Physical fitness - Knowledge

669:. The American Cancer Society encourages the public to "adopt a physically active lifestyle" by meeting the criteria in a variety of physical activities such as hiking, swimming, circuit training, resistance training, lifting, etc. It is understood that cancer is not a disease that can be cured by physical fitness alone, however, because it is a multifactorial disease, physical fitness is a controllable prevention. The large associations between physical fitness and reduced cancer risk are enough to provide a strategy of preventative interventions. The American Cancer Society asserts different levels of activity ranging from moderate to vigorous to clarify the recommended time spent on a physical activity. These classifications of physical activity consider intentional exercise and basic activities performed on a daily basis and give the public a greater understanding of what fitness levels suffice as future disease prevention. 430: 185:

and physical health. For substantial health benefits, adults should perform at least 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity, or 75 to 150 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, or an equivalent combination of both spread throughout the week. The recommendation for physical activity to occur in bouts of at least 10 minutes has been eliminated, as new research suggests that bouts of any length contribute to the health benefits linked to the accumulated volume of physical activity. Additional health benefits may be achieved by engaging in more than 300 minutes (5 hours) of moderate-intensity physical activity per week. Adults should also do muscle-strengthening activities that are of moderate or greater intensity and involve all major muscle groups on two or more days a week, as these activities provide additional health benefits.

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effect of increasing cardiac benefits for humans when compared with exercising at a low or moderate level. When one's workout consists of a HIIT session, their body has to work harder to replace the oxygen it lost. Research into the benefits of HIIT have shown that it can be very successful for reducing fat, especially around the abdominal region. Furthermore, when compared to continuous moderate exercise, HIIT proves to burn more calories and increase the amount of fat burned post- HIIT session. Lack of time is one of the main reasons stated for not exercising; HIIT is a great alternative for those people because the duration of a HIIT session can be as short as 10 minutes, making it much quicker than conventional workouts.

559: 84: 800:) while also stimulating the human body's mood boosters and natural painkillers. Not only does exercise release these feel-good hormones, it can also help relieve stress and help build confidence. The same way exercising can help humans to have a healthier life, it also can improve sleep quality. Based on studies, even 10 minutes of exercise per day can help insomnia. These trends improve as physical activity is performed on a consistent basis, which makes exercise effective in relieving symptoms of depression and anxiety, positively impacting mental health and bringing about several other benefits. For example: 349: 340: 719:

macronutrients eaten daily. In order for the body to be able to run, it will use those ingested calories, therefore it will burn calories. Abdominal fat, specifically visceral fat, is most directly affected by engaging in aerobic exercise. Strength training has been known to increase the amount of muscle in the body, however, it can also reduce body fat. Sex steroid hormones, insulin, and appropriate immune responses are factors that mediate metabolism in relation to abdominal fat. Therefore, physical fitness provides weight control through regulation of these bodily functions.

847: 236: 548: 734:. There are a number of symptoms connected to menopause, most of which can affect the quality of life of a woman involved in this stage of her life. One way to reduce the severity of the symptoms is to exercise and keep a healthy level of fitness. Prior to and during menopause, as the female body changes, there can be physical, physiological or internal changes to the body. These changes can be reduced or even prevented with regular exercise. These changes include: 528:

human body take weeks or months to notice—and possibly years for full development. For training purposes, exercise must provide a stress or demand on either a function or tissue. To continue improvements, this demand must eventually increase little over an extended period of time. This sort of exercise training has three basic principles: overload, specificity, and progression. These principles are related to health but also enhancement of physical working capacity.

204:. A person should do a minimum of 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. There are more health benefits gained if a person exercises beyond 150 minutes. Sedentary time (time spent not standing, such as when on a chair or in bed) is bad for a person's health, and no amount of exercise can negate the effects of sitting for too long. These guidelines are now much more in line with those used in the U.S., which also includes recommendations for 3246: 22: 601:. Engaging in a physical activity raises blood pressure. Once the subject stops the activity, the blood pressure returns to normal. The more physical activity, the easier this process becomes, resulting in a fitter cardiovascular profile. Through regular physical fitness, it becomes easier to create a rise in blood pressure. This lowers the force on the arteries, and lowers the overall blood pressure. 665:. The guidelines have been evaluated and individuals who have higher guideline adherence scores have substantially reduced cancer risk as well as improved outcomes of a multitude of chronic health problems. Regular physical activity is a factor that helps reduce an individual's blood pressure and improves cholesterol levels, two key components that correlate with heart disease and 262:, a measure of the amount of oxygen the body can uptake and utilize. Aerobic exercise, which improves cardiorespiratory fitness and increase stamina, involves movement that increases the heart rate to improve the body's oxygen consumption. This form of exercise is an important part of all training regiments, whether for professional athletes or for the everyday person. 698:), body temperature, blood flow, hydration status and body position. Physical activity has been shown to increase the levels of natural killer (NK) cells, NK T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils, complements, cytokines, antibodies and T cytotoxic cells. However, the mechanism linking physical activity to immune system is not fully understood. 71:, fitness was defined as the capacity to carry out the day's activities without undue fatigue or lethargy. However, with automation and changes in lifestyles, physical fitness is now considered a measure of the body's ability to function efficiently and effectively in work and leisure activities, to be healthy, to resist 866:. Physical fitness regimes were also considered to be of paramount importance in a nation's ability to train soldiers for an effective military force. Partly for these reasons, organized fitness regimes have been in existence throughout known history and evidence of them can be found in many countries. 859:

the attention of some powerful people, including a senator from Pennsylvania who took the findings to President Dwight D. Eisenhower. President Eisenhower was "shocked." He set up a series of conferences and committees; then in July 1956, Eisenhower established the President's Council on Youth Fitness.

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High-intensity interval training (HIIT) consists of repeated, short bursts of exercise, completed at a high level of intensity. These sets of intense activity are followed by a predetermined time of rest or low-intensity activity. Studies have shown that exercising at a higher intensity can have the

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For physical fitness activity to benefit an individual, the exertion must trigger a sufficient amount of stimuli. Exercise with the correct amount of intensity, duration, and frequency can produce a significant amount of improvement. The person may overall feel better, but the physical effects on the

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to provide science-based guidance for people ages 3 years and older to improve their health by participating in regular physical activity. These guidelines recommend that all adults should move more and sit less throughout the day to improve health-related quality of life including mental, emotional,

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began testing children in the U.S. and Europe for what he termed, "Muscular Fitness." (in other words, muscular functionality) Through his testing, he found children in the U.S. to be far less physically capable than European children. Kraus published some alarming papers in various journals and got

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Sand running creates less strain on leg muscles than running on grass or concrete. This is because sand collapses beneath the foot, which softens the landing. Sand training is an effective way to lose weight and become fit, as more effort is needed (one and a half times more) to run on the soft sand

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and the treatise of World War II, the term "fitness" increased in western vernacular by a factor of ten. The modern definition of fitness describes either a person or machine's ability to perform a specific function or a holistic definition of human adaptability to cope with various situations. This

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Studies have shown an association between increased physical activity and reduced inflammation. It produces both a short-term inflammatory response and a long-term anti-inflammatory effect. Physical activity reduces inflammation in conjunction with or independent of changes in body weight. However,

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Achieving resilience through physical fitness promotes a vast and complex range of health-related benefits. Individuals who keep up physical fitness levels generally regulate their distribution of body fat and prevent obesity. Studies prove that running uses calories in the body that come from the

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is a form of exercise that decreases strain on joints and bones. The water supplies minimal impact to muscles and bones, which is good for those recovering from injury. Furthermore, the resistance of the water as one jogs through it provides an enhanced effect of exercise (the deeper you are, the

771:) in this cohort at the beginning, women who reported they were physically active every day at the beginning were 49% less likely to have reported bothersome hot flushes. This is in contrast to women whose level of activity decreased and were more likely to experience bothersome hot flushes. 877:

movement, especially in Europe and the USA. This movement advocated increased levels of physical fitness for men, women, and children and sought to do so through various forms of indoor and outdoor activity, and education. In many ways, it laid the foundations for modern fitness culture.

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Benefits of Exercise on Mental health include ... Improved sleep, Stress relief, Improvement in mood, Increased energy and stamina, Reduced tiredness that can increase mental alertness. There are beneficial effects for mental health as well as physical health when it comes to

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or aging as well and has been listed frequently as one of the most popular and advantageous self-care therapies. Working out can also help some people sleep better by building up sleeping pressure and possibly alleviate some mood disorders in certain individuals.

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Studies have shown that physical activity can improve mental health and well-being. This improvement is due to an increase in blood flow to the brain, allowing for the release of hormones as well as a decrease of stress hormone levels in the body (e.g.,

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Vancampfort D, Probst M, Scheewe T, De Herdt A, Sweers K, Knapen J, van Winkel R, De Hert M (May 2013). "Relationships between physical fitness, physical activity, smoking and metabolic and mental health parameters in people with schizophrenia".

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made up of three points, which represent physical, emotional, and mental fitness. Physical fitness has been shown to have benefits in preventing ill health and assisting recovery from injury or illness. Along with the physical health

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Anaerobic exercise features high-intensity movements performed in a short period of time. It is a fast, high-intensity exercise that does not require the body to utilize oxygen to produce energy. It helps to promote strength,

313:– Using the arms and legs to keep oneself afloat in water and moving either forwards or backward. This is a good full-body exercise for those who are looking to strengthen their core while improving cardiovascular endurance. 461:: Athletes require both speed and endurance to gain benefit out of this training. The hard-working muscles are at their peak for a longer period of time as they are being used at that level for the longer period of time. 1518:

Chakravertty B, Parkavi K, Coumary SA, Felix AJ (April 2012). "Antepartum cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) quantification by estimation of maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2 max) in pregnant South Indian women".

