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my body but you can't jail my mind,' the act of tattooing oneself, or soliciting an artist to tattoo you, is an act of defiance that declares: You can jail my body, but you can't control it; you can put me in solitary as punishment, but you can't take my tattoos away from me.' So it is an affront; it's a threat to the very notion of confinement, of detention. The designs that are created in these conditions, under insurmountable odds, threaten the whole system of incarceration because it shows ultimately that there are still ways to retain one's dignity.
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2048:(1941–1995) was a high school dropout and ex-convict who gave poetic voice to the Chicano protest movement of the 1970s. He became an important figure in Chicano literature. In his poem, "Indict Amerika," Sánchez referred to the United States as a "venomous putain nation, genuflector to the dollar signs." He openly rejected any attempt to romanticize prison life. He later earned his doctorate and became a professor at
37:
1884:, a Chicano worldview and artmaking method which makes the most from the least. Because of the situational context in which it is created, artists on paño artists are often unknown, even though their work may be featured in museums. However, as paño art has grown in popularity and has also inspired Chicano youth who have never been to prison to use the
1916:, political awakening, is a key feature that emerges from the scholarship on Pinto poetry." RaĂşl Salinas' poem "A Trip Through the Mind Jail" in May 1970 ignited a campaign from radical literary critics for his release. Salinas had once been sentenced to five years in prison for the possession of five dollars worth of marijuana.
1974:
poet and writer. When he was twenty-one he was convicted on charges of drug possession and incarcerated. He served six and a half years in prison, three of them in isolation. Baca's poetry has been cited as "exposing and contesting the ontological, social, political, and material violence of the U.S.
1838:
Well clearly it's an act of defiance. First of all, it's illegal - 'How dare you break the rules!' It's made criminal. But to defy rules is to recognize that you are engaged in a psychological battle with the prison authorities, the guards. Similar to the intellectual's declaration that 'you can jail
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prison youth, that the pinto is a prison veteran who "is seen by many as having a highly disciplined code of conduct and a philosophy of life attuned to the values of many street-oriented young men," which attracts young men to follow his leadership. Valdez states that the pinto or prison veteran has
1925:
figure as a "defiant male warrior here," instead presenting "a more problematic portrait of
Pachucos imprisoned by drug addiction and held captive by a phallocentric notion of empowerment (modeled as virility) that often leads to various forms of individual and collective self-destruction, including
1899:
in 1996, featuring artist Paul
Sedillo, Manuel Moya, Jerry Tapia and others. Sedillo states how prison used to be a place he dreamed of going in his teenage years because he thought it would give him status, but has come to realize that this was a mistake and that it has only trapped him. Sedillo
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status of a large percentage of
Chicanos in the United States and the lack of equal opportunities in education and employment introduces many Chicanos to this subculture. Scholar Santiago Vidales writes that "Pinto and Pinta subculture comes out of the lived experiences of incarcerated
1775:) condition of the Chicano people in the United States, argues OlguĂn, who are systematically criminalized, arrested, incarcerated, and then exploited for labor whether that be in the textile or agricultural industries, or for any other purpose the state deems necessary, such as "
1814:. This risk that pintos are willing to take, especially as the tattoos they receive are permanent markers of their transgressions within prison, illustrate their defiance to the prison industrial complex. As such, scholar B. V. OlguĂn states that "
1989:. Lucero had a particularly tough life, becoming a heroin addict after being introduced to drugs at the age of eleven by one of her stepfathers, losing two children and dying in prison at the age of 28 from a brain hemorrhage.
1743:
do this as well. Chicano men endure this criminalization at a heightened rate and are "the largest segment of the diverse U.S. Latino prison population conflated into the U.S. Department of
Justice term 'Hispanic.'" Chicano
1930:," Salinas constructs the barrio as "a subaltern space where the legacy of colonialism continues to manifest itself through tragic, seemingly senseless but ultimately significant episodes of internecine violence."
2063:. The piece is noted for the way it "avidly consumes and reconfigures both American and Mexican pop culture with its own slang, looks, and attitude," which is a characteristic of Chicano art. It is cataloged in the
1960:, who became the county's first convicted felon and first state prisoner. Today, Avila is considered to be an important figure in local legend and has been cited as a "folklore heroine" for Latinos in the county.
