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Neri's
Catholic Church in Southwark had armed itself for protection. Fierce fighting broke out between the nativists and the soldiers sent to protect the church, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. Two of the 13 Catholic churches were burned. The Catholic Church sued the city and won some money for repairs. Civic leaders deplored the nativist attacks. Nationally, the riots helped fuel criticism of the nativist movement, despite denials of responsibility from nativist groups. The riots exposed deficiencies in law enforcement in Philadelphia and the surrounding districts, influencing various reforms in local police departments and the eventual
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upon from alleyways and the windows of nearby buildings. The soldiers brought in two cannons of their own and fired on the mob; the mob returned fire using their own cannons, armed with items such as nails, chains, knives and broken bottles. In an attempt to capture the mob's cannons, soldiers charged one cannon's position, only to be knocked off their horses by a rope tied across the street. The cannons were all eventually captured, and by early morning on July 8, the fighting had ended.
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church, who promptly retreated. After retreating, the nativists negotiated with the guard, who agreed to withdraw, allowing the nativists to guard the church. The crowd pelted the soldiers with rocks and some soldiers fired back, which only incited the mob further. The mob forced its way into the church, causing extensive damage to the interior. After about an hour, a group of twenty men organized themselves to guard St. Philip Neri's, and the mob left the church.
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battle cry and launched a national crusade to save the nation from the "spiritual despotism" of Rome. The whole
Protestant edifice of churches, Bible societies, temperance societies, and missionary agencies was thus interposed against Catholic electoral maneuvers ... at the very moment when those maneuvers were enjoying some success.
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stop violence. Troops began to withdraw from the city on July 10, and the church took over responsibility from the district of
Southwark of protecting the church on July 11. As with the May riots, a grand jury blamed the Irish Catholics for the riots, but supported the military's response to the violence.
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searched the church and removed twelve muskets. After leaving the church, the sheriff urged the crowd to disperse and left a volunteer posse to guard the church. The mob remained, and a man injured in the May riots made a speech to the crowd, calling for a second search of the church. The sheriff, an
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Five of the muskets placed in St. Philip Neri's Church were discovered to be defective and were sent back to the
Frankford Arsenal to be repaired. No violence occurred before or during the parade, but on July 5, a nativist mob numbering in the thousands gathered at the church after some observed five
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school director, was visiting a girls school, where he demanded that the principal stop Bible reading in school. The story also claimed that the principal refused and that she would rather lose her job. Clark denied this version of events and claimed that after finding out several students had left a
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version of the Bible, used by Roman
Catholics. He also asked that they be excused from other religious teachings while at school. As a result, the Board of Controllers ordered that no child should be forced to participate in religious activities and stated that children were allowed to read whichever
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In the days afterward, Mayor Scott set up a force to protect
Catholic churches, and Bishop Kenrick ordered all churches to be closed the following Sunday to avoid any provocation and possible violence. Valuables were removed from the churches and hidden in homes for safekeeping. Bishop Kenrick asked
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The school controversy, however, had united 94 leading clergymen of the city in a common pledge to strengthen
Protestant education and "awaken the attention of the community to the dangers which ... threaten these United States from the assaults of Romanism." The American Tract Society took up the
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groups. On August 26, 1842, an anonymous arsonist set ablaze the bridge of the
Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company. Immediately the responsibility was attributed to the local Irish Catholic community, sparking the founding of a Protestant Institute. The group, alongside others established in
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these new arrivals, impoverished, unskilled, and
Catholic, immediately confronted an ancient enemy, the Protestant Scotch-Irish, longtime resident in Philadelphia, proud of their "in" status, mostly skilled workers, and ready, eager, and able to renew the political, economic, social, and religious
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were trying to remove the Bible from public schools. A nativist rally in
Kensington erupted in violence on May 6 and started a deadly riot that would result in the destruction of two Catholic churches and numerous other buildings. Riots erupted again in July after it was discovered that St. Philip
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At least fifteen people, including rioters and soldiers, were killed in the riot, and at least fifty people were injured. Under Governor Porter's orders, state troops continued to arrive in the city in the days afterward, but no further violence took place. An estimated 5,000 militia were used to
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was attacked, the order was given to fire on the mob, which resulted in seven fatalities and nine injuries. Not long after, people with muskets and cannons arrived, and fierce fighting broke out between the soldiers and the mob. The fighting lasted for several hours, with the soldiers being fired
