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could be resold at higher prices, while other supplies, such as tackle and food, were kept to maintain the ship and its crew. Occasionally they found jewels, gold, and other precious metals. While pirate life was dangerous, and crews were constantly on the move to avoid capture, little historical evidence suggests that they buried their treasure. Of course, there might have been a few exceptions, such as needing to hide or stash loot somewhere safe, quickly, with the intent of returning later to retrieve it, if they were being pursued; however, burying treasure was too risky, and pirates were more apt to quickly spend their cash or sell their loot to buy provisions. The myth of buried treasure likely stemmed from the adventures of
Captain Kidd, who was rumored to have buried his treasure.
617:
were considered to be legally binding, and there were swift and severe consequences for those that broke them. There was, however, no official hierarchy, and every vote carried equal weight in establishing these codes. The captain’s authority was not absolute, though the articles might have been influenced by his leadership style and the crew’s goals and experiences. The captain’s primary duties included navigation and deciding when to engage in naval warfare. The quartermaster was responsible for overseeing daily operations. The Jolly Roger, the skull and crossbones on a black flag, provided a symbol that connected the pirates under a single brotherhood.
20:
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664:“self-organization of sailors from below” during the 17th century. Braithwaite noted that these sailors did not possess “much civility; the sea hath taught him other rhetoric…” referring to them as tough, crude and stupid but acknowledging their significance and contributions within the hydrarchy. Life was always complex onboard ship and during this time, the emergence of resistance and revolution at sea challenged the rise of capitalism and imperialism.
92:
2308:
75:, among others, looking for wealth at any cost; once aboard a seafaring vessel, the group would draw-up their own ship- and crew-specific code (or articles), which listed and described the crew's policies surrounding pirate behavior (such as drunkenness, fighting, and interaction with females) and the associated disciplinary action, should a code be violated. Failing to honor the code could get a pirate
195:, were especially likely to be forced to sign articles under duress, and would rarely be released regardless of their decision to sign or not. In some cases, even willing recruits would ask the pirates to pretend to force them to sign, so that they could plead they were forced should they ever be captured by the law. Generally, men who had not signed the articles had a much better chance of
79:, whipped, beaten, or even executed (such as one article described, for merely allowing a female aboard their ship). For less serious violations, a pirate may have been temporarily denied equal food rations, or made to clean or maintain parts of the ship for a time. Primarily, these articles were designed to keep order aboard the ship, avoid dissension or
625:
Pirates established articles of conduct which were more democratic than those of naval or merchant marines, though the punishments for violating them were brutal. A common form of punishment was being marooned. Execution by hanging was another common practice. Walking the plank was seldom used, as it
616:
The pirate articles were not codes of chivalry, they were established to keep things running smoothly and peacefully onboard the ship. The first and most important step after a ship was acquired, either through mutiny or seizure, was to organize the code of conduct the sailors would follow. The codes
597:
V. "In the prizes they take, it is severely prohibited to every one to usurp anything, in particular to themselves. ... Yea, they make a solemn oath to each other not to abscond, or conceal the least thing they find amongst the prey. If afterwards any one is found unfaithful, who has contravened the
589:
III. A standard compensation is provided for maimed and mutilated buccaneers. "Thus they order for the loss of a right arm six hundred pieces of eight, or six slaves ; for the loss of a left arm five hundred pieces of eight, or five slaves ; for a right leg five hundred pieces of eight, or
570:
Exquemelin writes that the buccaneers "agree on certain articles, which are put in writing, by way of bond or obligation, which every one is bound to observe, and all of them, or the chief, set their hands to it." Although
Exquemelin does not number the articles, the following approximately reflects
326:
VIII. No striking one another on board, but every man's quarrels to be ended on shore, at sword and pistol. (The quarter-master of the ship, when the parties will not come to any reconciliation, accompanies them on shore with what assistance he thinks proper, and turns the disputant back to back, at
638:
Pirate code stated that goods taken from another ship during a raid were to be fairly distributed among the crew. The ambition of piracy was to become rich, and pirates accumulated wealth through cash and goods plundered from other ships. Precious commodities like tobacco, wine, spices and textiles
607:
Over the years, the pirate life has been romanticized in fictional works of literature and film. From parrots sitting on sailors’ shoulders, and treasure maps leading to buried treasure with “X” marking the spot, pirates have been the inspiration for many nautical tales. Scholars have attempted to
143:
that, among other things, governed conduct of the crew. These "articles of agreement" became authority independent of any nation, and were variously called the Chasse-Partie, Charter Party, Custom of the Coast, or
Jamaica Discipline. In retrospect, these became known as the Pirate's Code. Pirate
593:
IV. Shares of booty are provided as follows: "the
Captain, or chief Commander, is allotted five or six portions to what the ordinary seamen have ; the Master's Mate only two ; and Officers proportionate to their employment. After whom they draw equal parts from the highest even to the
319:
VI. No boy or woman to be allowed amongst them. If any man were to be found seducing any of the latter sex, and carried her to sea, disguised, he was to suffer death; (so that when any fell into their hands, as it chanced in the Onslow, they put a sentinel immediately over her to prevent ill
484:
IV. If any Gold, Jewels, Silver, &c. be found on Board of any Prize or Prizes to the value of a Piece of Eight, & the finder do not deliver it to the
Quarter Master in the space of 24 hours he shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
663:
Scholars Peter
Linebaugh and Marcus Rediker examine and discuss hydrarchy, which was a term devised by writer Richard Braithwaite to describe two significant changes which were the formalization of maritime law or “maritime state from above,” and the establishment of mariners’ codes or
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IX. No man to talk of breaking up their way of living, till each had shared one thousand pounds . If in order to this, any man should lose a limb, or become a cripple in their service, he was to have eight hundred dollars, out of the public stock, and for lesser hurts, proportionately.