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Preventing weight gain: around menopause women tend to experience a reduction in muscle mass and an increase in fat levels. Increasing the amount of physical exercise undertaken can help to prevent these

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ability (i.e., endurance or strength). A well-rounded fitness program improves a person in all aspects of fitness compared to practicing only one, such as only cardio/respiratory or only weight training.

379:, thereby allowing one to burn additional calories as the body recovers from exercise due to an increase in body temperature and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) after the exercise ended. 411:– Alternating short bursts (lasting around 30 seconds) of intense activity with longer intervals (three to four minutes) of less intense activity. This type of activity also builds speed and endurance. 303:

training – Many treadmills have programs set up that offer numerous different workout plans. One effective cardiovascular activity would be to switch between running and walking. Typically

2141:. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1996. 609:

Centers for disease control and prevention provide lifestyle guidelines for maintaining a balanced diet and engaging in physical activity to reduce the risk of disease. The WCRF/

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Physical fitness has been proven to support the body's blood pressure. Staying active and exercising regularly builds a stronger heart. The heart is the main organ in charge of

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The Melbourne Women's Midlife Health Project followed 438 women over an eight-year period providing evidence showing that even though physical activity was not associated with

1985:"Eight weeks of a combination of high intensity interval training and conventional training reduce visceral adiposity and improve physical fitness: a group-based intervention" 896: 944: – professional in the field of fitness and exercise, most often instruction, including aerobics and yoga instructors and authors of fitness instruction books or manuals 492:

Hill sprints: Requires a high level of fitness to begin with; the exercise is particularly good for the leg muscles. The Army often trains to do mountain climbing and races.

168:, which promote the growth of new tissue, tissue repair, and various anti-inflammatory functions, which in turn reduce the risk of developing various inflammatory diseases. 1577:"Effects of 16-week high-intensity interval training using upper and lower body ergometers on aerobic fitness and morphological changes in healthy men: a preliminary study" 319:– Riding a bicycle typically involves longer distances than walking or jogging. This is another low-impact exercise on the joints and is great for improving leg strength. 2372:

Kruijsen-Jaarsma M, Révész D, Bierings MB, Buffart LM, Takken T (1 January 2013). "Effects of exercise on immune function in patients with cancer: a systematic review".

272:– Running at a steady and gentle pace. This form of exercise is great for maintaining weight and building a cardiovascular base to later perform more intense exercises. 188:

Guidelines in the United Kingdom released in July 2011 include the following points: The intensity at which a person exercises is key, and light activity such as

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for many people and there was an increased awareness that this had the potential to be harmful to health. This was a key motivating factor for the forming of a

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Reducing the risk of disease: excess weight can increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes, and regular physical activity can counter these effects.

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that has mobilized global fitness and fitness equipment industries. Regarding specific function, fitness is attributed to persons who possess significant

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Boosting mood: being involved in regular activities can improve psychological health, an effect that can be seen at any age and not just during or after

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A comprehensive fitness program tailored to an individual typically focuses on one or more specific skills, and on age- or health-related needs such as

2557: 613:(AICR) published a list of recommendations that reflect the dietary and exercise behaviors which are proven to related to reduced incidence of cancer. 623:

Each week, adults should engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity.

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Gymnasiums which would seem familiar today began to become increasingly common in the 19th century. The industrial revolution had led to a more

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To achieve some of these benefits, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention suggests at least 30–60 minutes of exercise 3-5 times a week.

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Strengthening bones: physical activity can slow the bone loss associated with menopause, reducing the chance of bone fractures and osteoporosis.

1792: 2076: 1652: 1191: 449:: In a sprint, the athlete must be trained to work anaerobically throughout the race, an example of how to do this would be interval training. 2534: 1948:

Gillen JB, Gibala MJ (March 2014). "Is high-intensity interval training a time-efficient exercise strategy to improve health and fitness?".

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In patients with schizophrenia, physical fitness has been shown to improve their quality of life and decrease the effects of schizophrenia.

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Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N (December 2010). "Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle".

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Colbert LH, Visser M, Simonsick EM, Tracy RP, Newman AB, Kritchevsky SB, Pahor M, Taaffe DR, Brach J, Rubin S, Harris TB (July 2004).

