203:
33:
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1860:) was created on 9 December 1957, englobing 7,000 square km controlled by seven infantry regiments. Furthermore, a civilian-military intelligence apparatus was created, combining colonial and local staff, assisted by a civilian militia.
3193:
3246:
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1868:
was reversed in an attempt to separate the civilian population from the guerrilla. In that aim, the local population was rounded up in guarded villages located on the main roads that were controlled by the French Army.
2059:'s illness, he dealt with the everyday administration of the country and adopted a conservative stance opposed to Chaban-Delmas' previous policies. Henceforth, he stopped the liberalization of the
2048:, which Messmer opposed in his investiture speech. Messmer had been chosen by Pompidou as a guarant of his fidelity to de Gaulle, and his cabinet included personalities close to Pompidou, such as
3190:
4802:
3243:
1959:
in
Algeria, on 1 May 1962 during which an accident occurred. Officials, soldiers, and Algerian workers escaped as they could, often without wearing any protection. Palewski died in 1984 of
3270:
2196:, and declared: "The time has come when the Frenchmen could stop hating themselves and begin to grant pardon to themselves". Along with some other former Resistants, he demanded Papon's
4832:
1853:(1954–62). Visiting de Gaulle in Paris, he was implicitly granted permission for his change of policies in Cameroon, which exchanged repression for negotiations with the UPC.
4792:
2378:
2343:
2369:(Academy of Sciences of Overseas Territories). He was named perpetual secretary of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences in 1995. He was also chancellor of the
3445:
3020:
4842:
3717:
3702:
1921:
regime's hardline stance against decolonisation on the grounds that
Portugal represented the last vestige of white Western civilisation on the African continent.
3672:
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4757:
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2908:
2156:
replaced him on 29 May 1974. After the election of
Giscard, he never held again ministerial offices, and became one of the historical voices of Gaullism.
1830:, Minister of Overseas Territories who enacted the Defferre Act granting to colonial territories internal autonomy, a first step towards independence.
4772:
4852:
1588:
875:
2135:'s withdrawals. Faure accepted, as well as Giscard on the condition that Chaban-Delmas also withdrew himself. However, Chaban-Delmas, despite the
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In 1974, when
Pompidou died, those close to Messmer encouraged him to run for president. He accepted at the condition of Chaban-Delmas,
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3697:
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1915:
In 1960, Messmer visited Lisbon and expressed lament for the United
Nations resolutions against colonialism and approved of the
3658:
1626:
855:
666:
2152:. He served as prime minister for another few weeks after Pompidou's death, ending his term after the presidential elections.
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1530:
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3501:
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3785:
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3681:
3017:
2460:
2149:
2005:
1996:. A member of the conservative wing of the Gaullist movement, he criticised the "New Society" plan of Prime Minister
1172:
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2107:
2083:
1986:
1933:
1838:
865:
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4715:
1574:
1255:
184:
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3165:
2905:
4747:
3896:
3707:
3048:"Diplomacy at the end of empire: evolving French perspectives on Portuguese colonialism in the 1950s and 1960s"
616:
3509:
2695:
2541:
2412:
2164:
Messmer remained a Member of
Parliament for the Moselle department until 1988, and served as President of the
2145:
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2075:
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3379:
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An important figure of the French
Resistance during World War II, Pierre Messmer was a member of the
2207:. He was the last surviving major French Politician to have been a member of the Free French forces.
2177:
1971:
1276:
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1125:
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1501:
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765:
328:
47:
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1064:
696:
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2354:
2189:
2115:
2079:
1837:, where a civil war had started the preceding year following the outlawing of the independentist
1783:
1740:
1716:(a future French General), and sailed first to Gibraltar, then London and engaged himself in the
1655:
1340:
1187:
885:
805:
701:
404:
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s campaign against him, maintained himself, leading
Messmer to withdraw his candidacy. Finally,
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3200:(General Politics Speech) of Messmer during his 1972 investiture, French government's website
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1997:
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481:
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333:
87:
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Le temps est venu où les Français pourraient cesser de se haïr et commencer de se pardonner"
1756:
1385:
4742:
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4643:
4039:
4014:
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2331:. In 2006, he was named Chancellier de l'Ordre de la Libération after the death of General
2288:
2249:
2137:
1990:
1956:
1944:
that it was de Gaulle's ambition to replace the
Belgians and control a reunited Congo from
1744:
1399:
905:
815:
641:
518:
395:
222:
3712:
2981:
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1806:. He was named the following year general secretary of the interministerial committee for
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476:
8:
4274:
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1901:
1803:
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957:
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248:
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1877:
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217:
128:
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4209:
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3097:
Katanga 1960–63: Mercenaries, Spies and the
African Nation that Waged War on the World
1034:
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4109:
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3101:
3073:
2793:
2731:
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2406:
2332:
2272:
2265:
2165:
2021:
1889:
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1049:
987:
977:
676:
546:
378:
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1945:
1451:
661:
551:
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4149:
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3613:
3154:
Pierre Messmer : désinformation et opacité sur le nucléaire civil et militaire
3061:
2737:
2725:
2643:
2601:
2454:
2394:
2358:
2091:
2056:
2008:. He quit the government after de Gaulle's resignation and founded the association
2001:
1807:
1748:
1701:
1638:
1458:
1197:
1115:
1059:
1054:
706:
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68:
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He then became a senior civil servant in the colonial administration and became a
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459:
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2713:
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2424:
2418:
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In October 2001, Messmer succeeded to the General Jean Simon as President of the
2336:
2120:
2111:
2041:
1952:
1941:
1865:
1827:
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1609:
1315:
1306:
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359:
229:
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1089:
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4319:
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3790:
3637:
2775:
2743:
2689:
2625:
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2583:
2472:
2448:
2181:
2153:
2049:
1982:
1964:
1937:
1929:
1842:
1689:
1485:
1192:
1074:
741:
651:
606:
576:
513:
368:
323:
258:
99:
32:
4633:
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4019:
3397:
2510:
16 March 1973 – Pierre Messmer succeeds Pleven as interim Minister of Justice.
2430:
2327:, and the recipient of numerous decorations including the highest rank of the
2224:
Minister of State, Minister of Departments and Overseas Territories: 1971–1972
982:
967:
601:
4731:
4688:
4638:
4613:
4598:
4593:
4505:
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4144:
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4064:
4054:
4034:
4009:
3853:
3742:
3423:
2707:
2683:
2677:
2613:
2595:
2577:
2553:
2529:
2523:
2204:
2185:
1713:
1645:, he was considered one of the historical Gaullists, and died aged 91 in the
1562:
1378:
1150:
1120:
992:
726:
611:
591:
432:
373:
4500:
2701:
2607:
2571:
2436:
1140:
4663:
4387:
4372:
4359:
4344:
4314:
4259:
4124:
3939:
3597:
3589:
2478:
2193:
1925:
1893:
1850:
1333:
746:
716:
711:
686:
671:
523:
425:
291:
132:
4422:
4334:
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2110:
was also re-created and put under the authority of an ultra-conservative,
298:
4678:
4515:
4490:
4004:
3979:
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3629:
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3485:
2514:
2490:
2132:
2087:
1905:
1823:
1660:
1523:
466:
352:
284:
279:
253:
72:
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2755:
2637:
2484:
2466:
2385:
2311:
2304:
2169:
1861:
1819:
414:
388:
1434:
2958:
2357:(the French language academy) in 1999, replacing a Gaullist comrade,
2184:'s government. In 1997 he testified as a witness during the trial of
1826:
from 1954 to 1956, when he briefly returned to Paris in the staff of
1705:
1672:
1413:
340:
305:
124:
2427:– Minister of National Education, Labour, Employment, and Population
2203:
He died in 2007 aged 91, just four days after fellow Prime Minister
1782:(War Cross) with six citations after the Liberation, as well as the
3300:
2917:
2778:
succeeds Royer as interim Minister of Posts and Telecommunications.
2020:
He occupied cabinet positions again in the 1970s, serving first as
1960:
1834:
1799:
1614:
1427:
496:
274:
238:
2668:
2098:, while he named several Independent Republicans members, such as
2094:. Messmer's second cabinet excluded several Gaullists, among whom
2168:
regional assembly from 1968 to 1992. He was mayor of the town of
347:
2604:– Minister of Housing, Tourism, Regional Planning, and Equipment
2457:– Minister of Housing, Tourism, Equipment, and Regional Planning
3029:
2197:
1975:
1810:
and then head of staff of the high commissary of the Republic.
1613:; 20 March 1916 – 29 August 2007) was a French
1833:
That same year, Messmer was nominated as governor general of
1676:
1372:
149:
3329:
Museum of the Order of the Liberation page on Pierre Messmer
2028:
in 1971, then as Prime Minister from July 1972 to May 1974.
1876:
from January 1958 to July 1958, and as high commissioner of
1818:
Messmer began his high-level African service as governor of
3267:"Video of the passing of powers between Messmer and Chirac"
2060:
2031:
1967:, and Messmer always remained close-mouthed on the affair.
4803:
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
3253:
on 3 June 1974 (film), on the French government's website
1849:
methods theorized in Indochina and implemented during the
1794:
After World War II, he returned to the colonies and was a
2507:
succeeds Schumann as interim Minister of Foreign Affairs.
3018:
Pierre Messmer, un soldat que le Cameroun n'a pas oublié
2801:
Le Service militaire. Débat avec Jean-Pierre Chevènement
1978:, he advised de Gaulle against the use of the military.
3320:
L'Organisation des Nations Unies et les guerres civiles
1802:, during two months in 1945, after the outbreak of the
2515:
Messmer's Second Ministry, 6 April 1973 – 1 March 1974
2172:
from 1971 to 1989. Messmer was also president of the
1675:
in 1916. He graduated in 1936 in the language school
4833:
Recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 (France)
2810:, in collaboration with Professor Alain Larcan (PUF)
2704:– Minister of Industry, Commerce, and Craft Industry
2386:
Messmer's First Ministry, 5 July 1972 – 2 April 1973
2550:– Minister of Industrial and Scientific Development
2421:– Minister of Industrial and Scientific Development
2082:an electoral alliance, which enabled it to win the
2063:media governmental organization, naming as its CEO
1813:
2598:– Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
1822:from 1952 to 1954, and then served as governor of
3680:
2373:(1998–2005) before becoming honorary chancellor.