858:
Sometimes seamen who volunteered to join the pirates asked the quartermaster to go through the motions of forcing them in the presence of their officers. The quartermaster was happy to oblige and do a blustery piratical turn for them, with much waving of cutlasses and mouthing of
594:
lowest mariner, the boys not being omitted. For even these draw half a share, by reason that, when they happen to take a better vessel than their own, it is the duty of the boys to set fire to the ship or boat wherein they are, and then retire to the prize which they have taken."
297:
I. Every man has a vote in affairs of moment; has equal title to the fresh provisions, or strong liquors, at any time seized, and may use them at pleasure, unless a scarcity (not an uncommon thing among them) makes it necessary, for the good of all, to vote a retrenchment.
320:
consequences from so dangerous an instrument of division and quarrel; but then here lies the roguery; they contend who shall be sentinel, which happens generally to one of the greatest bullies, who, to secure the lady's virtue, will let none lie with her but himself.)
477:
II. He that shall be found guilty of taking up any
Unlawful Weapon on Board the Privateer or any other prize by us taken, so as to Strike or Abuse one another in any regard, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall see fit.
301:
II. Every man to be called fairly in turn, by list, on board of prizes because, (over and above their proper share) they were on these occasions allowed a shift of clothes: but if they defrauded the company to the value of a dollar in plate, jewels, or money,
586:, and rigged the vessel (the latter usually about 150 pieces of eight). A sum for provisions and victuals is specified, usually 200 pieces of eight. A salary and compensation is specified for the surgeon and his medicine chest, usually 250 pieces of eight.
306:
was their punishment. If the robbery was only betwixt one another, they contented themselves with slitting the ears and nose of him that was guilty, and set him on shore, not in an uninhabited place, but somewhere, where he was sure to encounter hardships.
269:
have also survived intact. Part of the reason that few pirate articles have survived is that pirates on the verge of capture or surrender often burned their articles or threw them overboard to prevent the papers being used against them at
327:
so many paces distance; at the word of command, they turn and fire immediately (or else the piece is knocked out of their hands). If both miss, they come to their cutlasses, and then he is declared the victor who draws the first blood.)
226:
Several 17th and 18th century pirates such as
Bartholomew Roberts, John Philips, Edward Low and George Lowther were known to have written articles for piratical rules onboard ships. Lowe’s articles were published in
179:
for officers and on other "affairs of moment", to bear arms, and to his share of the plunder. The articles having been signed, they were then posted in a prominent place, often the door to the captain's cabin.
432:
VII. That Man shall not keep his Arms clean, fit for an
Engagement, or neglect his Business, shall be cut off from his Share, and suffer such other Punishment as the Captain and the Company shall think fit.
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five slaves ; for the left leg four hundred pieces of eight, or four slaves ; for an eye one hundred pieces of eight, or one slave ; for a finger of the hand the same reward as for the eye.
655:, refute the myth that only male pirates ever existed. These women also wore male clothing not to conceal their gender, but to allow for more freedom of movement and more nimble one-on-one combat.
415:
IV. If any time we shall meet another
Marooner that Man shall sign his Articles without the Consent of our Company, shall suffer such Punishment as the Captain and Company shall think fit.
