724:
up sick, starving, and dying. That resulted in some sailors deserting the king and becoming pirates instead. This also allowed for pirates to better fight the navy. Unlike other seamen, pirates had strict rules for how they were to be treated on the ship. Contrary to popular belief, pirate captains did not have a dictatorship over the rest of the pirates on their ship. Captains had to be voted in, and there were strict rules for them to follow as well. The captain was not treated better (with more food, better living conditions, etc.) than the other members of the crew, and was expected to treat the crew with respect. This was in deliberate contrast to merchant captains, who often treated their crews terribly. Many pirates had formerly served on these merchant ships and knew how horrid some captains could be. Because of this, ships often implemented councils composed of all of the crew members on the ship. Some councils were used daily to make ordinary decisions, while others were used as a court system only when criminal incidents or legal matters necessitated it. Whatever the case, crewmembers on pirate vessels often had as much power as the captain outside of battle. The captain only had full authority in times of battle and could be removed from this position if he showed cowardice in the face of the enemy. He was also to be bold in battle. The pirates did not want things to end up the same way as on a navy ship.
720:, a Spanish government contract to supply slaves to Spain's New World colonies, which provided British traders and smugglers more access to formerly closed Spanish markets in America. This arrangement also contributed heavily to the spread of piracy across the western Atlantic. Shipping to the colonies boomed along with the flood of skilled mariners after the war. Merchant shippers used the surplus of labor to drive wages down, cut corners to maximize profits, and create unsavory conditions aboard their vessels. Merchant sailors suffered from mortality rates as high or higher than the slaves being transported. Living conditions were so poor that many sailors began to prefer a freer existence as pirates. The increased volume of shipping traffic also could sustain a large body of brigands preying upon it.
707:, and became a rich target for piracy. Trade ships sailed from Europe to the African coast, trading manufactured goods and weapons for slaves. The traders then sailed to the Caribbean to sell the slaves, and return to Europe with goods such as sugar, tobacco, and cocoa. In another triangular trade route, ships carried raw materials, preserved cod, and rum to Europe, where a portion of the cargo was sold for manufactured goods, which (along with the remainder of the original load) were then transported to the Caribbean, where they were exchanged for sugar and molasses, which (with some manufactured articles) were then borne to New England. Ships in the Triangular Trade often made money at each stop.
1065:
519:
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34:
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793:
1883:
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315:
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Pirate historians of the first half of the 20th century occasionally adopted Fiske's term "Golden Age," without necessarily following his beginning and ending dates for it. The most expansive definition of an age of piracy was that of
Patrick Pringle, who wrote in 1951 that "the most flourishing era
1212:
Whilst the Golden Age of
European pirates is generally considered to have ended between 1710 and 1730, the prosperity of the Barbary pirates continued until the early 19th century. Unlike the European powers, the young United States refused to pay tribute to the Barbary states and responded with the
723:
During this time, many of the pirates had originally been either sailors for the Royal Navy, privateersmen, or merchant seamen. Most pirates had experience living on the sea, and knew how harsh the conditions could be. Sailors for the king often had very little to eat while out on the sea, and ended
591:. Merchants and governors eager for coin were willing to overlook and even underwrite pirate voyages; one colonial official defended a pirate because he thought it "very harsh to hang people that brings in gold to these provinces." Although some of these pirates operating out of New England and the
417:
Rediker, in 2004, described the most complex definition of the Golden Age to date. He proposes a "golden age of piracy, which spanned the period from roughly 1650 to 1730," which he subdivides into three distinct "generations": the buccaneers of 1650–1680, the Indian Ocean pirates of the 1690s, and
1144:
enabled North
African raiders, for the first time, to brave the Atlantic as well as Mediterranean waters. More than 20,000 captives were said to be imprisoned in Algiers alone. The rich were allowed to redeem themselves, but the poor were condemned to slavery. Their masters on occasion allowed them
1038:
had been dressed as a boy all her life by her mother and had spent time in the
British military. She came to the West Indies (Caribbean) after leaving her husband and joined Calico Jack's crew after he attacked a ship she had been aboard. She divulged her gender only to Bonny at first, but revealed
1045:
When their ship was attacked in 1720, Bonny, Read, and an unknown man were the only ones to defend it; the other crew members were too drunk to fight. In the end they were captured and arrested. After their capture, both women were convicted of piracy and sentenced to death, but they stalled their
432:
Piracy arose out of, and mirrored on a smaller scale, conflicts over trade and colonization among the rival
European powers of the time, including the empires of Britain, Spain, the Netherlands, Portugal, and France. Most pirates in this era were of Welsh, English, Dutch, Irish, and French origin.
369:
Of recent definitions, that given by
Pringle appears to have the widest range, an exception to an overall trend among historians from 1909 until the 1990s, toward narrowing the Golden Age. As early as 1924, Philip Gosse described piracy as being at its height "from 1680 until 1730." In his highly
292:
Factors contributing to piracy during the Golden Age included the rise in quantities of valuable cargoes being shipped to Europe over vast ocean areas, reduced
European navies in certain regions, the training and experience that many sailors had gained in European navies (particularly the British
1321:
The mystique of pirates is partly related to attributes of real pirates. For example, they wore earrings in hopes that the gold or silver would be used to pay for a decent burial when they died. They also wore earrings for superstitious reasons, believing the precious metals had magical healing
1268:
in Nassau) represent a turning point in the history of piracy in the New World. Without a safe base and with growing pressure from naval forces, the rovers lost their momentum. The lure of the
Spanish treasures had faded, and the hunters gradually became the hunted. By early 1719, the remaining
1257:
was signed, the excess of trained sailors without employment was both a blessing and a curse for all pirates. Initially, the surplus of men had caused the number of pirates to multiply significantly. This inevitably led to the pillaging of more ships, which put a greater strain on trade for all
1244:
were private persons who engaged in maritime warfare under a commission of war. The commissions were known as "letters of marque", which gave them the authority to raid enemy ships and exemption from piracy charges.Privateers have existed from as far back as the Middle Ages, where "Letters of
463:
as early as 1625, but lived at first mostly as hunters of pigs and cattle rather than robbers; their transition to full-time piracy was gradual and motivated in part by
Spanish efforts to wipe out both the buccaneers and the prey animals on which they depended. The buccaneers' migration from
288:
Narrower definitions of the Golden Age sometimes exclude the first or second periods, but most include at least some portion of the third. The modern conception of pirates as depicted in popular culture is derived largely, although not always accurately, from the Golden Age of Piracy.
680:. The attack was successful, but contrary to their expectations, the governor of Jamaica refused to allow Jennings and his cohorts to spend their loot on his island. With Kingston and the declining Port Royal closed to them, Hornigold, Jennings, and their comrades based themselves at
348:
and East Asian pirates in this "Golden Age," noting that "as these
Mussulman pirates and those of Eastern Asia were as busily at work in the seventeenth century as at any other time, their case does not impair my statement that the age of the buccaneers was the Golden Age of piracy."
394:
in which he retreated from his own earlier definition, called a 1690–1730 definition of the Golden Age "generous," and concluded that "The worst of these pirate excesses was limited to an eight-year period, from 1714 until 1722, so the true Golden Age cannot even be called a 'golden
344:, who wrote, "At no other time in the world's history has the business of piracy thriven so greatly as in the seventeenth century and the first part of the eighteenth. Its golden age may be said to have extended from about 1650 to about 1720." Fiske included the activities of the
378:
series, Douglas Botting defined the Golden Age as lasting "barely 30 years, starting at the close of the 17th Century and ending in the first quarter of the 18th." Botting's definition was closely followed by Frank Sherry in 1986. In a 1989 academic article, Professor
1232:
operated mainly in the Caribbean. They originated in Tortuga around the 17th century as hunters, but became "pirates" when government officials paid groups of men to attack and loot Spanish ships. These buccaneers later began attacking any ship of value, enemy or not.
