569:(PtHA) is a color breed, which accepts horses based on coat color regardless of ancestry. They maintain three registries: the Color Registry, which accepts pinto colored horses; the Solid Registry, which accepts any horse not accepted by the Colored Registry; and the Long Ear Registry, which accepts donkeys and mules of any color. To count as Pinto, a horse must have at least four square inches of white fur and pink skin in areas other than the face and lower legs. The Color Registry does not accept horses with appaloosa characteristics, but the Solid Registry does. The Color Registry also requires that both parents of stallions be registered with the PtHA or an approved outcross breed, though this is not required for ponies, miniatures, or horses of
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426:: A mix of tobiano and any form of overo coloration, usually reflecting that the horse carries more than one set of genes for a spotting pattern. For example, a tovero may have a mostly white tobiano pattern on the body, but also have blue eyes with or without a white head. Horses can carry multiple spotting genes at the same time, producing characteristics of several patterns.
420:: A collective term used primarily by the APHA, overo essentially means "pinto, but not tobiano". It denotes patterns produced by at least three different genetic mechanisms: frame, splashed white, or sabino, described above. These patterns are usually characterized by irregular markings with more jagged edges than tobiano markings. The white usually does not cross the back.
588:, and are recorded in a separate registry, the American Paint Horse Association. While a Pinto may be of any breed or combination of breeds (possibly with restrictions depending on the registry), a horse that is registered as an American Paint Horse must have at least one parent recorded with the APHA, and both parents must be only of registered
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A group of visually similar patterns which may range from white markings on the face and legs all the way up to a solid white horse. In between those extremes, sabino horses possess a spotting pattern characterized by high white on legs, belly spots, and white markings on the face extending past the
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A less-common pinto pattern, splashed white coats have horizontally oriented white markings with crisp, smooth edges, and make the horse appear to have been dipped, head lowered, into white paint. The face has significant white markings, and the eyes are usually blue. Most splashed white pintos have
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Frame is characterized by horizontally oriented white patches with jagged, crisp edges. White patches typically include the head, face, and lateral aspects of the neck and body, and the eyes can be blue. Frame overos may have very modest markings that are not obviously pinto. This quality allows the
71:
Pinto colors can come in a number of genetically distinct patterns, which have different visual characteristics and tend to make white or leave colored different areas of the horse. These include tobiano, sabino, splashed white, frame, and manchado. A pinto horse may also have a combination of these
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The gene that causes lethal white syndrome is the same gene that causes the frame overo pinto pattern. A single copy results in a frame overo horse, while two copies being present causes lethal white syndrome. Some horses may have the gene without visually appearing to be frame patterned, but a DNA
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A number of color breed registries encourage the breeding of pinto-colored horses, with varying registration requirements. The less restrictive organizations allow registration of a horse of any breed or combination of breeds with as little as three square inches of white above the knees or hocks,
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The earliest known pinto horses appeared shortly after horses were domesticated. Analysis of ancient horse DNA found a tobiano horse that lived about 5600 years ago, and a sabino-1 horse that lived about 5000 years ago. Tobiano was at first favored by humans and became especially common during the
883:
Wutke, Saskia; Benecke, Norbert; Sandoval-Castellanos, Edson; Döhle, Hans-Jürgen; Friederich, Susanne; Gonzalez, Javier; Hallsson, Jón
Hallsteinn; Hofreiter, Michael; Lõugas, Lembi; Magnell, Ola; Morales-Muniz, Arturo; Orlando, Ludovic; PálsdĂłttir, AlbĂna Hulda; Reissmann, Monika; Ruttkay, Matej;
406:
A rare pattern characterized by large, crisp white areas with smooth round spots of color inside them. Usually there will be more white on the dorsal side the neck, and more color on the belly and the ventral side of the neck. It has been seen in the
Thoroughbred, Criollo, Polo Pony, Arabian, and
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sabino pattern in
Arabians, and sabino, overo, and tobiano in Quarter Horses. Therefore, these registries have modified their rules, allowing horses with extra white, if parentage is verified through DNA testing, to be registered. The Jockey Club's Thoroughbred registry, however, still does not
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are the most common base coat colors, skewbalds are most often chestnut and white or bay and white. At one time, the term may have applied more specifically to brown-looking pinto horses, but today it encompasses any color other than black. This term also comes from "magpie" via
Scandinavian
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By the 17th century in Europe, spotted horses were quite fashionable, though when the fad ended, large numbers of newly unsellable horses were shipped to the
Americas, some of which were sold, while others were simply turned loose to run wild. The color became popular, particularly among
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The most recognizable type of pinto, tobiano is a spotting pattern characterized by rounded markings with white legs and white across the back between the withers and the dock of the tail, usually arranged in a roughly vertical pattern. The head is usually dark, and may have facial
398:. Of the 30+ forms of sabino and dominant white where the genetic cause is known, all are caused by different alternate variants of the same gene. It's possible that some forms of sabino where the cause is not yet known may turn out to be caused by a different gene or genes.