183:
After a piratical cruise began, new recruits from captured ships would sometimes sign the articles, in some cases voluntarily, in other cases under threat of torture or death. Valuable sea
488:
V. He that is found Guilty of Gaming, or Defrauding one another to the value of a Royal of Plate, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
630:, written by Captain Charles Johnson in 1724, contains many accounts which influenced the modern-day perceptions of pirates, and the act of walking the plank is only briefly mentioned.
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V. That every man shall keep his watch night and day; and at the hour of eight in the evening every one shall retire from gaming and drinking, in order to attend his respective station.
538:
III. That no man shall open, or declare to any person or persons, who they are, or what designs they are upon; and any persons so offending shall be punished with immediate death.
313:
IV. The lights and candles to be put out at eight o'clock at night: if any of the crew, after that hour still remained inclined for drinking, they were to do it on the open deck.
491:
VI. He that shall have the Misfortune to lose a Limb in time of Engagement, shall have the Sum of Six hundred pieces of Eight, and remain aboard as long as he shall think fit.
647:
Pirate code dictated that absolutely no women were permitted aboard ships, and violating this code was generally punishable by death. However, female pirates, such as
481:
III. He that shall be found Guilty of Cowardice in the time of engagements, shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and the Majority of the Company shall think fit.
474:
I. The Captain is to have two full Shares; the Quartermaster is to have one Share and one Half; The Doctor, Mate, Gunner and Boatswain, one Share and one Quarter.
2370:
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VI. Every person who shall offend against any of these articles shall be punished with death, or in such other manner as the ship's company shall think proper.
2360:
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V. That Man that shall strike another whilst these Articles are in force, shall receive Moses’ Law (that is, 40 Stripes lacking one) on the bare Back.
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to May 28, 1722, it is probable that both reports are correct and that Low and Lowther shared the same articles, with Low's two extra articles being an
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IX. He that shall be guilty of Drunkenness in time of Engagement shall suffer what Punishment the Captain and Majority of the Company shall think fit.
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articles varied from one captain to another, and sometimes even from one voyage to another, but they were generally alike in including provisions for
575:
I. The fund of all payments under the articles is the stock of what is gotten by the expedition, following the same law as other pirates, that is,
2607:
439:
IX. If at any time you meet with a prudent Woman, that Man that offers to meddle with her, without her Consent, shall suffer present Death.
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214:(though usually far less equally than with pirate articles). Merchant articles and privateering articles can be traced back to Europe in the
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as a physician, and thus his account likely reflects Morgan's articles more accurately than any other privateer or buccaneer of the time.
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buccaneers. Although he does not attribute these articles to any specific buccaneer captain, Exquemelin almost certainly sailed with
3337:
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was already grounded when the articles were written, only days before Gow and his men were captured. The code states as follows:
293:. In turn, Roberts' Articles influenced those of pirates such as Thomas Anstis who served under him and later went their own way.
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II. Compensation is provided the Captain for the use of his ship, and the salary of the carpenter, or shipwright, who mended,
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I. That every man shall obey his commander in all respects, as if the ship was his own, and as if he received monthly wages.
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The Tryals of Thirty-Six Persons for Piracy, Twenty-Eight of them upon Full Evidence were Found Guilty and the Rest Acquitted
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235:, which was also printed in 1723. Nine complete or nearly complete sets of piratical articles have survived, chiefly from
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VIII. If any Man shall lose a Joint in time of an Engagement, shall have 400 Pieces of Eight ; if a Limb, 800.
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XI. The musicians to have rest on the Sabbath Day, but the other six days and nights, none without special favour.
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Pirate articles are closely related to, and were derived from, ship's articles of the time, especially those of
159:, but John Phillips' men, lacking a Bible, swore on an axe. Legend suggests that other pirates swore on crossed
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524:), in 1729. Article IV's reference to no going ashore "till the ship is off the ground" suggests that the
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when there was a system of "joint hands" agreements between merchants, owners, and seamen to share profits.
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II. That no man shall give, or dispose of, the ship's provisions; but every one shall have an equal share.
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The many-headed hydra: sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic
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458:. The first eight of these articles are essentially identical to those attributed to pirate captain
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IV. That no man shall go on shore till the ship is off the ground, and in readiness to put to sea.
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II. If any Man shall offer to run away, or keep any Secret from the Company, he shall be
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VII. To desert the ship or their quarters in battle, was punished with death or marooning.
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890:
Hayes, Peter (2008), "Pirates, Privateers and the Contract Theories of Hobbes and Locke",
148:, specifications for each crewmate's share of treasure, and compensation for the injured.
83:, and ensure the crews' loyalty, all of which was crucial to the group's mutual survival.