550:
further reduced the Caribbean's attractions by destroying the pirates' chief market for fenced plunder. Caribbean colonial governors began to discard the traditional policy of "no peace beyond the Line," under which it was understood that war would continue (and thus
991:, a prominent Spanish corsair who dominated the route between Cádiz and the Caribbean. His figure has been wrapped in a halo of romanticism and legend that have linked him to piracy, hidden treasures, and illicit romances. In the marble headstone of his tomb in
455:
allowed European countries to resume the development of their colonial empires. This involved considerable seaborne trade and a general economic improvement: there was money to be made – or stolen – and much of it traveled by ship.
495:
provided these raiders with a far more profitable and enjoyable place to sell their booty. In the 1660s, the new French governor of Tortuga, Bertrand d'Ogeron, similarly provided privateering commissions both to his own colonists and to English cutthroats from
1258:
European nations. In response, European nations bolstered their own navies to offer greater protection for merchants and to hunt down pirates. The excess of skilled sailors meant there was a large pool that could be recruited into national navies as well.
595:
targeted Spain's more remote Pacific coast colonies well into the 1690s and beyond, the Indian Ocean was a richer and more tempting target. India's economic output dwarfed Europe's during this time, especially in high-value luxury goods such as
1128:
were frequently attacked by them, and long stretches of the Italian and Spanish coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants; since the 17th century, Barbary pirates occasionally entered the Atlantic and struck as far north as
604:, which made ideal pirate booty; at the same time, no powerful navies plied the Indian Ocean, leaving both local shipping and the various East India companies' vessels vulnerable to attack. This set the stage for the famous piracies of
636:
who had operated in the West Indies, were relieved of military duty, at a time when cross-Atlantic colonial shipping trade was beginning to boom. In addition, European sailors who had been pushed by unemployment to work onboard
1201:, this is largely a myth originating in nineteenth century novels and tales of buccaneers that included payment for a lost eye. Few historical pirates wore patches over their eyes, although some, like the 18th century
555:
would be granted) in the Caribbean regardless of peace treaties signed in Europe; henceforth, commissions would be granted only in wartime, and their limitations would be strictly enforced. Furthermore, much of the
1168:. The pirates took only young people and those in good physical condition. All those offering resistance were killed, and the old people were gathered into a church, which was set on fire. Among those captured was
1297:
is the source of many biographies of well-known pirates, providing an extensive account of the period. Johnson gives an almost mythical status to the more colorful characters such as the notorious English pirates
2004:
2184:
Pérotin-Dumon, Anne (2001). "The Pirate and the Emperor: Power and the Law on the Seas, 1450–1850." In Bandits of the Sea: A Pirate Reader, ed. C. R. Pennell, 25–54. New York University Press.
1050:. Read died in jail months later, many believe of a fever or complications of childbirth. Bonny disappeared from historical documents, and no record of her execution nor a childbirth exist.
546:
had restored the traditional enmity between Britain and France, thus ending the profitable collaboration between English Jamaica and French Tortuga. The devastation of Port Royal by an
542:
A number of factors caused English pirates, some of whom had been introduced to piracy during the buccaneering period, to look beyond the Caribbean for treasure as the 1690s began. The
2071:
1042:
The nature of the relationships between Bonny, Read, and Rackham have been speculated to be romantic and/or sexual in various combinations, though there is no definitive proof.
2166:
Monod, Paul. "Dangerous Merchandise: Smuggling, Jacobitism, and Commercial Culture in Southeast England, 1690–1760." Journal of British Studies 30.2 (April 1991): 150–82.
1310:
wrote an introduction to Johnson's 1724 book, stating: "...Captain Johnson created the modern conception of pirates." Johnson's book influenced the pirate literature of
98:
891:, born in Westminster, was active 1721–1724, was never captured, and was notorious for torturing his victims before killing them; he cut off ears, lips, and noses.
645:) were often enthusiastic to abandon that profession and turn to pirating, giving pirate captains a steady pool of recruits on various coasts across the Atlantic.
329:
George Powell wrote about "What appears to have been the golden age of piracy up to the last decade of the 17th century." Powell uses the phrase while reviewing
3634:
3624:
1028:(disappeared after 28 November 1720) developed a notorious reputation in Nassau. When she was unable to leave an earlier marriage, she eloped with her lover,
849:, one of the few major pirate captains to retire with his loot without being arrested nor killed in battle. He is famous for capturing the fabulously wealthy
2123:
How History's Greatest Pirates Pillaged, Plundered, and Got Away with It: the Stories, Techniques, and Tactics of the Most Feared Sea Rovers from 1500-1800
1798:
2095:
Guy Chet, The Ocean is a Wilderness: Atlantic Piracy and the Limits of State Authority, 1688–1856. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2014.
357:
and ended in the second decade of the eighteenth century." This idea starkly contradicted Fiske, who had hotly denied that such Elizabethan figures as
1898:
1600:
770:
by Taylor and Levasseur in 1721, and died not long afterward. Despite the success of Taylor and Levasseur, the Pirate Round quickly declined again.
2038:
3871:
437:
in particular was known for high unemployment, crowding, and poverty which drove people to piracy. Piracy also offered power and quick riches.
91:
1565:
4343:
3760:
167:
2061:
1903:
4591:
943:, active from 1716 to 1718, is perhaps the most notorious pirate among English-speaking nations. Blackbeard's most famous ship was the
3974:
654:
near Florida. The nucleus of the pirate force was a group of English ex-privateers, all of whom were soon to be enshrined in infamy:
84:
817:
in 1717. Bellamy was popularly known as the "Robin Hood of pirates" and prided himself on his ideological justifications for piracy.
4601:
700:: while Hornigold accepted this pardon to become a privateer, others such as Blackbeard returned to piracy following their pardon.
132:
414:, defined the "great age of piracy" as lasting from the 1650s to around 1725, very close to Fiske's definition of the Golden Age.
4090:
1282:
1149:. Many people of good social position–Germans, Italians, Spaniards, and English travelers in the south–were captives for a time.
703:
Transatlantic shipping traffic between Africa, the Caribbean, and Europe began to soar in the 18th century, a model known as the
967:
before striking out on his own. Harsh and unpopular with his crew, Vane was marooned before being captured and hanged in 1721.
4739:
4176:
2178:
2111:
2014:
1931:
1830:
1681:
1450:
865:, aka La Buse, the only major French pirate in Nassau who was often associated with Hornigold, Bellamy, Kennedy, and Taylor.
127:
4744:
4502:
2542:
1125:
752:. Taylor and Levasseur reaped the greatest prize in the history of the Golden Age of Piracy, the plunder of the Portuguese
4749:
3415:
2645:
2440:
501:
137:
1177:
3644:
3445:
1133:. According to Robert Davis, between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by Barbary pirates and sold as
1116:
as well as on ships on their way to Asia around Africa until the early 19th century. The coastal villages and towns of
2062:"Why are pirates depicted with a parrot on their shoulder? What's the origin of the skull and crossbones pirate flag?"
2559:
2305:
2157:
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1642:
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142:
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162:
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before burning it to the ground. He was to be executed in England, but was instead knighted and made governor of
787:
648:
In 1715, pirates launched a major raid on Spanish divers trying to recover gold from the sunken treasure galleon
451:
Historians such as John Fiske mark the beginning of the Golden Age of Piracy at around 1650, when the end of the
1491:
Marcus Rediker, 1989, "'Under the Banner of King Death': The Social World of Anglo-American Pirates 1716–1726",
4059:
3886:
3881:
3854:
3714:
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1287:
Stories and histories from the Golden Age form the foundation of many modern depictions of pirates and piracy.