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On May 7, nativists denounced Catholics and called on Americans to defend themselves from "the bloody hand of the Pope." A mob marched to Kensington, where gunfire broke out between nativists and Catholics. During the riot, nativist mobs set fire to and destroyed the Hibernia fire station, thirty
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After a brief lull, the violence continued on May 8. The nativists came back to Kensington and burned down St. Michael's Catholic Church and rectory at Second and Jefferson Streets, the Seminary of the Sisters of Charity, which had been attacked a few days before, and several homes were attacked
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and ammunition. To avoid inciting the mob, the sheriff decided not to remove the armaments, and the search party stayed in the church. Just after midnight, July 6, Major General Patterson ordered a company of city guards to clear the streets. After the crowd dispersed, the arms found within the
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After Naylor was brought home, the mob attacked the church, damaging a wall with the cannon. A second cannon was brought from the wharfs and fired at the church, after which the mob pelted the building with rocks and broke in through a side door. The soldiers fired on the men breaking into the
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begged the general not to fire; he and several others were arrested and held within the church. By the morning of July 7, most of the soldiers had left, but the crowds, led by an alderman and the sheriff, returned and demanded that the remaining guard release Naylor. Everyone except Naylor was
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and the nativists. Fighting spilled outside the market, where nativists were shot at by people in the windows of nearby buildings. One or two nativists were reportedly killed. George Shiffler, an 18-year-old leatherworker, was the first nativist killed in the riots of 1844. A mob of nativists
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argues that the Irish Catholic Democrats in the city had successfully appealed to the upper-class Whig leadership. The Whigs wanted to split the Democratic coalition, so they approved Bishop Kenrick's request that Catholic children be allowed to use their own Bible. That approval outraged the
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blamed an imperfect response by law enforcement and the Irish Catholics for the riots, stating that the outbreak of violence was due to "the efforts of a portion of the community to exclude the Bible from the public schools" and the disruption of legitimate meetings by immigrants.
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was a foreign organization under the Pope. Furthermore, the city argued that the friars took a vow of poverty and could not be property owners. The Augustinians ended up proving the order had been incorporated in 1804 and were awarded $ 45,000. The church was rebuilt in 1848.
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Nativists said they were only responding to attacks and were justified in their actions but were not responsible for the riots after May 6. The American Republican Party issued a statement blaming Mayor Scott, the sheriff, and the civil authorities for the riots.
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were stationed on the streets. The soldiers cleared the streets near the church, despite being pelted with rocks by the mob. Responding to the rock throwers, General Cadwalader ordered a cannon to be fired at the crowd on Third Street. Former U.S. Congressman
355:, were trying to remove the Bible from schools. Kenrick issued a statement asserting, "It is not consistent with the laws and the discipline of the Catholic Church for her members to unite in religious exercises with those who are not of their communion."
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Bible reading to read a different version of the Bible, he commented that if reading the Bible caused such confusion, it would be better if it were not to be read in school. Protestants claimed that Catholics, with direct influence from the
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version of the Bible their parents wished. Nativists further inflamed hostile feelings towards Catholics by reportedly twisting Kenrick's requests to the Board of Controllers as an attack against the Bible used in Protestant devotionals.
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homes, and the market where the violence had begun the day before. Joseph Rice, described as a bystander, was shot dead; he is the only known Catholic killed. The violence did not end until the local state militia, commanded by General
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of the Church of St. Augustine sued the city of Philadelphia for not providing the church with adequate protection, claiming $ 80,000 in damages. The city argued that the friars could not claim their civil rights were violated, as the
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On May 6, nativists returned in greater numbers. During the rally, it began to rain, and the meeting was moved into a nearby market. The inflammatory remarks continued inside the market, where fighting broke out between the local
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Griswold, Alexandra F. "An open Bible and burning churches: Authority, truth, and folk belief in Protestant-Catholic conflict, Philadelphia, 1844" (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing,
302:, settled in the city and especially in the surrounding districts. In the areas the immigrants settled, tensions that resulted from religious, economic and cultural differences grew between residents. Most new arrivals were
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Neilly, Andrew H. "The Violent Volunteers: A history of the volunteer fire department of Philadelphia, 1736-1871" (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1960. 6003676).