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175:. This act formally inducted the signer into the pirate crew, generally entitling him to
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VIII. He that sees a Sail first, shall have the best Pistol or Small Arm aboard of her.
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by Charles Johnson. Since Lowther and Low are known to have sailed together from about
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The first set of the "Pirate's Code" was supposedly written by the Portuguese buccaneer
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261:. Many other pirates are known to have had articles; the late-17th century Articles of
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who was active from 1668 to 1675. These early buccaneer articles were based on earlier
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277:"Signing the Articles" from the 1936 Pac-Kups "Jolly Roger Pirates" trading card set
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Each crew member was asked to sign or make his mark on the articles, then swear an
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III. If any Man shall steal any Thing in the Company, or game, to the Value of a
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was seen as an elaborate, but impractical and unnecessary display of theatrics.
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764:'Piratical Schemes and Contracts': Pirate Articles and their Society, 1660-1730
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289:' Articles were similar (but not identical) to those of his former Captain,
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A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates
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in the Hold, without a Cap to his Pipe, or carry a Candle lighted without a
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with one Bottle of Powder, one Bottle of Water, one small Arm, and Shot.
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V. To keep their piece, pistols, and cutlass clean and fit for service.
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said oath, immediately he is separated and turned out of the society."
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713:, another Golden Age pirate whose Articles were recorded by witnesses
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sometime in the early 1660s, but the first recorded set belonged to
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writes in general terms about the articles of late 17th century
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583:
160:
80:
64:
63:". The typical pirate crew was an unorthodox mixture of former
48:
2307:
791:"The Lex Mercatoria (Old and New) and the TransLex-Principles"
3017:
2033:
1973:
1416:
1243:
429:, shall suffer the same Punishment as in the former Article.
200:
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354:, one share and a half, and other officers one and quarter.
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dispel common pirate myths, some of which are listed here.
176:
155:
of allegiance or honour. The oath was sometimes taken on a
152:
23:
Treasure being divided among pirates in an illustration by
249:
proceedings at the trials of pirates. A partial code from
1019:
123:. They were later used by buccaneers and pirates such as
960:(1 ed.). eBookIt.com (published 11 December 2023).
880:
http://pirates.hegewisch.net/articles_new.html#privateer
382:
shall have one full Share and a half of all Prizes; the
838:
The Sea Rover's Practice: Pirate Tactics and Techniques
470:, or amendment, adopted after the two crews separated.
658:
245:, first published in 1724, and from records kept by
71:, disillusioned men, and possibly escapee or former
310:III. No person to game at cards or dice for money.
756:
754:
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421:VI. That Man that shall snap his Arms, or smoke
281:
3442:
985:
611:
448:The articles listed below are attributed by the
749:
1035:
552:Articles of Henry Morgan and other buccaneers
378:I. Every Man Shall obey civil Command; the
119:and privateer codes such as the 12th century
3080:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
494:VII. Good Quarters to be given when Craved.
361:
916:The Pirates' Code Laws and Life Aboard Ship
516:'s own hand was found aboard his ship, the
1042:
1028:
986:Linebaugh, Peter; Rediker, Marcus (2000).
2711:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
1015:Really Bad Eggs: Pirates of the Caribbean
571:his description of the buccaneers' laws:
444:Articles of Edward Low and George Lowther
3338:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
955:
918:. London UK: Reaktion Books. p. 9.
272:
90:
18:
874:See the Articles of the privateer ship
507:
374:, also set a code for his men in 1724:
3443:
694:Pirates of the Caribbean (film series)
342:to receive two shares of a prize: the
2497:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
1023:
981:
979:
977:
951:
949:
947:
913:
782:
16:Code of conduct for governing pirates
3239:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
909:
907:
905:
903:
884:
733:"Buccaneers | Bartholomew Portugues"
691:, part of the code according to the
620:
503:X. No snapping of Guns in the Hold.
760:
13:
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974:
944:
788:
730:
633:
398:shall have one Share and quarter.
14:
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3129:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
1008:
900:
684:Governance in 18th-century piracy
659:Richard Braithwaite and hydrarchy
3425:
3424:
3412:
3265:A General History of the Pyrates
3087:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
2608:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
817:A General History of the Pyrates
642:
412:, he shall be marooned or shot.
242:A General History of the Pyrates
956:Finnegan, Edward (4 May 2024).
939:The Newgate Calendar - JOHN GOW
932:
865:, Time-Life Books Inc., p. 51.