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629:
269:
180:
1856:
Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800
992:
301:
at the time constantly fought with pirates and engaged in several notable battles and other related events.
4315:
4196:
3390:
2566:
2529:
2330:
1831:"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed"
3789:
2223:
Truxes, Thomas (2008). Defying Empire: Trading with the Enemy in Colonial New York. Yale University Press.
3958:
3604:
3197:
937:, is considered by many to be the most successful Western pirate of all time with over 400 ship captures.
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in the Bahamas. Nassau was home for these pirates and their many recruits until the arrival of Governor
4642:
4031:
3845:
3599:
2705:
2599:
2340:
2030:
1719:
Rediker, Marcus (1981). ""Under the Banner of King Death" The Social World of Anglo-American Pirates".
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982:
452:
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P. 10; Francis Hodges Cooper, 1916, "Some Colonial History of Beaufort County, North Carolina," in
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reprisal" were issued to ship owners who were wishing to seek revenge for a loss of their own ship
473:
341:
122:
3934:
1557:
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Piracy was clearly on a strong decline by 1720. The Golden Age of Piracy did not last the decade.
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1294:
945:
547:
427:
330:
273:
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340:
In 1897, a more systematic use of the phrase "Golden Age of Piracy" was introduced by historian
157:
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4357:
3954:
3891:
3719:
3664:
3619:
3614:
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By the early 18th century, tolerance for privateers was wearing thin in all nations. After the
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2104:
At the Point of a Cutlass: The Pirate Capture, Bold Escape, and Lonely Exile of Philip Ashton
1952:
1164:
is said to have taken 400 prisoners; 242 of the captives were later sold into slavery on the
472:, a buccaneer and historian who remains a major source on this period, the Tortuga buccaneer
325:
The oldest known literary mention of a "Golden Age" of piracy is from 1894, when the English
800:
Many of the best-known pirates in historical lore originate from this Golden Age of Piracy:
433:
Many pirates came from poorer urban areas in search of a way to make money and of reprieve.
4385:
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3836:
3805:
3752:
3659:
3579:
3478:
2962:
2792:
2787:
2625:
2472:
2383:
2378:
737:
469:
175:
3072:
2942:
696:. Rogers and other British governors had the authority to pardon pirates under the King's
8:
4446:
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4201:
4049:
3823:
3724:
3534:
2807:
2695:
2594:
2393:
1923:
1134:
1029:
974:
950:
934:
928:
745:
693:
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152:
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1686:. Boston, Massachusetts: The Yankee Publishing Company. pp. 252, 256, 268–270, 299.
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1744:
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against North Africa, when the Barbary pirates captured and enslaved American sailors.
1218:
1185:
1157:
1047:
970:
673:
250:
3227:
2235:
1269:
pirates were on the run. Most of them headed for West Africa, seizing poorly defended
1169:
778:'s navy ship. He was allegedly stabbed twenty times and shot five times before death.
199:
is a common designation for the period between the 1650s and the 1730s, when maritime
4541:
4476:
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4276:
4271:
4166:
4121:
4026:
3919:
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3527:
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3327:
3167:
3107:
3022:
2957:
2777:
2174:
2153:
2107:
2066:
2010:
1971:
1927:
1861:
1776:
1748:
1638:
1446:
1254:
1214:
1109:
862:
741:
711:
488:
354:
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4456:
4378:
4364:
4251:
4231:
4126:
3969:
3929:
3747:
3729:
3684:
3541:
3513:
3471:
3317:
3302:
3267:
3252:
3232:
3217:
3152:
3122:
3082:
2967:
2932:
2917:
2502:
2410:
2291:
1803:
1728:
1677:
1190:
704:
613:
601:
580:
552:
345:
231:
222:
period (approximately 1650 to 1680), characterized by Anglo-French seamen based in
147:
2215:
Swanson, Carl E. (1985). "American Privateering and Imperial Warfare, 1739–1748".
1854:
1838:
1815:
827:
land owner turned pirate solely in search of adventure. Bonnet captained a 10-gun
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4611:
4586:
4409:
4329:
4322:
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4156:
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3492:
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3287:
3282:
3262:
3137:
3112:
3087:
2767:
2762:
2715:
2685:
2512:
2430:
2388:
2373:
1440:
1307:
1173:
1141:
1059:
1005:
681:
592:
588:
565:
465:
407:
227:
214:
Histories of piracy often subdivide the Golden Age of Piracy into three periods:
3027:
504:
in 1670 which saw Panama City plundered, sacked, and burned the following year.
500:. These conditions brought Caribbean buccaneering to its zenith, culminating in
321:, a Spaniard who was one of the most famous corsairs of the Golden Age of Piracy
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3322:
3247:
3222:
3182:
2897:
2857:
2812:
2757:
2752:
2435:
2355:
2350:
2345:
1807:
1325:
More recently, we see even less accurate depictions of historical-era pirates (
1181:
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882:
872:
804:
775:
733:
685:
677:
663:
655:
380:
47:
4221:
2006:
A general history of the robberies & murders of the most notorious pirates
766:
Condent was also a successful pirate, but England was not. He was marooned on
483:
The growth of buccaneering on Tortuga was augmented by the English capture of
390:
Perhaps the ultimate step in restricting the Golden Age was in Konstam's 2005
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4682:
4466:
4186:
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4141:
3450:
3405:
3385:
3357:
3242:
3192:
3172:
3092:
2937:
2892:
2847:
2742:
2665:
2630:
2482:
2247:
1975:
1894:
1889:
1265:
1165:
1085:
850:
753:
689:
638:
384:
358:
277:
2272:
1140:
Barbary pirates flourished in the early 17th century as new sailing rigs by
710:
As part of the settlement of the War of the Spanish Succession, the British
468:
limited their resources and accelerated their piratical raids. According to
264:
The post-Spanish Succession period (1715 to 1726), when English sailors and
4546:
4471:
4261:
4211:
4151:
4146:
4136:
3742:
3669:
3548:
3499:
3485:
3400:
3362:
3337:
3292:
3277:
3257:
3177:
3077:
3067:
3017:
3012:
3002:
2982:
2972:
2887:
2747:
2655:
2547:
2462:
2415:
2098:
Crowhurst, Patrick (1977). The Defence of British Trade, 1689–1815. Dawson.
1334:
1315:
1161:
1081:
960:
894:
878:
855:
820:
809:
668:
659:
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584:
557:
538:
in 1695 stands as one of the most profitable pirate raids ever perpetrated.
534:
513:
254:
246:
208:
3207:
763:
in 1721, stealing diamonds and other treasures worth a total of ÂŁ800,000.
518:
487:
from Spain in 1655. The early English governors of Jamaica freely granted
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4436:
4424:
4286:
3272:
3202:
2997:
2977:
2927:
2842:
2832:
2609:
1303:
1264:
The events of the latter half of 1718 (including the arrival of Governor
1172:, who was ransomed the next year and, upon returning to Iceland, wrote a
1019:
988:
908:
898:
885:, in 1701, is famous for the "buried treasure" he supposedly left behind.
868:
846:
609:
526:
522:
318:
298:
297:), and corrupt and ineffective government in European overseas colonies.
281:
249:(1690s), associated with long-distance voyages from the Americas to rob
774:, the notorious "Blackbeard", died in battle in a fight with Lieutenant
33:
4558:
4492:
4256:
4116:
4036:
3979:
3699:
3380:
3342:
3307:
3102:
2922:
2902:
2872:
2867:
2827:
2772:
2710:
2690:
2675:
2487:
2445:
1740:
1532:
Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates
1299:
1270:
1198:
1077:
1039:
herself openly when accused by Rackham of having an affair with Bonny.
