266:
709:
Christianity. Cumans were important militarily to the royal authority and political stability: disturbing the cause of the Cumans in this way was neither timely nor desirable, as the impatient and violent action of the papal legate in order to convert the Cumans to
Christianity and end their nomadic traditions threatened this strategic alliance. On 23 June 1279, Philip convened an assembly to Buda with the participation of the monarch, barons and prelates of the realm, and the Cumans' two chieftains, Usuk and Tolon. During the meeting, the papal legate extracted a ceremonious promise from the Cuman chieftains of giving up their pagan customs, and persuaded the young King Ladislaus to swear an oath to enforce the keeping of the Cuman chieftains' promise. The monarch vowed to settle the Cumans to permanent settlements, to end their violence against Christians, and to return the church and secular estates occupied by the Cumans to their owners. Philip summoned a general assembly (
773:
which has achieved results in the previous two years. SzƱcs emphasized the bishops were forced to bow their heads before Philip's "authoritarian violence", some of the nobility was defeated by demagoguery, and the rebellion matured among the Cumans. Consequently, the young king drifted into an unresolved conflict situation at once: if he did not want to get into a vacuum, one of his choices was worse than the other. For
Ladislaus IV, fulfilling the papal will would have been a political suicide. Much of it may have been due to the military power of the Cumans who were stably behind him, and the settlement and Christianization of the Cumans would naturally have led to its loss. At the same time, "the denial of the ecclesiastical will, on the other hand, meant embracing exclusion from the Christian world, which was also tantamount to the complete impossibility of exercising power."
777:
excommunicated him and some of his strongest allies, for instance
Nicholas KĂĄn, and placed Hungary under interdict in early October 1279. According to Nora Berend, Ladislaus' behaviour shifted the focus from Hungary's non-Christians to the king's person during the conflict, even though Ladislaus was himself a Christian. After the proclamation of the ecclesiastical censure, the king was forced to retreat and promise again to enforce the Cuman law in the first half of the month. The confrontation caused a rift within the baronial elite, which led to the reorganization of the royal council, while the prelates submitted themselves to the will of the Holy See, even though the restoration of royal power was in their best interests. However, reconciliation between Ladislaus and Philip proved to be only temporary, and the Hungarian monarch left the capital for
615:). However, the people of Buda did not want to embroil into conflict with the Holy See, thus Bishop Philip kept the council undisturbed, which was ended on 14 September 1279. The synod of Buda settled the internal affairs of the church in Hungary. Its regulations covered all strata of the ecclesiastical society, regulated their duties, behavior, and dress. They dealt with ecclesiastical judiciary, the application and observance of canon law, the increase of the authority of the Catholic Church, and the imposition of ecclesiastical punishments against those who violate the freedom of the church and the privileges and immunity of ecclesiastical persons from secular judicial courts. Upon Philip's request, the synod also prescribed restrictive measures against non-Christian subjects:
789:) and settled among the Cumans, finally choosing the latter in his intractable dilemma. Two clerics, former archbishop-elect Nicholas KĂĄn and Gregory, the Grand Provost of Esztergom joined him, possibly along with other faithful courtiers. Ladislaus IV even appealed to the Holy See, but the pope refused to absolve him from the excommunication. On 9 December 1279, Pope Nicholas III sent a letter to the king, in which he rebuked him for his resistance and for his pagan customs and Cuman concubines (thus Aydua, the most famous of them). The pope also sent letters to all barons, prelates and churches of the realm in which he called for support for the policies of papal legate Philip.
745:
741:. The charter also stated that the Cuman lords and nobles enjoy the same liberty as the other nobles of the country, are similarly exempt from uninvited accommodation of the royal court, and are obliged to go to war in person as they are at the king's call. Philip was empowered to send investigators (the local bishop, a baron and two local noblemen) to each Cuman tribes (or clans), whose function was to supervise the enforcement of the Cuman law, whilst the Hungarian monarch would hold seven hostages from each clans as an assurance.
38:
761:
August regulations as the Second Cuman Law. Gyula Pauler argued, after the promulgation of the first text, the king and the Cumans managed to persuade Philip to change some of its requirements, and so the second text was promulgated, superseding the first. PĂĄlĂłczi HorvĂĄth considered the attending Cuman chieftains â Alpra and Uzur â managed to obtain certain compromises, as the second document also contained their privileges beside their obligations. In contrast,
228:
return from
Eastern Europe to Italy, Philip kept a low profile and devoted the last years of his life to the improvement of the administration of the Diocese of Fermo: for instance, by introducing the office of vicar general and raising church discipline to a higher level. The content of these measures was primarily pastoral work, and not political sphere, which was clearly relegated to the background. He died after a long illness in 1300 or 1301 â his successor
793:
864:. Ladislaus IV successfully persuaded the Cumans to return to Hungary during the military campaign to Transalpina under unknown circumstances. Two years later, however, rebellion broke out around July 1282 among the Cumans who were forced to return earlier. They looted and pillaged the region between the rivers Tisza and Maros. This conflict elevated into the
427:("Styrian Rhyming Chronicle"), historian ViktĂłria KovĂĄcs considered the appointment of a papal legate could have been preceded by a request in Hungary. Presumably, some members of the country's ecclesiastical and secular elite were dissatisfied with the king's consolidation efforts and did not trust the monarch.