282:Articles of Bartholomew Roberts
2623:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
2618:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
2371:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
868:
851:
830:
809:
770:. Exeter: University of Exeter
724:
1:
3461:Pirate customs and traditions
2479:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
717:
612:Establishment of pirate codes
512:A set of articles written in
3052:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
2302:Pirate battles and incidents
892:History of Political Thought
231:on August 1, 1723, and also
7:
2451:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
1934:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
667:
221:
10:
3487:
3328:Pirate films and TV series
2768:African Slave Trade Patrol
2336:Action of 11 November 2008
1125:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
1049:
941:Accessed 16 December 2009.
706:Pirates in popular culture
86:
3406:
3356:
3315:
3308:
3256:
3221:
3138:
3036:
2838:
2825:
2817:Trans-Saharan slave trade
2753:
2684:
2416:Battle off Minicoy Island
2391:Battle of Cape Fear River
2361:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
2331:Action of 28 October 2007
2326:Action of 9 November 1822
2301:
2199:
2107:
1471:
1464:
1390:
1354:
1311:
1264:
1257:
1102:
1057:
836:Little, Benerson (2005),
815:Johnson, Charles (1724),
362:Articles of John Phillips
259:The Buccaneers of America
2812:Indian Ocean slave trade
2701:International piracy law
2638:Pirate attacks in Borneo
2510:Capture of the schooner
2502:Capture of the schooner
2436:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
2162:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
990:. Boston: Beacon Press.
602:
203:if captured by the law.
59:, during the so-called "
3271:Captain Charles Johnson
2695:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
2406:Battle of Mandab Strait
2386:Battle of Boca Teacapan
2381:Balanguingui Expedition
2346:Action of 23 March 2010
914:Simon, Rebecca (2023).
840:, Potomac Books, Inc.,
731:Piracy, Golden Age of.
701:Piracy in the Caribbean
679:Distribution of justice
95:A painting depicting a
47:for governing ships of
2628:Operation Ocean Shield
2456:Battle of Tonkin River
2401:Battle of Doro Passage
2356:Action of 5 April 2010
2351:Action of 1 April 2010
2341:Action of 9 April 2009
2321:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
2311:
2147:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
2132:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
1279:British Virgin Islands
958:Debunking Pirate Myths
600:
549:
505:
441:
359:
278:
229:The Boston News-Letter
104:
51:, notably between the
28:
3244:Pirates versus Ninjas
2671:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
2633:Persian Gulf Campaign
2518:Capture of the sloop
2446:Battle of the Leotung
2431:Battle of New Orleans
2310:
2172:Richard Avery Hornsby
1924:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
1884:Moses Cohen Henriques
1854:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
1599:Christina Anna Skytte
1137:Brethren of the Coast
1120:Baltic Slavic pirates
1067:Ancient Mediterranean
789:Berger, Klaus Peter.
573:
530:
472:
376:
295:
276:
99:pirate, according to
94:
41:articles of agreement
22:
3166:skull and crossbones
3122:Mistress of the Seas
2804:Capture of the brig
2781:Atlantic slave trade
2542:Falklands Expedition
2396:Battle of Cape Lopez
2316:1582 Cagayan battles
2243:Queen Anne's Revenge
1794:José Joaquim Almeida
1779:John Newland Maffitt
1699:Hayreddin Barbarossa
1539:Bartolomeu PortuguĂŞs
1529:Artemisia I of Caria
1524:Alexandre Exquemelin
1362:Baltic Slavic piracy
1115:Anglo-Turkish piracy
737:Golden Age of Piracy
508:Articles of John Gow
255:Alexandre Exquemelin
109:Bartolomeu PortuguĂŞs
61:Golden Age of Piracy
3183:No purchase, no pay
3151:Davy Jones's locker
3094:The Angel's Command
2938:Guybrush Threepwood
2786:Barbary slave trade
2763:African slave trade
2560:Jiajing wokou raids
2461:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
1684:François l'Olonnais
1544:Bartholomew Roberts
1432:Republic of Pirates
761:Fox, E. T. (2013).