1025:
1011:
978:
940:
912:
888:
771:
749:
642:
605:
497:
492:
491:
to Tortuga buccaneers and to their own countrymen, while the growth of
460:
326:
294:
265:
76:
43:
39:
1771:
Commire, Anne; Klezmer, Deborah (2002). "Read, Mary and Anne Bonney".
995:
a skull with two crossbones is engraved that is winking its right eye.
792:
760:
4441:
3520:
3132:
3037:
2907:
2877:
2450:
2405:
2259:
1333:), continuing the romantic image of the pirate as a treasure-burying
1241:
1229:
1035:
1015:
924:
916:
633:
561:
446:
235:
219:
1732:
4419:
4266:
4246:
4111:
3097:
3047:
2952:
2837:
2420:
1113:
836:
824:
814:
477:
204:
1888:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
963:, a particularly violent and unrepentant pirate, who served under
3555:
3162:
2497:
2477:
1153:
1130:
1093:
1089:
920:
902:
840:
767:
716:
576:
484:
258:
239:
223:
1176:
about his experience. Another famous captive from that raid was
1097:
569:
464:
Hispaniola's mainland to the more defensible offshore island of
4553:
4451:
3430:
3312:
2797:
2492:
2467:
2314:
2171:
The Life and Tryals of the Gentleman Pirate, Major Stede Bonnet
623:
434:
200:
3571:
314:
4281:
3297:
3237:
2680:
2507:
1770:
1146:
1121:
1117:
1105:
828:
575:
At the same time, England's less-favored colonies, including
402:
337:, then over 150 years old. Powell uses the phrase only once.
2132:
Life Under the Jolly Roger: Reflections on Golden Age Piracy
2882:
2199:
Villains of all Nations: Atlantic Pirates in the Golden Age
1202:
597:
387:
in 1998, reckoned the era as lasting from 1700 until 1730.
2188:
Rediker, Marcus (1988). "Pirates and the Imperial State".
564:
alone had been sacked thrice between 1667 and 1678, while
383:
defined the Golden Age as lasting only from 1716 to 1726.
2283:
796:
Blackbeard's severed head hanging from Maynard's bowsprit
459:
French buccaneers had established themselves on northern
2141:
The Golden Age of Piracy: the Truth Behind Pirate Myths
1920:
The Golden Age of Piracy: The Truth Behind Pirate Myths
632:. As a result, thousands of seamen, including European
628:
In 1713 and 1714, a series of peace treaties ended the
203:
was a significant factor in the histories of the North
1405:
James Sprunt Studies in History and Political Science,
1401:
Cornelius Harnett: An Essay in North Carolina History,
788:
List of pirates § Golden Age of Piracy: 1690–1730
2150:
Piracy and Privateering in the Golden Age Netherlands
1698:
Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World.
440:
1773:
Women in World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia
1558:"Tortuga – Pirate History – The Way of the Pirates"
353:in the history of piracy ... began in the reign of
2147:
1853:
364:
2101:
1946:
1442:Jolly Roger: The Story of the Great Age of Piracy
1418:Jolly Roger: The Story of the Great Age of Piracy
911:, famous for his partnership with female pirates
616:, and (although his guilt remains controversial)
4706:
2214:
2138:
2120:
2002:
1053:
897:, a buccaneer who raided the Spaniards and took
2196:
2187:
871:, whose execution in 1726 is used by historian
525:is shown selling his loot in this engraving by
1368:, vol. CCLXXVI, N.S. 52, Jan–June 1894, p. 23.
2299:
2219:. Vol. 42, no. 3. pp. 357–382.
2205:
2192:. Vol. 16, no. 3. pp. 351–357.
2129:
1796:Cordingly, David. "Bonny, Anne (1698–1782)".
1480:Raiders and Rebels: The Golden Age of Piracy,
875:to mark the end of the Golden Age of Pirates.
727:
507:
92:
4344:Jim Hawkins and the Curse of Treasure Island
2059:
1907:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1802:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1683:Pirates and Buccaneers of the Atlantic Coast
1276:
1070:Spanish Men-of-War Engaging Barbary Corsairs
624:Post–Spanish Succession period, c. 1715–1726
2208:Raiders and Rebels the Golden Age of Piracy
16:Maritime piracy from the 1650s to the 1730s
2306:
2292:
403:Recent countertrend toward broader meaning
99:
85:
32:
3975:Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law
2270:
2233:
1828:
1364:George Powell, "A Pirate's Paradise," in
1197:While pirates are commonly depicted with
973:, an English pirate who helped found the
304:
4602:List of ships attacked by Somali pirates
1893:
1598:
1063:
791:
692:in 1718, which signalled the end of the
517:
313:
106:
2009:. Conway Maritime Press. p. viii.
1965:
1799:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1718:
1589:, Arturus Publishing Ltd., 2005, p. 65.
1438:
1283:Pirates in the arts and popular culture
4707:
2074:from the original on December 12, 2019
1998:
1996:
1994:
1917:
1874:
3761:Capture of John "Calico Jack" Rackham
2287:
1918:Little, Benerson (2016). "Prologue".
1851:
1795:
1137:between the 16th and 19th centuries.
1108:, preying on shipping in the western
1076:The Barbary pirates were pirates and
953:. He was killed by one of Lieutenant
781:
80:
4503:International Talk Like a Pirate Day
1676:
418:the pirates of the years 1716–1726.
1991:
1968:Privateers & pirates, 1730-1830
1306:. In 2002, English naval historian
1010:The best-known female pirates were
480:making the return voyage to Spain.
476:pioneered the settlers' attacks on
13:
3570:
1156:was subject to raids known as the
949:, named in response to the end of
941:Edward "Blackbeard" Teach (Thatch)
905:. He died a natural death in 1688.
335:A New and Exact History of Jamaica
268:left unemployed by the end of the
14:
4761:
4393:Silver: Return to Treasure Island
2227:
2060:Adams, Cecil (October 12, 2007).
2041:from the original on 2 April 2019
1665:The World: An Illustrated History
1347:Governance in 18th-century piracy
999:
839:coast in 1717. He was caught and
732:Between the years 1719 and 1721,
587:, had become cash-starved by the
441:Buccaneering period, c. 1650–1680
4689:
4688:
4676:
4529:A General History of the Pyrates
4351:Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
3872:Operation Enduring Freedom – HOA
2031:"Why Did Pirates Wear Earrings?"
1881:
1290:A General History of the Pirates
1145:to secure freedom by professing
935:Bartholomew "Black Bart" Roberts
531:capture of the Grand Mughal ship
502:Henry Morgan's Panama expedition
2089:
2053:
2023:
1982:
1959:
1940:
1911:
1845:
1822:
1789:
1764:
1755:
1712:
1703:
1690:
1670:
1657:
1648:
1627:
1618:
1599:MacInnes, Colin (21 May 1972).
1592:
1587:Pirates: An Illustrated History
1579:
1568:from the original on 2015-03-14
1550:
1537:
1524:
1511:
1498:
1485:
1439:Pringle, Patrick (1953-01-01).
568:had been raided five times and
410:, in his influential 1994 work
365:Trend toward narrow definitions
3887:Operation Dawn 8: Gulf of Aden
3882:Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden
3635:Anti-piracy in the West Indies
2217:The William and Mary Quarterly
1721:The William and Mary Quarterly
1472:
1459:
1432:
1423:
1410:
1393:
1384:
1379:Old Virginia and Her Neighbors
1371:
1358:
1:
3743:Blockade of Charleston (Vane)
1663:Geoffrey Parker, ed. (1986),
1495:, ser. 3, 38 (1981), 203–227.