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In Greece, physical fitness was considered to be an essential component of a healthy life and it was the norm for men to frequent a

3171: 2399: 2153:"Physical activity, exercise, and inflammatory markers in older adults: findings from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study" 965: 841: 1310: 399:– Helps to maintain strength. A muscle action in which no visible movement occurs and the resistance matches the muscular tension. 160:

Developing research has demonstrated that many of the benefits of exercise are mediated through the role of skeletal muscle as an

3427: 921: 426:, with a reasonable efficiency. Specific training prepares athletes to perform well in their sport. These include, among others: 196:

is unlikely to have much positive impact on the health of most people. For aerobic exercise to be beneficial, it must raise the

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Ladies performing a common 19th-century fitness routine including climbing the underside of a ladder, balancing and gymnastics

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Different forms of exercise have been proven to improve mental health and reduce the risk of depression, anxiety, and suicide.

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without causing excessive stress on the joints. This form of exercise is perfect for people with achy hips, knees, and ankles.

1246: 375:, speed, and power; and is used by bodybuilders to build workout intensity. Anaerobic exercises are thought to increase the 3412: 2014:

Shiraev T, Barclay G (December 2012). "Evidence based exercise - clinical benefits of high-intensity interval training".

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de Groot GC, Fagerström L (June 2011). "Older adults' motivating factors and barriers to exercise to prevent falls".

3176: 3048: 537: 467:: In this case, the athlete must be trained to work aerobically, and their endurance must be built-up to a maximum. 1743: 3722: 2956: 2325:"Physical exercise and immune system function in cancer survivors: a comprehensive review and future directions" 1864:

Blair SN (December 1993). "1993 C.H. McCloy Research Lecture: physical activity, physical fitness, and health".

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Pedersen BK, Febbraio MA (April 2012). "Muscles, exercise, and obesity: skeletal muscle as a secretory organ".

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Fitness is defined as the quality or state of being fit and healthy. Around 1950, perhaps consistent with the

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Specific or task-oriented fitness is a person's ability to perform in a specific activity, such as sports or

133: 2200:"The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review" 2041:

Whitehurst, Michael (September 2012). "High-Intensity Interval Training: An Alternative for Older Adults".

1123:"President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Definitions for Health, Fitness, and Physical Activity" 1575:

Osawa Y, Azuma K, Tabata S, Katsukawa F, Ishida H, Oguma Y, Kawai T, Itoh H, Okuda S, Matsumoto H (2014).

1111:. Constanța: Ovidius University Annals, Series Physical Education and Sport/Science, Movement and Health. 558: 4379: 4374: 4229: 3747: 3535: 3249: 2949: 1469:

Haskell WL, Troiano RP, Hammond JA, Phillips MJ, Strader LC, Marquez DX, Grant SF, Ramos E (May 2012).

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is often said to have occurred when a woman has had no vaginal bleeding for over a year since her last

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Giannaki, Christoforos D.; Aphamis, George; Sakkis, Panikos; Hadjicharalambous, Marios (April 2016).

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first by walking and then switch off between walking for three minutes and running for three minutes.

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Children should engage in at least one hour of moderate or vigorous physical activity each week.

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is a common way to maintain/improve physical fitness. Image shows international tennis player

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The following is a list of some institutions that educate people about physical fitness:

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Callaghan P (August 2004). "Exercise: a neglected intervention in mental health care?".

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Physical activity has been linked to the alleviation of depression and anxiety symptoms.

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to determine if they are capable of the physically demanding tasks required of the job.

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A man and a woman participating in high intensity events during a fitness competition

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as an important part of overall fitness. This is often presented in textbooks as a

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Increased opportunity for social interaction, allowing for improved social skills

731: 666: 405:– Running short distances as fast as possible, training for muscle explosiveness. 386: 358: 209: 205: 161: 4070: 3448: 3121: 2216: 2199: 983: 707: 695: 651: 481:

are often required to pass a formal fitness test. For example, soldiers of the

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Balance one's diet with a variety of vegetables, grains, fruits, legumes, etc.

4363: 4255: 3869: 3854: 3834: 3635: 3620: 3605: 3518: 3513: 3407: 3391: 3330: 2710: 2054: 1126: 743: 687: 455:: Cyclists must be prepared aerobically for a bike ride of 100 miles or more. 137: 120: 116: 4197: 4121: 2257: 2240: 980: – Individual who provides others with fitness training and instruction 746:: weight loss from regular exercise may offer protection from breast cancer. 4091: 3927: 3889: 3839: 3809: 3777: 3767: 3762: 3675: 3655: 3575: 3375: 3354: 3325: 3106: 3063: 2899: 2816: 2780: 2728: 2606: 2519: 2470: 2385: 2350: 2266: 2225: 2176: 2027: 2000: 1969: 1961: 1926: 1612: 1532: 1504: 1375: 1367: 1232: 1085: 1042: 959: 926: 713: 478: 452: 446: 201: 2881: 2762: 2301: 2293: 1885: 935: – Sociocultural phenomenon surrounding exercise and physical fitness 3909: 3799: 3717: 3640: 3590: 3493: 3213: 1593: 1443: 813:

Working out can improve one's mental alertness and it can reduce fatigue.