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entitled "Los Pintos de
America" by Pajarito Publications. Scholar Letticia Galindo has written about the pinta subculture. In a study on pinto poetry, Santiago Vidales states that "the concept of
1609:
2798:
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Walter R. Baca (1947–1993) was an illustrator and muralist who depicted
Chicano themes in his work. While incarcerated, Baca created paño art. His most notable work is
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word for penitencia (penitence), since pintos and pintas are people who have spent time in penitentiaries. The term has also been traced to the
Spanish word
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used to distinguish oneself from the general prison population or from "model inmates." It is a term which embraces the oppositional elements of being a
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then reflects on the role being in prison has had on his art: "that's the only thing this place has done for me, is made me a better artist."
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criminalize, or assign criminality or deviance, to
Chicano and Latino men and women based on certain appearances. Once incarcerated, other
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1950:. He practices different mediums such as sculpture, graffiti, tattooing, and computer generated art that he is well known for producing.
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subject, as argued by scholar B. V. OlguĂn, who embrace their oppositional status through the act rather than become "model inmates."
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The term is usually used for prison veterans of older age rather than for youths. Scholar
Avelardo Valdez states in a study of
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and mounted guards as a training exercise for the killer dogs and entertainment for the guards and their guests."
834:
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827:
493:
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3025:
2605:"Mothers, Daughters, and Deities: Judy Lucero's Gynocritical Prison Poetics and Materialist Chicana Politics"
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764:
373:
3321:
2228:
Chicano
Folklore: A Guide to the Folktales, Traditions, Rituals and Religious Practices of Mexican Americans
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as a canvas, "paño artists are careful to sign their pieces, whereas before they were largely anonymous."
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1999:. Salinas is quoted as saying "sometimes it is easier for people out in the free world to understand what
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2007:, where prisoners are systematically beaten, forced to work, and even killed." Work by Salinas includes
2897:
1715:
991:
288:
218:
2157:"Hemispheric Poetics: raĂşlsalinas, CĂ©sar Vallejo, and the convergence of Xicanx and Vanguardia poetry"
2109:"Tattoos, Abjection, and the Political Unconscious: Toward a Semiotics of the Pinto Visual Vernacular"
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2370:"The White Lady Was Brown 100 years ago, fighting the Southern Pacific could get you killed in OC"
388:
283:
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882:
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1995:, also known as Raúl R. Salinas, (1934–2008) was a Xicanindio poet, artist, and activist in the
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from July 21, 1996 to July 21, 1996 and is also in a permanent collection of paño art at the
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are illegal in prison and are penalized by police, "as they do all forms of 'destruction of
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Salinas' poem "La Loma" touches on themes that challenge the neoromantic portraits of the
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2487:"Count-Time: Neoliberalism, Subjectivity, and Jimmy Santiago Baca's Prisoner Poetry"
2052:. A teacher had reportedly told him in his youth that "Mexicans don’t become poets."
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36:
2707:"Ricardo Sánchez: A Revolutionary Chicano Poet Lost in the Wilderness of Richmond"
2532:
OlguĂn, Ben Valdez; Portuguese, Stanford University. Dept. of Spanish and (1995).
2250:
Hoinski, Michael. "How Prison Art From Texas Captured the Art World's Attention."
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fratricide." However, rather than being "a self-denigrating diatribe against
1831:
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Testimonios pintaos: the political and symbolic economy of Pinto/a discourse
1810:
or if they had materials necessary to tattoo on them, were given a month in
3311:
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2176:"Mexican American Youth and Adult Prison Gangs in a Changing Heroin Market"
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used "prisoners to mimic an escape in order to be hunted down by prison
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Paños, Chicano Prison Art / Reno Leplat-Torti’s collection, Press kit
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1986:
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The pinto subculture was covered in a 1976 issue of Chicano magazine
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Los Many Mundos of raĂşlrsalinas: Un Poetic Jazz Viaje con Friends
1982:
1967:
1921:
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1630:
575:
75:
65:
24:
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2039:(2006) A documentary film was also made about his life entitled
1853:
1103:
3562:
3124:
2861:
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1483:
85:
2765:
La Pinta, Chicana/o Prisoner Literature, Culture, and Politics
1942:(1980–), is a first generation American born artist raised in
1690:) has been described as distinct from other Chicano dialects.