721:) in July 1279, where further laws were set down on 10 August 1279. In accordance with the legate's demand, the text again prescribed that the Cumans should leave their tents and live "in houses attached to the ground". In addition, the laws recorded the place of the final settlement of the Cumans between the
901:
in
December 1279, despite Philip formerly referred the matter to the Holy See due to his busy schedule in Hungary. Sometime later (before December 1281), archbishop-elect WĆoĆcibor resigned from his position before the presence of Philip. Historian Gyula Pauler claimed that Philip traveled to Silesia
804:
to take his corpse before the papal legate. After his death, Philip ordered to bury him in the cemetery of the lepers in Buda, where his corpse was stoned, as his excommunication had not been released. Ladislaus was enraged by the incident and his confidants captured and imprisoned Philip of Fermo in
760:
Some historians considered the 23 June 1279 regulations as the First Cuman Law, while others â e.g. JenĆ SzƱcs â argued it contained only a "draft" or the legate's dictations for the only Cuman law, a second text as the only binding law issued on 10 August 1279. AndrĂĄs PĂĄlĂłczi HorvĂĄth referred to the
606:
In the midst of adoption of the so-called Cuman laws (see below), Philip convened a national synod attending all prelates of the realm â archbishops
Lodomer, John Hont-PĂĄzmĂĄny and their suffragans â to Buda in September 1279. By the time, the relationship between Ladislaus and the papal legate became
868:
in
September or October 1282. AndrĂĄs PĂĄlĂłczi HorvĂĄth emphasized the Cumans' defeat at Lake HĂłd resulted "a reduction in the Cuman population in Hungary, and with this their economic and military strength was also greatly diminished", which highly affected the efficiency of the royal authority. Royal
855:
For the rest of his tenure as papal legate, Philip was no longer actively involved in the political affairs of the kingdom, but the escalation of the Cuman question had long-lasting consequences for the history of
Hungary. Many Cumans decided to leave Hungary instead of obeying the legate's demands.
776:
Implementation of the laws was delayed, however, because the commoners from the Cuman tribes did not obey the laws, and
Ladislaus IV, himself a half-Cuman, failed to force them, despite his oath that he would even start a war against the Cumans if the law was sabotaged. In retaliation, Bishop Philip
623:
a similar sign in yellow. The synod also prescribed that any
Christian transacting business with a Jew or Muslim not so marked, or living in a house or on land together with any Jews and Muslims, should be refused admittance to the Church services, and that a Christian entrusting any office to a Jew
227:
and offered him the position and his transfer from Fermo to Modena in his absence. Philip, however, wished to remain the less significant Bishop of Fermo and held this dignity until his death. Philip was probably counting on his creation as cardinal, which motivated him to refuse the post. After his
772:
Historian JenĆ SzƱcs considered the rise of Cuman question were made "artificially", which proved to be "fatal", which upset the delicate balance between the monarch, the Hungarian barons and prelates, and the Cumans. Their persecution ultimately shattered the foundations of internal consolidation,
691:
in 1280. Following the verdict of his protege Archbishop Lodomer, Philip confirmed the privilege of the monastery of nuns located in the valley of VeszprĂ©m to collect local tithe, which was unlawfully usurped by Bishop Peter KĆszegi. In June 1281, he transcribed and confirmed the foundation charter
554:
fought for the position. Pope Nicholas III summoned both of them to the Roman Curia in January 1278, but they refused to attend. On 1 June 1278, Pope Nicholas wished to appoint the archbishop himself in accordance with the canon law and declared the see of Esztergom vacant, ordering a new election.