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Nieman DC (March 1997). "Exercise immunology: practical applications".

1751: 855: 797: 304: 297:– Moving at a fairly regular pace for a short, medium or long distance. 197: 193: 75:, to improve immune system function, and to meet emergency situations. 49: 21: 2424:

Westcott WL, La Rosa Loud R (2014). "Strength for fat loss training".

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the mechanisms linking physical activity to inflammation are unknown.

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Sharma, Ashish; Madaan, Vishal; Petty, Frederick D. (15 April 2006).

2371: 764: 756: 727: 502:: An excellent way to build strength and increase muscular endurance. 482: 402: 372: 300: 189: 57: 4142: 2152: 2095:"Blood Pressure : Exercise & Activity Lower Blood Pressure" 1653:"The Best Sprint Workouts to Get Faster, Build Muscle, and Drop Fat" 1034: 953: – Learned ability involving specific body movements for a task 164:. That is, contracting muscles release multiple substances known as 4263: 4084: 3992: 3874: 3794: 3752: 3727: 3702: 3650: 3580: 3525: 3488: 3483: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3116: 3025: 2995: 2972: 793: 647: 464: 225: 128: 4342: 4204: 4318: 4304: 4237: 4170: 4135: 4063: 3819: 3742: 3712: 3665: 3625: 3550: 3508: 3030: 3020: 3000: 594: 316: 294: 288: 284: 269: 255: 165: 141: 4177: 4098: 2870:

The Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

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Limit alcoholic drinks to two for men and one for women a day.

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Physical Activity and Health: A Report of the Surgeon General

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Wisløff, Ulrik; Ellingsen, Øyvind; Kemi, Ole J. (July 2009).

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Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry

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Fairey AS, Courneya KS, Field CJ, Mackey JR (January 2002).

1678:"Boost Your Speed and Endurance With a Simple Exercise Plan" 4334: 4326: 3784: 3707: 3545: 2941: 2150: 1272:"Participation in Sport and Physical Recreation, Australia" 1020: 629:

Be physically active for at least thirty minutes every day.

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and, more specifically, the ability to perform aspects of

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Youngstedt, Shawn D; Kline, Christopher E (August 2006).

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prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.

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for developing the strength and size of skeletal muscles.

64:, and sufficient rest along with a formal recovery plan. 2400:"How Many Calories Are Burned Running a 10 Minute Mile?" 1427:"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2nd edition" 148:. Physical fitness can also prevent or treat many other 2241:"Exercise and biomarkers for cancer prevention studies" 1003:

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These recommendations are also widely supported by the

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The WCRF/AICR recommendations include the following:

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Many firefighters and police officers undergo regular

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Be as lean as possible without becoming underweight.

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The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness

1767:"The Benefits of Sand Running for Physical Fitness" 636:, and limit the consumption of energy-packed foods. 531: 513:

greater the force needed to pull your leg through).