1732:
368:
2579:
The third woman: minority women writers of the United States
1870:) using pen and pencil, developed in the 1930s, first using
2985:
2552:
Movements in Chicano Poetry: Against Myths, Against Margins
378:
2688:"Ricardo Sanchez, 54, Poet Who Voiced Chicano Anger, Dies"
2059:(1992), which was created while Baca was incarcerated in
1896:
1818:
represent a victory, a testament to the survival of the
2806:
2037:
raĂşlsalinas and the Jail Machine: My Weapon is My Pen
2021:
Indio Trails: A Xicano Odyssey through Indian Country
1822:, that begins with a crime! As such, they unmask the
2525:
2448:"Jimmy Santiago Baca, Compton College guest speaker"
2332:"Paño Arte Excerpt: Images From Inside - Excerpt 2"
2768:(2010) by B. V. OlguĂn, University of Texas Press.
1956:(1867 or 1869–1891), was an American protester in
1795:'," since prisoners are viewed as state property.
3657:
3627:List of Mexican-American political organizations
2542:
2531:
2272:Encyclopedia of Latino Popular Culture: Volume 2
2269:
2270:Alejandro Sorell, VĂctor (2004). "Pinto Arte".
2025:Red Arc: A Call for Liberacion con Salsa y Cool
1834:." In an interview, Salinas summarizes the act:
2458:
1985:prisoner poet, cited as a legend among Latina
1806:notes that people who were caught engaging in
2792:
2401:. Emmis Communications: 87–8. February 1989.
1705:
1603:
2686:Thomas Jr., Robert Mcg. (9 September 1995).
2548:
2413:
3645:Category:American people of Mexican descent
2669:"Raul Salinas and the Poetry of Liberation"
2555:. Cambridge University Press. p. 117.
2361:
2799:
2785:
2685:
2569:
2041:RaĂşl Salinas and the Poetry of Liberation.
1633:subculture of people who are or have been
1610:
1596:
2704:
2484:
2199:
1716:Cholo (subculture) § Criminalization
1664:--to be painted, in this case tattooed).
2549:Pèrez-Torres, Rafael (27 January 1995).
2420:Arellano, Gustavo (September 16, 2008).
2419:
2244:
1878:as canvases. Paño has been described as
971:Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza
3597:U.S. communities with Hispanic majority
2981:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
2387:
2367:
2154:
2035:(2000), and a collection of his essays
1185:Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts
3658:
2602:
2575:
2348:
2225:
2173:
2106:
3612:List of Hispanic and Latino Americans
2780:
2609:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
1843:
3676:Hispanic and Latino American culture
3622:List of Mexican-American communities
3047:1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike
2274:. Greenwood Press. pp. 630–33.
2221:
2219:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
952:UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center
3424:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
3368:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
2730:National Museum of American History
2538:. Stanford University. p. 204.
2426:. Simon and Schuster. p. 175.
2161:NACCS Annual Conference Proceedings
2065:National Museum of American History
1891:A documentary on paño art entitled
1348:DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.
1285:Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.
13:
2757:
2666:
2368:Brennan, Paul (October 30, 2003).
1933:
814:The Revolt of the Cockroach People
14:
3692:
2705:Brumfield, Dale (11 April 2017).
2582:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 395.
2423:Orange County: A Personal History
2216:
2139:
2085:
2003:represent if they equate them to
3216:Mexican-American women's fashion
2723:
2318:Museum of International Folk Art
2069:Museum of International Folk Art
1672:"warrior-like status within the
1567:
35:
3361:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
2736:
2717:
2698:
2679:
2660:
2642:
2596:
2478:
2440:
2351:"Paño Arte: IMAGES FROM INSIDE"
2342:
2314:"Pano: Art from the Inside Out"
2067:. His work was featured in the
1781:Texas Department of Corrections
1759:Chicano tattooing in prison or
1278:San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez
204:California agricultural strikes
2324:
2306:
2288:
2263:
2256:. Thursday February 13, 2014.
