Bastarnae - Knowledge

944: 1455:, a Thracian tribe who were Roman allies. Crassus marched to the Dentheletae's assistance, but the Bastarnae host hastily withdrew over the Haemus at his approach. Crassus followed them closely into Moesia but they would not be drawn into battle, withdrawing beyond the Tsibritsa. Crassus now turned his attention to the Moesi, his prime target. After a successful campaign which resulted in the submission of a substantial section of the Moesi, Crassus again sought out the Bastarnae. Discovering their location from some peace envoys they had sent to him, he lured them into battle near the Tsibritsa by a stratagem. Hiding his main body of troops in a wood, he stationed as bait a smaller vanguard in open ground before the wood. As expected, the Bastarnae attacked the vanguard in force, only to find themselves entangled in the full-scale pitched battle with the Romans that they had tried to avoid. The Bastarnae tried to retreat into the forest but were hampered by the wagon train carrying their women and children, as these could not move through the trees. Trapped into fighting to save their families, the Bastarnae were routed. Crassus personally killed their king, Deldo, in combat, a feat which qualified him for Rome's highest military honour, 1162:, while protesting his loyalty to Rome, deployed his Bastarnae guests in winter quarters in a valley in Dardania, presumably as a prelude to a campaign against the Dardani the following summer. However, in the depths of winter their camp was attacked by the Dardani. The Bastarnae easily beat off the attackers, chased them back to their chief town and besieged them, but they were surprised in the rear by a second force of Dardani, which had approached their camp stealthily by mountain paths, and proceeded to storm and ransack it. Having lost their entire baggage and supplies, the Bastarnae were obliged to withdraw from Dardania and to return home. Most perished as they crossed the frozen Danube on foot, only for the ice to give way. Despite the failure of Philip's Bastarnae strategy, the suspicion aroused by these events in the Roman Senate, which had been warned by the Dardani of the Bastarnae invasion, ensured the demise of Macedonia as an independent state. Rome declared war on Perseus in 171 BC and after the Macedonian army was crushed at the 614:"the whole country that lies above the said seaboard between the Borysthenes and the Ister consists, first, of the Desert of the Getae; then the country of the Tyregetans; and after it the country of the Iazygian Sarmatians and that of the people called the Basileians and that of the Urgi, who in general are nomads, though a few are interested also in farming; these people, it is said, dwell also along the Ister, often on both sides. In the interior dwell, first, those Bastarnians whose country borders on that of the Tyregetans and Germans — they also being, one might say, of Germanic stock; and they are divided up into several tribes, for a part of them are called Atmoni and Sidoni, while those who took possession of Peuce, the island in the Ister, are called "Peucini," whereas the "Roxolani" (the most northerly of them all) roam the plains between the Tanaïs and the Borysthenes." 956: 1680:" from their main ethnic origin) who restored order in the empire in the late third century. These emperors followed a policy of large-scale resettlement within the empire of defeated barbarian tribes, granting them land in return for an obligation of military service much heavier than the usual conscription quota. The policy had the triple benefit, from the Roman point of view, of weakening the hostile tribe, repopulating the plague-ravaged frontier provinces (bringing their abandoned fields back into cultivation) and providing a pool of first-rate recruits for the army. It could also be popular with the barbarian prisoners, who were often delighted by the prospect of a land grant within the empire. In the fourth century, such communities were known as 999:) in northern Moldavia. These cultures were characterised by agriculture, documented by numerous finds of sickles. Dwellings were either of surface or semi-subterranean types, with posts supporting the walls, a hearth in the middle and large conical pits located nearby. Some sites were defended by ditches and banks, structures thought to have been built to defend against nomadic tribes from the steppe. Inhabitants practiced cremation. Cremated remains were either placed in large, hand-made ceramic urns, or were placed in a large pit and surrounded by food and ornaments such as spiral bracelets and Middle to Late 1546:("Acts of the divine Augustus", 14 AD), an inscription commissioned by Augustus to list his achievements, states that he received an embassy from the Bastarnae seeking a treaty of friendship. It appears that a treaty was concluded and apparently proved remarkably effective, as no hostilities with the Bastarnae are recorded in surviving ancient sources until c. 175, some 160 years after Augustus' inscription was carved. But surviving evidence for the history of this period is so thin that it cannot be excluded that the Bastarnae clashed with Rome during it. The Bastarnae participated in the 975:. In any event, post-1960s archaeological theory has questioned the validity of equating material "cultures", as defined by archaeologists, with distinct ethnic groups. In this view, it is impossible to attribute a "culture" to a particular ethnic group: it is likely that the material cultures discerned in the region belonged to several, if not all, of the groups inhabiting it. These cultures probably represent relatively large-scale socio-economic interactions between disparate communities of the broad region, possibly including mutually antagonistic groups. 