56:
Samuelson also found when they switched some already-visited arms into as yet unvisited locations partway through a trial, that the rats tended to visit as-yet unvisited locations even when doing so meant running down arms that had already been traversed, and tended to avoid arms that had not yet been traversed but were now in previously visited locations. It therefore seems that in remembering locations on the radial arm maze, rats do not rely on local intra-maze cues, but rather on extra-maze cues.
17:
95:
The radial arm maze has also been use for several studies in children and adults. A particular study led by L. Mandolesi used subjects with
William's Syndrome (WS) because of the interest placed on their cognitive profile. There is a dissociation between spatial processing and visuo-object processing
55:
Olton and
Samuelson found that rats have excellent memories for visited and unvisited arms; they made, on average, about 7.0 novel entries in their first 8 choices, and thus were 88% correct. Chance performance with eight arms would be 5.3 novel entries in the first 8 choices (66% correct). Olton and
68:
of animals. For example, Olton and colleagues found that performance declined only slightly to 82% novel entries in the first 17 entries on a 17-arm maze. Roberts found no decline in the percentage of correct choices as the number of arms on a radial maze were increased from 8 to 16 and then to 24.
36:
in rats. The original apparatus consists of eight equidistantly spaced arms, each about 4 feet long, and all radiating from a small circular central platform (later versions have used as few as three and as many as 48 arms). At the end of each arm there is a food site, the contents of which are not
44:. Reference memory is assessed when the rats only visit the arms of the maze which contains the reward. The failure to do so will result in reference memory error. Working memory is assessed when the rats enter each arm a single time. Re-entry into the arms would result in a working memory error.
47:
The design ensures that, after checking for food at the end of each arm, the rat is always forced to return to the central platform before making another choice. As a result, the rat always has eight possible options. Elaborate controls are used to ensure that the rats are not simply using their
76:
In another experiment, it was shown that subjects with
Williams syndrome performed significantly worse compared to control subjects in multiple parameters such as visuo-spatial memory, general spatial function, and procedural competence.
72:
In one experiment utilizing the radial arm maze, it was shown that spatial relations among hidden target sites control spatial decisions that rats make and are unrelated to visual or perceptual cues that are related to certain locations.
104:
Various different types of mazes are used to assess memory. It is believed that performance of animals in one type of maze cannot be generalized to other mazes because all mazes require animals to utilize a different set of skills.
91:
The radial arm maze has shown to be practicable to investigate how drugs affect memory performance. It has also been shown to be useful in distinguishing the cognitive effects of an array of toxicants.
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Cole and
Chappell-Stephenson, using a radial maze with food locations ranging from 8 to 48, estimated the limit of spatial memory in rats to be between 24 and 32 locations.
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Mandolesi, L.; Addona, F.; Foti, F.; Menghini, F.; Petrosini, L.; Vicari, S. (2009). "Spatial competences in
Williams syndrome: a radial arm maze study".
253:
E. Tarragon, L. Lopez, F. Ros-Bernal, J.E. Yuste, V. Ortiz-Cullera, E. Martin, E. Schenker, F. Aujard, R.Bordet, J.C. Richardson, M.T. Herrero,
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L. Mandolesi; F. Addona; F. Foti; D. Menghini; L. Petrosini; S. Vicari, "Spatial competences in
Williams syndrome: a radial arm maze study",
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Lenck-Santini PP, Save E, Poucet B (2001). "Place-cell firing does not depend on the direction of turn in a Y-maze alternation task".
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suggests that in WS subjects spatial functions are more severely impaired than visuo-perceptual ones. This is what RAM tests for.
504:
430:
255:"The Radial Arm Maze (RAM) for the Evaluation of Working and Reference Memory Deficits in the Diurnal Rodent Octodon degus."
425:. Cambridge Handbooks in Behavioral Genetics. Vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 299–303.
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451:"Learning spatial orientation tasks in the radial-maze and structural variation in the hippocampus in inbred mice"
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The maze has since been used extensively by researchers interested in studying the spatial learning and
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Olton, D.S; Collison, C.; Werz, M.A. (1977). "Spatial memory and radial arm maze performance of rats".
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Two types of memory that are assessed during the performance in this task are reference memory and
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138:
Olton, D.S.; Samuelson, R.J. (1976). "Remembrance of places passed: Spatial memory in rats".
417:; Schwegler, Herbert (2013). "Chapter 29: Radial maze". In Crusio, Wim E.; Sluyter, Frans;
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A simple homemade eight-arm radial arm maze with sidewalls to prevent interarm traverses
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84:. These differences appear to be correlated with the size of a part of the hippocampal
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Hodges, H. (1995). "Maze
Procedures: the radial-arm and water maze compared".
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Levin, ED (1988). "Psychopharmacological effects in the radial-arm maze".
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Roberts, W.A. (1979). "Spatial memory in the rat on a hierarchical maze".
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52:, either to sense unclaimed food objects or to sense their own tracks.
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In mice, large differences in learning ability exist among different
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213:"Exploring the limits of spatial memory using very large mazes"
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes
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was designed by Olton and
Samuelson in 1976 to measure
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International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience
330:"Spatial pattern learning in the radial arm maze"
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211:Cole, M.R.; Chappell-Stephenson, Robyn (2003).
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328:Brown, Michael F.; Gary W. Guimetti (2006).
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505:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
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37:visible from the central platform.
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258:Proceedings of Measuring Behavior
423:Behavioral Genetics of the Mouse
179:10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01481.x
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421:; Pietropaolo, Susanna (eds.).
456:Behavioral and Brain Functions
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385:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.01.004
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1:
518:10.1016/S0149-7634(88)80008-3
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577:10.1016/0926-6410(96)00004-3
315:10.1016/0023-9690(79)90040-7
286:10.1016/0023-9690(77)90054-6
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553:, May 2009, 27 (3), 205-213
449:& H. Schwegler (2005).
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10:
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373:Int. J. Devl Neuroscience
302:Learning & Motivation
273:Learning & Motivation
565:Cognitive Brain Research
152:10.1037/0097-7403.2.2.97
609:Behavioral neuroscience
335:Learning & Behavior
218:Learning & Behavior
115:Spontaneous alternation
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470:10.1186/1744-9081-1-3
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604:Animal testing mazes
349:10.3758/BF03192875
232:10.3758/BF03195996
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432:978-1-107-03481-5
419:Gerlai, Robert T.
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571:(3–4): 167–181.
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379:(3): 205–213.
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342:(1): 102–108.
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309:(2): 117–140.
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280:(3): 289–314.
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225:(4): 349–368.
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512:(2): 169–75.
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