2167:
1712:Chicano § Criminalization
779:From This Wicked Patch of Dust
1:
3026:Occupation of Catalina Island
3001:Farm workers' rights campaign
2300:El Museo Cultural de Santa Fe
2260:. Retrieved on March 3, 2014.
2079:
2017:Un Trip Through The Mind Jail
1893:Paño Arte: Images from Inside
835:...y no se lo tragĂł la tierra
374:Occupation of Catalina Island
2466:"The Progressive Radio Show"
1684:." Language used by pintos (
1491:Indigenous Mexican Americans
1195:Self Help Graphics & Art
7:
2349:Griego, Evangeline (1996).
2050:Washington State University
1798:In his own experience as a
793:The Dirty Girls Social Club
166:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
10:
3697:
3681:Imprisonment and detention
2336:VangieGriegoFilms, YouTube
2192:10.1177/002204260503500409
2155:Vidales, Santiago (2019).
1903:
1709:
1706:Criminalization in prisons
992:This Bridge Called My Back
738:Who Would Have Thought It?
3635:
3579:
3433:
3335:
3279:
3211:Mexican-American folklore
3133:
3034:
2991:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
2936:
2870:
2819:
2174:Valdez, Avelardo (2005).
1958:Orange County, California
1496:Punjabi Mexican Americans
1228:Great Wall of Los Angeles
800:The House on Mango Street
652:Mexican-American folklore
384:Plan Espiritual de Aztlán
209:Cantaloupe strike of 1928
3671:Social class subcultures
3206:Mexican-American cuisine
2748:American Folk Art Museum
2485:Michelson, Seth (2013).
2230:. OUP USA. p. 188.
2226:Castro, Rafaela (2001).
2073:American Folk Art Museum
2023:(2006), spoken word CDs
1997:prisoner-rights movement
1574:United States portal
985:The Church in the Barrio
845:Poetry and Short Stories
581:Mexican-American cuisine
422:1985–1987 cannery strike
3396:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
3292:Coyolxauhqui imperative
2576:Fisher, Dexter (1980).
2491:Pacific Coast Philology
2395:"Orange Coast Magazine"
1313:Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.
1157:Royal Chicano Air Force
1016:Coyolxauhqui imperative
828:Under the Feet of Jesus
3375:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
3141:Anti-Mexican sentiment
3103:Killing of Adam Toledo
3086:Great American Boycott
2956:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
2603:Olguin, B. V. (2001).
2355:About Time Productions
2107:OlguĂn, B. V. (1997).
2029:Beyond the BEATen Path
1848:
1841:
1292:U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce
1175:Centro de Arte PĂşblico
1137:East Los Streetscapers
876:Pensamiento Serpentino
466:Great American Boycott
344:Las Adelitas de Aztlán
314:Conferencia de Mujeres
102:Anti-Mexican sentiment
3410:Mendez v. Westminster
3347:Botiller v. Dominguez
3327:Youth control complex
3196:Estrada Courts murals
3057:2019 El Paso shooting
3035:Post-Chicano Movement
2996:Plan de Santa Bárbara
2951:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
2621:10.1353/fro.2001.0021
1948:Boston, Massachusetts
1836:
1648:The term came from a
1370:Madrigal v. Quilligan
1327:Mendez v. Westminster
1264:Botiller v. Dominguez
1056:Youth control complex
432:2019 El Paso shooting
389:Plan de Santa Bárbara
284:CatĂłlicos por La Raza
214:Citrus Strike of 1936
156:San Elizario Salt War
127:Early-American Period
3403:Leal Garcia v. Texas
3098:Justice for Janitors
3016:Los Siete de la Raza
3011:Colegio César Chávez
2903:Mexican Repatriation
2871:Pre-Chicano Movement
2374:Orange County Weekly
2296:"LOCAL GENERATIONAL"
1812:solitary confinement
1637:. It is an in-group
1320:Leal Garcia v. Texas
942:MAS Programs, Tucson
731:Living Up the Street
483:Justice for Janitors
349:Los Siete de la Raza
304:Colegio César Chávez
224:Mexican Repatriation
175:Pre-Chicano Movement
146:Mexican–American War
3226:New Mexican cuisine
3052:1992 Drywall Strike
3021:Los Seis de Boulder
3006:Land grant struggle
2923:Sleepy Lagoon trial
2454:. October 15, 2018.
