84:
863:
496:
43:
511:. It was created in the nineteenth century by European language teachers and linguists. It soon developed beyond its original purpose as a tool of foreign language pedagogy and is now also used extensively as a practical alphabet of phoneticians and linguists. It is found in many dictionaries, where it is used to indicate the pronunciation of words, but most American dictionaries for native English-speakers, e.g.,
280:) are often not modified to take account of such changes, and do not accurately represent the pronunciation. Words borrowed from other languages may retain the spelling from the original language, which may have a different system of correspondences between written symbols and speech sounds. Pronunciation can also vary greatly among dialects of a language. Standard orthography in some languages, such as
146:
912:(1943). Pike's system, which is part of a larger goal of scientific description of phonetics, is particularly interesting in its challenge against the descriptive method of the phoneticians who created alphabetic systems like the IPA. An example of Pike's system can be demonstrated by the following. A
667:
Strictly speaking, it is not possible to have a distinction between "broad" and "narrow" within phonemic transcription, since the symbols chosen represent only sounds that have been shown to be distinctive. However, the symbols themselves may be more or less explicit about their phonetic realization.
465:
that may be unfamiliar to nonspecialists. Broad transcription usually allows statements to be made which apply across accents and dialects, and is thus more appropriate for the pronunciation data in ordinary dictionaries, which may discuss phonetic details in the preface but rarely give them for each
331:
A basic principle of phonetic transcription is that it should be applicable to all languages, and its symbols should denote the same phonetic properties whatever the language being transcribed. It follows that a transcription devised for one individual language or group of languages is not a phonetic
900:
to denote the composition of chemical compounds. Although more descriptive than alphabetic notation, analphabetic notation is less practical for many purposes (e.g. for descriptive linguists doing fieldwork or for speech pathologists transcribing their impressions of speech disorders). As a result,
895:
phonetic notation. Instead of both the alphabetic and iconic notational types' general principle of using one symbol per sound, analphabetic notation uses long sequences of symbols to precisely describe the component features of an articulatory gesture (MacMahon 1996:842–844). This type of notation
327:
For most languages, phonetic transcription makes it possible to show pronunciation with something much nearer to a one-to-one relationship between sound and symbol than is possible with the language's orthography. Phonetic transcription allows one to step outside orthography, examine differences in
356:
is a particularly broad transcription that disregards all allophonic differences (for example the differences between individual speakers or even whole dialects of the same language). Phonemic transcription provides a representation only of a language's abstract word-distinguishing units of sound
373:
The advantage of narrower transcription is that it can help learners to produce exactly the right sound and allows linguists to make detailed analyses of language variation. The disadvantage is that a narrow transcription is rarely representative of all dialects or speakers of a language. Most
648:
in a narrow transcription would be , which notes several phonetic features that may not be evident even to a native speaker. An example of a broad transcription is , which indicates only some of the features that are easier to hear. A yet broader transcription would be in which every symbol
874:
phonetic notation, the shapes of the phonetic characters are designed so that they visually represent the position of articulators in the vocal tract. This is unlike alphabetic notation, where the correspondence between character shape and articulator position is arbitrary. This notation is
570:
phonetic alphabet despite having been widely used for languages outside the
Americas. The principal difference between these alphabets and the IPA is that the specially created characters of the IPA are abandoned in favour of already existing typewriter characters with diacritics (e.g. many
449:
is also possible that ignores all the above specifics of these aforementioned dialects; this can be useful in situations where minor details are not important to distinguish or where the emphasis is on overarching patterns. For example, one typical phonemic transcription for the word
649:
represents an unambiguous speech sound but without going into any unnecessary detail. None of those transcriptions makes any claims about the phonemic status of the sounds. Instead, they represent certain ways in which it is possible to produce the sounds that make up the word.