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One Hundred Years with the State Fencibles: a history of the First Company State Fencibles, Infantry Corps State Fencibles, Infantry Battalion State Fencibles, and the Old Guard State Fencibles, 1813-1913
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During the riots, at least fourteen were killed, an estimated fifty people were injured, two hundred fled their homes, and damage totaled $ 150,000. This is equivalent to $ 4.91 million in 2016
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before soldiers arrived and the fire was contained. While the riot was contained in Kensington, another nativist mob had gathered within the borders of Philadelphia itself. They gathered at
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622:, which the Democrats accused of involvement in the nativist movement. In Philadelphia, the Native American Party ended up making a strong showing in the city's October election. In
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ordered the crowds to disperse, but they did not. By the evening, the sheriff had arrived with a 150-strong posse. Throughout the evening, the military presence grew, and three
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defective muskets being returned to the church. They then demanded that the sheriff remove the weapons, while Father Dunn and volunteers rallied to protect the church. Sheriff
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Among the military forces, the riots resulted in two killings, one additional death and 23 others wounded. The following were wounded unless otherwise noted as killed.
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would police the city and seven surrounding districts. The inability to maintain order effectively in Philadelphia's suburbs would be an important argument for the
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The truth unveiled, or, A calm and impartial exposition of the origin and immediate cause of the terrible riots in Philadelphia on May 6th, 7th, and 8th, A.D. 1844
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of infantry, and at least one full troop of cavalry to preserve peace within the city when necessary. The difficulty of quelling the riots and other crime led the
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The district constable was powerless to stop the violence. In the 1840s, most suburban districts of Philadelphia were policed by elected constables and part-time
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State Fencibles: 2nd Lt. John S. Dutton (also Adjutant 1st Regiment of City Volunteers) died May 4, 1844, of typhoid and inflammation of the lungs from exposure
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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Violence in America : historical and comparative perspectives ; a report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence
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Germantown Blues: Lt. William L. Cox; Cpl. Henry Troutman (killed); Pvt. Ashworth; Pvt. Ent; Pvt. John Guyer (killed); Pvt. Osborne
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and used to threaten the church. After further negotiations, Naylor was released and carried home to cheers on people's shoulders.
424:, who would organize a posse. During the May 6 violence, the posse arrived armed only with clubs and was powerless to do anything.
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
440:, arrived and dispersed the crowd. Kenrick quickly issued a statement instructing Catholics to avoid violence and confrontations.
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After the riots, Bishop Kenrick ended his efforts to influence the public education system and began encouraging the creation of
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Catholics to offer no resistance and urged them to wait for the law to deal with the rioters. However, in its June 18 report, a
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By the evening, a large number of soldiers arrived with orders to clear the streets, only to be stoned in the process. After a
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to maintain a police force of one man per 150 taxable inhabitants. In 1850, another act was passed that established that the
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Hassenstab, Christine; Ramet, Sabrina (September 2013). "The Know Nothing Party: Three Theories About its Race and Demise".
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pleaded for calm. The rioters threw stones at the mayor, ignored the troops, and burned down the church, cheering when the
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McGovern, Bryan Patrick. "Andrew Jackson and the Protestant Irish of Philadelphia: Early Nineteenth-Century Sectarianism"
385:, a Protestant nativist group, which would be founded a decade later) held a meeting in a predominantly Irish part of the
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Lannie, Vincent P., and Bernard C. Diethorn. "For the Honor and Glory of God: The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1840",
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fell. A nearby school with a collection of rare books was also set aflame. The rioters did not attack an unfinished
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and several Catholic homes before the riot ended. Numerous people were injured, and two more nativists were killed.