382:Prominent examples of anaerobic exercises include: 2490:Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America 1063: 986: – Common type of speed and strength training 854:In the 1940s, an emigrant M.D. from Austria named 2863: 2744: 2661:"Depression and anxiety: exercise eases symptoms" 2580: 2578: 2238: 974: – Overview of and topical guide to exercise 722: 265:Prominent examples of aerobic exercises include: 95:has led to an interrelation of human fitness and 4361: 2587:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2535:"Fitness Tips for Menopause: Why fitness counts" 1353: 1197:United States Army Training and Doctrine Command 816:Studies have shown a reduction in stress levels. 2684: 2197: 1284: 2740: 2738: 2575: 2483: 2135:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2013: 929: – Control and development of musculature 523:exercise helps in enhancing a swimmer's start. 4340: 4324: 3274: 2957: 2204:Journal of the American College of Cardiology 1950:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 1405:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 1023:Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 588: 2634:Publishing, Harvard Health (February 2011). 2114:Alberts, David S. and Hess, Lisa M. (2005). 1947: 1511: 1398:"Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans" 1329:"How much physical activity do adults need?" 1214: 1066:Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy 968: – Historical physical training methods 781:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise 182:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 4276: 4253: 4244: 4235: 2735: 2449:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 3381:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues 3281: 3267: 2964: 2950: 2843:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2633: 2442: 2157:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2040: 1793:"Aquajogging: how, when and why to try it" 1744:"Enlist : Army Physical Fitness Test" 1333:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 208:and bone-strengthening activities such as 178:Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2889: 2770: 2718: 2584: 2509: 2460: 2340: 2256: 2239:Campbell KL, McTiernan A (January 2007). 2215: 1916: 1866:Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 1701: 1602: 1592: 1521:Journal of the Indian Medical Association 1494: 2555: 2282:International Journal of Sports Medicine 1818: 966:History of physical training and fitness 909:International Sports Science Association 845: 842:History of physical training and fitness 810:Being fit can improve one's self-esteem. 428: 234: 82: 20: 3428:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths 2484:Sternfeld B, Dugan S (September 2011). 2110: 2108: 1790: 1554:University of Colorado Hospital, Aurora 1475:American Journal of Preventive Medicine 1289:. Meyer & Meyer Sport. p. 78. 4362: 2532: 2279: 2043:American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 1581:Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine 1189: 1106: 787:Mental health § Physical activity 611:American Institute for Cancer Research 171: 3262: 2945: 2745:Sharma A, Madaan V, Petty FD (2006). 2621:"Physical activity and mental health" 1863: 1857: 1843:. Human Kinetics. 2010. p. 147. 1650: 1547:"Training for Cardiovascular Fitness" 1215:Nied RJ, Franklin B (February 2002). 1109:Physical activity and health of youth 1001: – Single limb physical exercise 323: 25:Physical fitness is achieved through 2687:"Epidemiology of exercise and sleep" 2105: 1722:"Training: Physical Fitness Program" 922:20th century women's fitness culture 604: 3413:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers 2562:American College of Sports Medicine 2417: 2198:Kasapis C, Thompson PD (May 2005). 1905:Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 1568: 1462: 1321: 903:National Academy of Sports Medicine 230: 29:, among other factors. Photo shows 13: 2462:10.1249/01.MSS.0000093619.37805.B7 14: 4391: 2923: 2116:Fundamentals of Cancer Prevention 1651:Mateo, Ashley (8 December 2022). 767:symptoms (more commonly known as 701: 140:as well by assisting in treating 3245: 3244: 3049:High-intensity interval training 2703:10.1111/j.1479-8425.2006.00235.x 2599:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00751.x 2169:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52307.x 774: 681: 557: 546: 538:High-intensity interval training 532:High intensity interval training 347: 338: 2931:"Exercise and Physical Fitness" 2906: 2857: 2839:"Benefits of Physical Activity" 2831: 2787: 2678: 2653: 2627: 2613: 2549: 2526: 2477: 2443:Westerlind KC (November 2003). 2436: 2392: 2365: 2316: 2273: 2232: 2191: 2144: 2129: 2087: 2069: 2034: 2007: 1976: 1941: 1892: 1831: 1812: 1784: 1764: 1758: 1736: 1714: 1695: 1670: 1644: 1619: 1539: 1436: 1419: 1390: 1347: 1303: 1285:Volkwein-Caplan, Karin (2014). 1278: 1264: 672: 3366:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues 2809:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.09.026 2556:Eschbach C (12 January 2012). 1878:10.1080/02701367.1993.10607589 1819:Harriman D (28 January 2015). 1239: 1208: 1183: 1158: 1133: 1115: 1100: 1057: 1014: 723:Menopause and physical fitness 646:intake and the consumption of 16:State of health and well-being 1: 1791:Shelley, Jake (11 May 2016). 1356:Nature Reviews. Endocrinology 1190:Colfer GR (19 January 2004). 