463:: In the context of pinto, a solid horse is one with no visible pinto pattern, regardless of whether white markings are present and regardless of whether the horse carries any pinto genes. In other contexts, "solid" may be used to describe a horse with no white markings.
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The non-white area has the same colors in the same arrangements as one would see on a solid horse. Overall, the effect is as if a horse with a solid coat had white painted in patches over top. The white areas of a pinto horse generally have pink skin underneath.
619:, or due to a fear of producing lethal white foals. This exclusion of offspring from pedigreed parents led to the formation not only of the American Paint Horse Association, but also other pinto registries. Among the breeds that excluded such horses were the
125:. There is no clear dividing line for how much white counts as pinto and how much counts as only white markings, and various breed registries have slightly different rules on how much white must be present and where it must be placed to count as pinto.
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A few words describe pinto horses by giving more detail about the color of the non-white areas, mainly used in
British English. This can also be done by including the base color in the coat name, such as "bay pinto" or "pinto palomino".
349:. Although frame overo horses are themselves healthy, if two horses with the frame gene are bred together, there is a 25% chance that the foal will have lethal white syndrome. Affected foals are fully white and die shortly after birth.
725:
Ludwig, Arne; Pruvost, Melanie; Reissmann, Monika; Benecke, Norbert; Brockmann, Gudrun A.; Castaños, Pedro; Cieslak, Michael; Lippold, Sebastian; Llorente, Laura; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Stalkin, Montgomery; Hofreiter, Michael (2009).
102:. Breeders who select for color are often careful not to cross the two patterns, and registries that include spotting color preferences often refuse registration to horses that exhibit characteristics of the "wrong" pattern.
485:: Areas where the edge between white and color is softer, neither completely white nor completely colored, especially when seen on normally crisp-edged patterns such as tobiano. Mainly of interest to artists.
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and ears are dark, surrounded completely by white, a true "medicine hat" pinto or paint usually has a predominantly white body, sometimes with dark coloration by the flanks, chest, and above the eyes.
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While pinto horses in general have patches of white and patches of color, there are a number of different, separately inherited patterns which tend to arrange the white and colored areas differently.
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Metallinos, DL; Bowling AT; Rine J (June 1998). "A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal
Syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung Disease".
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record pedigree and horse show results for pinto horses, regardless of ancestry. Both the terms "Pinto" and "Paint" may sometimes refer to breeds or registries rather than coat color.
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Hackney breeds, and almost always in
Argentina. The cause of manchado is not known for certain, but Sponenberg & Bellone propose it may be caused by a rare recessive gene.
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A pinto horse has a coat with patches of white fur and patches of another color. The white on a pinto horse is generally asymmetric, unlike for example white added by the
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eyes. The edges of markings may be "lacy" or patches of roaning patterns standing alone or on the edges of white markings can occur. Sabino may sometimes look similar to
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479:: A large, dark patch covers the chest, surrounded completely by white, usually on a predominantly white horse, sometimes associated with medicine hat patterning.
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The
American Paint Horse is a very popular breed in the United States, with around 10,000 horses registered annually, roughly two thirds of which are in the US.
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Images from pottery and other art of ancient antiquity show horses with flashy, spotted patterns, indicating that they may have been desirable traits and
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When used to refer to breeds, Pinto is a color breed that can be of any type or ancestry, while a Paint is a breed with a specific type and bloodlines.
453:: This informal term of approval for appealing white markings on the horse can be confusing, as it is also used to describe boldly patterned
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bloodlines. Therefore, most Paint horses may also be registered as Pintos, but not all Pintos are qualified to be registered as Paints.
517:. This is a genetic disorder causing foals to die shortly after birth. Affected foals are fully white and have a non-functional colon.
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test exists to determine whether a horse is a carrier. Lethal white syndrome can be avoided by not breeding two carriers together.
493:: A pinto horse from two apparently solid-colored parents, typically within a breed whose standard does not allow pinto coloration.
1294:
Veterinary
Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, website accessed January 12, 2008.
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officially recognize pinto as a registerable color, though it does allow white body spots to be recorded under the category of
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168:, and archaeologists have found evidence of horses with spotted coat patterns on the Russian steppes before the rise of the
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breeding, though others do. None accepts horses with the genetically distinct Appaloosa pattern, produced by genes in the
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A horse with small amounts of white only on the face and/or legs is not called "pinto" but instead said to have white
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Horses with pinto coloring and verifiable pedigrees tracing to Quarter Horses or Thoroughbreds have been named the
636:. The Welsh Pony and Cob Society of the UK also does not accept "piebald" or "skewbald" horses for registration.