287:Bartholomew Roberts
133:Bartholomew Roberts
3343:Timeline of piracy
3300:Piracy kidnappings
2953:Jacquotte Delahaye
2908:Charlotte de Berry
2898:Captain Sabertooth
2791:Blockade of Africa
2746:Piracy Law of 1820
2676:Turkish Abductions
2613:Operation Atalanta
2547:Great Lakes Patrol
2426:Battle of Nam Quan
2376:Attack on Veracruz
2312:
1894:Nicholas van Hoorn
1879:Michel de Grammont
1744:Jacquotte Delahaye
1729:Hippolyte Bouchard
1649:Elise Eskilsdotter
1589:Charlotte de Berry
1554:Benjamin Hornigold
451:Boston News-Letter
279:
105:
29:
3438:
3437:
3419:Piracy portal
3402:
3401:
3379:Fictional pirates
3278:Truce of Ratisbon
3252:
3251:
3213:Walking the plank
3073:On Stranger Tides
3013:Tony Tony Chopper
2903:Captain Stingaree
2840:Fictional pirates
2656:Sack of Baltimore
2651:Raid on Cartagena
2593:Moscow University
2472:Beluga Nomination
2441:Battle of Pianosa
2366:Antelope incident
2257:Marquis of Havana
2195:
2194:
1904:Olivier Levasseur
1844:Louis-Michel Aury
1809:Klaus Störtebeker
1759:Jeanne de Clisson
1679:François Le Clerc
1514:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
1460:
1459:
1377:South China Coast
1341:Strait of Malacca
997:978-0-8070-5006-4
861:Botting, Douglas
795:www.trans-lex.org
621:Walking the plank
370:, captain of the
139:operated under a
3478:
3456:Codes of conduct
3428:
3427:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3313:
3312:
3115:Pirate Latitudes
3108:Long John Silver
3101:Voyage of Slaves
2968:Long John Silver
2863:Captain Birdseye
2836:
2835:
2706:Letter of marque
2666:Salvador Pirates
2661:Sack of Campeche
2484:Chepo Expedition
2466:Battle of Tysami
2421:Battle off Mukah
2411:Battle of Manila
2250:Quedagh Merchant
2208:Adventure Galley
2054:Victual Brothers
2039:Thomas Cavendish
2004:Sayyida al Hurra
1989:Samuel Hall Lord
1969:Roche Braziliano
1954:Robert Culliford
1889:Nathaniel Gordon
1859:Martin Frobisher
1819:Laurens de Graaf
1789:Jørgen Jørgensen
1724:Henry Strangways
1704:Hendrick Lucifer
1654:Eustace the Monk
1519:AntĂłnio de Faria
1469:
1468:
1437:Republic of Salé
1407:ĂŽle Sainte-Marie
1262:
1261:
1239:Victual Brothers
1147:Cilician pirates
1044:
1037:
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253:is preserved in
69:escaped convicts
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3451:Fictional books
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3398:
3364:Barbary pirates
3352:
3348:Women in piracy
3304:
3248:
3217:
3146:Buried treasure
3134:
3066:Facing the Flag
3059:Treasure Island
3032:
2978:Vaas Montenegro
2973:Monkey D. Luffy
2943:Hector Barbossa
2928:Elizabeth Swann
2893:Captain Pugwash
2830:
2828:
2821:
2798:Veloz Passagera
2796:Capture of the
2749:
2680:
2489:Capture of the
2297:
2229:Flying Dutchman
2191:
2157:Miguel EnrĂquez
2109:
2103:
2069:William Dampier
2024:Simon Mascarino
2019:Shirahama Kenki
1999:Samuel Pallache
1964:Roberto CofresĂ
1874:Mary Wolverston
1849:Mansel Alcantra
1824:Lawrence Prince
1504:Albert W. Hicks
1456:
1394:
1386:
1350:
1307:
1253:
1249:Women in piracy
1214:Sindhi corsairs
1167:French corsairs
1157:Cossack pirates
1110:Albanian piracy
1103:Types of pirate
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634:Buried treasure
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577:No prey, no pay
554:
510:
446:
364:
284:
267:Nicholas Clough
247:Admiralty Court
237:Charles Johnson
224:
171:, or astride a
141:ship's articles
121:Rolls of Oléron
89:
45:code of conduct
37:pirate articles
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3389:Piracy by year
3386:
3381:
3376:
3374:Female pirates
3371:
3369:By nationality
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2177:Robert Maynard
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2059:Vincenzo Gambi
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1984:Samuel Bellamy
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1959:Robert Surcouf
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1949:Richard Glover
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1489:Adam Baldridge
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1303:Gulf of Guinea
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1289:Lake Nicaragua
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1266:Atlantic World
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1172:Jewish pirates
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3222:Miscellaneous