1352:
1236:
1224:
1207:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalahimah
1054:Barbary pirates or privateers
630:War of the Spanish Succession
270:War of the Spanish Succession
4740:Piracy in the Atlantic Ocean
4316:The Pilot: A Tale of the Sea
3566:Pirate battles and incidents
1816:UK public library membership
985:and becoming a pirate hunter
7:
4745:Piracy in the Pacific Ocean
3715:Battle of the Tiger's Mouth
3198:Rahmah ibn Jabir al-Jalhami
2190:Reviews in American History
2148:Lunsford, Virginia (2005).
1667:, Times Books Ltd., p. 317.
1420:, p. 9 of the 2001 edition.
1340:
1068:Cornelis Hendricksz Vroom,
560:had simply been exhausted;
10:
4766:
4750:Piracy in the Indian Ocean
4592:Pirate films and TV series
4032:African Slave Trade Patrol
3600:Action of 11 November 2008
2389:Barbary pirates (corsairs)
2313:
2273:"The Golden Age of Piracy"
2260:"The Golden Age of Piracy"
2102:Flemming, Gregory (2014).
1947:Belgrave, Charles (1966).
1601:"No Peace Beyond the Line"
1562:www.thewayofthepirates.com
1493:William and Mary Quarterly
1280:
1248:
1057:
1003:
993:San CristĂłbal de La Laguna
909:John "Calico Jack" Rackham
813:, was lost in a storm off
785:
728:Return of the Pirate Round
511:
508:Pirate Round, c. 1693–1700
444:
425:
421:
280:eastern seaboard, and the
4670:
4620:
4579:
4572:
4520:
4485:
4402:
4300:
4102:
4089:
4081:Trans-Saharan slave trade
4017:
3948:
3680:Battle off Minicoy Island
3655:Battle of Cape Fear River
3625:Anti-piracy in the Aegean
3595:Action of 28 October 2007
3590:Action of 9 November 1822
3565:
3463:
3371:
2735:
2728:
2654:
2618:
2575:
2528:
2521:
2366:
2321:
2236:"America's Worst Pirates"
2139:Little, Benerson (2016).
2121:Little, Benerson (2011).
2003:Johnson, Charles (2002).
1624:Cawthorne, pp. 34, 36, 58
1277:Effect on popular culture
1135:slaves in Northern Africa
881:, executed for piracy at
835:and raided ships off the
309:
118:
55:
31:
26:
21:
4076:Indian Ocean slave trade
3965:International piracy law
3902:Pirate attacks in Borneo
3774:Capture of the schooner
3766:Capture of the schooner
3700:Battle of Ocracoke Inlet
3426:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
2197:Rediker, Marcus (2004).
1835:Ohio State Research News
1585:Nigel Cawthorne (2005),
1366:The Gentleman's Magazine
276:, the Indian Ocean, the
4730:Piracy in the Caribbean
4535:Captain Charles Johnson
3959:1717–1718 Acts of Grace
3670:Battle of Mandab Strait
3650:Battle of Boca Teacapan
3645:Balanguingui Expedition
3610:Action of 23 March 2010
2201:. Boston: Beacon Press.
1988:Ieuan W. Haywood (2009)
1966:Konstam, Angus (2001).
1904:Encyclopædia Britannica
1545:Villains of All Nations
1530:David Cordingly, 1995,
1519:The History of Pirates,
1465:Douglas Botting, 1978,
1445:. Courier Corporation.
1416:Patrick Pringle, 1951,
1295:Captain Charles Johnson
1080:that operated from the
1048:claiming to be pregnant
428:Piracy in the Caribbean
392:The History of Pirates,
274:piracy in the Caribbean
4725:Golden ages (metaphor)
3892:Operation Ocean Shield
3720:Battle of Tonkin River
3665:Battle of Doro Passage
3620:Action of 5 April 2010
3615:Action of 1 April 2010
3605:Action of 9 April 2009
3585:1985 Lahad Datu ambush
3575:
3411:Jose Campuzano-Polanco
3396:Duarte Pacheco Pereira
2543:British Virgin Islands
2248:"Golden Age of Piracy"
2206:Sherry, Frank (2008).
2152:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2143:. Skyhorse Publishing.
2130:Kuhn, Gabriel (2010).
1953:George Bell & Sons
1860:. Palgrave Macmillan.
1852:Davis, Robert (2003).
1808:10.1093/ref:odnb/39085
1543:Marcus Rediker, 2004,
1331:Talk Like a Pirate Day
1312:Robert Louis Stevenson
1178:GuĂ°rĂĂ°ur SĂmonardĂłttir
1073:
883:Execution Dock, London
879:William "Captain" Kidd
797:
539:
322:
305:Name of the Golden Age
234:, and shipping in the
4508:Pirates versus Ninjas
3935:Slave raid of SuĂ°uroy
3897:Persian Gulf Campaign
3782:Capture of the sloop
3710:Battle of the Leotung
3695:Battle of New Orleans
3574:
3436:Richard Avery Hornsby
3188:Piet Pieterszoon Hein
3148:Moses Cohen Henriques
3118:Manuel Ribeiro Pardal
2863:Christina Anna Skytte
2401:Brethren of the Coast
2384:Baltic Slavic pirates
2331:Ancient Mediterranean
2252:goldenageofpiracy.org
2169:Moss, Jeremy (2020).
1517:Angus Konstam, 2005,
1399:R.D.W. Connor, 1909,
1126:Mediterranean islands
1112:from the time of the
1067:
919:, was captured, then
795:
757:Nossa Senhora Do Cabo
521:
317:
4720:18th-century pirates
4715:17th-century pirates
4430:skull and crossbones
4386:Mistress of the Seas
4068:Capture of the brig
4045:Atlantic slave trade
3806:Falklands Expedition
3660:Battle of Cape Lopez
3580:1582 Cagayan battles
3507:Queen Anne's Revenge
3058:José Joaquim Almeida
3043:John Newland Maffitt
2963:Hayreddin Barbarossa
2803:Bartolomeu PortuguĂŞs
2793:Artemisia I of Caria
2788:Alexandre Exquemelin
2626:Baltic Slavic piracy
2379:Anglo-Turkish piracy
1633:Peter Earle (2003),
1478:Frank Sherry, 1986,
1407:v. 14, no. 2, p. 32.
1337:in popular culture.
946:Queen Anne's Revenge
470:Alexandre Exquemelin
412:Under the Black Flag
197:Golden Age of Piracy
110:Golden Age of Piracy
22:Golden Age of Piracy
4447:No purchase, no pay
4415:Davy Jones's locker
4358:The Angel's Command
4202:Guybrush Threepwood
4050:Barbary slave trade
4027:African slave trade
3824:Jiajing wokou raids
3725:Battle of Ty-ho Bay
2948:François l'Olonnais
2808:Bartholomew Roberts
2696:Republic of Pirates
2210:. Harper Perennial.
2125:. Fair Winds Press.
1970:. Osprey Military.
1924:Skyhorse Publishing
1429:Fiske, pp. 341–342.
1030:Calico Jack Rackham
975:Republic of Pirates
957:'s crewmen in 1718.
929:Port Royal, Jamaica
805:"Black Sam" Bellamy
746:Christopher Condent
694:Republic of Pirates
684:, on the island of
544:Glorious Revolution
272:turned en masse to
242:to western Pacific.