362:
and was able to convene and preside provincial and national synods. He also acted as the supreme appeals forum for church litigation cases. The pope marked his chief duty in assisting King Ladislaus IV of Hungary to consolidate his authority and restore royal power, in addition to defend the rights
250:
Since, because his manner of life was Cuman and not Catholic, the legate of the Apostolic See, Philip of Fermo arrived against him and demanded that the shaving of the beard and the cutting of the hair in a manner contrary to Hungarian custom, and the wearing of Cuman caps which was now a habit in
632:
without interference in those churches, where Philip formerly had appointed office-holders, which suggests there may have been clashes over certain appointments between the monarch and the papal legate. Philip's mandate allowed him to appoint fifteen clerics of his legate's court to any chapters,
555:
Nicholas KĂĄn ignored the pope's decision and continued to style himself as archbishop-elect, as a result he was excommunicated. Philip was willing to release Nicholas from the excommunication in May 1279, if he resign from the title, return the usurped lands and treasures, and leave Hungary for a
376:
The timing of sending the papal legate to Hungary can be traced back to uncertain reasons. Although, the kingdom fell into feudal anarchy in 1272, when the minor Ladislaus was crowned king, and in the following years baronial groups fought for supreme power which also affected serious damage to
463:
on 28 December 1278. He arrived the Kingdom of Hungary in early 1279; he issued his first known charter in the capital Buda on 28 February 1279. According to Pope Nicholas' letter, Ladislaus IV unsuccessfully tried to prevent him from crossing the Hungarian border. With the legate's mediation,
708:
Shortly after his arrival to Hungary, papal legate Philip was shocked at the presence of thousands of pagan Cumans in the kingdom. Thereafter, Philip marked as his main political-diplomatic task in persuading King Ladislaus IV to withdraw support from the Cumans and in converting them into
946:
over the prerogatives of the Church in Silesia. Philip left Poland in late summer or early autumn 1282. As a papal legate, he issued his last surviving charter in Vienna on 10 September 1282, when, upon the request of the local convent of the Teutonic Order, transcribed and confirmed that
914:, his departure was not voluntary: "the king took him and, shaming him, put him on a chariot and brought him out of the country, because he had done much wrong to this king named Ladislaus"." On 21 October 1281, the papal legate already dated his charter from the Austrian town
809:
preserved that the Cumans "took him to the place where they used to shoot with an arrow, they wanted to shoot arrow into him and shed his blood". This escalation completely alienated the Hungarian lords from the monarch: as a result, they â under the leadership of
906:
considered the provisions of the council were one by one in line with the resolutions of the 1279 council of Buda. ViktĂłria KovĂĄcs argued there is no trace of the convening of the hypothetical synod in the sources, nor of the legate's stay in Poland at this time.
406:
emphasizes that Philip came into Hungary specifically due to Ladislaus's non-Christian habits and mores, but there is no trace of this in contemporary sources before the legate's arrival, so the chronicle pointed out this reason retrospectively. Historian
607:
tense because of the Cuman question: the Hungarian monarch tried to prevent the ecclesiastical council from being held. Accordingly, he instructed Walter, the judge of Buda and the burghers not to allow the prelates gathering for the synod to enter the
381:
was ravaged and devastated in 1276), by the time Philip was appointed, Ladislaus IV had achieved significant results in the field of political consolidation: after he was declared to be of age in May 1277, he successfully eliminated the dominion of the
363:
and freedoms of ecclesiastical institutions against tyrannical secular lords. Philip was also instructed to strive to enforce canon law in Hungary and the neighboring countries. Beyond that, one of his main tasks was to settle the situation of the
769:, is an 18th-century forgery: accordingly, it was produced to justify ancient liberties against normative pressures. Other scholars believe that the document is a reasonably faithful copy of King Ladislaus' writ, with only some modifications.
251:
Hungary, should be abandoned. He also commanded the king under pain of excommunication that he should hate the heathen, love the Christian rites and respect the marriage-bed. But having effected nothing with the king, he returned home.
435:(and King Ottokar's advisor) in 1272 already informed Pope Gregory on the "dangerous situation" of Christianity in Hungary, for which he made the Cumans primarily responsible. According to a near-contemporary Austrian chronicle, the
627:
Philip was mandated to donate church benefice. He appointed several parishioners and rectors during his tenure as papal legate. In August 1282, after his departure, Pope Martin IV permitted King Ladislaus to exercise his
545:
in late 1272. Filling the position has become one of the battlegrounds of the feudal anarchy that began this year. By the time of the arrival of papal legate Philip, two representatives of the rival baronial groups,
659:). During his tenure as papal legate between 1279 and 1281, Philip functioned as the supreme ecclesiastical court of appeal in Hungary. He judged over various lawsuits regarding disputes of jurisdiction to collect
179:â significantly interfered in Hungarian domestic politics and, contrary to his original mandate and intent, contributed to the deepening of feudal anarchy and the suppression of royal power against the emerging
215:
as bishop-elect of Fermo in a letter of 24 March 1273, which describes the circumstances of his election by six of the canons of the cathedral chapter. His election was confirmed by Pope Gregory on that day.
869:
power completely collapsed for the remaining part of Ladislaus' reign, while the oligarchs began to administer their provinces independently of the king. The era of feudal anarchy lasted until the 1320s.