743:
in
English, they receive separate symbols in the phonemic analysis. However, a native English speaker would recognize that underneath this, they represent the same plural ending. This can be indicated with the pipe notation. If the plural ending is thought to be essentially an
668:
A frequently cited example is the symbol chosen for the
English consonant at the beginning of the words 'rue', 'rye', 'red': this is frequently transcribed as /r/, despite the symbol suggesting an association with the IPA symbol which is used for a tongue-tip
474:
Most phonetic transcription is based on the assumption that linguistic sounds are segmentable into discrete units that can be represented by symbols. Many different types of transcription, or "notation", have been tried out: these may be divided into
680:; this is the more common realization for English pronunciation in America and England. Phonemic symbols will frequently be chosen to avoid diacritics as much as possible, under a 'one sound one symbol' policy, or may even be restricted to the
365:
focuses on more exact articulatory or acoustic details, whether in a broader or narrower way. A transcription which includes some allophonic detail but is still closely linked to the phonemic structure of an utterance is called an
1633:. International Journal of American Linguistics (Vol. 24, No. 1, Part 3); Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, publ. 7. Baltimore. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1953).
630:"/ /" instead. If one is unsure, it is best to use brackets since by setting off a transcription with slashes, one makes a theoretical claim that every symbol phonemically contrasts for the language being transcribed.
583:. In the days before it was possible to create phonetic fonts for computer printers and computerized typesetting, this system allowed material to be typed on existing typewriters to create printable material.
633:
For phonetic transcriptions, there is flexibility in how closely sounds may be transcribed. A transcription that gives only a basic idea of the sounds of a language in the broadest terms is called a
437:
can be represented as something like in many
American, Canadian, and Australian accents but in a southern England accent. Furthermore, in Australian accents especially, the first-syllable vowel of
1572:
445:
than in North
America, leading to the possibility of employing an even narrower phonetic transcription to indicate this, such as . On the other hand, a broad phonemic transcription of
700:, which is easier to type. Phonemic symbols should always be backed up by an explanation of their use and meaning, especially when they are as divergent from actual pronunciation as
637:; in some cases, it may be equivalent to a phonemic transcription (only without any theoretical claims). A close transcription, indicating precise details of the sounds, is called a
1664:
The
Principles of the International Phonetic Association, Being a Description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the Manner of Using It, Illustrated by Texts in 51 Languages
352:
in the utterance. The difference between broad and narrow is a continuum, but the difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription is usually treated as a binary distinction.
348:. Broad transcription indicates only the most noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic details of the
802:, then a diaphonemic transcription that accommodates for variety A and variety B at the same time would transcribe the three lexical sets in three different ways, for instance
458:, as is common in both British and American English dictionaries. (Slashes, rather than square brackets, are used to indicate phonemic rather than phonetic representations.)
652:
There are also several possibilities in how to transcribe the word phonemically, but here, the differences are generally of not precision but analysis. For example,
479:(which are based on the same principle as that which governs ordinary alphabetic writing, namely that of using one single simple symbol to represent each sound) and
875:
potentially more flexible than alphabetic notation in showing more shades of pronunciation (MacMahon 1996:838–841). An example of iconic phonetic notation is the
167:
850:. It is also common to italicize such words, but the chevrons indicate specifically that they are in the original language's orthography, and not in English
664:. The latter transcription suggests that there are two vowels in the word even if they cannot both be heard, but the former suggests that there is only one.
513:
231:
834:
To avoid confusion with IPA symbols, it may be desirable to specify when native orthography is being used, so that, for example, the
English word
521:
517:
508:
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Phonetic transcription may be used to transcribe the phones of a language. In all systems of transcription there is a distinction between
154:
388:
56:
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transcription. Diaphonemic transcriptions accommodate for the variation between the phonemic systems of different varieties or
2021:
1996:
1941:
1820:
1795:
1748:
1722:
1678:
1646:
641:. They are not binary choices but the ends of a continuum, with many possibilities in between. All are enclosed in brackets.
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pronunciation between dialects within a given language and identify changes in pronunciation that may take place over time.
1525:
532:
538:
Another commonly encountered alphabetic tradition was originally created by
American linguists for the transcription of
466:
entry. Most linguists use a narrow transcription only when necessary, and at all other times use a broad transcription.