1883:
1692:in 1939. In the outbreak of World War II, he was
4729:
3380:Minister of Overseas Departments and Territories
2710:– Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
2592:– Minister of Natural Protection and Environment
2556:– Minister of Labour, Employment, and Population
4843:Union of Democrats for the Republic politicians
4793:École nationale de la France d'Outre-Mer alumni
2790:Le Régime administratif des emprunts coloniaux.
2734:– Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
2669:Messmer's Third Ministry, 1 March – 28 May 1974
2586:– Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
2451:– Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
1653:in August 2007. He was elected a member of the
3453:
2822:Les Blancs s’en vont. Récits de décolonisation
2728:– Minister of Cultural Affairs and Environment
2363:French Academy of Moral and Political Sciences
2015:
1700:, and refused France's capitulation after the
1625:from 1960 to 1969 – the longest serving since
1136:National Centre of Independents & Peasants
776:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
3666:
3439:
2740:– Minister of Regional Planning and Equipment
2148:, a conservative rival of the Gaullists, was
1582:
826:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
4758:French colonial governors and administrators
3217:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3186:
3184:
2074:(UDR) presidential majority negotiated with
1521:
1350:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1304:
1288:
1274:
1260:
1238:
457:
430:
393:
357:
338:
289:
265:
227:
4768:French prisoners of war in the 20th century
2176:(RPR) parliamentary group during the first
3673:
3659:
3446:
3432:
2808:Les Écrits militaires du général de Gaulle
2758:– Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
2664:succeeds Malaud as Minister of Information
2628:– Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
2475:– Minister of Posts and Telecommunications
2353:He also became elected as a member of the
1671:Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer was born in
1589:
1575:
31:
3526:Jean de Dieu-Raymond de Cucé de Boisgelin
3206:
3181:
2640:– Minister of Commerce and Craft Industry
2159:
1974:, Messmer was "one of his two arms. " In
4773:Politicians of the French Fifth Republic
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2032:Messmer's cabinet (July 1972 – May 1974)
1963:, which he always has attributed to the
1892:'s presidency and in the turmoil of the
1682:Ecole nationale de la France d'outre-mer
4853:French colonial governors of Mauritania
3094:Othen, Christopher (7 September 2015).
2982:Messmer, légionnaire et baron gaulliste
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2796:(Librairie juridique et administrative)
2746:– Minister of Relations with Parliament
2616:– Minister of Relations with Parliament
2072:Union des Démocrates pour la République
1872:Messmer served as high commissioner of
1761:the landings in Normandy in August 1944
4730:
3045:
2574:– Minister of Veterans and War Victims
1759:'s military staff and participated in
1685:(National School of Oversea France).
1251:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge)
4818:French Army personnel of World War II
4813:Soldiers of the French Foreign Legion
3654:
3427:
3114:from the original on 14 December 2021
3093:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2264:President of the Regional Council of
1951:Along with the Minister of Research,
1789:
1608:
1531:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau
3289:Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort
2906:Le gaulliste Pierre Messmer est mort
2865:
2646:– Minister of Administrative Reforms
2487:– Minister of Administrative Reforms
2365:since 1988, and, since 1976, of the
1981:Messmer became a personality of the
1940:peacekeeping forces. He confided to
1659:in 1999; his seat was taken over by
4848:Ministers of the overseas of France
4828:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
2660:becomes Minister of Civil Service.
2342:In 1992 he became president of the
2210:
1924:Messmer gave permission for former
1856:A "Pacification Zone" – the ZOPAC (
1841:(UPC) in July 1955. He initiated a
1641:from 1972 to 1974. A member of the
1291:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire
13:
4838:Rally for the Republic politicians
4763:French colonial people in Cameroon
3126:
3046:Byrnes, Melissa K. (26 May 2019).
3003:
2968:
2927:
2102:, close to Giscard, himself named
1900:. He was confronted with the 1961
60:5 July 1972 – 27 May 1974
14:
4864:
4798:Members of the Académie Française
3518:Claude-Henri de Fusée de Voisenon
3470:Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac
3313:
3222:Le gouvernement de Pierre Messmer
2815:Après tant de batailles, Mémoires
2698:– Minister of Economy and Finance
2544:– Minister of Economy and Finance
2415:– Minister of Economy and Finance
2367:Académie des sciences d'outre-mer
2116:construction of 13 nuclear plants
2114:. In June 1974, he initiated the
2067:, a personal friend of Pompidou.
2052:, named Minister of Agriculture.