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448:, located on Fourth Street between Vine and New Streets. City troops were stationed by the church, and Mayor
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O'Sullivan, Robert. "Repeal, Revolution, Abolitionism: The Formation of Irish American Identity, 1840–45."
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alderman, and seventeen nativists entered the church and found three armed men, fifty-three muskets, ten
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feuds of the old country. During the 1830s they had organized an Orange Society for that express purpose.
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Kenneth W. Milano's Encyclopaedia Kensingtoniana entry for Kensington Anti-Irish Catholic Riots May 1844
504:. The Native American Party, a nativist political party, planned to hold a large parade the next day on
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Morgan, Anne. "The Philadelphia riots of 1844: republican Catholicism and Irish Catholic apologetics."
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Montgomery, David. "The Shuttle and the Cross: Weavers and Artisans in the Kensington Riots of 1844",
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David Montgomery, "The Shuttle and the Cross: Weavers and Artisans in the Kensington Riots of 1844,"
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organized defenders for the churches and told the mayor that if any Catholic churches were burned, "
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Alarmed by the rising Catholic population, Protestants and native-born Americans started organizing
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Beyer-Purvis, Amanda, "The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1844: Contest over the Rights of Citizens,"
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The riots had gained national attention and condemnation. The riots were used as an issue in the
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evangelical Protestant leadership, which rallied its support in Philadelphia. Montgomery states:
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O’Sullivan, Robert. "The 1844 Philadelphia Bible Riots and the American Irish Catholic Press."
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the early 1840s, distributed anti-Catholic literature and published anti-Catholic newspapers.
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Washington Cavalry: Sgt. Wagner; Corporal Verrig; Pvt. Charles Livezey; Pvt. Charles Williams
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that a volunteer company would use in case the church was attacked. Pennsylvania Governor
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was warned that the church might be attacked during an upcoming parade held by the
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The Most Reverend Francis Patrick Kenrick: Third Bishop of Philadelphia, 1830-1851
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A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War
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A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War
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A History of the People of the United States: From the Revolution to the Civil War
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During the 1840s, students in Philadelphia schools began the day with reading the
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immigrants. The government brought in over a thousand militia—they confronted the
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Approximately one year later, a rumor was circulated that Hugh Clark, a Catholic
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Governor David R. Porter allowed St. Philip Neri's church to create an arsenal.
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Religion and public life in the Middle Atlantic region: the fount of diversity
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Remembering Kensington & Fishtown: Philadelphia's Riverward Neighborhoods
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City Guards: Capt. Hill; Corporal Russell; Pvt. S. Morrison; Pvt. Henry Myers
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On July 3, Father John Patrick Dunn of the Church of St. Philip Neri in the
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Philadelphia Riots Collection at the Digital Library @ Villanova University
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226:) were a series of riots that took place on May 6—8 and July 6—7, 1844, in
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of the Bible. On November 10, 1842, Philadelphia's Roman Catholic Bishop,
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State militia (left) firing at nativist rioters July 7, 1844, in Southwark
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authorized the formation of a company and the procurement of twenty-five
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Geffen, Elizabeth M. "Violence in Pennsylvania in the 1840s and 1850s."
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Elizabeth M. Geffen, "Violence in Pennsylvania in the 1840s and 1850s."
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On July 11, 1844, Philadelphia passed an ordinance that gave the city a
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837:"City of Unbrotherly Love: Violence in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia"
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Griffin, Martin J. "The Anti-Catholic Riots in Philadelphia in 1844,"
1509:"When fear and hatred of Irish Catholics set fire to an American city"
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Wayne Artillery: Pvt. R.G. Bull; Pvt. C. Dougherty; Pvt. S.F. Williams
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Historical Society of Pennsylvania: Contemporary sources of the riots
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released. The crowds grew, and a cannon was brought from a nearby
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1100:. Irish Cultural Society of the Garden City Area. Archived from
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to pass an 1845 act that required Philadelphia, the township of
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By midday, the crowds returned around St. Philip Neri's Church.
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The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience
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Philadelphia Grays: Pvt. James Schreiner; Pvt. James Woodlrige
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mobs and killed or wounded hundreds of anti-Catholic rioters.