611:
1870:
1845:
192:
127:
105:
70:
17:
98:
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between orthography and pronunciation, while a few languages may claim to have a fully phonemic spelling system (a
1567:
504:
361:), and thus is not really a phonetic transcription at all (though at times it may coincide with one). Instead, a
261:
213:
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would mean ‘pronounced in variety A and in variety B.’ Other ways to mark diaphonemic transcriptions include
31:
1671:
Handbook of the
International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the international phonetic alphabet
1552:
567:
424:
288:, is often irregular and makes it difficult to predict pronunciation from spelling. For example, the words
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227:
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1733:
Phonetics: A Critical
Analysis of Phonetic Theory and a Technique for the Practical Description of Sounds
1562:
62:
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alphabetic) which represent each sound by a composite symbol made up of a number of signs put together.
1510:
1705:
Kemp, J. Alan. (1994). Phonetic Transcription: History. In R. E. Asher & J. M. Y. Simpson (Eds.),
308:
do not rhyme in English even though their spellings might suggest otherwise. Other languages, such as
1768:. Henderson, Eugénie J. A. (Ed.). Language and Language Learning 28. London: Oxford University Press.
1499:
539:
531:
systems based on the English alphabet, with diacritical marks over the vowels and stress marks. (See
422:
402:
386:
1713:
MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic Notation". In Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (eds.).
1606:
723:
could be transcribed phonetically as and (in a fairly narrow transcription), and phonemically as
712:
559:
92:
1907:
880:
461:
A further disadvantage of narrow transcription is that it involves a large number of symbols and
159:
1530:
109:
1013:
In Pike's notation there are 5 main components (which are indicated using the example above):
507:(IPA) is the most widely used and well-known of present-day phonetic alphabets and has a long
1659:(Parts 1 & 5). London: Philological Society by Asher & Co.; London: Trübner & Co.
1594:
1587:
572:
677:
321:
8:
627:
563:
1695:
547:
317:
260:. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet, such as the
1694:
Kelly, John. (1981). The 1847 Alphabet: An Episode of Phonotypy. In R. E. Asher &
2017:
1992:
1937:
1866:
1841:
1816:
1791:
1744:
1718:
1674:
1642:
1639:
A handbook of phonetics: "natural" phonetics: articulatory, auditory & functional
1515:
551:
285:
252:
1886:
916:
897:
891:
Another type of phonetic notation that is more precise than alphabetic notation is
828:
595:
555:
543:
414:
313:
309:
281:
1129:
The components of the notational hierarchy of this consonant are explained below:
1891:
1600:
1540:
851:
669:
1689:
The Articulations of Speech Sounds Represented by Means of Analphabetic Symbols
1612:
919:
905:
876:
430:
401:(often represented as ), but speakers in southern England pronounce the /t/ as
383:
1507:, deliberately nonstandard spelling to demonstrate pronunciation in literature
862:
2067:
273:
1535:
909:
708:
696:, a close approximation of its actual pronunciation, or more abstractly as
672:. It is equally possible within a phonemic transcription to use the symbol
410:
404:
374:
American, Canadian, and Australian speakers of English would pronounce the
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of words in all languages changes over time. However, their written forms (
1766:
The Indispensable Foundation: A Selection from the Writings of Henry Sweet
1617:
1504:
784:
277:
776:
527:
462:
442:
1520:
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of a language. For example, if a speaker of variety A pronounces the
780:
615:
349:
1573:
Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet
1631:
The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its Background and Development
913:
542:
and European languages and is still commonly used by linguists of
219:
748:, as English spelling would suggest, the words can be transcribed
30:
This article is about phonetic transcription. For other uses, see
1582:
1557:
839:
740:
623:
619:
587:
495:
358:
257:
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characters are borrowed from Eastern European orthographies) or
335:
145:
398:
2016:(4th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–101.
1910:". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins Publishers, 2023.
1913:
1577:
685:
681:
794:, whereas a speaker of variety B pronounces the lexical set
591:
1641:. LINCOM textbooks in linguistics. Munich: LINCOM Europa.