38:A 1920 painting of
4607:Timeline of piracy
4564:Piracy kidnappings
4217:Jacquotte Delahaye
4172:Charlotte de Berry
4162:Captain Sabertooth
4055:Blockade of Africa
4010:Piracy Law of 1820
3940:Turkish Abductions
3877:Operation Atalanta
3811:Great Lakes Patrol
3690:Battle of Nam Quan
3640:Attack on Veracruz
3576:
3158:Nicholas van Hoorn
3143:Michel de Grammont
3008:Jacquotte Delahaye
2993:Hippolyte Bouchard
2913:Elise Eskilsdotter
2853:Charlotte de Berry
2818:Benjamin Hornigold
1605:The New York Times
1377:John Fiske, 1897,
1219:Second Barbary War
1186:history of Iceland
1158:Turkish Abductions
1074:
971:Benjamin Hornigold
798:
782:Pirates of the era
674:Benjamin Hornigold
548:earthquake in 1692
540:
370:popular 1978 book
323:
251:East India Company
4702:
4701:
4683:Piracy portal
4666:
4665:
4643:Fictional pirates
4542:Truce of Ratisbon
4516:
4515:
4477:Walking the plank
4337:On Stranger Tides
4277:Tony Tony Chopper
4167:Captain Stingaree
4104:Fictional pirates
3920:Sack of Baltimore
3915:Raid on Cartagena
3857:Moscow University
3736:Beluga Nomination
3705:Battle of Pianosa
3630:Antelope incident
3521:Marquis of Havana
3459:
3458:
3168:Olivier Levasseur
3108:Louis-Michel Aury
3073:Klaus Störtebeker
3023:Jeanne de Clisson
2943:François Le Clerc
2778:Anne Dieu-le-Veut
2724:
2723:
2641:South China Coast
2605:Strait of Malacca
2179:978-1-64663-151-3
2173:. Koehler Books.
2113:978-1-61168-515-2
2067:The Straight Dope
2016:978-0-85177-919-5
1933:978-1-5107-1304-8
1814:(Subscription or
1678:Snow, Edward Rowe
1452:978-0-486-41823-0
1255:Treaty of Utrecht
1215:First Barbary War
1110:Mediterranean Sea
863:Olivier Levasseur
807:, captain of the
742:Olivier Levasseur
712:South Sea Company
553:letters of marque
489:letters of marque
355:Queen Elizabeth I
192:
191:
75:
74:
4757:
4692:
4691:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4577:
4576:
4379:Pirate Latitudes
4372:Long John Silver
4365:Voyage of Slaves
4232:Long John Silver
4127:Captain Birdseye
4100:
4099:
3970:Letter of marque
3930:Salvador Pirates
3925:Sack of Campeche
3748:Chepo Expedition
3730:Battle of Tysami
3685:Battle off Mukah
3675:Battle of Manila
3514:Quedagh Merchant
3472:Adventure Galley
3318:Victual Brothers
3303:Thomas Cavendish
3268:Sayyida al Hurra
3253:Samuel Hall Lord
3233:Roche Braziliano
3218:Robert Culliford
3153:Nathaniel Gordon
3123:Martin Frobisher
3083:Laurens de Graaf
3053:Jørgen Jørgensen
2988:Henry Strangways
2968:Hendrick Lucifer
2918:Eustace the Monk
2783:AntĂłnio de Faria
2733:
2732:
2701:Republic of Salé
2671:ĂŽle Sainte-Marie
2526:
2525:
2503:Victual Brothers
2411:Cilician pirates
2308:
2301:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2240:gregflemming.com
2220:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2163:
2144:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:. 8 March 2011.
2027:
2021:
2020:
2000:
1989:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1949:The Pirate Coast
1944:
1938:
1937:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1859:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:. Archived from
1826:
1820:
1819:
1811:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1768:
1762:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1701:
1696:Mark Kurlansky,
1694:
1688:
1687:
1674:
1668:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1596:
1590:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1528:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1476:
1470:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1421:
1414:
1408:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1375:
1369:
1362:
1184:is known in the
981:before taking a
951:Queen Anne's War
705:triangular trade
614:Robert Culliford
453:Wars of Religion
398:
346:Barbary corsairs
232:Spanish colonies
113:
111:
101:
94:
87:
78:
77:
36:
19:
18:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4735:Historical eras
4705:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4677:
4675:
4662:
4628:Barbary pirates
4616:
4612:Women in piracy
4568:
4512:
4481:
4410:Buried treasure
4398:
4330:Facing the Flag
4323:Treasure Island
4296:
4242:Vaas Montenegro
4237:Monkey D. Luffy
4207:Hector Barbossa
4192:Elizabeth Swann
4157:Captain Pugwash
4094:
4092:
4085:
4062:Veloz Passagera
4060:Capture of the
4013:
3944:
3753:Capture of the
3561:
3493:Flying Dutchman
3455:
3421:Miguel EnrĂquez
3373:
3367:
3333:William Dampier
3288:Simon Mascarino
3283:Shirahama Kenki
3263:Samuel Pallache
3228:Roberto CofresĂ
3138:Mary Wolverston
3113:Mansel Alcantra
3088:Lawrence Prince
2768:Albert W. Hicks
2720:
2658:
2650:
2614:
2571:
2517:
2513:Women in piracy
2478:Sindhi corsairs
2431:French corsairs
2421:Cossack pirates
2374:Albanian piracy
2367:Types of pirate
2362:
2317:
2312:
2277:cindyvallar.com
2271:Vallar, Cindy.
2258:
2246:
2234:Fleming, Greg.
2230:
2160:
2114:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2001:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1964:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1916:
1912:
1899:Barbary Pirates
1897:, ed. (1911). "
1882:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1850:
1846:
1829:Davis, Robert.
1827:
1823:
1813:
1794:
1790:
1783:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1733:10.2307/1918775
1717:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1691:
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1635:The Pirate Wars
1632:
1628:
1623:
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1607:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1538:
1534:, pp. xvi–xvii.
1529:
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1363:
1359:
1355:
1343:
1308:David Cordingly
1285:
1279:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1174:slave narrative
1170:Ă“lafur Egilsson
1142:Simon de Danser
1062:
1060:Barbary pirates
1056:
1008:
1006:Women in piracy
1002:
790:
784:
730:
626:
593:Middle Colonies
589:Navigation Acts
566:RĂo de la Hacha
516:
510:
474:Pierre Le Grand
449:
443:
430:
424:
408:David Cordingly
405:
396:
374:for TimeLife's
367:
312:
307:
299:Colonial powers
253:targets in the
193:
188:
181:Capture of the
168:Capture of the
163:Cape Fear River
153:Pirate Republic
114:
109:
107:
105:
71:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4763:
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4699:
4697:
4696:
4686:
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4668:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4653:Piracy by year
4650:
4645:
4640:
4638:Female pirates
4635:
4633:By nationality
4630:
4624:
4622:
4618:
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4609:
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4227:Joshamee Gibbs
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3448:
3443:
3441:Robert Maynard
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3323:Vincenzo Gambi
3320:
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3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3248:Samuel Bellamy
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3223:Robert Surcouf
3220:
3215:
3213:Richard Glover
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Pierre Lafitte
3180:
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2958:Grace O'Malley
2955:
2950:
2945:
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2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2898:Edward England
2895:
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2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2858:Cheung Po Tsai
2855:
2850:
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2835:
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2813:Benito de Soto
2810:
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2795:
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2780:
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2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Abraham Samuel
2755:
2753:Adam Baldridge
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
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2706:Saint Augustin
2703:
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2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2583:Horn of Africa
2579:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2567:Gulf of Guinea
2564:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2553:Lake Nicaragua
2545:
2534:
2532:
2530:Atlantic World
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
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2485:
2480:
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2465:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Jewish pirates
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
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2229:
2228:External links
2226:
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2194:
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2158:
2145:
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2112:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2052:
2022:
2015:
1990:
1981:
1958:
1955:. p. 122.
1939:
1932:
1910:
1895:Chisholm, Hugh
1873:
1866:
1844:
1841:on 2011-07-25.
1821:
1788:
1781:
1763:
1754:
1727:(2): 203–227.
1711:
1702:
1700:Penguin, 1998.
1689:
1669:
1656:
1654:Earle, p. 148.