1125:. fitness.gov. Archived from 1008: 992: – Aspect of homeostasis 686:Physical activity boosts the 4015: 4006: 3983: 2971: 2866:"Exercise for Mental Health" 2747:"Exercise for mental health" 2691:Sleep and Biological Rhythms 1918:10.1097/JES.0b013e3181aa65fc 1487:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.017 1078:10.3109/11038128.2010.487113 897:American Council on Exercise 881: 7: 4112: 3949: 3926: 3288: 2016:Australian Family Physician 1166:"Google Books Ngram Viewer" 915: 415: 219: 78: 10: 4396: 2914:"Physical Fitness History" 2374:Exercise Immunology Review 2217:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.12.077 1821:"Aqua Jogging for Runners" 990:Thermoregulation in humans 951:Fundamental movement skill 885: 839: 835: 784: 778: 711: 705: 589:Controlling blood pressure 581: 577: 535: 487:Army Physical Fitness Test 327: 223: 115:. Many sources also cite 4296: 4214: 4041: 3968: 3918: 3441: 3339: 3296: 3242: 3164: 3094: 3039: 2986: 2979: 2502:10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.008 1704:"Middle Distance Running" 1221:American Family Physician 694:, metabolic hormones and 485:must be able to pass the 252:Cardiorespiratory fitness 150:chronic health conditions 2245:The Journal of Nutrition 2055:10.1177/1559827612450262 1710:. BrianMac Sports Coach. 599:diastolic blood pressure 357:A man and a woman doing 152:brought on by unhealthy 3197:Neurobiological effects 1708:Middle Distance Running 1287:Sport, Fitness, Culture 1145:www.merriam-webster.com 1141:"Definition of FITNESS" 663:American Cancer Society 595:systolic blood pressure 506:than on a hard surface. 459:Middle distance running 279:– This is a stationary 239:Playing sports such as 97:physical attractiveness 4341: 4325: 4277: 4254: 4245: 4236: 2533:Pruthi S (June 2013). 2251:(1 Suppl): 161S–169S. 1962:10.1139/apnm-2013-0187 1368:10.1038/nrendo.2012.49 851: 442: 254:can be measured using 248: 87: 38: 35:"Fittest Man on Earth" 33:, four-time winner of 3830:Righteous indignation 2882:10.4088/pcc.v08n0208a 2763:10.4088/PCC.v08n0208a 2636:"Exercising to relax" 2294:10.1055/s-2007-972705 2258:10.1093/jn/137.1.161S 1765:M.S, Sasha Aparicio. 849: 742:Reducing the risk of 432: 238: 180:were released by the 92:Industrial Revolution 86: 69:Industrial Revolution 24: 3348:Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā 2288:(Suppl 1): S91–100. 2118:. Berlin: Springer, 1702:Mackenzie B (2001). 1594:10.2147/OAJSM.S68932 1407:(2nd ed.). 2018 1317:on 11 November 2014. 962: – Type of diet 942:Fitness professional 435:competitive swimwear 73:hypokinetic diseases 60:, moderate-vigorous 3418:Theological virtues 3321:Positive psychology 3224:Outline of exercise 3192:Exercise physiology 3079:Suspension training 3069:Bodyweight exercise 2797:Psychiatry Research 2099:bloodpressureuk.org 999:Unilateral exercise 972:Outline of exercise 871:sedentary lifestyle 584:Exercise physiology 500:isometric exercises 389:– A common type of 172:Activity guidelines 134:benefits of fitness 3850:Self-transcendence 3442:Individual virtues 3386:Nine Noble Virtues 3315:Nicomachean Ethics 3187:Exercise equipment 3182:Exercise and music 3132:Muscle hypertrophy 3041:Anaerobic exercise 3011:Endurance training 2342:10.1002/cncr.10244 1754:on 6 January 2010. 888:Physical education 852: 443: 397:Isometric exercise 330:Anaerobic exercise 324:Anaerobic exercise 277:elliptical trainer 249: 88: 39: 4380:Strength training 4375:Physical exercise 4357: 4356: 4353: 4352: 3504:Conscientiousness 3371:Epistemic virtues 3256: 3255: 3160: 3159: 3127:Interval training 3102:Athletic training 3074:Flywheel training 3059:Strength training 1335:. 1 December 2011 1251:www.bones.nih.gov 1107:Malina R (2010). 605:Cancer prevention 409:Interval training 391:strength training 62:physical exercise 4387: 4370:Physical fitness 4346: 4330: 4282: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4117: 4020: 4011: 3988: 3954: 3931: 3916: 3915: 3845:Self-cultivation 3398:Prussian virtues 3361:Cardinal virtues 3283: 3276: 3269: 3260: 3259: 3248: 3247: 3234:Physical fitness 3229:Physical culture 3204:Exercise mimetic 3142:Physical therapy 3112:Circuit training 3006:Distance running 2988:Aerobic exercise 2984: 2983: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2918: 2917: 2910: 2904: 2903: 2893: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2774: 2742: 2733: 2732: 2722: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2623:. 7 August 2015. 2617: 2611: 2610: 2582: 2573: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2513: 2481: 2475: 2474: 2464: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2426:American Fitness 2421: 2415: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2344: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2260: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2219: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2148: 2142: 2133: 2127: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2073: 2067: 2066: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2011: 2005: 2004: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1920: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1840:Swimming Anatomy 1835: 1829: 1828: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1807: 1805: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1762: 1756: 1755: 1750:. Archived from 1740: 1734: 1733: 1732:on 30 June 2014. 1728:. Archived from 1718: 1712: 1711: 1699: 1693: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1648: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1606: 1596: 1572: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1551: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1515: 1509: 1508: 1498: 1466: 1460: 1459: 1457: 1455: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1423: 1417: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1402: 1394: 1388: 1387: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1282: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1212: 1206: 1205: 1204:on 17 June 2011. 