2013:East of the Freeway
2005:concentration camps
1964:Jimmy Santiago Baca
1359:Federal Court cases
1253:Supreme Court cases
571:New Mexican cuisine
533:Abrazos, no balazos
454:Chicano Art Exhibit
427:1992 Drywall Strike
413:Post-Chicano Period
404:United Farm Workers
354:Los Seis de Boulder
339:Land grant struggle
329:Hijas de Cuauhtémoc
244:Sleepy Lagoon trial
19:Part of a series on
3434:By city and region
3354:Hernandez v. Texas
3317:Spiritual activism
3161:Chicano literature
2976:Chicano Moratorium
2883:Bisbee Deportation
2692:The New York Times
2521:– via JSTOR.
2338:. 20 October 2009.
2135:– via JSTOR.
1946:a neighborhood in
1844:Art and literature
1395:Population by City
1271:Hernandez v. Texas
1180:GalerĂa de la Raza
1147:Mujeres Muralistas
1046:Spiritual activism
700:Chicano literature
695:Chicana literature
500:South Central Farm
324:East L.A. walkouts
299:Chicano Moratorium
189:Bisbee Deportation
141:Las Gorras Blancas
3653:
3652:
3602:Mexican Americans
3550:Dallas–Fort Worth
3417:Bernal v. Fainter
3389:MedellĂn v. Texas
2918:Porvenir Massacre
2913:Plan de San Diego
2908:Operation Wetback
2654:Poetry Foundation
2650:"RaĂşl R. Salinas"
2589:978-0-395-27707-2
2562:978-0-521-47803-8
2433:978-1-4391-2320-1
2113:Cultural Critique
1895:was released for
1629:is a member of a
1620:
1619:
1557:
1556:
1539:Mexican Americans
1504:
1503:
1444:Dallas–Fort Worth
1379:
1378:
1341:Perez v. Brownell
1334:Bernal v. Fainter
1306:MedellĂn v. Texas
1236:
1235:
1166:Art organizations
1064:
1063:
892:
891:
869:Moment of Silence
670:
669:
508:
507:
274:Black-brown unity
239:Porvenir Massacre
234:Plan de San Diego
229:Operation Wetback
109:
108:
29:Mexican Americans
3688:
3640:Category:Chicano
3570:Salt Lake Valley
3280:Chicana/o Theory
3251:Teatro Campesino
3241:Regional Mexican
3231:New Mexico music
3221:Mexican muralism
3108:Murder of Selena
2971:Chicano Blowouts
2966:Chicana feminism
2938:Chicano Movement
2832:Mexican American
2812:Mexican American
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2777:
2752:
2751:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2726:"Orale ese Vato"
2724:Baca, Walter R.
2721:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2656:. 12 April 2023.
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2503:10.2307/41932638
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2417:
2411:
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2346:
2340:
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2328:
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2321:
2310:
2304:
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2292:
2286:
2285:
2267:
2261:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2104:
2001:American prisons
1779:," in which the
1669:Mexican-American
1612:
1605:
1598:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1517:
1516:
1392:
1391:
1249:
1248:
1152:Teatro Campesino
1077:
1076:
978:Brown, Not White
919:Chicana feminism
907:
906:
786:Mexican WhiteBoy
758:Bless Me, Ultima
714:Autobiographical
683:
682:
647:Lowrider bicycle
521:
520:
488:Murder of Selena
399:Raza Unida Party
259:Chicano Movement
194:Bloody Christmas
124:
123:
50:
49:
39:
16:
15:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3656:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3631:
3575:
3429:
3331:
3275:
3261:Tex-Mex cuisine
3129:
3119:Proposition 187
3068:Arizona SB 1070
3030:
2932:
2928:Zoot Suit Riots
2888:Bracero program
2878:1917 Bath riots
2866:
2815:
2805:
2760:
2758:Further reading
2755:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2722:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2684:
2680:
2667:Varela, Laura.