490:. The pope urged Philip to investigate the situation in the former bishopric. Already in December 1278, when he was still in Vienna, Philip confirmed several former letters of donation of King
633:
whether or not he has exercised this right is unknown. According to historian Elemér Målyusz, this right partly contributed to the rise of foreign clergy in Hungary. Upon the request of the
318:, consequently he was the "alter ego" of the pope and thus possessed full plenipotentiary powers. This reflects the importance that the pope attached to the legation. Even the 14th-century
199:
based on a misunderstanding of the address of a papal letter (see below) to both of them in 1278. Nevertheless, Polish historiography accepted GoĆÄ
b's claim. Based on his knowledge of
411:
argued the papal documents containing the appointment also do not mention any objectionable behavior of the king. JenĆ SzƱcs and Attila Zsoldos considered the Holy See revived those
324:
depicts the arriving Philip with a cardinal's insignia: the illustrator could not conceive of such an important legation without the legate being a cardinal. As a result of his rank
800:
By that time, Nicholas KĂĄn fell ill and fled the entourage of the king (before that, Gregory was already murdered). Feeling of impending death, he confessed his sins and requested
219:
On 31 March 1278, Pope Nicholas III entrusted Philip and Comes de Casate to carry out visits to monasteries, hospitals, churches and chapels under his direct papal jurisdiction in
595:, who replaced John Hont-PĂĄzmĂĄny in this position. For unknown reasons, Philip refused to confirm his election and sent the case to the Holy See. Years later, in November 1282,
856:
This fundamentally endangered the effectiveness of the Hungarian military capability. Ladislaus gathered an army around October 1280 and chased the outgoing Cumans as far as
852:
that the king and all of his men could become a pagan from his apart, he would no longer set foot on Hungarian soil". Ladislaus IV took a new oath to enforce the Cuman laws.
765:
argued the first text (23 June) is the only authentic binding law, while the second text (10 August), which contained the KunsĂĄg as a separate political entity within the
439:, Philip was sent to Hungary not just to convert the Cumans but to "recall the Christian Hungarians, who had nearly forgotten the Christian life to the Catholic faith".
1817:
KovĂĄcs, ViktĂłria (2019). "Alter ego domini papae Nicolai III. FĂŒlöp fermĂłi pĂŒspök, szentszĂ©ki legĂĄtus magyarorszĂĄgi tevĂ©kenysĂ©ge (1279â1281) ". In Kiss, Gergely (ed.).
1929:
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His origin, studies and early career are unknown. Polish historian Kazimierz GoĆÄ
b incorrectly identified him with "Philippus comes de Casate", an alleged deacon of
76:
265:
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as the new Archbishop of Esztergom on 13 June 1279. On the same day, the pope instructed Philip to investigate the circumstances and regularity of the election of
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898:
1974:
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1950:
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86:
836:, Pope Nicholas III sent his envoys to Hungary. As a result, both the legate and the king were set free within a month, in February 1280. Subsequently,
470:
in March 1279. Philip considered this development as a successful completion of his political task, because of his "lack of information in good faith".
506:, which reflect the fact that the expulsion of Teutonic Knights from Hungary was still on the agenda in papal diplomacy. In May 1280, the community (
223:. In March 1280, Pope Nicholas informed Philip â who resided Hungary by then â that he asserted the right of appointment for the vacant diocese of
881:, Philip already dealt with Polish affairs, while resided in Hungary. For instance, in May 1280, he confirmed the privileges of the diocese of
224:
419:"received the governance and crown" from the Pope in the 11th century, as papal legate Philip declared, when he opened the national synod in
587:(1274). The chapter of VĂĄrad successfully demonstrated that the rule applied only to the provosts of pastoral chapters, while VasvĂĄr was a
168:
1796:
Jerzak, Norbert (2017). "UdziaĆ biskupa Filipa z Fermo we wrocĆawskim sporze pomiÄdzy biskupem Tomaszem II a ksiÄciem Henrykiem IV ".
378:
886:
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1780:
349:
931:
519:
285:
947:
non-authentic charter of King BĂ©la IV of Hungary allegedly from May 1244, in which the Teutonic Knights were granted lands in
1826:
1747:
1708:
848:
incorrectly claims that immediately after his liberation, Philip left Hungary for Italy, and "arriving to Zadar, he swore to
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432:
688:
684:
514:
requested Philip to lift interdict which was imposed to their lands because of the Saxon rebellion and destruction of the
1938:
192:
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29:
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832:, who held the king in custody. Both parties corresponded abroad in order to resolve the conflict. Upon the request of
766:
164:
43:
1979:
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1845:
479:
341:
487:
208:
200:
97:
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The Illuminated Chronicle: Chronicle of the deeds of the Hungarians from the fourteenth-century illuminated codex
297:
939:
616:
1899:
180:
1890:
Zsoldos, Attila (1997). "TĂ©tĂ©nytĆl a HĂłd-tĂłig. Az 1279 Ă©s 1282 közötti Ă©vek politikatörtĂ©netĂ©nek vĂĄzlata ".
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in October 1280. Pope Nicholas entrusted Philip to confirm the election of local canon WĆoĆcibor as the new
664:
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1821:(in Hungarian). PĂ©csi TudomĂĄnyegyetem BTK TTI KözĂ©pkori Ă©s KoraĂșjkori TörtĂ©neti TanszĂ©k. pp. 117â166.