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277:: A horse with three colors, usually bay (brown and black) and white. Usually considered a type of skewbald.
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Some additional terms describe the pattern without specifying the exact pinto pattern. These include:
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testing, though, has revealed that some breeds do possess genes for spotting patterns, such as a non-
248:: Any pinto pattern on a black base coat, thus a black-and-white spotted horse. The term comes from "
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horses with spots or "excess" white for registration, believing that such animals were likely to be
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pattern to seemingly "hide" for generations, and is thought to be responsible for some cases of
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As noted in the description of patterns, the frame gene is associated with a condition called
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similar to those seen on non-pinto horses such as a star, snip, strip, or blaze. Tobiano is a
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that consists of large patches of white and any other color. Pinto coloration is also called
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trait caused by a single gene, so all tobiano horses have at least one tobiano parent.
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370:. Splashed white patterns can be caused by multiple variants of two different genes.
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Iron Age (900 BC to 400 AD), before becoming less frequent again in the Middle Ages.
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68:. Pinto horses have been around since shortly after the domestication of the horse.
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not including facial markings. Some pinto registries do not accept animals with
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A horse with tobiano-like spotting depicted on a Corinthian black-figure column
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728:"Coat Color Variation at the Beginning of Horse Domestication"
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Pinto patterns are visually and genetically distinct from the
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spotting patterns characteristic of horse breeds such as the
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The same gene that causes the frame pattern can also cause
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711:(4 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 171, 191, 195–196.
258:: Any pinto pattern on any base coat other than black; as
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A pinto horse, with patches of white and of another color
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172:. Later, spotted horses were among those brought to the
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Trinks, Alexandra; Ludwig, Arne (December 23, 2016).
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do not, or at some point in the past did not, accept
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Horse with coat color that consists of large patches
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A "medicine hat" marking, dark ears on a white head
164:for. Images of spotted horses appear in the art of
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707:Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Bellone, Rebecca (2017).
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671:"A Guide to Equine Color Genetics and Coat Color"
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942:Conquerors: The Roots of New World Horsemanship.
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623:and American Quarter Horse registries. Modern
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1258:National Pinto Horse Registry (United States)
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576:The PtHA has over 157,000 registered Pintos.
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860:WordReference.com Spanish-English Dictionary
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366:normal hearing, but the trait is linked to
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1005:(6). New York: Springer New York: 426–31.
944:Amigo Publications Inc; 1st edition 1998.
497:In biology, pinto is considered a type of
1087:"Seeing Spots: Pinto Patterns in Equines"
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136:for "painted", "dappled", or "spotted".
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75:Pinto patterns can be found in various
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1200:"Jockey Club Interactive Registration"
1301:
1289:"Introduction to Coat Color Genetics"
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1155:. Pinto Horse Association of America
1133:. Pinto Horse Association of America
1111:. Pinto Horse Association of America
836:. Pinto Horse Association of America
786:. American Quarter Horse Association
13:
1180:. American Paint Horse Association
811:. American Paint Horse Association
567:Pinto Horse Association of America
561:Pinto Horse Association of America
89:Pinto Horse Association of America
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1274:International Museum of the Horse
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79:of horses, notably including the
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806:"2023 Official APHA Rule Book"
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533:Pinto (left), leopard-spotted
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1:
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963:"Tobiano - Horse Coat Color"
501:, which is itself a type of
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1204:www.registry.jockeyclub.com
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592:, American Paint Horse, or
469:: An uncommon pattern, the
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1830:Category:Horse coat colors
1799:Endothelin receptor type B
1764:Equine coat color genetics
1225:"Registration Regulations"
1041:"Splashed White Mutations"
651:Equine coat color genetics
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72:patterns, such as tovero.
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1263:October 14, 2009, at the
1064:"Etching a Pinto Pattern"
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275:Tricolored or tricoloured
194:Pinto coats by base color
60:, or in nations that use
1279:"Horse coat color tests"
19:This article is about a
1819:Melanocortin 1 receptor
1285:Veterinary Genetics Lab
752:10.1126/science.1172750
87:registries such as the
834:"Color Breed Registry"
590:American Quarter Horse
538:
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282:Pinto coats by pattern
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29:Pinto (disambiguation)
27:. For other uses, see
1757:Genetics and breeding
1598:Base color variations
1527:Lethal white syndrome
1011:10.1007/s003359900790
709:Equine Color Genetics
603:Pinto in other breeds
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515:lethal white syndrome
509:Lethal white syndrome
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347:lethal white syndrome
147:
39:
1175:"2022 Annual Report"
784:"2024 AQHA Rulebook"
673:. Practical Horseman
586:American Paint Horse
81:American Paint Horse
1131:"Long Ear Registry"
1085:Leah Posey-Patton.