586:
There are also extended versions of the IPA, for example:
1936:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 118.
1815:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.
904:
Two examples of this type were developed by the Danish
575:. Examples of this transcription may be seen in Pike's
1666:. London: University College, Department of Phonetics.
605:
514:
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
250:) is the visual representation of speech sounds (or
218:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
622:"". A transcription that specifically denotes only
525:, avoid phonetic transcription and instead employ
1739:Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Ladusaw, William A. (1986).
707:Occasionally a transcription will be enclosed in
2065:
1991:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 128–129.
1131:
232:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1934:Dictionaries: the art and craft of lexicography
1709:(Vol. 6, pp. 3040–3051). Oxford: Pergamon.
644:For example, in some dialects the English word
518:Random House Dictionary of the English Language
579:and in many of the papers reprinted in Joos's
469:
1790:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 21–40.
1785:
1738:
1717:. Oxford University Press. pp. 821–846.
336:Narrow versus broad; phonemic versus phonetic
316:have a more consistent (but still imperfect)
1707:The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1662:International Phonetic Association. (1949).
522:Webster's Third New International Dictionary
1986:
1919:
1860:
1840:. Cambridge University Press. p. 550.
1757:Sweet, Henry. (1880–1881). Sound Notation.
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2056:. Cambridge University Press. p. 551.
1735:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
2041:(9th ed.). Heffer. pp. 335–336.
1702:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.|
711:("| |"). This goes beyond phonology into
684:symbols of a typical keyboard, as in the
193:Learn how and when to remove this message
128:Learn how and when to remove this message
1759:Transactions of the Philological Society
1743:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1712:
1636:
879:system, created by Scottish phonetician
861:
838:is not read as "yet". This is done with
688:alphabet. For example, the English word
494:
433:). Thus, on the one hand, phonetically,
170:of all important aspects of the article.
91:This article includes a list of general
1810:
896:is reminiscent of the notation used in
14:
2066:
1931:
1813:The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language
1183:I = degree of air-stream interruption
166:Please consider expanding the lead to
27:Visual representation of speech sounds
2051:
2036:
2011:
1835:
1546:
267:
1971:
1956:
1861:Ball, Martin; Rahilly, Joan (1999).
1673:. Cambridge University Press. 2021.
1526:Pronunciation respelling for English
618:transcription should be enclosed in
533:Pronunciation respelling for English
222:. For the distinction between ,
139:
77:
36:
1478:S = of the segment in the syllable
1178:e = subvalvate esophageal stricture
901:this type of notation is uncommon.
606:Aspects of alphabetic transcription
24:
1037:description of stricture (i.e., AP
922:consonant ( in IPA) is notated as
676:, which in IPA usage refers to an
612:International Phonetic Association
332:transcription but an orthography.
97:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2085:
1779:
1655:Ellis, Alexander J. (1869–1889).
1597:, (Revista de Filología Española)
715:analysis. For example, the words
52:This article has multiple issues.
1863:Phonetics: the Science of Speech
1154:D = direction of the air stream
144:
82:
41:
2045:
2039:An Outline of English Phonetics
2030:
2014:English Phonetics and Phonology
2005:
1980:
1965:
1623:
1568:International Phonetic Alphabet
1030:– manner of controlling (i.e.,
886:
831:("! !") or pipes ("| |").
798:with an as in the lexical set
790:with an as in the lexical set
775:") is sometimes used to mark a
505:International Phonetic Alphabet
262:International Phonetic Alphabet
214:International Phonetic Alphabet
158:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
1950:
1925:
1900:
1892:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1879:
1854:
1829:
1804:
1700:Towards a History of Phonetics
1657:On Early English Pronunciation
1020:– manner of production (i.e.,
168:provide an accessible overview
32:Transcription (disambiguation)
13:
1:
1989:Elements of General Phonetics
1786:Shariatmadari, David (2019).
1772:
1553:Americanist phonetic notation
1423:a = of articulating movement
1281:a = of articulating movement
626:contrasts may be enclosed in
490:
1629:Albright, Robert W. (1958).