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late December 1279 or early January 1280. Thereafter, Ladislaus handed over the legate to the Cumans. The
579:(successor of Lodomer), because he was not ordained priest within a year after his election as provost of
523:
359:
572:
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were obliged to wear a red circular patch over their breast on the left side of their outer garment,
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ac Polonie, Dalmatie, Croatie, Rame, Servie, Lodomirie, Galitie et Cumanie partibus illi conterminis
175:
restore royal power. His activity between 1279 and 1281 â mostly regarding the persecution of the
822:
748:
571:, which took place in the previous year. Subsequently, Philip refused to confirm the election of
399:
172:
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to retreat temporarily. Simultaneously, the joint GermanâHungarian army decisively defeated the
672:
584:
564:
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Pope Nicholas III mentioned in a 7 October 1278 letter that Catholics had disappeared from the
352:), in addition to lifting those punishments. Immediately after his appointment, Philip became
1969:
915:
649:
634:
428:
395:
204:
865:
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882:
511:
491:
416:
309:
8:
1761:
817:â decided to imprison the king. Sometime after 17 January 1280, when Ladislaus stayed in
811:
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throughout the year. He unsuccessfully tried to mediate in the violent dispute between
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Local Cuman autonomies (yellow) following the adoption of the Cuman laws in 1279â1280
588:
522:, the bishop's palace and chapel. Around the same time, Philip also excused brothers
270:
156:
1771:
GoĆÄ
b, Kazimierz (1960). "Biskup Filip z Fermo i jego statuty legackie z 1279 r. ".
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387:
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332:; he could appoint his clergy as canons in any chapter; he was authorized to grant
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844:(today Bratislava, Slovakia) mediated the peace between Ladislaus and Philip. The
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149:; died in 1300 or 1301) was an Italian prelate in the 13th century, who served as
37:
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In fact, Philip left Hungary sometime after 6 September 1281. According to the
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for a while in June 1281, where he convened a synod in WĆocĆawek in July 1281.
786:
641:, a late provost of Szepes to create the positions of officers of the chapter (
629:
596:
495:
212:
130:
591:. There were also uncertainties around the election of Gerard, the provost of
1963:
1907:
1819:
Varietas delectat. A pĂĄpaiâmagyar kapcsolatok sokszĂnƱsĂ©ge a 11â14. szĂĄzadban
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1788:
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483:
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Ladislaus IV concluded a peace treaty with the rebellious KĆszegis and their
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Pope Nicholas III appointed Philip as papal legate with "full jurisdiction" (
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1732:
At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,
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448:
369:
160:
1727:
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675:(today Spiƥské Podhradie, Slovakia). He also investigated the case, when
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482:(or Milkovia) because no bishop lived there since the destruction of the
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to Rome. With the contribution of Philip, Pope Nicholas III appointed
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in 1277; he was willing to do so on the condition of rebuilding the
860:(now Stari Slankamen in Serbia) and also crossed the border at the
718:
354:
329:
281:
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and papal chaplain, combining his person with the future cardinal
1766:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Monasterii Sumptibus et typis librariae.
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between the Szepes chapter and the Virgin Mary parish church in
308:") on 22 September 1278. Despite Philip was not a member of the
923:
918:. He arrived to Silesia in the following months: he resided in
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460:
176:
1838:
Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary
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534:, in exchange to finance the reconstruction of the cathedral.
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336:; he could also enforce the imposition of his measures with
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Bak, Jånos M.; Veszprémy, Låszló; Kersken, Norbert (2018).
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1804:(2). Pontifical Faculty of Theology of WrocĆaw: 127â146.
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from February to April 1282, but also issued charters in
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A magyar nemzet törtĂ©nete az ĂrpĂĄd-hĂĄzi kirĂĄlyok alatt,
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PoznaĆ Society for the Advancement of Arts and Sciences
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aspirations, which claimed Hungary was a papal fief as
207:. Prior to his episcopate, Philip served as Provost of
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Chronica de gestis Hungarorum e codice picto saec. XIV
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commissioned Comes de Casate, the Cardinal-Priest of
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and the neighboring lands in late 1278, to help King
1703:]. Budapest: Central European University Press.
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excommunicated the residents of the queenly estates
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in February 1279, Philip confirmed the enactment of
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821:near Transylvania (present-day BistriÈa, Romania),
733:and Körös, in addition the land between the rivers
280:) to Hungary and its adjacent territories, Poland,
46:in early 1279, as depicted in the mid-14th century
537:The archiepiscopal see of Esztergom was virtually
1961:
1835:
1451:
1397:
737:(TimiÈ) and Maros, establishing the autonomous
530:from their oath to make a pilgrimage to the
1975:13th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
377:ecclesiastical property (for instance, the
828:captured Ladislaus and handed him over to
611:and not to feed them and their entourage (
42:The arrival of papal legate Philip to the
36:
751:in traditional Cuman attire, depicted in
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264:
1889:
1610:
1583:
1541:
1183:
328:, Philip was mandated to donate church
1962:
1854:
1816:
1795:
1726:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1622:
1568:
1526:
1499:
1487:
1463:
1436:
1409:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1306:
1294:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1222:
1207:
1195:
1139:
1127:
1115:
1098:
1071:
1059:
1047:
1030:
996:
981:
683:and Lipovac (present-day a borough of
1868:
1770:
1756:
1598:
1553:
1511:
1475:
1421:
1318:
1166:
1151:
1015:
966:
703:
1719:
624:or Muslim should be excommunicated.