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3203:Pirate utopia
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2602:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2584:Orkim Harmony
2580:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2527:Carré d'As IV
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2491:Ambrose Light
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
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2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
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2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
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2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2271:Royal Fortune
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2215:Ambrose Light
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2187:Woodes Rogers
2185:
2183:
2182:Thomas Warren
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2142:Julius Caesar
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2122:Chaloner Ogle
2120:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2094:Zheng Zhilong
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:Sadie Farrell
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Princess Sela
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:Pedro Gilbert
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1829:Liang Daoming
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1674:Francis Drake
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1629:Dominique You
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Charles Gibbs
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Abduwali Muse
1477:
1476:
1474:
1470:
1467:
1465:Major figures
1463:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1402:Barataria Bay
1400:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:Pirate havens
1389:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1367:Barbary Coast
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Timber pirate
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1012:
999:
993:
989:
982:
980:
978:
969:
967:9781456643072
963:
959:
952:
950:
948:
940:
935:
927:
925:9781789147414
921:
917:
910:
908:
906:
904:
896:
893:
887:
881:
877:
871:
864:
860:
854:
847:
846:1-57488-910-9
843:
839:
833:
826:
822:
818:
812:
796:
792:
785:
766:
765:
757:
755:
753:
738:
734:
727:
723:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
696:
695:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
665:
656:
654:
650:
643:Lack of women
640:
631:
629:
618:
609:
599:
595:
591:
587:
585:
580:
578:
572:
568:
566:
562:
558:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
529:
527:
523:
519:
515:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
482:
479:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:
440:
437:
434:
430:
428:
424:
419:
416:
413:
411:
406:
404:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
375:
373:
369:
368:John Phillips
358:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
340:Quartermaster
337:
332:
328:
324:
321:
317:
314:
311:
308:
305:
299:
294:
292:
288:
275:
271:
268:
264:
263:George Cusack
260:
257:'s 1678 book
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
230:
219:
217:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
125:John Phillips
122:
118:
114:
113:George Cusack
110:
102:
98:
93:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
26:
21:
3471:Warrior code
3466:Contract law
3410:
3283:Pirate Round
3263:
3234:Space pirate
3208:Treasure map
3197:
3127:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
2998:Roronoa Zoro
2948:Jack Sparrow
2888:Captain Nemo
2883:Captain Hook
2805:
2797:
2773:
2643:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2574:
2565:
2552:
2535:Dai Hong Dan
2534:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2503:
2490:
2471:
2290:
2285:Whydah Gally
2283:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2255:
2248:
2241:
2236:Ganj-i-Sawai
2234:
2227:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2200:Pirate ships
2152:Luis Fajardo
2137:James Brooke
2127:David Porter
2099:Zheng Yi Sao
2074:William Kidd
2029:Stede Bonnet
2014:Shap-ng-tsai
1994:Samuel Mason
1914:Peter Easton
1864:Mary Lindsey
1814:Lai Choi San
1804:Joseph Barss
1799:Joseph Baker
1769:John Hawkins
1764:Johanna HĂĄrd
1754:Jean Lafitte
1749:Jan Janszoon
1739:Israel Hands
1719:Henry Morgan