2036:He succeeded in this function to
1731:Messmer then participated to the
1627:Étienne François, duc de Choiseul
1173:French Agrarian and Peasant Party
3534:Jean-Baptiste Dureau de la Malle
3502:Jean-François Leriget de La Faye
3494:Jean-Baptiste-Henri de Valincour
2722:– Minister of National Education
2568:– Minister of National Education
2335:. He was also an officer of the
2104:Minister of Economy and Finances
1858:Zone de pacification du Cameroon
1839:Union of the Peoples of Cameroon
1814:Colonial administrator in Africa
1556:
1544:
201:
3287:, quoted by Thomas Ferenczi in
3277:
3259:
3237:
2782:
2674:Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
2520:Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
2391:Pierre Messmer – Prime Minister
1970:De Gaulle said that along with
1666:
1256:Initiative and Liberty Movement
4783:Ministers of justice of France
4778:Ministers of defence of France
3191:Discours de politique générale
3147:
3087:
3039:
2580:– Minister of Cultural Affairs
2445:– Minister of Cultural Affairs
2403:– Minister of National Defense
2361:. He was also a member of the
1932:against the newly independent
1884:Minister of Armies (1959–1969)
1755:in Egypt. He joined in London
1679:and the following year at the
1:
3682:Heads of government of France
3478:François de La Mothe Le Vayer
3133:La bombe atomique en héritage
3066:10.1080/14682745.2019.1597857
2859:
2680:– Minister of Foreign Affairs
2526:– Minister of Foreign Affairs
2397:– Minister of Foreign Affairs
2382:(Foundation of Free France).
2227:Minister of Armies: 1960–1969
1955:, Messmer was present at the
1847:counter-revolutionary warfare
1602:Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer
119:Pierre Joseph Auguste Messmer
16:83rd Prime Minister of France
4753:Companions of the Liberation
2493:– Minister of Social Affairs
2379:Fondation de la France libre
1218:Union for a Popular Movement
866:The Future of Intelligentsia
7:
4788:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni
3510:Prosper Jolyot de Crébillon
3244:Interview of Pierre Messmer
2842:
2752:– Minister of Public Health
2622:– Minister of Public Health
2469:– Minister of Public Health
2348:Fondation Charles de Gaulle
2246:National Assembly of France
2016:From the 1970s to the 2000s
1708:an Italian cargo ship (the
10:
4869:
2994:Radio France International
2854:France in the 20th century
2692:– Minister of the Interior
2538:– Minister of the Interior
2409:– Minister of the Interior
2344:Institut Charles de Gaulle
2318:
2118:in order to confront the "
2070:Under his government, the
2000:and thus won the trust of
1773:Compagnon de la Libération
1156:VIA, the Way of the People
896:The Tears of the White Man
786:The Genius of Christianity
4808:Prime ministers of France
4702:
4549:
4431:
4396:
4358:
3915:
3895:
3872:
3829:
3741:
3688:
3464:
3412:
3402:
3394:
3386:
3377:
3371:
3361:
3352:
3344:
3339:
3249:30 September 2007 at the
3227:19 September 2007 at the
3196:27 September 2007 at the
3159:27 September 2007 at the
2952:29 September 2007 at the
2764:– Minister of Information
2634:– Minister of Information
2221:Prime Minister: 1972–1974
2006:elected President in 1969
1972:Maurice Couve de Murville
1888:From 1959 to 1969, under
1845:process and imported the
1776:in 1941, he received the
1712:), along with his friend
1617:politician. He served as
1277:Nouvelle Action Royaliste
174:
166:
156:
139:
114:
109:
105:
93:
81:
64:
53:
46:
42:
30:
23:
4710:Chief minister of France
3294:8 September 2007 at the
3023:3 September 2007 at the
2987:2 September 2007 at the
2911:8 September 2007 at the
2696:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2542:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2413:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2310:Municipal councillor of
2146:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2129:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2076:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
2026:the Overseas Territories
2012:(Presence of Gaullism).
1874:French Equatorial Africa
1751:. He also fought at the
1696:of the 12th regiment of
1353:Service d'Action Civique
766:Considerations on France
329:Catholic social teaching
183:This article is part of
48:Prime Minister of France
3550:Antoine-Vincent Arnault
2947:Pierre Messmer est mort
2610:– Minister of Transport
2463:– Minister of Transport
2271:Regional councillor of
2190:crimes against humanity
2108:Ministry of Information
2090:realized with the 1972
2080:Independent Republicans
1784:medal of the Resistance
1743:, participating to the
1551:Conservatism portal
1341:Independent Republicans
1188:Independent Republicans
886:Violence and the Sacred
806:St Petersburg Dialogues
3355:Minister of the Armies
2481:– Minister of Commerce
2439:– Minister of Veterans
2325:Ordre de la Libération
2287:General councillor of
2252:: 1969–1971, 1974–1988
2216:Governmental functions
2174:Rally for the Republic
2160:Later career and death
1987:elected deputy in 1968
1908:and adapted it to the
1704:. He then hijacked in
1698:Senegalese tirailleurs
1522:
1351:
1332:
1323:
1314:
1305:
1289:
1275:
1261:
1248:Carrefour de l'Horloge
1239:
1203:Rally for the Republic
1131:Future with Confidence
458:
431:
394:
358:
339:
290:
266:
228:
194:Conservatism in France
4748:People from Vincennes
4716:Deputy Prime Minister
3273:on 30 September 2007.
3100:. The History Press.