1084:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
889:, as well as the privileges of the
13:
1687:
423:. Based on Ottokar aus der Gaal's
186:
14:
1991:
473:
447:Philip of Fermo traveled via the
402:in August 1278. The 14th-century
386:clan, while forcing the powerful
203:, it is possible he attended the
1836:PĂĄlĂłczi HorvĂĄth, AndrĂĄs (1989).
729:(CriÈ) rivers, along the rivers
1798:WrocĆawski PrzeglÄ
d Teologiczny
1763:Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi
696:abbey of TurĂłc, issued by King
239:
1875:(in Hungarian). Osiris KiadĂł.
1742:. Cambridge University Press.
1077:
687:) refused to pay tithe to the
583:despite the regulation of the
455:in Dalmatia, according to the
394:and killed the archenemy King
269:13th century fresco depicting
244:
232:was transferred to the see by
1:
1900:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
954:
940:Thomas II, bishop of WrocĆaw
635:collegiate chapter of Szepes
7:
603:to investigate the affair.
153:from 1273 until his death.
10:
1996:
1864:(in Hungarian). Athenaeum.
1682:
601:SS. Marcellinus and Petrus
488:Mongol invasion of Hungary
442:
360:Catholic Church in Hungary
312:, he was granted the rank
1946:
1935:
1925:
1918:
872:
677:Timothy, Bishop of Zagreb
498:regarding their claim in
437:Continuatio Vindobonensis
126:
116:
108:
103:
92:
82:
72:
64:
56:
35:
28:
21:
1980:Papal legates to Hungary
877:Before his departure to
494:and former popes to the
459:. He already resided in
365:Archdiocese of Esztergom
278:legationis officio plene
197:Comes Glusiano de Casate
823:Voivode of Transylvania
520:St. Michael's Cathedral
516:Diocese of Transylvania
400:Battle on the Marchfeld
173:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
1920:Catholic Church titles
1855:Pauler, Gyula (1899).
944:Henry IV the Righteous
846:Steirische Reimchronik
807:Steirische Reimchronik
797:
757:
585:Second Council of Lyon
457:Steirische Reimchronik
425:Steirische Reimchronik
273:
263:
146:
1613:, pp. 86â89, 95.
916:Hainburg an der Donau
899:Archbishop of Gniezno
795:
754:Illuminated Chronicle
747:
711:generalis congregatio
569:Archbishop of Kalocsa
528:Emeric Kökényesradnót
429:Bruno von Schauenburg
404:Illuminated Chronicle
396:Ottokar II of Bohemia
321:Illuminated Chronicle
268:
258:Illuminated Chronicle
248:
236:on 28 February 1301.
211:. He is addressed by
205:University of Bologna
49:Illuminated Chronicle
1869:SzƱcs, JenĆ (2002).
1773:Roczniki Historyczne
1652:, pp. 376, 562.
1452:PĂĄlĂłczi HorvĂĄth 1989
1398:PĂĄlĂłczi HorvĂĄth 1989
717:(today a borough of
512:Transylvanian Saxons
492:Andrew II of Hungary
310:College of Cardinals
1676:, pp. 140â142.
1664:, pp. 130â131.
1625:, pp. 146â147.
1571:, pp. 366â368.
1556:, pp. 425â426.
1514:, pp. 423â425.
1490:, pp. 353â357.
1369:, pp. 141â145.
1357:, pp. 139â140.
1309:, pp. 358â365.
1282:, pp. 138â139.
1270:, pp. 136â137.
1225:, pp. 133â134.
1169:, pp. 418â419.
1154:, pp. 404â417.
1118:, pp. 119â120.
999:, pp. 127â128.
969:, pp. 255â256.
834:Charles I of Sicily
541:since the death of
379:Diocese of Veszprém
1871:Az utolsĂł ĂrpĂĄdok
1086:(ch. 183), p. 335.
866:Battle of Lake HĂłd
798:
758:
704:The Cuman question
698:BĂ©la IV of Hungary
663:, for instance in
630:right of patronage
589:collegiate chapter
480:Diocese of Cumania
274:
234:Pope Boniface VIII
44:Kingdom of Hungary
1958:
1957:
1951:Alberico Visconti
1947:Succeeded by
1892:Történelmi Szemle
1828:978-963-429-394-1
1749:978-0-521-02720-5
1720:Secondary sources
1710:978-9-6338-6264-3
1544:, pp. 82â83.
912:Annales Polonorum
840:, the Provost of
694:Premonstratensian
689:Diocese of Zagreb
613:familiae eorumdem
565:John Hont-PĂĄzmĂĄny
433:Bishop of Olomouc
367:, which had been
271:Pope Nicholas III
230:Alberico Visconti
157:Pope Nicholas III
136:
135:
87:Alberico Visconti
1987:
1953:
1941:
1932:
1926:Preceded by
1916:
1915:
1911:
1894:(in Hungarian).