566:. This is often labeled the
7:
1987:Abercrombie, David (1967).
1715:The world's writing systems
1603:to represent sign languages
1563:Cyrillic phonetic alphabets
1493:
1431:s = of acoustic impression
1289:s = of acoustic impression
1121:– phonetic function (i.e.,
470:Types of notational systems
10:
2090:
1932:Landau, Sidney I. (2001).
1865:. Arnold. pp. 142–3.
1637:Canepari, Luciano (2005).
1511:Orthographic transcription
1455:
1207:
1186:p = partial (continuants)
1134:
29:
1974:Readings in Linguistics 1
1961:. University of Michigan.
1731:Pike, Kenneth L. (1943).
1687:Jespersen, Otto. (1889).
1500:English Phonetic Alphabet
1379:= degree of articulation
1251:= degree of articulation
1143:a = air-stream mechanism
857:
756:. If it is essentially a
581:Readings in Linguistics 1
1976:. University of Chicago.
1607:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
1475:= function phonetically
1393:v = with cavity friction
1357:= point of articulation
1328:= point of articulation
1229:= point of articulation
1169:= controlling mechanism
560:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
535:for a generic version.)
368:allophonic transcription
2054:Principles of Phonetics
1838:Principles of Phonetics
1811:Crystal, David (1997).
1444:= shape of articulator
1401:= type of articulation
1350:(Features of stricture)
1321:(Features of stricture)
1302:= shape of articulator
1267:= type of articulation
1222:(Features of stricture)
1140:= productive mechanism
881:Alexander Melville Bell
210:phonetic transcriptions
112:more precise citations.
2037:Jones, Daniel (1967).
1972:Joos, M., ed. (1957).
1957:Pike, Kenneth (1947).
1764:Sweet, Henry. (1971).
1531:Pronunciation spelling
1172:V = valvate stricture
1111:– segment type (i.e.,
867:
692:may be transcribed as
500:
421:as a vowel resembling
363:phonetic transcription
354:Phonemic transcription
240:Phonetic transcription
207:This article contains
2012:Roach, Peter (2009).
1741:Phonetic symbol guide
1595:RFE Phonetic Alphabet
1588:IPA chart for English
865:
498:
483:(notations which are
2052:Laver, John (1994).
1836:Laver, John (1994).
1788:Don't Believe a Word
1481:s = syllabic contoid
1420:= relative strength
1278:= relative strength
908:(1889) and American
678:alveolar approximant
639:narrow transcription
346:narrow transcription
322:phonemic orthography
1922:, pp. 111–112.
1410:v = vibratory trill
1313:(Rank of stricture)
1211:(Rank of stricture)
848:⟨jet⟩
635:broad transcription
564:Caucasian languages
558:(here known as the
342:broad transcription
2074:Phonetic alphabets
1895:. Merriam-Webster.
1696:E. J. A. Henderson
1691:. Marburg: Elwert.
1547:Notational systems
1195:n = resonant nasal
1175:o = oral stricture
868:
614:recommends that a
501:
268:Versus orthography
2023:978-0-521-71740-3
1998:978-0-85224-028-1
1943:978-0-521-78512-9
1822:978-0-521-55050-5
1797:978-1-4746-0843-5
1750:978-0-226-68531-1
1724:978-0-19-507993-7
1680:978-0-521-65236-0
1648:978-3-89586-480-3
1516:Phonetic spelling
1491:
1490:
1461:= segmental type
1189:v = nonfrictional
898:chemical formulas
883:(Ellis 1869:15).