2716:– Minister of Justice
2562:– Minister of Justice
2433:– Minister of Justice
2346:and, in 1995, of the
2042:parliamentary reading
2038:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
2010:Présence du gaullisme
1998:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
1928:veterans to fight in
1726:French Foreign Legion
1643:French Foreign Legion
1606:French pronunciation:
1512:Immigrant criminality
1492:Clerical philosophers
1208:Republican Federation
876:The Reign of Quantity
567:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet
482:Thermidorian Reaction
440:Traditional authority
244:Political Catholicism
88:Jacques Chaban-Delmas
4823:French Army officers
2829:La Patrouille perdue
2686:– Minister of Armies
2532:– Minister of Armies
2192:committed under the
2040:, who had adopted a
1753:Battle of El Alamein
1745:Battle of Bir Hakeim
1610:[pjɛʁmɛsmɛʁ]
1502:French–German enmity
906:The Tyranny of Guilt
816:Democracy in America
519:Second French Empire
268:Révolution nationale
3606:Wladimir d'Ormesson
3582:Paul-Albert Besnard
3542:Louis-Benoît Picard
3406:Minister of Justice
3175:, 2 September 2007
3166:Sortir du nucléaire
3141:, 21 February 2007
2838:(Xavier de Guibert)
2762:Jean-Philippe Lecat
2662:Jean-Philippe Lecat
2180:(1986–1988), under
1880:from 1958 to 1959.
1804:First Indochina War
1765:Liberation of Paris
1733:campaign in Eritrea
1720:as a member of the
1407:La Nation française
1183:Movement for France
1178:French Social Party
998:Political positions
988:Le Pen (Jean-Marie)
617:Fustel de Coulanges
509:Bourbon Restoration
504:Second White Terror
249:Christian democracy
3455:Académie française
3340:Political offices
2849:Politics of France
2750:Michel Poniatowski
2656:23 October 1973 –
2620:Michel Poniatowski
2371:Institut de France
2355:Académie française
2232:Electoral mandates
2100:Michel Poniatowski
1957:Béryl nuclear test
1904:, reorganised the
1898:Minister of Armies
1878:French West Africa
1790:After World War II
1718:Free French Forces
1656:Académie française
1619:Minister of Armies
1497:European New Right
1421:Le Figaro Magazine
1386:Famille chrétienne
1263:La Manif pour tous
916:The French Suicide
542:Barbey d'Aurevilly
492:Companions of Jehu
487:First White Terror
334:Counter-revolution
218:French nationalism
4725:
4724:
4574:Couve de Murville
3648:
3647:
3422:
3421:
3413:Succeeded by
3387:Succeeded by
3362:Succeeded by
3348:Pierre Guillaumat
3304:, 29 August 2007
3231:, politique.net,
3107:978-0-7509-6580-4
3033:, 30 August 2007
2997:, 30 August 2007
2962:, 29 August 2007
2921:, 29 August 2007
2904:Thomas Ferenczi,
2836:Ma part de France
2794:Doctorate of Laws
2732:Raymond Marcellin
2536:Raymond Marcellin
2505:André Bettencourt
2407:Raymond Marcellin
2333:Alain de Boissieu
2297:Municipal Council
2238:National Assembly
2055:Due to President
2022:Minister of state
1890:Charles de Gaulle
1722:13th Demi-Brigade
1647:military hospital
1623:Charles de Gaulle
1599:
1598:
1563:France portal
1507:French Revolution
1466:Valeurs actuelles
973:de La Tour du Pin
846:What Is a Nation?
477:War in the Vendée
178:
177:
4860:
4712:(pre-Revolution)
4526:Bourgès-Maunoury
4095:Waldeck-Rousseau
3899:National Defense
3887:Cousin-Montauban
3839:Dupont de l'Eure
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3372:Preceded by
3345:Preceded by
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3308:
3307:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3269:. Archived from
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3085:
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3080:
3053:Cold War History
3043:
3037:
3036:
3016:David Servenay,
3014:
3001:
3000:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2944:
2925:
2924:
2902:
2774:11 April 1974 –
2738:Olivier Guichard
2726:Alain Peyrefitte
2644:Alain Peyrefitte
2602:Olivier Guichard
2503:15 March 1973 –
2455:Olivier Guichard
2395:Maurice Schumann
2359:Maurice Schumann
2329:Légion d'honneur
2258:Regional Council
2211:Political career
2143:
2124:" (oil crisis).
2057:Georges Pompidou
2002:Georges Pompidou
1902:Generals' Putsch
1749:Tunisia campaign
1639:Georges Pompidou
1612:
1607:
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1440:
1356:
1337:
1328:
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1294:
1280:
1266:
1252:
1244:
1241:Action Française
1213:Resistance Party
1198:Rally for France
1126:The Nationalists
1116:Debout la France
963:de Chateaubriand
931:
921:
911:
901:
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881:
871:
861:
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836:The Ancient City
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597:de Chateaubriand
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69:Georges Pompidou
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2792:Thesis for his
2785:
2720:Joseph Fontanet
2714:Jean Taittinger
2671:
2658:Philippe Malaud
2632:Philippe Malaud
2566:Joseph Fontanet
2560:Jean Taittinger
2548:Jean Charbonnel
2517:
2443:Jacques Duhamel
2425:Joseph Fontanet
2419:Jean Charbonnel
2388:
2337:American Legion
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2281:General Council
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2162:
2141:
2138:Canard enchaîné
2112:Philippe Malaud
2088:left-wing union
2034:
2018:
1989:, representing
1953:Gaston Palewski
1942:Roger Trinquier
1886:
1828:Gaston Defferre
1816:
1796:prisoner of war
1792:
1779:Croix de guerre
1694:sous-lieutenant
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1316:Cercle Proudhon
1307:Camelots du Roi
1284:Student Cockade
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1146:The Republicans
1111:Alliance Royale
1103:
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993:Le Pen (Marine)
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935:
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360:Noblesse oblige
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4551:Fifth Republic
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3622:Pierre Messmer
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3060:(4): 477–491.