1886:
1865:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1792:
1767:
1753:
1714:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1587:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1557:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1524:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1164:
1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1013:
1000:
994:
985:
979:
970:
964:
326:legatus a latere
315:legatus a latere
298:GaliciaâVolhynia
261:
104:Personal details
40:
19:
18:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1939:Bishop of Fermo
1937:
1933:
1928:
1914:
1883:
1848:
1829:
1750:
1722:
1717:
1711:
1690:
1688:Primary sources
1685:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1590:
1582:
1575:
1567:
1560:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1396:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1254:
1250:
1242:
1229:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1173:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1037:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1003:
995:
988:
980:
973:
965:
961:
957:
875:
706:
639:Matthias HermĂĄn
577:Bishop of VĂĄrad
476:
445:
342:excommunication
262:
255:
247:
242:
189:
187:Bishop of Fermo
151:Bishop of Fermo
52:
30:Bishop of Fermo
24:
17:
16:Italian prelate
12:
11:
5:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1956:
1955:
1948:
1945:
1934:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1887:
1881:
1866:
1852:
1846:
1833:
1827:
1814:
1793:
1768:
1754:
1748:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1715:
1709:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1640:, p. 128.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1601:, p. 427.
1588:
1573:
1558:
1546:
1531:
1529:, p. 174.
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1478:, p. 420.
1468:
1466:, p. 221.
1456:
1441:
1439:, p. 132.
1426:
1424:, p. 422.
1414:
1412:, p. 131.
1402:
1383:
1381:, p. 147.
1371:
1359:
1347:
1345:, p. 181.
1335:
1333:, p. 162.
1323:
1321:, p. 259.
1311:
1299:
1297:, p. 135.
1284:
1272:
1260:
1258:, p. 374.
1248:
1246:, p. 125.
1227:
1212:
1210:, p. 203.
1200:
1198:, p. 121.
1188:
1171:
1156:
1144:
1142:, p. 173.
1132:
1130:, p. 118.
1120:
1103:
1101:, p. 172.
1088:
1076:
1074:, p. 143.
1064:
1062:, p. 133.
1052:
1050:, p. 126.
1035:
1033:, p. 123.
1020:
1018:, p. 249.
1001:
986:
984:, p. 122.
971:
958:
956:
953:
904:Vilmos FraknĂłi
874:
871:
705:
702:
597:Pope Martin IV
502:(BarcasĂĄg) in
496:Teutonic Order
475:
474:Church affairs
472:
444:
441:
388:KĆszegi family
253:
246:
243:
241:
238:
213:Pope Gregory X
188:
185:
159:appointed him
134:
133:
131:Roman Catholic
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
101:
100:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1992:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1952:
1944:1273â1300/01
1942:
1940:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1882:963-389-271-6
1878:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1853:
1849:
1847:963-13-2740-X
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1800:(in Polish).
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:(in Polish).
1774:
1769:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1758:Eubel, Konrad
1755:
1751:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1586:, p. 84.
1585:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1502:, p. 89.
1501:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1460:
1454:, p. 80.
1453:
1448:
1446:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1406:
1400:, p. 79.
1399:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1186:, p. 81.
1185:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1141:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1027:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
998:
993:
991:
983:
978:
976:
968:
963:
959:
952:
950:
949:Nyitra County
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
870:
867:
863:
859:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:
820:
816:
813:
808:
803:
794:
790:
788:
784:
780:
774:
770:
768:
767:county system
764:
756:
755:
750:
746:
742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
701:
699:
695:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
673:SzepesvĂĄralja
670:
669:Szepes County
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
651:
646:
645:
640:
636:
631:
625:
622:
618:
614:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
552:Peter KĆszegi
549:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
484:episcopal see
481:
471:
469:
468:
462:
458:
454:
450:
440:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
417:Saint Stephen
414:
410:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
374:
373:for 7 years.
372:
371:
366:
361:
357:
356:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:
317:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
272:
267:
260:
259:
252:
237:
235:
231:
226:
222:
217:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
184:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
99:
95:
93:Other post(s)
91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:24 March 1273
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
39:
34:
31:
27:
20:
1970:1300s deaths
1936:
1895:
1891:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1837:
1818:
1801:
1797:
1776:
1772:
1762:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:Berend, Nora
1700:
1696:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1618:
1611:Zsoldos 1997
1606:
1584:Zsoldos 1997
1549:
1542:Zsoldos 1997
1507:
1495:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1417:
1405:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1203:
1191:
1184:Zsoldos 1997
1147:
1135:
1123:
1083:
1079:
1067:
1055:
962:
911:
909:
876:
854:
845:
830:Roland Borsa
815:Matthew CsĂĄk
806:
799:
783:Temes County
775:
771:
759:
752:
749:Ladislaus IV
725:(MureÈ) and
710:
707:
654:
648:
642:
626:
612:
605:
548:Nicholas KĂĄn
543:Philip TĂŒrje
539:sede vacante
538:
536:
507:
504:Transylvania
477:
465:
456:
449:Adriatic Sea
446:
436:
424:
403:
375:
370:sede vacante
368:
358:head of the
353:
325:
319:
313:
305:
277:
275:
256:
249:
240:Papal legate
218:
190:
161:papal legate
155:
138:
137:
127:Denomination
112:1300 or 1301
68:1300 or 1301
47:
1840:. Corvina.