829:exclamation marks
771:A double slash ("
760:, these would be
417:) and the second
248:phonetic notation
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16:(Redirected from
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1585:
1580:
1575:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1467:p = perceptual
1465:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1404:i = iterative
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1368:= articulator
1363:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1339:= articulator
1334:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1317:S = secondary
1315:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1272:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1243:t = tongue tip
1240:= articulator
1235:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1146:I = initiator
1127:
1126:
1116:
1106:
1035:
1025:
1011:
1010:
920:alveolar nasal
906:Otto Jespersen
888:
885:
877:Visible Speech
866:Visible Speech
859:
856:
840:angle brackets
607:
604:
492:
489:
471:
468:
431:L-vocalization
337:
334:
269:
266:
256:) by means of
230:⟩, see
206:
205:
204:
201:
200:
183:
182:
162:the key points
152:
150:
143:
136:
135:
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2086:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2025:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1882:
1874:
1872:0-340-70010-6
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1847:0-521-45655-X
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
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1726:
1720:
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1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1686:
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1676:
1672:
1668:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1654:
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1644:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1628:
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1619:
1616:
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1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1589:
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1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
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1569:
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1556:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1542:
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1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
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1503:
1501:
1498:
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1480:
1479:
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1471:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1446:
1445:
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1440:
1433:
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1430:
1425:
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1422:
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1419:
1416:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1157:e = egressive
1156:
1155:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:
924:
923:
921:
918:
915:
911:
907:
902:
899:
894:
884:
882:
878:
873:
864:
855:
853:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
786:
782:
778:
769:
759:
747:
742:
739:are separate
722:
718:
714:
713:morphological
710:
705:
691:
687:
683:
679:
671:
665:
655:
650:
647:
642:
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
601:
597:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
529:
524:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
497:
488:
486:
482:
478:
467:
464:
459:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
426:
416:
412:
406:
400:
390:
385:
381:
371:
369:
364:
360:
355:
351:
347:
343:
333:
329:
325:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:pronunciation
265:
263:
259:
255:
254:
249:
245:
241:
233:
221:
217:
215:
211:
197:
194:
179:
176:December 2019
169:
163:
161:
156:
151:
147:
142:
141:
132:
129:
121:
111:
107:
101:
100:
94:
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2013:
2007:
1988:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1915:
1902:
1890:
1881:
1862:
1856:
1837:
1831:
1812:
1806:
1787:
1781:
1765:
1758:
1740:
1732:
1714:
1706:
1699:
1688:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1638:
1630:
1624:Bibliography
1536:Romanization
1472:
1458:
1441:
1417:
1398:
1382:t = in time
1376:
1365:
1354:
1349:
1336:
1325:
1320:
1312:
1299:
1275:
1264:
1254:t = in time
1248:
1237:
1232:a = alveolar
1226:
1221:
1218:P = primary
1210:
1166:
1137:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
910:Kenneth Pike
903:
893:analphabetic
892:
890:
887:Analphabetic
871:
869:
843:
835:
833:
823:, where the
770:
757:
745:
720:
716:
706:
689:
666:
653:
651:
645:
643:
638:
634:
632:
609:
599:
585:
580:
576:
537:
526:
512:
502:
484:
481:Analphabetic
480:
476:
473:
460:
451:
446:
441:tends to be
438:
434:
411:glottal stop
379:
378:in the word
372:
367:
362:
353:
345:
341:
339:
330:
326:
318:relationship
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
271:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
226:and ⟨
209:
208:
189:
173:
157:
155:lead section
124:
115:
96:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
1618:Teuthonista
1505:Eye dialect
1360:g = glottal
785:lexical set
777:diaphonemic
662:/ˈprɛts.əl/
658:/ˈprɛts.l̩/
568:Americanist
278:orthography
110:introducing
1773:References
1761:, 177–235.