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2776:Hubert Germain
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2182:Jacques Chirac
2161:
2158:
2154:Jacques Chirac
2121:choc pétrolier
2092:Common Program
2084:1973 elections
2050:Jacques Chirac
2033:
2030:
2017:
2014:
1983:Gaullist Party
1965:Beryl incident
1946:Élisabethville
1938:United Nations
1885:
1882:
1843:decolonization
1815:
1812:
1791:
1788:
1757:General Koenig
1690:Doctor of Laws
1668:
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1635:Prime Minister
1633:– and then as
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739:
737:de Tocqueville
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
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639:
634:
629:
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619:
614:
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584:
579:
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569:
564:
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531:
530:
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494:
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469:
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454:
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447:
446:
443:
442:
437:
428:
423:
417:
412:
407:
402:
401:
400:
386:
381:
379:French culture
376:
371:
369:Ethnopluralism
366:
365:
364:
355:
345:
336:
331:
326:
324:Anti-communism
320:
317:
316:
313:
312:
309:
308:
303:
302:
301:
296:
287:
282:
272:
263:
262:
261:
259:Ultramontanism
256:
251:
241:
236:
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198:
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189:
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176:
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168:
164:
163:
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154:
153:
147:(aged 91)
143:29 August 2007
141:
137:
136:
118:
116:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:Jacques Chirac
97:
91:
90:
85:
79:
78:
66:
62:
61:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
25:Pierre Messmer
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4865:
4854:
4851:
4849:
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4597:
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4579:Chaban-Delmas
4577:
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4565:
4562:
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4511:Mendès France
4509:
4507:
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4018:
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4008:
4006:
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3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
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3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3955:A. de Broglie
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3930:A. de Broglie
3928:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3897:Government of
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3874:Second Empire
3871:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
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3828:
3822:
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3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:V. de Broglie
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3751:V. de Broglie
3749:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3743:July Monarchy
3740:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
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3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:Eugène Scribe
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
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3511:
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3408:
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3382:
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3357:
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3349:
3343:
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3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
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3302:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3252:
3248:
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3223:
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3214:
3212:
3210:
3199:
3195:
3192:
3187:
3185:
3174:
3173:
3168:
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3162:
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3019:
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2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2708:Georges Gorse
2706:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2684:Robert Galley
2682:
2679:
2678:Michel Jobert
2676:
2673:
2672:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2614:Joseph Comiti
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2596:Bernard Stasi
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2578:Maurice Druon
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2554:Georges Gorse
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2530:Robert Galley
2528:
2525:
2524:Michel Jobert
2522:
2519:
2518:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2461:Robert Galley
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
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2426:
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2270:
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2259:
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2247:
2243:
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2241:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2206:
2205:Raymond Barre
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2188:, charged of
2187:
2186:Maurice Papon
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1907:
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1899:
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1797:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1747:, and in the
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