2665:
2661:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2631:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2563:
2547:
2543:
2530:
2526:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2418:
2414:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2366:
2362:
2347:
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2330:
2329:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2268:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2238:
2224:
2217:
2172:
2168:
2153:
2140:
2125:10.2307/1354544
2119:(37): 159–213.
2105:
2086:
2082:
2046:Ricardo Sánchez
1975:prison regime."
1940:Alejandro Pinto
1936:
1934:Notable figures
1914:concientizaciĂłn
1906:
1851:
1846:
1773:assimilationist
1721:Police officers
1718:
1708:
1616:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1534:Chicano rappers
1514:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1455:
1389:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1353:
1246:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1199:
1161:
1118:Art Collectives
1113:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1060:
997:
956:
928:
924:Chicanafuturism
904:
902:Chicano studies
894:
893:
888:
840:
821:So Far from God
743:
709:
680:
672:
671:
666:
618:
585:
576:Tex-Mex cuisine
557:
543:Chicano English
518:
510:
509:
504:
494:Proposition 187
443:Arizona SB 1070
408:
289:Centro Cultural
253:
249:Zoot Suit Riots
199:Bracero program
184:1917 Bath riots
170:
121:
111:
110:
47:
12:
11:
5:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3552:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3532:
3527:
3520:
3517:Nuevomexicanos
3513:
3506:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3342:
3340:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3297:Gringo justice
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3171:Chicano poetry
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Chicano cinema
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2735:
2716:
2697:
2678:
2659:
2641:
2595:
2588:
2568:
2561:
2541:
2524:
2477:
2457:
2452:Compton Herald
2439:
2432:
2412:
2386:
2360:
2341:
2323:
2305:
2287:
2280:
2262:
2243:
2236:
2215:
2186:(4): 843–868.
2166:
2138:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2057:Orale ese Vato
2053:
2043:
1990:
1976:
1961:
1951:
1935:
1932:
1905:
1902:
1866:term for male
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1793:state property
1763:, reflect the
1750:body tattooing
1707:
1704:
1674:street culture
1618:
1617:
1615:
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1607:
1600:
1592:
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1511:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1479:Nuevomexicanos
1476:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1436:
1429:
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1397:
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1365:
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1323:
1316:
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1259:
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1255:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1223:Estrada Courts
1220:
1215:
1209:
1206:
1205:
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1187:
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1177:
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1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1099:Chicano cinema
1096:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1021:Gringo justice
1018:
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1007:
1004:
1003:
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988:
981:
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879:
872:
865:
858:
850:
847:
846:
842:
841:
839:
838:
831:
824:
817:
810:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
768:
761:
753:
750:
749:
745:
744:
742:
741:
734:
727:
724:Always Running
719:
716:
715:
711:
710:
708:
707:
705:Chicano poetry
702:
697:
691:
688:
687:
681:
678:
677:
674:
673:
668:
667:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
628:
625:
624:
620:
619:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
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564:
563:
559:
558:
556:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
529:
526:
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516:
515:
512:
511:
506:
505:
503:
502:
497:
490:
485:
480:
475:
468:
463:
456:
451:
446:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
334:Huelga schools
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
265:
262:
261:
255:
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236:
231:
226:
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216:
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206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
180:
177:
176:
172:
171:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
136:Josefa Segovia
132:
129:
128:
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
107:
106:
105:
104:
96:
95:
91:
90:
89:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
55:
54:
48:
45:
44:
41:
40:
32:
31:
21:
20:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3693:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3592:Chicano poets
3590:
3588:
3587:Chicano films
3585:
3584:
3582:
3578:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3547:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:Pennsylvania
3533:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3524:New York City
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3459:San Francisco
3456:
3452:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3382:Plyler v. Doe
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:Supreme Court
3334:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:New tribalism
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3287:Barrioization
3285:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Cinco de Mayo
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Chicano names
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3136:
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3114:
3111:
3109:
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3024:
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3012:
3009:
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3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
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2876:
2875:
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2869:
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2845:
2843:
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2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
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2818:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
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2783:
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2779:
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2297:
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2283:
2281:9780313332111
2277:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2253:Texas Monthly
2247:
2239:
2237:9780195146394
2233:
2229:
2222:
2220:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
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2177:
2170:
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2158:
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2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
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2114:
2110:
2103:
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2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:Modesta Avila
1952:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1929:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1898:
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1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1840:
1835:
1833:
1832:jurisprudence
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
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1737:United States
1734:
1730:
1729:prison guards
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1696:
1695:socioeconomic
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1662:Estar pintado
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1529:Chicano poets
1527:
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1524:Chicano films
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1299:Plyler v. Doe
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1132:Culture Clash
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1036:New tribalism
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1011:Barrioization
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933:Organizations
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548:Chicano names
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18:
17:
3617:Bibliography
3538:Philadelphia
3515:New Mexico (
3468:California (
3422:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3345:
3312:Rasquachismo
3266:Tortilla art
3256:Tejano music
3181:Chicano rock
3176:Chicano Park
3117:
3090:
3078:
3066:
2851:
2763:
2750:. Fall 1994.