1434:n = normal
1426:n = normal
1292:n = normal
1284:n = normal
1270:n = normal
1192:n = nasal
933:VoeIpvnnAP
781:diasystems
731:. Because
528:respelling
491:Alphabetic
477:Alphabetic
463:diacritics
350:allophones
93:references
57:improve it
1959:Phonemics
1521:Phonetics
1407:t = trill
1342:v = velic
1331:v = velic
1034:VoeIpvnn)
656:could be
577:Phonemics
160:summarize
118:June 2018
63:talk page
2068:Category
1887:"little"
1698:(Eds.),
1494:See also
1464:r = real
1447:f = flat
1390:w = wide
1385:l = long
1305:f = flat
1257:l = long
1215:A = acme
914:syllabic
844:chevrons
741:phonemes
694:/tʃɝːtʃ/
624:phonemic
616:phonetic
573:digraphs
456:/ˈlɪtᵊl/
359:phonemes
224:/ /
220:Help:IPA
1583:X-SAMPA
1558:ARPABET
1057:ansnsfS
953:ansnsfS
654:pretzel
646:pretzel
628:slashes
588:Ext-IPA
552:Semitic
509:history
314:Italian
310:Spanish
306:through
286:Tibetan
282:English
258:symbols
212:in the
106:improve
2020:
1995:
1940:
1908:Little
1869:
1844:
1819:
1794:
1747:
1721:
1677:
1645:
1024:aIlDe)
917:voiced
872:iconic
858:Iconic
816:, and
814:⫽træp⫽
807:⫽pɑːm⫽
729:/bɛdz/
725:/pɛts/
690:church
594:, and
562:) and
556:Uralic
544:Slavic
452:little
447:little
443:higher
439:little
435:little
413:; see
399:dark L
380:little
302:though
253:phones
228:
95:, but
1609:(UPA)
1578:SAMPA
929:aIlDe
821:⫽baθ⫽
709:pipes
702:/crc/
698:/crc/
686:SAMPA
682:ASCII
670:trill
548:Indic
427:]
423:[
407:]
403:[
397:as a
391:]
387:[
382:as a
298:cough
294:tough
290:bough
216:(IPA)
2018:ISBN
1993:ISBN
1938:ISBN
1867:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1792:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1719:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1101:ansn
1093:tlwv
1077:anss
997:ansn
989:tlwv
973:anss
818:BATH
811:TRAP
804:PALM
800:TRAP
796:BATH
792:PALM
788:BATH
764:and
752:and
735:and
727:and
721:beds
719:and
717:pets
610:The
592:VoQS
503:The
344:and
312:and
304:and
284:and
272:The
1125:Ss)
1115:rp)
1097:itv
1069:tlv
993:itv
965:tlv
870:In
842:or
836:jet
825:⫽a⫽
737:/z/
733:/s/
674:/ɹ/
660:or
600:IPA
598:'s
499:IPA
485:not
454:is
419:/l/
409:(a
395:/l/
384:tap
376:/t/
324:).
246:or
2070::
1889:.
1105:f)
1081:fT
1049:tl
1009:Ss
1005:rp
977:fT
945:tl
854:.
846::
809:,
773:⫽⫽
768:.
704:.
602:.
590:,
554:,
550:,
546:,
520:,
516:,
370:.
300:,
296:,
292:,
264:.
66:.
2026:.
2001:.
1946:.
1906:"
1897:.
1875:.
1850:.
1825:.
1800:.
1753:.
1727:.
1683:.
1651:.
1473:F
1459:S
1442:s
1418:r
1399:t
1377:d
1366:a
1355:p
1337:a
1326:p
1300:s
1276:r
1265:t
1249:d
1238:a
1227:p
1167:C
1138:M
1123:F
1119:F
1113:S
1109:S
1103:s
1099:r
1095:t
1091:d
1089:g
1087:a
1085:g
1083:p
1079:s
1075:r
1073:n
1071:t
1067:d
1065:v
1063:a
1061:v
1059:p
1055:r
1053:n
1051:t
1047:d
1045:t
1043:a
1041:a
1039:p
1032:C
1028:C
1022:M
1018:M
1007:F
1003:S
1001:f
999:s
995:r
991:t
987:d
985:g
983:a
981:g
979:p
975:s
971:r
969:n
967:t
963:d
961:v
959:a
957:v
955:p
951:r
949:n
947:t
943:d
941:t
939:a
937:a
935:p
931:C
927:M
758:z
746:s
429:(
425:o
405:ʔ
389:ɾ
357:(
234:.
196:)
190:(
178:)
174:(
164:.
131:)
125:(
120:)
116:(
102:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