967:www.vgl.ucdavis.edu
902:2016NatSR...638548W
744:2009Sci...324..485L
368:congenital deafness
1728:Primitive markings
1329:Equine coat colors
1062:Ashley Stollberg.
890:Scientific Reports
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910:10.1038/srep38548
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1429:(also known as
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1270:"Pinto Horse",
1265:Wayback Machine
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1854:Color breeds
1814:STX17 (Gray)
1774:Horse genome
1656:Knabstrupper
1649:
1646:Varnish roan
1548:
1540:and patterns
1522:Sabino-white
1487:
1486:Blue dun or
1291:
1271:
1234:November 18,
1232:. Retrieved
1228:
1219:
1209:November 18,
1207:. Retrieved
1203:
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1182:. Retrieved
1169:
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1113:. Retrieved
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1093:December 31,
1091:. Retrieved
1080:
1070:December 31,
1068:. Retrieved
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1035:
1002:
998:
977:November 18,
975:. Retrieved
971:the original
966:
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941:
936:
896:(1): 38548.
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889:
863:. Retrieved
859:
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813:. Retrieved
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675:. Retrieved
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594:Thoroughbred
583:
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482:
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467:Medicine hat
466:
460:
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295:Description
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268:
239:
184:
177:
170:Roman Empire
159:
155:
129:
127:
120:
116:
109:
93:
74:
70:
65:
58:particolored
57:
53:
45:
43:
33:
1769:Color breed
1624:Tricoloured
1601:(primarily
1461:Smoky cream
1438:Smoky black
1229:wpcs.uk.com
865:October 27,
544:draft horse
334:frame overo
106:Description
85:Color breed
46:pinto horse
1843:Categories
1603:UK English
1484:(see also
1431:Isabelline
1367:Seal brown
1184:January 1,
1159:January 1,
1137:January 1,
1115:January 1,
1047:January 1,
840:January 1,
815:January 1,
790:January 1,
677:January 1,
657:References
617:crossbreds
499:piebaldism
455:Appaloosas
435:See also:
233:Tricolored
50:coat color
21:coat color
1748:Tiger eye
1652:Appaloosa
1650:See also
1476:Champagne
1365:included
1281:from the
535:Appaloosa
403:Manchado
128:The word
100:Appaloosa
64:, simply
1794:KIT gene
1779:Wildtype
1743:Mushroom
1678:Rabicano
1619:Skewbald
1451:Cremello
1426:Palomino
1421:Buckskin
1350:Chestnut
1283:UC Davis
1261:Archived
1089:. Breyer
1066:. Breyer
1027:19536624
928:27924839
770:19390039
640:See also
634:markings
396:rabicano
341:cropouts
317:dominant
313:markings
292:Pattern
260:chestnut
256:Skewbald
221:Skewbald
174:Americas
123:markings
66:coloured
1784:Melanin
1718:Pangaré
1708:Cropout
1703:Brindle
1614:Piebald
1583:Tobiano
1456:Perlino
1019:9585428
919:5141471
898:Bibcode
856:"pinto"
761:5102060
740:Bibcode
732:Science
613:cropout
537:(right)
503:leucism
490:Cropout
483:Mapping
306:Tobiano
246:Piebald
209:Piebald
176:by the
140:History
134:Spanish
1789:Agouti
1738:Flaxen
1588:Tovero
1576:Sabino
1488:Grullo
1355:Sorrel
1153:"Home"
1025:
1017:
948:
926:
916:
768:
758:
571:Vanner
477:Shield
451:Chrome
424:Tovero
381:Sabino
250:magpie
150:krater
77:breeds
48:has a
25:horses
1733:Sooty
1713:Liver
1691:Other
1571:Frame
1561:Overo
1510:White
1496:Pearl
1408:Cream
1345:Black
1178:(PDF)
1023:S2CID
809:(PDF)
607:Many
461:Solid
418:Overo
330:Frame
269:skjöt
130:pinto
54:paint
1809:PAX3
1804:MITF
1673:Roan
1654:and
1391:Gray
1386:Gray
1292:from
1272:from
1236:2017
1211:2017
1186:2024
1161:2024
1139:2024
1117:2024
1095:2023
1072:2023
1049:2024
1015:PMID
979:2017
946:ISBN
924:PMID
867:2012
842:2024
817:2024
792:2024
766:PMID
679:2024
629:SB-1
565:The
548:mule
471:poll
392:roan
383:and
262:and
1481:Dun
1362:Bay
1007:doi
914:PMC
906:doi
756:PMC
748:doi
736:324
625:DNA
546:or
394:or
332:or
264:bay
132:is
23:of
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