2747:
2738:
2729:
2719:
2711:Style Weekly
2710:
2700:
2691:
2681:
2672:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2632:. Retrieved
2615:(2): 63–86.
2612:
2608:
2598:
2578:
2571:
2551:
2544:
2534:
2527:
2497:(1): 25–47.
2494:
2490:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2460:
2451:
2442:
2422:
2415:
2399:Orange Coast
2398:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2354:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2317:
2308:
2299:
2290:
2271:
2265:
2251:
2246:
2227:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2160:
2116:
2112:
2056:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2031:(2001), and
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
1993:raĂşlrsalinas
1927:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1892:
1890:
1886:handkerchief
1881:rasquachismo
1879:
1862:
1857:
1856:, a form of
1852:
1837:
1830:function of
1820:human spirit
1815:
1807:
1804:raĂşlrsalinas
1799:
1797:
1788:
1769:oppositional
1760:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1719:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:play on the
1643:
1642:
1635:incarcerated
1626:
1622:
1621:
1549:Bibliography
1410:California (
1368:
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1218:Chicano Park
1190:Precita Eyes
1109:Tortilla art
1041:Rasquachismo
990:
983:
976:
969:
881:
874:
867:
862:I Am Joaquin
860:
853:
833:
826:
819:
812:
807:The Rain God
805:
798:
791:
784:
777:
772:Desert Blood
770:
763:
756:
736:
729:
722:
657:Pancho Claus
632:Cal-Style VW
614:Tejano music
609:Chicano soul
604:Chicano rock
492:
478:Farah strike
470:
458:
441:
279:Brown Berets
80:
3470:Californios
3455:Los Angeles
3186:Chicano rap
3151:Chicano art
3113:Party crews
3074:Castro 2020
3062:Abolish ICE
2180:Drug Issues
1979:Judy Lucero
1876:pillowcases
1785:bloodhounds
1725:prosecutors
1678:San Antonio
1474:Californios
1460:Multiethnic
1412:Los Angeles
1213:Balmy Alley
1094:Chicano art
1089:Chicana art
1026:Nahui Ollin
599:Chicano rap
449:Castro 2020
437:Abolish ICE
3660:Categories
3522:New York (
3508:Nebraska (
3501:Michigan (
3494:Maryland (
3482:Illinois (
3475:Colorado (
3451:California
2961:Chicanismo
2898:La Matanza
2893:Korean War
2744:"Folk Art"
2471:2009-02-19
2163:: 117–133.
2080:References
2061:New Mexico
2009:Viaje/Trip
1944:Dorchester
1910:De Colores
1872:bed sheets
1858:pinto arte
1808:tatuteando
1789:Tatuteando
1761:tatuteando
1710:See also:
1431:Nebraska (
1424:Michigan (
1417:Illinois (
1388:Population
1080:Visual Art
1073:Visual art
686:Literature
679:Literature
394:Quinto Sol
294:Chicanismo
219:La Matanza
161:Sonoratown
151:Mutualista
3496:Baltimore
3463:San Diego
3322:VergĂĽenza
3271:Zoot suit
3246:Skull art
2629:144393765
2519:248880495
2407:0279-0483
2379:August 6,
1987:feminists
1824:hegemonic
1765:colonized
1741:prisoners
1735:, in the
1702:people."