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List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
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Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies
888:(3): 580 – via Social Science Premium Collection.
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As Philadelphia became industrialized, immigrants from
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List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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State Fencibles: Sgt. Thomas Marston; Pvt. Jos. Hesser
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Philadelphia Nativist Riots: Irish Kensington Erupts
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Religiously motivated violence in the United States
511:To prepare for violence, the church applied for an
1689:Philadelphia: A History of the City and Its People
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807:, churchofstphilipneri.org; accessed June 9, 2016.
1657:, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Summer, 1972), pp. 411–446
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1590:American Catholic Historical Society Researches,
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720:; Capt. R.K. Scott; Pvt. Crawford (lost an arm)
2726:Anti-immigration politics in the United States
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1704:https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.89.2.0194
1669:https://doi.org/10.5325/pennhistory.86.1.0086
1425:. Archdiocese of Philadelphia. Archived from
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265:groups had been spreading a false rumor that
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1197:The Church of St. Philip Neri Parish History
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2736:History of Catholicism in the United States
1629:. Charleston, SC: The History Press, 2013;
1347:Exploring Diversity in Pennsylvania History
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1199:. Church of St. Philip Neri. Archived from
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844:Exploring Diversity in Pennsylvania History
2766:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Philadelphia
1771:
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1506:
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1163:
1095:
950:
948:
825:
816:Patrick Grubbs, "Riots (1830s and 1840s)"
2648:Mass racial violence in the United States
1062:, (1972) 5#4 pp. 411–446, quoting p. 427.
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892:
261:In the five months leading to the riots,
2771:Attacks on churches in the United States
2761:Riots and civil disorder in Philadelphia
2721:Anti-Catholic riots in the United States
1745:by John Perry (1844) Call number 7255318
1349:. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
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1034:. Philadelphia, PA: Otis Books. p.
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846:. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania
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487:
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391:
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27:1844 riots in Philadelphia and elsewhere
1423:"Office of Catholic Education: History"
1267:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
945:
250:sentiment at the growing population of
14:
2741:Irish-American culture in Philadelphia
2693:
1467:
1326:Philadelphia: The Place and the People
1311:Philadelphia: The Place and the People
1287:Philadelphia: The Place and the People
1122:Philadelphia: The Place and the People
1075:Philadelphia: The Place and the People
961:Philadelphia: The Place and the People
899:Weigley RF (eds); et al. (1982).
693:
1752:
1337:
1265:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
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907:. W.W. Norton & Company. p.
867:36.4 (1969): 381–410, quoting p 392.
680:, with 17 being founded by 1860. The
1738:The Philadelphia Bible Riots of 1844
1190:"The Nativist Riots: Southwark 1844"
819:Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia
653:and the unincorporated districts of
246:. The riots were a result of rising
1787:in the history of the United States
1145:. Temple University Press. p.
1011:. D. Appleton and Company. p.
309:Historian Elizabeth Geffen states:
55:Second riot: July 6–7, 1844 (1 day)
24:
2610:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
1518:
1098:"The Philadelphia Nativists Riots"
709:Casualties of the July 1844 Riot:
53:First riot: May 6–8, 1844 (3 days)
25:
2797:
2598:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
1716:
1030:A Concise History of Philadelphia
964:. The Macmillan Company. p.
835:Coval, Jennifer; Kathryn Wilson.
671:consolidation of the city in 1854
632:New York would be another Moscow.
272:consolidation of the city in 1854
234:, United States and the adjacent
2711:1844 crimes in the United States
2330:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
2200:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
2113:New York anti-abolitionist riots
1999:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
1382:Philadelphia: A 300-Year History
1096:Fitzgerald, Margaret E. (1992).
990:Philadelphia: A 300-Year History
903:Philadelphia: A 300-Year History
805:Church of St Philip Neri website
749:
173:
162:
121:
38:
2447:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
1548:, a standard scholarly history
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1482:
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1450:. Independence Hall Association
1440:
1415:
1401:. Rowman Altamira. p. 76.