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1707:
1703:
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1418:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1393:L'Écho du Sud
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1355:
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1339:
1336:
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1330:
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1300:
1293:
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1279:
1278:
1273:
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1268:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1230:Organisations
1227:
1226:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1151:Soyons libres
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:French Future
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
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969:
966:
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959:
956:
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951:
949:
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945:
939:
938:
928:
927:
923:
918:
917:
913:
908:
907:
903:
898:
897:
893:
888:
887:
883:
878:
877:
873:
868:
867:
863:
858:
857:
853:
847:
843:
838:
837:
833:
828:
827:
823:
818:
817:
813:
808:
807:
803:
798:
797:
793:
788:
787:
783:
778:
777:
773:
768:
767:
763:
762:
756:
755:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
647:de La Mennais
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
539:
536:Intellectuals
533:
532:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
462:
461:
460:Ancien Régime
456:
455:
449:
448:
441:
438:
435:
434:
433:Souverainisme
429:
427:
424:
422:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
398:
397:
392:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
374:Family values
372:
370:
367:
362:
361:
356:
354:
351:
350:
349:
346:
343:
342:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
321:
315:
314:
307:
304:
300:
297:
294:
293:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
270:
269:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
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122:20 March 1916
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4583:
4360:Vichy France
4275:Paul-Boncour
3621:
3598:Paul Claudel
3590:Louis Gillet
3403:
3378:
3365:Michel Debré
3353:
3299:
3284:
3279:
3271:the original
3261:
3239:
3170:
3164:
3149:
3136:
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3096:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3057:
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3028:
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2957:
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2835:
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2800:
2789:
2783:Bibliography
2768:
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2650:
2649:
2497:
2496:
2479:Yvon Bourges
2401:Michel Debré
2377:
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2352:
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2202:
2194:Vichy regime
2178:cohabitation
2163:
2136:
2126:
2119:
2096:Michel Debré
2086:despite the
2069:
2065:Arthur Conte
2054:
2046:Constitution
2035:
2019:
2009:
1993:
1980:
1969:
1950:
1926:Algerian War
1923:
1916:
1914:
1894:Algerian War
1887:
1871:
1866:people's war
1857:
1855:
1851:Algerian War
1832:
1817:
1793:
1777:
1771:
1769:
1730:
1709:
1687:
1680:
1670:
1667:Early career
1654:
1651:Val-de-Grâce
1601:
1600:
1484:
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1457:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1426:
1419:
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1334:Croix-de-Feu
1298:
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1065:de La Rocque
1024:
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834:
824:
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794:
784:
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764:
524:Vichy France
426:Social order
405:Metapolitics
396:Restauration
292:Maurrassisme
145:(2007-08-29)
133:Val-de-Marne
95:Succeeded by
55:
18:
4743:2007 deaths
4738:1916 births
4398:Provisional
3690:Restoration
3630:Simone Veil
3574:Pierre Loti
3486:Jean Racine
3398:René Pleven
3332:(in French)
3324:(in French)
3322:by Messmer
3306:(in French)
3255:(in French)
3233:(in French)
3202:(in French)
3177:(in French)
3143:(in French)
3035:(in French)
2999:(in French)
2964:(in French)
2923:(in French)
2491:Edgar Faure
2431:René Pleven
2314:: 1971–1989
2307:: 1971–1989
2291:: 1970–1982
2275:: 1968–1992
2268:: 1978–1979
2133:Edgar Faure
2024:charged of
1994:département
1918:Estado Novo
1910:nuclear era
1906:French Army
1824:Ivory Coast
1661:Simone Veil
1524:Sinistrisme
1517:Remigration
1080:de Vaublanc
1050:de Polignac
958:Cathelineau
942:Politicians
642:de Jouvenel
637:Houellebecq
632:de Gobineau
467:Monarchiens
384:Imperialism
353:Meritocracy
280:Bonapartism
254:Integralism
83:Preceded by
73:Alain Poher
4732:Categories
4400:Government
4180:Clemenceau
4115:Clemenceau
3970:Waddington
3960:Rochebouët
3698:Talleyrand
3384:1971–1972
3359:1960–1969
3138:L'Humanité
2860:References
2756:Jean Royer
2702:Yves Guéna
2638:Jean Royer
2608:Yves Guéna
2572:André Bord
2485:Roger Frey
2467:Jean Foyer
2437:André Bord
2312:Sarrebourg
2305:Sarrebourg
2170:Sarrebourg
1862:Mao Zedong
1820:Mauritania
1714:Jean Simon
1168:Feuillants
1141:Reconquête
1085:de Villèle
1060:Retailleau
926:Submission
759:Literature
722:de Rivarol
707:Peyrefitte
702:d'Ornellas
677:de Maistre
587:Brunetière
562:de Benoist
415:Patriotism
389:Monarchism
318:Principles
285:Legitimism
212:Ideologies
167:Occupation
4718:(defunct)
4669:Cazeneuve
4624:Bérégovoy
4559:De Gaulle
4541:De Gaulle
4408:De Gaulle
4330:Chautemps
4300:Doumergue
4290:Chautemps
4245:Chautemps
4185:Millerand
4150:Doumergue
4075:Bourgeois
4040:Freycinet
4015:Freycinet
4000:Fallières
3990:Freycinet
3975:Freycinet
3849:Cavaignac
3728:Martignac
3718:Richelieu
3708:Dessolles
3703:Richelieu
3283:French: "
3074:191733021
2959:Le Figaro
2803:(Balland)
2303:Mayor of
2200:in 2001.