1709:Henri Caesar
1624:Dirk Chivers
1559:Black Caesar
1484:Abshir Boyah
1355:Other waters
1336:Persian Gulf
1324:Somali Coast
1312:Indian Ocean
1284:Spanish Main
1199:River pirate
1177:Moro pirates
1152:Child pirate
1077:21st century
987:
957:
934:
915:
897:, 3: 461-84.
894:
891:
886:
875:
870:
862:
857:
853:
837:
832:
816:
811:
799:. Retrieved
794:
784:
772:. Retrieved
763:
740:. Retrieved
736:
726:
692:
662:
646:
637:
627:
624:
615:
606:
596:
592:
588:
581:
574:
569:
565:Henry Morgan
555:
546:
543:
540:
537:
534:
531:
525:
521:
517:
511:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
483:
480:
476:
473:
467:
449:
447:
438:
435:
431:
420:
417:
414:
407:
400:
377:
371:
365:
356:
333:
329:
325:
322:
318:
315:
312:
309:
300:
296:
291:Howell Davis
285:
258:
251:Henry Morgan
240:
232:
228:
225:
205:
182:
150:
117:maritime law
106:
40:
36:
32:
30:
3198:Pirate code
3173:Keelhauling
3161:Jolly Roger
3023:Will Turner
2958:José Gaspar
2858:Barbe Rouge
2755:Slave trade
2009:Sister Ping
1939:Rachel Wall
1734:Huang Bamei
1714:Henry Every
1669:FĹ«ma KotarĹŤ
1664:Flying Gang
1579:Calico Jack
1569:Bully Hayes
1372:Falcon Lake
1346:Nosy Boraha
1204:Sea Beggars
1192:Confederate
1162:Filibusters
863:The Pirates
797:(in German)
454:to Captain
216:Middle Ages
169:human skull
101:Howard Pyle
33:pirate code
25:Howard Pyle
3445:Categories
3357:Categories
3333:Privateers
3295:Matelotage
3229:Air pirate
3193:Pet parrot
3045:The Pirate
2993:Nico Robin
2913:Davy Jones
2853:Tom Ayrton
2827:Pirates in
2716:Piracy Act
2685:Piracy law
2601:North Star
2264:My Revenge
2117:Angelo Emo
2079:Zheng Jing
2044:Thomas Tew
1839:Lo Hon-cho
1659:Flora Burn
1639:Edward Low
1609:Dan Seavey
1604:Chui A-poo
1564:Blackbeard
1509:Anne Bonny
1447:Saint-Malo
1427:Port Royal
1412:Libertatia
1224:Ushkuyniks
1187:Privateers
1182:Narentines
1142:Buccaneers
1072:Golden Age
801:21 October
742:2022-01-22
718:References
674:Ching Shih
649:Anne Bonny
557:Exquemelin
464:New Year's
456:Edward Low
208:privateers
193:navigators
189:carpenters
187:, such as
146:discipline
137:Buccaneers
129:Edward Low
3178:Marooning
2806:Brillante
2595:hijacking
2586:hijacking
2577:hijacking
2568:hijacking
1869:Mary Read
1774:John Hoar
1644:Eli Boggs
1614:Diabolito
1395:and bases
1331:Indonesia
1296:Venezuela
1274:Caribbean
825:561824965
819:, p. 398
653:Mary Read
561:Caribbean
468:ordinance
392:Boatswain
388:Carpenter
348:boatswain
304:marooning
197:acquittal
3430:Category
3156:Eyepatch
3028:Zanzibar
3003:Sandokan
2983:Mr. Smee
2848:Askeladd
2776:Incident
2646:incident
2555:incident
2537:incident
2529:incident
2474:incident
2089:Zheng Yi
2084:Zheng Qi
2064:Wang Zhi
1944:Redbeard
1834:Limahong
1784:John Pro
1689:Gan Ning
1574:Cai Qian
1382:Sulu Sea
1209:Sea Dogs
848:, p. 34.
668:See also
584:careened
514:John Gow
427:Lanthorn
403:marooned
366:Captain
222:Examples
185:artisans
97:marooned
81:mutinies
77:marooned
3394:Pirates
3323:Pirates
2831:culture
2829:popular
2774:Amistad
2575:Zafirah
2278:Saladin
2110:hunters
1899:Ng Akew
1499:Alfhild
1472:Pirates
1452:Tortuga
1234:Vikings
1130:Algiers
1059:Periods
774:15 June
526:Revenge
518:Revenge
423:Tobacco
380:Captain
372:Revenge
336:Captain
334:X. The
167:, on a
161:pistols
87:History
65:sailors
49:pirates
43:were a
3384:Piracy
3290:Mutiny
3188:Pegleg
3139:Tropes
3037:Novels
2933:Franky
2603:affair
2167:Pompey
2108:Pirate
2049:Veborg
1534:Awilda
1422:Mamora
1229:Uskoks
1051:Piracy
994:
964:
922:
859:oaths.
844:
823:
689:Parley
522:George
396:Gunner
384:Master
352:gunner
350:, and
344:master
270:trial.
173:cannon
165:swords
73:slaves
3316:Lists
3018:Usopp
3008:Sanji
2644:Quest
2553:Irene
2512:Fancy
2504:Bravo
2222:Fancy
2034:Teuta
1974:Rusla
1417:Lundy
1258:Areas
1244:Wokou
878:, at
768:(PDF)
603:Myths
520:(née
212:booty
201:trial
157:Bible
39:, or
3309:Meta
2988:Nami
2740:1850
2736:1837
2732:1721
2728:1717
2724:1698
2720:1536
2520:Anne
2292:York
1619:Dido
1092:2024
1087:2023
1082:2022
992:ISBN
962:ISBN
920:ISBN
876:Mars
842:ISBN
821:OCLC
803:2021
776:2017
651:and
394:and
338:and
265:and
191:and
177:vote
153:oath
131:and
55:and
53:17th
2591:MV
2582:MT
2573:MT
239:'s
199:at
3447::
2738:,
2734:,
2730:,
2726:,
2722:,
976:^
946:^
902:^
895:24
793:.
751:^
735:.
579:.
390:,
386:,
346:,
163:,
135:.
127:,
67:,
35:,
31:A
2742:)
2718:(
2697:)
2693:(
1043:e
1036:t
1029:v
1000:.
970:.
928:.
827:.
805:.
778:.
745:.
697:.
103:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