1647:
1626:
1617:
1591:
1578:
1549:
1536:
1523:
1510:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1458:
1451:
1431:
1422:
1409:
1392:
1390:Fiske, p. 339.
1383:
1370:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1339:
1281:Main article:
1278:
1275:
1250:
1247:
1238:
1235:
1226:
1223:
1182:Vestmannaeyjar
1180:. The sack of
1058:Main article:
1055:
1052:
1046:executions by
1004:Main article:
1001:
1000:Female pirates
998:
997:
996:
986:
968:
965:Henry Jennings
958:
955:Robert Maynard
938:
932:
906:
892:
886:
876:
873:Marcus Rediker
866:
860:
844:
818:
786:Main article:
783:
780:
776:Robert Maynard
748:operated from
734:Edward England
729:
726:
686:New Providence
678:Edward England
664:Samuel Bellamy
656:Henry Jennings
625:
622:
512:Main article:
509:
506:
445:Main article:
442:
439:
426:Main article:
423:
420:
404:
401:
381:Marcus Rediker
366:
363:
361:were pirates.
331:Charles Leslie
311:
308:
306:
303:
286:
285:
278:North American
262:
243:
190:
189:
187:
186:
178:
173:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
133:Lake Maracaibo
130:
125:
123:Lake Nicaragua
119:
116:
115:
104:
103:
96:
89:
81:
73:
72:
70:
69:
66:
63:
62:North Atlantic
59:
57:
53:
52:
48:Robert Maynard
37:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4526:
4525:
4523:
4521:Miscellaneous
4519:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:Miscellaneous
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Pirate utopia
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
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4445:
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4438:
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4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4187:Elaine Marley
4185:
4183:
4182:Edward Kenway
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4142:Captain Flint
4140:
4138:
4137:Captain Crook
4135:
4133:
4132:Captain Blood
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
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3989:
3985:
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3960:
3956:
3955:Acts of grace
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3848:Orkim Harmony
3844:
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3814:
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3796:
3794:
3792:
3791:Carré d'As IV
3788:
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3785:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
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3759:
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3755:Ambrose Light
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3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:Royal Fortune
3532:
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3522:
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3516:
3515:
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3483:
3481:
3480:
3479:Ambrose Light
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3462:
3452:
3451:Woodes Rogers
3449:
3447:
3446:Thomas Warren
3444:
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3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
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3407:
3406:Julius Caesar
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3386:Chaloner Ogle
3384:
3382:
3379:
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3364:
3361:
3359:
3358:Zheng Zhilong
3356:
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3269:
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3243:Sadie Farrell
3241:
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3193:Princess Sela
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3173:Pedro Gilbert
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3093:Liang Daoming
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2938:Francis Drake
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2893:Dominique You
2891:
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2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Charles Gibbs
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
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2801:
2799:
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2784:
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2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Abduwali Muse
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2729:Major figures
2727:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2666:Barataria Bay
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2656:Pirate havens
2653:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Barbary Coast
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
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2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2483:Timber pirate
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2452:
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2274:
2269:
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2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2159:1-4039-6692-3
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
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2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1935:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1905:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:public domain
1877:
1869:
1867:1-4039-4551-9
1863:
1858:
1857:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:
1792:
1784:
1782:0-7876-4062-X
1778:
1774:
1767:
1761:Rediker, 1981
1758:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1709:Rediker, 2004
1706:
1699:
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1679:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1651:
1644:
1643:0-312-33579-2
1640:
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1595:
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1323:
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1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1267:
1266:Woodes Rogers
1262:
1259:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:Barbary Coast
1163:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:Barbary coast
1083:
1082:North African
1079:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1049:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1007:
994:
990:
987:
984:
980:
977:and mentored
976:
972:
969:
966:
962:
959:
956:
952:
948:
947:
942:
939:
936:
933:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
907:
904:
900:
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
880:
877:
874:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
857:
852:
848:
845:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
811:
806:
803:
802:
801:
794:
789:
779:
777:
773:
769:
764:
762:
758:
755:
754:East Indiaman
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
721:
719:
718:
714:obtained the
713:
708:
706:
701:
699:
695:
691:
690:Woodes Rogers
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
652:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
549:
545:
537:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
515:
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503:
499:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
462:
457:
454:
448:
438:
436:
429:
419:
415:
413:
409:
400:
393:
388:
386:
385:Angus Konstam
382:
377:
376:The Seafarers
373:
362:
360:
356:
350:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
320:
316:
302:
300:
296:
290:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
215:
212:
210:
209:Indian Oceans
206:
202:
198:
185:
184:
179:
177:
174:
172:
171:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
143:Mandab Strait
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
117:
112:
102:
97:
95:
90:
88:
83:
82:
79:
68:Pacific Ocean
67:
64:
61:
60:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
35:
30:
25:
20:
4674:
4547:Pirate Round
4527:
4498:Space pirate
4472:Treasure map
4391:
4384:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4307:
4262:Roronoa Zoro
4212:Jack Sparrow
4152:Captain Nemo
4147:Captain Hook
4069:
4061:
4037:
3907:
3864:
3856:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3816:
3799:Dai Hong Dan
3798:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3754:
3735:
3554:
3549:Whydah Gally
3547:
3540:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3500:Ganj-i-Sawai
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3464:Pirate ships
3416:Luis Fajardo
3401:James Brooke
3391:David Porter
3363:Zheng Yi Sao
3338:William Kidd
3293:Stede Bonnet
3278:Shap-ng-tsai
3258:Samuel Mason
3178:Peter Easton
3128:Mary Lindsey
3078:Lai Choi San
3068:Joseph Barss
3063:Joseph Baker
3033:John Hawkins
3028:Johanna HĂĄrd
3018:Jean Lafitte
3013:Jan Janszoon
3003:Israel Hands
2983:Henry Morgan
2973:Henri Caesar
2888:Dirk Chivers
2823:Black Caesar
2748:Abshir Boyah
2619:Other waters
2600:Persian Gulf
2588:Somali Coast
2576:Indian Ocean
2548:Spanish Main
2463:River pirate
2441:Moro pirates
2416:Child pirate
2341:21st century
2335:
2276:
2264:The UnMuseum
2263:
2251:
2239:
2216:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2170:
2149:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2106:. ForeEdge.
2103:
2090:Bibliography
2078:November 17,
2076:. Retrieved
2065:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2005:
1984:
1967:
1961:
1948:
1942:
1919:
1913:
1902:
1876:
1855:
1847:
1839:the original
1834:
1824:
1797:
1791:
1772:
1766:
1757:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1650:
1634:
1629:
1620:
1610:29 September
1608:. Retrieved
1604:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1570:. Retrieved
1561:
1552:
1544:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1518:
1513:
1505:
1504:F; Konstam,
1500:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1474:
1467:The Pirates,
1466:
1461:
1441:
1434:
1425:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1365:
1360:
1335:swashbuckler
1326:
1324:
1320:
1316:J. M. Barrie
1288:
1286:
1263:
1260:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1211:
1196:
1189:
1151:
1139:
1088:") ports of
1075:
1069:
1044:
1041:
1034:
1024:
1009:
983:royal pardon
961:Charles Vane
944:
895:Henry Morgan
856:Ganj-i-Sawai
854:
832:
821:Stede Bonnet
810:Whydah Gally
808:
799:
772:Edward Teach
765:
756:
731:
722:
715:
709:
702:
698:Act of Grace
669:Whydah Gally
667:
660:Charles Vane
651:Urca de Lima
649:
647:
627:
618:William Kidd
585:Rhode Island
574:
558:Spanish Main
541:
535:Ganj-i-Sawai
533:
514:Pirate Round
482:
458:
450:
431:
416:
411:
406:
391:
389:
375:
371:
368:
351:
339:
334:
324:
291:
287:
282:West African
255:Indian Ocean
247:Pirate Round
238:and eastern
220:buccaneering
213:
196:
194:
182:
169:
158:Charles Town
108:
65:Indian Ocean
44:final battle
4462:Pirate code
4437:Keelhauling
4425:Jolly Roger
4287:Will Turner
4222:José Gaspar
4122:Barbe Rouge
4019:Slave trade
3273:Sister Ping
3203:Rachel Wall
2998:Huang Bamei
2978:Henry Every
2933:FĹ«ma KotarĹŤ
2928:Flying Gang
2843:Calico Jack
2833:Bully Hayes
2636:Falcon Lake
2610:Nosy Boraha
2468:Sea Beggars
2456:Confederate
2426:Filibusters
2134:. PM Press.