1387:
1360:
1340:"Tremendous Riots in Southwark"
1331:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1115:
1052:
1019:
701:Casualty of the May 1844 Riot:
608:1844 U.S. Presidential election
446:St. Augustine's Catholic Church
1605:, 8#1 (1968), pp. 44–106
1603:History of Education Quarterly
1538:The Philadelphia Riots of 1844
873:
857:
810:
798:
560:Major General Robert Patterson
431:St. Augustine's Church on fire
13:
1:
2604:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
1875:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
1507:Journal.ie (3 January 2016).
1468:Lanard, Thomas South (1913).
792:
647:Pennsylvania General Assembly
406:attacked the Seminary of the
383:American "Know-Nothing" Party
277:
104:Build-up of government forces
2731:Christianity in Philadelphia
2716:19th century in Philadelphia
2242:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
2218:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
1970:Gloucester County Conspiracy
1259:American Antiquarian Society
1239:American Antiquarian Society
1005:McMaster, John Bach (1910).
723:Cadwalader Grays: Sgt. Starr
601:
483:
7:
2223:Philadelphia nativist riots
1952:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
1880:New York Conspiracy of 1741
1687:Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson.
1646:(Arcadia Publishing, 2008)
1552:dissertation version online
1474:. Nields Company. pp.
1448:"Olde St. Augustine Church"
776:1964 Philadelphia race riot
742:
716:Washington Artillery: Col.
372:
212:Philadelphia nativist riots
102:Politicization of the event
33:Philadelphia nativist riots
18:Philadelphia Nativist Riots
10:
2802:
2471:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
2422:Marais des Cygnes massacre
2416:Battles of Franklin's Fort
2269:1811 German Coast uprising
1946:Philadelphia Election riot
1528:83 (Summer 2016), 366–93.
781:Philadelphia Election riot
135:Pennsylvania State Militia
2635:
2578:
2549:
2540:New York City draft riots
2523:New York City Police riot
2513:
2505:Detroit race riot of 1863
2484:
2461:
2437:
2364:
2339:
2314:
2305:
2261:
2232:
2172:
2139:
2097:
2067:
2042:
2033:
1991:
1960:
1936:
1899:
1859:
1808:
1794:
1655:Journal of Social History
1494:"Lewis Levin Wasn't Nice"
1060:Journal of Social History
958:; Agnes Repplier (1898).
667:Philadelphia police force
566:General George Cadwalader
379:American Republican Party
216:Philadelphia Prayer Riots
200:
195:
187:no centralized leadership
157:
152:
113:
108:
98:
75:
59:
49:
37:
32:
2751:Religion in Philadelphia
2564:Cincinnati riots of 1855
2247:1831 Snow Town race riot
2164:Cincinnati riots of 1841
2159:Cincinnati riots of 1836
2154:Cincinnati riots of 1829
1691:1911) vol 2 pp 272-299
1617:(2020) 87 (2): 313–337.
1572:Graham, Hugh Davis, ed.
94:(political and economic)
2559:Cincinnati riot of 1853
1338:Perry, John B. (1844).
882:Politics & Religion
614:condemning the growing
2746:Irish-American history
2476:Baltimore riot of 1861
2274:Nat Turner's Rebellion
2194:Philadelphia race riot
2083:Abolition Riot of 1836
2077:Ursuline Convent riots
1702:89.2 (2022): 194-226.
1564:36.4 (1969): 381-410.
1137:Clark, Dennis (1973).
687:Order of St. Augustine
561:
493:
432:
397:
370:
316:
287:
286:Bishop Francis Kenrick
2569:Battle of Fort Fizzle
2499:Detroit brothel riots
2392:Pottawatomie massacre
1921:War of the Regulation
1885:Battle of Golden Hill
1712:57.3 (2022): 141-170.
1667:86.1 (2019): 86-102.
1526:Pennsylvania History,
616:Native American Party
559:
553:church were removed.
502:Native American Party
491:
430:
395:
365:
311:
285:
224:Native American Riots
2706:1844 in Pennsylvania
2622:Southern bread riots
2535:Buffalo riot of 1862
2410:Battle of Osawatomie
2404:Battle of Fort Titus
2398:Battle of Black Jack
2149:1792 Cincinnati riot
1982:Chesapeake rebellion
1909:Culpeper's Rebellion
1700:Pennsylvania History
1684:(Philadelphia.1948).