1650:bilingual
1469:Blaxicans
1403:Arizona (
1204:Locations
1051:VergĂĽenza
883:The Moths
855:Emplumada
765:Caballero
662:Zoot suit
3530:Oklahoma
3440:Arizona
3302:Nepantla
3201:Lowrider
2857:Blaxican
2634:8 August
2511:41932638
2210:21614143
2027:(2005),
2019:(1999),
2015:(1995),
1981:, was a
1972:American
1928:Pachucos
1868:prisoner
1828:inhumane
1816:tatuajes
1777:dog boys
1746:tatuajes
1693:The low
1644:Convicto
1579:Category
1142:Los Four
1031:Nepantla
642:Lowrider
524:Language
94:Concepts
53:Identity
25:Chicanos
3666:Chicano
3607:Writers
3563:Tejanos
3561:Texas (
3555:Houston
3503:Detroit
3484:Chicago
3134:Culture
2847:Pachuco
2837:La Raza
2827:Chicano
2808:Chicano
2320:. 1997.
2201:3100189
2133:1354544
1983:Chicana
1968:Chicano
1922:pachuco
1904:Writing
1682:barrios
1654:Spanish
1639:moniker
1631:Chicano
1544:Writers
1484:Tejanos
1449:Houston
1426:Detroit
1419:Chicago
623:Symbols
517:Culture
119:History
81:Pinta/o
76:Pachuco
71:Pachuca
66:La Raza
61:Chola/o
3568:Utah (
3490:Kansas
3477:Denver
3444:Tucson
3125:Xicanx
3042:Aztlán
2946:Aztlán
2862:Xicanx
2814:topics
2627:
2586:
2559:
2517:
2509:
2430:
2405:
2278:
2234:
2208:
2198:
2131:
1733:judges
1714:, and
1700:Xicanx
1658:Pintao
1405:Tucson
1002:Theory
910:Fields
748:Novels
637:Homies
269:Aztlán
86:Xicanx
3580:Lists
3545:Texas
3510:Omaha
3339:cases
2852:Pinto
2842:Cholo
2820:Terms
2625:S2CID
2515:S2CID
2507:JSTOR
2129:JSTOR
1966:is a
1800:pinto
1771:(non-
1754:pinto
1627:Pinta
1623:Pinto
1584:Index
1513:Lists
1439:Texas
1433:Omaha
961:Texts
947:NACCS
590:Music
553:Ă“rale
369:MEChA
46:Terms
3236:Paño
3146:CalĂł
3092:IRCA
3080:DACA
2986:PCUN
2810:and
2673:iTVS
2636:2014
2584:ISBN
2557:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2403:ISSN
2381:2014
2276:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2206:PMID
1874:and
1863:calĂł
1854:Paño
1826:and
1767:yet
1687:calĂł
1127:Asco
1104:Paño
562:Food
538:CalĂł
472:IRCA
460:DACA
379:PCUN
364:MAYO
359:MANA
309:CFMN
27:and
2617:doi
2499:doi
2196:PMC
2188:doi
2121:doi
1897:PBS
1860:(a
1849:Art
1748:or
1680:’s
1676:of
1625:or
1245:Law
319:CRP
3662::
3461:•
3457:•
2746:.
2728:.
2709:.
2690:.
2671:.
2652:.
2623:.
2613:22
2611:.
2607:.
2513:.
2505:.
2495:48
2493:.
2489:.
2450:.
2397:.
2372:.
2353:.
2334:.
2316:.
2298:.
2218:^
2204:.
2194:.
2184:35
2182:.
2178:.
2159:.
2141:^
2127:.
2117:37
2115:.
2111:.
2087:^
2011:,
1802:,
1731:,
1727:,
1723:,
3572:)
3565:)
3526:)
3519:)
3512:)
3505:)
3498:)
3486:)
3479:)
3472:)
3465:)
3453:(
2800:e
2793:t
2786:v
2732:.
2713:.
2694:.
2675:.
2638:.
2619::
2592:.
2565:.
2501::
2474:.
2436:.
2409:.
2383:.
2357:.
2302:.
2284:.
2258:1
2240:.
2212:.
2190::
2123::
2075:.
1970:-
1660:(
1646:.
1611:e
1604:t
1597:v
1435:)
1428:)
1421:)
1414:)
1407:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