2035:livescience
1304:Calico Jack
1191:Tyrkjaránið
1020:Rachel Wall
989:Amaro Pargo
899:Panama City
869:William Fly
847:Henry Every
738:John Taylor
643:slave ships
641:(including
639:merchantmen
610:Henry Every
527:Howard Pyle
523:Henry Every
372:The Pirates
319:Amaro Pargo
128:Porto Bello
27:1650s–1730s
4709:Categories
4621:Categories
4597:Privateers
4559:Matelotage
4493:Air pirate
4457:Pet parrot
4309:The Pirate
4257:Nico Robin
4177:Davy Jones
4117:Tom Ayrton
4091:Pirates in
3980:Piracy Act
3949:Piracy law
3865:North Star
3528:My Revenge
3381:Angelo Emo
3343:Zheng Jing
3308:Thomas Tew
3103:Lo Hon-cho
2923:Flora Burn
2903:Edward Low
2873:Dan Seavey
2868:Chui A-poo
2828:Blackbeard
2773:Anne Bonny
2711:Saint-Malo
2691:Port Royal
2676:Libertatia
2488:Ushkuyniks
2451:Privateers
2446:Narentines
2406:Buccaneers
2336:Golden Age
2045:29 January
1818:required.)
1572:2009-12-11
1353:References
1300:Blackbeard
1293:(1724) by
1242:Privateers
1237:Privateers
1230:Buccaneers
1225:Buccaneers
1199:eyepatches
1162:Murat Reis
1078:privateers
1026:Anne Bonny
1012:Anne Bonny
979:Blackbeard
931:, in 1720.
913:Anne Bonny
889:Edward Low
831:named the
750:Madagascar
634:privateers
606:Thomas Tew
529:. Every's
498:Port Royal
493:Port Royal
461:Hispaniola
342:John Fiske
327:journalist
295:Royal Navy
266:privateers
230:attacking
176:Cape Lopez
40:Blackbeard
4442:Marooning
4070:Brillante
3859:hijacking
3850:hijacking
3841:hijacking
3832:hijacking
3133:Mary Read
3038:John Hoar
2908:Eli Boggs
2878:Diabolito
2659:and bases
2595:Indonesia
2560:Venezuela
2538:Caribbean
1976:815935288
1749:147395597
1381:, p. 338.
1152:In 1627,
1036:Mary Read
1016:Mary Read
917:Mary Read
825:Barbadian
823:, a rich
562:Maracaibo
447:Buccaneer
236:Caribbean
4694:Category
4420:Eyepatch
4292:Zanzibar
4267:Sandokan
4247:Mr. Smee
4112:Askeladd
4040:Incident
3910:incident
3819:incident
3801:incident
3793:incident
3738:incident
3353:Zheng Yi
3348:Zheng Qi
3328:Wang Zhi
3208:Redbeard
3098:Limahong
3048:John Pro
2953:Gan Ning
2838:Cai Qian
2646:Sulu Sea
2473:Sea Dogs
2072:Archived
2039:Archived
1775:. Gale.
1680:(1944).
1645:, p. 94.
1566:Archived
1341:See also
1322:powers.
1217:and the
1114:Crusades
927:outside
925:gibbeted
859:in 1695.
843:in 1718.
837:Virginia
815:Cape Cod
581:New York
478:galleons
205:Atlantic
56:Location
46:against
4658:Pirates
4587:Pirates
4095:culture
4093:popular
4038:Amistad
3839:Zafirah
3542:Saladin
3374:hunters
3163:Ng Akew
2763:Alfhild
2736:Pirates
2716:Tortuga
2498:Vikings
2394:Algiers
2323:Periods
1892::
1741:1918775
1547:, p. 8.
1508:, p. 5.
1271:slavers
1249:Decline
1209:, did.
1205:pirate
1154:Iceland
1131:Iceland
1102:Tripoli
1094:Morocco
1090:Algiers
1072:, 1615.
903:Jamaica
833:Revenge
768:Comoros
761:RĂ©union
717:asiento
577:Bermuda
572:eight.
485:Jamaica
466:Tortuga
422:History
395:decade.
259:Red Sea
240:Pacific
228:Tortuga
224:Jamaica
170:William
50:in 1718
4648:Piracy
4554:Mutiny
4452:Pegleg
4403:Tropes
4301:Novels
4197:Franky
3867:affair
3431:Pompey
3372:Pirate
3313:Veborg
2798:Awilda
2686:Mamora
2493:Uskoks
2315:Piracy
2177:
2156:
2110:
2013:
1974:
1930:
1886:
1864:
1812:
1779:
1747:
1739:
1641:
1521:p. 96.
1469:p. 20.
1449:
1104:, and
1084:(the "
1018:, and
921:hanged
841:hanged
744:, and
682:Nassau
676:, and
672:fame,
602:calico
583:, and
435:London
310:Origin
284:coast.
201:piracy
138:Panama
4580:Lists
4282:Usopp
4272:Sanji
3908:Quest
3817:Irene
3776:Fancy
3768:Bravo
3486:Fancy
3298:Teuta
3238:Rusla
2681:Lundy
2522:Areas
2508:Wokou
1745:S2CID
1737:JSTOR
1506:supra
1482:p. 7.
1147:Islam
1122:Spain
1118:Italy
1106:Tunis
853:ship
851:Mogul
829:sloop
359:Drake
183:Fancy
148:Chepo
4573:Meta
4252:Nami
4004:1850
4000:1837
3996:1721
3992:1717
3988:1698
3984:1536
3784:Anne
3556:York
2883:Dido
2356:2024
2351:2023
2346:2022
2175:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2080:2008
2047:2014
2011:ISBN
1972:OCLC
1928:ISBN
1862:ISBN
1777:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1612:2023
1447:ISBN
1327:e.g.
1314:and
1302:and
1203:Arab
1124:and
1098:Salé
923:and
915:and
600:and
598:silk
570:TolĂş
257:and
245:The
226:and
218:The
207:and
195:The
3855:MV
3846:MT
3837:MT
1901:".
1804:doi
1729:doi
1318:.
1188:as
759:at
666:of
333:'s
42:'s
4711::
4002:,
3998:,
3994:,
3990:,
3986:,
2275:.
2262:.
2250:.
2238:.
2070:.
2064:.
2033:.
1993:^
1951:.
1926:.
1922:.
1833:.
1743:.
1735:.
1725:38
1723:.
1637:,
1603:.
1564:.
1560:.
1329:,
1273:.
1194:.
1160:.
1120:,
1100:,
1096:,
1092:,
1032:.
1022:.
1014:,
740:,
736:,
662:,
658:,
620:.
612:,
608:,
579:,
399:"
211:.
4006:)
3982:(
3961:)
3957:(
2307:e
2300:t
2293:v
2279:.
2266:.
2254:.
2242:.
2181:.
2162:.
2116:.
2082:.
2049:.
2019:.
1978:.
1936:.
1870:.
1810:.
1806::
1785:.
1751:.
1731::
1614:.
1575:.
1455:.
397:'
261:.
100:e
93:t
86:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