1896:, he was
1808:Indochina
1710:Capo Olmo
1706:Marseille
1673:Vincennes
1439:(Defunct)
1414:Le Figaro
978:de Gaulle
953:de Bonald
856:The Crowd
697:d'Orcival
572:de Bonald
547:Bainville
497:Muscadins
472:Feuillant
341:Dirigisme
306:Sarkozysm
299:Orléanism
135:), France
125:Vincennes
65:President
56:In office
4674:Philippe
4649:Villepin
4644:Raffarin
4629:Balladur
4569:Pompidou
4536:Pflimlin
4531:Gaillard
4481:Queuille
4471:Queuille
4461:Queuille
4441:Ramadier
4340:Daladier
4310:Bouisson
4295:Daladier
4280:Daladier
4230:Poincaré
4215:Painlevé
4200:Poincaré
4175:Painlevé
4135:Poincaré
4130:Caillaux
3985:Gambetta
3882:Ollivier
3859:Hautpoul
3756:Laffitte
3733:Polignac
3404:interim
3301:Le Monde
3292:Archived
3247:Archived
3225:Archived
3194:Archived
3157:Archived
3118:24 April
3112:Archived
3079:15 March
3021:Archived
2985:Archived
2950:Archived
2918:Le Monde
2909:Archived
2843:See also
2273:Lorraine
2266:Lorraine
2166:Lorraine
1985:and was
1961:leukemia
1835:Cameroun
1800:Vietminh
1763:and the
1741:in Libya
1737:in Syria
1631:Louis XV
1615:Gaullist
1428:Le Point
1400:La Croix
1379:Éléments
1346:Hussards
1055:Pompidou
1040:Poincaré
1030:Pécresse
1020:Maréchal
1015:MacMahon
796:The Pope
742:Veuillot
662:Lemaître
657:Lefebvre
582:Bruckner
410:Nativism
275:Royalism
239:Gaullism
223:Integral
185:a series
152:, France
76:(Acting)
4703:Related
4694:Barnier
4659:Ayrault
4619:Cresson
4584:Messmer
4466:Bidault
4456:Schuman
4446:Schuman
4418:Bidault
4378:Flandin
4345:Reynaud
4320:Sarraut
4305:Flandin
4285:Sarraut
4270:Herriot
4265:Tardieu
4250:Tardieu
4240:Tardieu
4225:Herriot
4210:Herriot
4190:Leygues
4160:Viviani
4145:Barthou
4110:Sarrien
4105:Rouvier
4085:Brisson
4030:Floquet
4025:Rouvier
4010:Brisson
3995:Duclerc
3965:Dufaure
3945:Dufaure
3925:Dufaure
3864:Faucher
3781:Mortier
3723:Villèle
3713:Decazes
3458:seat 13
2769:Changes
2651:Changes
2498:Changes
2319:Honours
2289:Moselle
2250:Moselle
2150:elected
2044:of the
1991:Moselle
1930:Katanga
1798:of the
1724:of the
1649:of the
1435:Présent
1325:Civitas
1299:Defunct
1162:Defunct
1102:Parties
1090:Zemmour
1075:Schuman
1070:Sarkozy
1045:Poisson
1025:Messmer
1010:Malraux
1005:Maurras
948:Bellamy
692:Maurras
672:Madiran
667:Le Play
622:Dumézil
577:Boutang
557:Barruel
452:History
348:Elitism
4679:Castex
4654:Fillon
4639:Jospin
4614:Rocard
4609:Chirac
4604:Fabius
4599:Mauroy
4589:Chirac
4521:Mollet
4506:Laniel
4486:Pleven
4476:Pleven
4383:Darlan
4368:Pétain
4350:Pétain
4235:Briand
4220:Briand
4195:Briand
4165:Briand
4140:Briand
4120:Briand
4100:Combes
4080:Méline
4045:Loubet
4035:Tirard
4020:Goblet
3940:Buffet
3935:Cissey
3907:Trochu
3854:Barrot
3816:Guizot
3806:Thiers
3791:Thiers
3771:Gérard
3761:Perier
3640:(2020)
3632:(2008)
3624:(1999)
3616:(1974)
3608:(1956)
3600:(1946)
3592:(1935)
3584:(1924)
3576:(1891)
3568:(1862)
3560:(1834)
3552:(1829)
3544:(1807)
3536:(1804)
3528:(1776)
3520:(1762)
3512:(1731)
3504:(1730)
3496:(1699)
3488:(1672)
3480:(1639)
3472:(1634)
3104:
3072:
3030:Rue 89
2834:2003
2827:2002
2820:1998
2813:1992
2806:1985
2799:1977
2788:1939
2198:pardon
1976:May 68
1770:Named
1702:defeat
1637:under
1629:under
1621:under
1445:Minute
1234:Active
1106:Active
1035:Pétain
968:Ciotti
930:(2015)
920:(2014)
910:(2006)
900:(1983)
890:(1972)
880:(1945)
870:(1905)
860:(1895)
850:(1882)
840:(1864)
830:(1855)
820:(1835)
810:(1821)
800:(1819)
790:(1802)
780:(1797)
770:(1796)
687:Massis
652:Le Bon
627:Guénon
612:Freund
602:Daudet
592:Carrel
552:Barrès
419:
4689:Attal
4684:Borne
4664:Valls
4634:Juppé
4594:Barre
4564:Debré
4516:Faure
4501:Mayer
4496:Pinay
4491:Faure
4451:Marie
4413:Gouin
4388:Laval
4373:Laval
4315:Laval
4260:Laval
4255:Steeg
4170:Ribot
4155:Ribot
4125:Monis
4090:Dupuy
4070:Ribot
4065:Dupuy
4055:Dupuy
4050:Ribot
4005:Ferry
3980:Ferry
3950:Simon
3844:Arago
3811:Soult
3801:Soult
3776:Maret
3766:Soult
3410:1973
3070:S2CID
2142:'
1934:Congo
1677:ENLOV
1373:CNews
1367:Media
983:Juppé
747:Ye'or
732:Taine
727:Rueff
717:Renan
682:Morel
150:Paris
131:(now
129:Seine
4423:Blum
4335:Blum
4325:Blum
3821:Molé
3796:Molé
3120:2018
3102:ISBN
3081:2023
2248:for
2131:and
2106:. A
2061:ORTF
1936:and
712:Pujo
607:Faye
140:Died
115:Born
3172:HNS
3062:doi
2078:'s
1864:'s
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161:UDR
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