1665:Pennsylvania History
1562:Pennsylvania History
1397:; Mark Silk (2006).
865:Pennsylvania History
381:(a precursor of the
377:On May 3, 1844, the
84:Anti-Irish sentiment
2786:Nativism (politics)
2677:39.9736°N 75.1386°W
2673: /
2428:Battle of the Spurs
2386:Sacking of Lawrence
2286:Baltimore bank riot
2212:Lombard Street riot
1869:Leisler's Rebellion
1642:Milano, Kenneth W.
1625:Milano, Kenneth W.
1592:13 (1896) pp.50-64.
1536:Feldberg, Michael.
1492:(23 October 2018).
1026:Avery, Ron (1999).
956:Peixotto, Ernest C.
787:Lewis Charles Levin
770:Lombard Street riot
757:Philadelphia portal
718:Augustus Pleasonton
694:Military casualties
387:Kensington District
214:(also known as the
2119:Flour riot of 1837
1927:Battle of Alamance
1891:1788 doctors' riot
1818:1689 Boston revolt
1638:online book review
1206:on August 22, 2007
937:has generic name (
659:Northern Liberties
562:
498:Southwark District
494:
433:
408:Sisters of Charity
398:
332:Protestant version
288:
2682:39.9736; -75.1386
2656:
2655:
2631:
2630:
2529:Dead Rabbits riot
2494:1849 Detroit riot
2452:Portland Rum Riot
2301:
2300:
2188:Fries's Rebellion
2182:Whiskey Rebellion
2088:Broad Street Riot
2029:
2028:
1976:Bacon's Rebellion
1823:Boston bread riot
525:Frankford Arsenal
438:George Cadwalader
208:
207:
148:
147:
16:(Redirected from
2793:
2781:July 1844 events
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2312:
2311:
2130:Astor Place Riot
2040:
2039:
1915:Cary's Rebellion
1850:Shays' Rebellion
1806:
1805:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1750:
1749:
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753:
752:
678:Catholic schools
641:of artillery, a
612:Democratic Party
537:Morton McMichael
529:Robert Patterson
527:. Major General
506:Independence Day
450:John Morin Scott
422:Morton McMichael
360:David Montgomery
180:Robert Patterson
178:
177:
167:
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127:
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115:
114:
80:Anti-Catholicism
42:
30:
29:
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2776:May 1844 events
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2657:
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2574:
2545:
2509:
2480:
2457:
2433:
2374:Bleeding Kansas
2360:
2355:Charleston riot
2349:Lager Beer Riot
2335:
2324:Squatters' riot
2297:
2280:Blackburn Riots
2257:
2228:
2168:
2135:
2093:
2063:
2025:
2005:Stono Rebellion
1987:
1956:
1932:
1895:
1855:
1844:Boston Massacre
1799:
1790:
1777:
1719:
1596:1997. 9800865).
1521:
1519:Further reading
1516:
1505:
1501:
1487:
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1395:Balmer, Randall
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1281:
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1269:
1254:
1246:McCusker, J. J.
1234:
1226:McCusker, J. J.