1200:. Archived from 1187: 1181: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1170:books.google.com 1162: 1156: 1155: 1153: 1151: 1137: 1131: 1130: 1129:on 12 July 2012. 1119: 1113: 1112: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1018: 1004: 995: 978:Personal trainer 956: 947: 938: 875:physical culture 561: 550: 424:military service 351: 342: 283:used to perform 281:exercise machine 245:Barbora Strýcová 231:Aerobic exercise 125:emotional health 42:Physical fitness 31:Rich Froning Jr. 4395: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4360: 4359: 4358: 4349: 4292: 4210: 4037: 3964: 3914: 3437: 3423:Three Treasures 3340:Virtue families 3335: 3309:Moral character 3292: 3287: 3257: 3252: 3238: 3219:Fitness culture 3209:Exercise trends 3156: 3137:Outdoor fitness 3090: 3084:Weight training 3035: 2975: 2970: 2935:medlineplus.gov 2929: 2926: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2907: 2862: 2858: 2848: 2846: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2792: 2788: 2743: 2736: 2683: 2679: 2669: 2667: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2632: 2628: 2619: 2618: 2614: 2583: 2576: 2566: 2564: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2482: 2478: 2455:(11): 1834–40. 2441: 2437: 2422: 2418: 2408: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2393: 2370: 2366: 2321: 2317: 2278: 2274: 2237: 2233: 2196: 2192: 2163:(7): 1098–104. 2149: 2145: 2134: 2130: 2113: 2106: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2075: 2074: 2070: 2039: 2035: 2012: 2008: 1981: 1977: 1946: 1942: 1897: 1893: 1862: 1858: 1851: 1837: 1836: 1832: 1817: 1813: 1803: 1801: 1798:TheGuardian.com 1789: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1771:afpafitness.com 1763: 1759: 1742: 1741: 1737: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1700: 1696: 1686: 1684: 1676: 1675: 1671: 1661: 1659: 1649: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1573: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1516: 1512: 1467: 1463: 1453: 1451: 1450:. 26 April 2018 1442: 1441: 1437: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1400: 1396: 1395: 1391: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1336: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1309: 1308: 1304: 1297: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1255: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1213: 1209: 1188: 1184: 1174: 1172: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1134: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1105: 1101: 1062: 1058: 1035:10.1139/H10-079 1019: 1015: 1011: 1002: 993: 954: 945: 936: 933:Fitness fashion 918: 890: 884: 844: 838: 789: 783: 777: 732:menstrual cycle 725: 716: 710: 704: 696:growth hormones 684: 675: 667:type 2 diabetes 652:processed meats 607: 591: 586: 580: 571: 570: 569: 568: 564: 563: 562: 553: 552: 551: 540: 534: 472:fitness testing 418: 387:Weight training 368: 367: 366: 365: 359:weight training 354: 353: 352: 344: 343: 332: 326: 259: 233: 228: 222: 210:lifting weights 206:muscle-building 174: 162:endocrine organ 81: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4393: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4355: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4315: 4308: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4274: 4267: 4260: 4251: 4242: 4233: 4226: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4208: 4201: 4194: 4181: 4174: 4167: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4028: 4021: 4012: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3980: 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3201: 3200: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3122:Cross-training 3119: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3037: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2969: 2968: 2961: 2954: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2925: 2924:External links 2922: 2920: 2919: 2905: 2856: 2845:. 6 March 2018 2830: 2803:(1–2): 25–32. 2786: 2734: 2697:(3): 215–221. 2677: 2652: 2640:Harvard Health 2626: 2612: 2574: 2548: 2525: 2476: 2435: 2416: 2404:LIVESTRONG.COM 2391: 2364: 2315: 2272: 2231: 2210:(10): 1563–9. 2190: 2143: 2128: 2104: 2086: 2081:mayoclinic.org 2068: 2049:(5): 382–386. 2033: 2006: 1995:(4): 483–490. 1975: 1940: 1911:(3): 139–146. 1891: 1856: 1849: 1830: 1825:livestrong.com 1811: 1783: 1757: 1735: 1713: 1694: 1669: 1643: 1618: 1567: 1538: 1510: 1461: 1435: 1418: 1389: 1346: 1320: 1302: 1295: 1277: 1263: 1238: 1207: 1182: 1157: 1132: 1114: 1099: 1056: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1005: 996: 987: 984:Power training 981: 975: 969: 963: 957: 948: 939: 930: 924: 917: 914: 913: 912: 906: 900: 883: 880: 837: 834: 833: 832: 828: 821: 820: 817: 814: 811: 808: 805: 779:Main article: 776: 773: 761: 760: 753: 750: 747: 740: 724: 721: 708:Weight control 706:Main article: 703: 702:Weight control 700: 683: 680: 674: 671: 659: 658: 655: 640: 637: 630: 627: 624: 621: 606: 603: 590: 587: 582:Main article: 579: 576: 566: 565: 556: 555: 554: 545: 544: 543: 542: 541: 536:Main article: 533: 530: 525: 524: 514: 507: 503: 493: 490: 475: 468: 462: 456: 450: 417: 414: 413: 412: 406: 400: 394: 377:metabolic rate 356: 355: 346: 345: 337: 336: 335: 334: 333: 328:Main article: 325: 322: 321: 320: 314: 308: 298: 292: 273: 257: 232: 229: 224:Main article: 221: 218: 173: 170: 80: 77: 44:is a state of 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4392: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4345: 4344: 4339: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328: 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