3469::
3461::
3434:.
3404::
3377:.
3347::
3320:.
3292::
3266:.
3242::
3236:7
3208:.
3188::
3182:5
3160:.
3140::
3102:.
3074::
3068:7
3051:.
3019::
3013:8
2989:.
2969::
2943:.
2921::
2913::
2907:9
2886:.
2864::
2837:.
2807:.
2779::
2756:.
2736::
2710:.
2678::
2672:8
2650:.
2630::
2607:.
2587::
2560:.
2546::
2519:.
2489::
2462:.
2432::
2402:.
2372::
2342:.
2322::
2316:3
2294:.
2280::
2253:.
2223::
2189:.
2157::
2130:.
2108::
2102:7
2078:.
2048::
2018:.
1990::
1967:.
1939::
1916:.
1888::
1865:.
1845::
1813:.
1789::
1781::
1754:.
1732::
1705:.
1675::
1667::
1640:.
1610::
1583:.
1561::
1534:.
1506::
1473:.
1443::
1435::
1405:.
1385::
1379:9
1357:.
1337::
1299:.
1271::
1265:1
1248:.
1220::
1187:.
1157::
1130:.
1118::
1095:.
1075::
1069:2
1052:.
1022::
995:.
967::
939:.
925::
917::
890:.
870::
844:.
818:.
794:.
766::
732:.
710::
683:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