1222:
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517:David R. Porter
486:
458:German Catholic
403:Irish Catholics
375:
336:Francis Kenrick
280:
191:
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183:
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169:David R. Porter
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2020:Pine Tree Riot
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2234:Rhode Island
2222:
2206:Buckshot War
2174:Pennsylvania
2058:Bellevue War
2011:
1938:Pennsylvania
1835:
1829:Knowles Riot
1796:Colonial era
1784:civil unrest
1710:Éire-Ireland
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1582:vol 2 online
1578:vol 1 online
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1452:. Retrieved
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1427:the original
1417:
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1381:
1369:, pp. 384-85
1366:
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1351:. Retrieved
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1272:February 29,
1270:. Retrieved
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1201:the original
1196:
1140:
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1121:
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228:Philadelphia
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153:Lead figures
129:Pennsylvania
119:
69:Pennsylvania
65:Philadelphia
2680: /
2588:(1853–1854)
2501:(1855–1859)
2376:(1854–1861)
2332:(1851–1856)
2254:(1841–1842)
2190:(1799–1800)
2184:(1791–1794)
2126:(1839–1845)
2107:Eggnog riot
1923:(1765–1771)
1871:(1689–1691)
1852:(1786–1787)
1825:(1710–1713)
1789:(1607–1865)
1243:1700–1799:
1223:1634–1699:
651:Moyamensing
628:John Hughes
548:, a keg of
220:Bible Riots
99:Resulted in
92:Instability
2701:1844 riots
2695:Categories
2668:75°08′19″W
2665:39°58′25″N
2316:California
1490:The Tablet
1454:2008-05-12
1433:2008-05-12
1353:2008-06-09
1210:2008-05-10
1108:2008-05-10
850:2008-05-08
793:References
620:Whig Party
473:grand jury
358:Historian
348:Kensington
278:Background
240:Kensington
196:Casualties
2307:1849–1865
2292:Snow Riot
2052:Honey War
2035:1789–1849
1801:1776–1789
1478:& 76.
992:, pg. 357
927:cite book
783:, of 1742
772:, of 1842
639:battalion
602:Aftermath
550:gunpowder
523:from the
484:July riot
294:, mostly
267:Catholics
244:Southwark
236:districts
76:Caused by
2515:New York
2486:Michigan
2463:Maryland
2341:Illinois
2099:New York
1962:Virginia
1861:New York
1607:in JSTOR
1540:(1975);
1313:, p. 351
1301:, p. 380
1289:, p. 350
1248:(1992).
1228:(1997).
743:See also
643:regiment
618:and the
541:aldermen
539:and two
460:church.
415:watchmen
373:May riot
324:nativist
304:Catholic
263:nativist
256:nativist
222:and the
201:Death(s)
88:Nativism
60:Location
2636:Related
1836:Liberty
1580:; also
591:captain
570:cannons
546:pistols
521:muskets
513:arsenal
454:steeple
419:sheriff
300:Germany
296:Ireland
143:Rioters
109:Parties
2624:(1863)
2618:(1862)
2612:(1859)
2606:(1858)
2600:(1857)
2594:(1855)
2579:Others
2571:(1863)
2542:(1863)
2531:(1857)
2525:(1857)
2454:(1855)
2430:(1859)
2424:(1856)
2418:(1856)
2412:(1856)
2406:(1856)
2400:(1856)
2394:(1856)
2388:(1856)
2382:(1855)
2366:Kansas
2357:(1864)
2351:(1855)
2326:(1850)
2294:(1835)
2288:(1835)
2282:(1833)
2276:(1831)
2262:Others
2225:(1844)
2214:(1842)
2208:(1838)
2202:(1838)
2196:(1834)
2132:(1849)
2115:(1834)
2109:(1826)
2090:(1837)
2079:(1834)
2060:(1840)
2054:(1839)
2022:(1772)
2016:(1772)
2014:affair
2012:Gaspee
2007:(1739)
2001:(1689)
1992:Others
1984:(1730)
1978:(1677)
1972:(1663)
1948:(1742)
1929:(1771)
1917:(1711)
1911:(1677)
1887:(1770)
1846:(1770)
1840:(1768)
1838:affair
1831:(1747)
1693:online
1659:online
1648:online
1633:
1619:online
1566:online
1544:
1530:online
1405:
1153:
1042:
915:
869:online
821:(2018)
682:friars
661:, and
610:, the
292:Europe
218:, the
126:
2439:Maine
1780:Riots
1343:(PDF)
1255:(PDF)
1235:(PDF)
1204:(PDF)
1193:(PDF)
840:(PDF)
580:wharf
340:Douay
2551:Ohio
2141:Ohio
2044:Iowa
1782:and
1631:ISBN
1542:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1274:2024
1151:ISBN
1040:ISBN
939:help
913:ISBN
663:Penn
353:Pope
322:and
298:and
242:and
210:The
50:Date
1013:376
966:345
909:356
465:USD
238:of
204:20+
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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