1783:: 255â264.
1674:Jerzak 2017
1662:KovĂĄcs 2019
1650:Pauler 1899
1638:KovĂĄcs 2019
1623:Berend 2001
1569:Pauler 1899
1527:Berend 2001
1500:Berend 2001
1488:Pauler 1899
1464:Berend 2001
1437:KovĂĄcs 2019
1410:KovĂĄcs 2019
1379:KovĂĄcs 2019
1367:KovĂĄcs 2019
1355:KovĂĄcs 2019
1343:Berend 2001
1331:Berend 2001
1307:Pauler 1899
1295:KovĂĄcs 2019
1280:KovĂĄcs 2019
1268:KovĂĄcs 2019
1256:Pauler 1899
1244:KovĂĄcs 2019
1223:KovĂĄcs 2019
1208:Berend 2001
1196:KovĂĄcs 2019
1140:Berend 2001
1128:KovĂĄcs 2019
1116:KovĂĄcs 2019
1099:Berend 2001
1072:Jerzak 2017
1060:Jerzak 2017
1048:KovĂĄcs 2019
1031:KovĂĄcs 2019
997:Jerzak 2017
982:KovĂĄcs 2019
862:Carpathians
858:Szalånkemén
763:Nora Berend
508:universitas
486:during the
245:Appointment
117:Nationality
96:Provost of
73:Predecessor
1964:Categories
1599:SzƱcs 2002
1554:SzƱcs 2002
1512:SzƱcs 2002
1476:SzƱcs 2002
1422:SzƱcs 2002
1319:GoĆÄ
b 1960
1167:SzƱcs 2002
1152:SzƱcs 2002
1016:Eubel 1913
967:GoĆÄ
b 1960
955:References
891:Cistercian
838:Paschasius
802:his family
681:Virovitica
665:Kalderbach
557:pilgrimage
500:Burzenland
467:familiares
409:JenĆ SzƱcs
350:suspension
334:indulgence
65:Term ended
1908:0040-9634
1902:: 69â98.
1810:1231-1731
1789:0324-8585
1738:–c.
942:and Duke
893:abbey of
887:WĆocĆawek
883:Kruszwica
842:Pressburg
826:Finta Aba
819:Beszterce
787:TiszĂĄntĂșl
700:in 1251.
532:Holy Land
510:) of the
413:Gregorian
392:Bohemians
346:interdict
201:canon law
181:oligarchs
83:Successor
57:Installed
1760:(1913).
1730:(2001).
932:HenrykĂłw
812:Palatine
719:Budapest
355:de facto
330:benefice
282:Dalmatia
254:â
1683:Sources
920:WrocĆaw
895:WÄ
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879:Silesia
692:of the
685:Gradina
621:Muslims
575:as the
567:as the
561:Lodomer
443:Hungary
398:at the
384:Geregye
338:censure
302:Cumania
286:Croatia
165:Hungary
147:Filippo
143:Italian
121:Italian
1930:Gerard
1906:
1879:
1844:
1825:
1808:
1787:
1746:
1707:
936:Lipowa
928:WieluĆ
924:Milicz
873:Poland
779:Semlak
739:KunsĂĄg
715:Tétény
661:tithes
656:custos
650:cantor
644:lector
609:castle
581:VasvĂĄr
573:Thomas
461:Vienna
431:, the
340:(i.e.
294:Serbia
290:Bosnia
225:Modena
209:Mantua
177:Cumans
169:Poland
139:Philip
98:Mantua
77:Gerard
23:Philip
1898:(1).
1699:[
735:Temes
731:Tisza
727:Körös
723:Maros
713:) to
524:Mikod
453:Zadar
193:Milan
1904:ISSN
1877:ISBN
1842:ISBN
1823:ISBN
1806:ISSN
1785:ISSN
1744:ISBN
1740:1300
1736:1000
1705:ISBN
934:and
885:and
653:and
617:Jews
593:Buda
550:and
526:and
421:Buda
348:and
300:and
221:Rome
109:Died
1859:II.
1734:c.
850:God
781:in
667:in
451:to
163:to
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1896:39
1802:25
1779:.
1777:26
1630:^
1591:^
1576:^
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1444:^
1429:^
1386:^
1287:^
1230:^
1215:^
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1106:^
1091:^
1038:^
1023:^
1004:^
989:^
974:^
951:.
930:,
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304:("
296:,
292:,
288:,
284:,
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