383: 761: 656:"During the same period in which these events occurred Marcus Crassus was sent into Macedonia and Greece and carried on war with the Dacians and Bastarnae. I have already stated who the former were and why they had become hostile; the Bastarnae, on the other hand, who are properly classed as Scythians, had at this time crossed the Ister and subdued the part of Moesia opposite them, and afterwards subdued the Triballi who adjoin this district and the Dardani who inhabit the Triballian country." 1079: 4788: 1517: 1183: 1285:- speaking people. Burebista had unified the Getae tribes into a single kingdom, for which the Greek cities were vital trade outlets. In addition, he had established his hegemony over neighbouring Sarmatian and Bastarnae tribes. At its peak, the Getae kingdom reportedly was able to muster 200,000 warriors. Burebista led his transdanubian coalition in a struggle against Roman encroachment, conducting many raids against Roman allies in 36: 1693:(r. 276–282) is recorded as resettling 100,000 Bastarnae in Moesia, in addition to other peoples, including Goths, Gepids and Vandals. The Bastarnae are reported to have honoured their oath of allegiance to the emperor, while the other resettled peoples mutinied while Probus was distracted by usurpation attempts and ravaged the Danubian provinces far and wide. A further massive transfer of Bastarnae was carried out by Emperor 1359: 644:"As to the tribes of the Peucini, Veneti, and Fenni I am in doubt whether I should class them with the Germans or the Sarmatæ, although indeed the Peucini called by some Bastarnæ, are like Germans in their language, mode of life, and in the permanence of their settlements. They all live in filth and sloth, and by the intermarriages of the chiefs they are becoming in some degree debased into a resemblance to the Sarmatæ." 1312:, Antonius detached his entire mounted force from the marching column and led it away on a lengthy excursion, leaving his infantry without cavalry cover, a tactic he had already used with disastrous results against the Dardani. Dio implies that he did so out of cowardice, in order to avoid the imminent clash with the opposition, but it is more likely that he was pursuing a large enemy cavalry force, probably 1195: 587:"The way to the Hadriatic and to Italy lay through the Scordisci; that was the only practicable route for an army, and the Scordisci were expected to grant a passage to the Bastarnae without any difficulty, for neither in speech nor habits were they dissimilar, and it was hoped that they would unite forces with them when they saw that they were going to secure the plunder of a very wealthy nation." 626:"He also secretly stirred up the Gauls settled along the Danube, who are called Basternae, an equestrian host and warlike; and he invited the Illyrians, through Genthius their king, to take part with him in the war. And a report prevailed that the Barbarians had been hired by him to pass through lower Gaul, along the coast of the Adriatic, and make an incursion into Italy." 1653:). The Peucini Bastarnae would have been critical to this venture since, as coastal and delta dwellers, they would have had seafaring experience that the nomadic Sarmatians and Goths lacked. The barbarians sailed along the Black Sea coast to Tomis in Moesia Inferior, which they tried to take by assault without success. They then attacked the provincial capital 967:, traditional archaeology has not been able to construct a typology of Bastarnae material culture, and thus to ascribe particular archaeological sites to the Bastarnae. A complicating factor is that the regions where Bastarnae are attested contained a patchwork of peoples and cultures (Sarmatians, Scythians, Dacians, Thracians, Celts, Germans and others), some 754:(10 BC or 8 BC), also appears to distinguish the Bastarnae from neighbouring Celtic tribes: "Marcus Vinucius... governor of Illyricum, the first to advance across the river Danube, defeated in battle and routed an army of Dacians and Basternae, and subjugated the Cotini, Osi,... and Anartii to the power of the emperor Augustus and of the people of Rome." 1461:, but Augustus refused to award it on a technicality. Thousands of fleeing Bastarnae perished, many asphyxiated in nearby woods by encircling fires set by the Romans, others drowned trying to swim across the Danube. Nevertheless, a substantial force dug themselves into a powerful hillfort. Crassus laid siege to fort, but had to enlist the assistance of 1119:, a warlike Illyrian tribe on his northern border, which his treaty-limited army was too small to counter effectively. Counting on the Bastarnae, with whom he had forged friendly relations, he plotted a strategy to deal with the Dardani and then to regain his lost territories in Greece and his political independence. First, he would 1322:(military standards). This battle resulted in the collapse of the Roman position on the lower Danube. Burebista apparently annexed the Greek cities (55–48 BC). At the same time, the subjugated "allied" tribes of Moesia and Thrace evidently repudiated their treaties with Rome, as they had to be reconquered by 258: 1890:

proper generally end in -PARA. According to Georgiev, the language spoken by the Getae should be classified as "Daco-Moesian" and regarded as quite distinct from Thracian. Support for the Daco-Moesian theory can be found in Dio, who confirms that the Moesians and Getae on the south bank of the Danube

1131:

region) to ensure that the region was permanently subdued. In a second phase, Philip aimed to launch the Bastarnae on an invasion of Italy via the Adriatic coast. Although he was aware that the Bastarnae were likely to be defeated, Philip hoped that the Romans would be distracted long enough to allow

934:

group of Indo-European languages) and customs. Thus Tacitus' comment that "mixed marriages are giving to some extent the vile appearance of the Sarmatians". On the other hand, the Bastarnae maintained a separate name until ca. 300 AD, probably implying retention of their distinctive ethno-linguistic

1336:

planned to lead a major campaign to crush Burebista and his allies once and for all, but he was assassinated before it could start. However, the campaign was made redundant by Burebista's overthrow and death in the same year, after which his Getae empire fragmented into four, later five, independent

978:

It is not even certain whether the Bastarnae were sedentary, nomadic or semi-nomadic. Tacitus' statement that they were "German in their way of life and types of dwelling" implies a sedentary bias, but their close relations with the Sarmatians, who were nomadic, may indicate a more nomadic lifestyle

1929:

in Rome by the Senate, there is no evidence in inscriptions of that year (27 BC) that it was actually celebrated. After his return to Rome, Crassus disappears from the record altogether, both epigraphic and literary. This is highly unusual in a relatively well-documented period for a person of such

885:

As to the tribes of the Peucini, Veneti, and Fenni I am in doubt whether I should class them with the Germans or the Sarmatæ, although indeed the Peucini called by some Bastarnæ, are like Germans in their language, mode of life, and in the permanence of their settlements. They all live in filth and

547:. Shchukin argues that the ethnicity of the Bastarnae was unique and rather than trying to label them as Celtic, Germanic or Sarmatian, it should be accepted that the "Basternae were the Basternae". Batty argues that assigning an "ethnicity" to the Bastarnae is meaningless; as in the context of the 1608:

Under the leadership of the Goths, a series of major invasions of the Roman empire were launched by a grand coalition of lower Danubian tribes from c. 238 onwards. The participation of the Bastarnae in these is likely but largely unspecified, due to Zosimus' and other chroniclers' tendency to lump

1035:

who identified Lukashevka as Bastarnic, nevertheless insisted that the majority of the population in the Lukashevka sphere (in northern Moldavia) was "Geto-Dacian". A further problem is that neither of these cultures were present in the Danube Delta region, where a major concentration of Bastarnae

677:

A leading reason to consider the Bastarnae as Celtic is that the regions they are documented to have occupied (the northern and eastern slopes of the Carpathians) overlapped to a great extent with the locations of Celtic tribes attested in the northern Carpathians. (The modern name of this region,

1043:

became established in the modern-day western Ukraine and Moldova region inhabited by the Bastarnae. The culture is characterised by a high degree of sophistication in the production of metal and ceramic artefacts, as well as of uniformity over a vast area. Although this culture has conventionally

273:

The origin of the tribal name is uncertain. It is not even clear whether it was an exonym (a name ascribed to them by outsiders) or an endonym (a name by which the Bastarnae described themselves). A related question is whether the groups denoted "Bastarnae" by the Romans considered themselves a

1472:

The following year (28 BC), Crassus marched on Genucla. Zyraxes escaped with his treasure and fled over the Danube into Scythia to seek aid from the Bastarnae. Before he was able to bring reinforcements, Genucla fell to a combined land and fluvial assault by the Romans. The strategic result of

1644:

Taking advantage of Roman military disarray, a vast number of barbarian peoples overran much of the empire. The Sarmato-Gothic alliance of the lower Danube carried out major invasions of the Balkans region in 252, and in the periods 253–258 and 260–268. The Peucini Bastarnae are specifically

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of the Danube Delta region.) In addition, archaeological cultures which some scholars have linked to the Bastarnae (Poieneşti-Lukashevka and Zarubintsy) display pronounced Celtic affinities. Finally, the arrival of the Bastarnae in the Pontic-Danubian region, which can be dated to 233–216 BC

602:"what is beyond Germany and what beyond the countries which are next after Germany — whether one should say the Bastarnae, as most writers suspect, or say that others lie in between, either the Iazyges, or the Roxolani, or certain other of the wagon-dwellers — it is not easy to say; " 551:

Pontic-Danubian region, with its multiple overlapping peoples and languages, ethnicity was a very fluid concept, which changed rapidly and frequently, according to socio-political vicissitudes. That was especially true of the Bastarnae, who are attested over a relatively-vast area.

526:

It thus appears that the Bastarnae were settled in a vast arc stretching around the northern and eastern flanks of the Carpathians from south-east Poland to the Danube Delta. The larger group inhabited the northern and eastern slopes of the Carpathians and the region between the

1832:(c. 26 tonnes) of silver, equivalent then to c. 4 tonnes of gold. (In antiquity, silver was far more valuable than today: the gold/silver value ratio was c. 1:7, compared to c. 1:100 today); (v) prohibited from waging war outside his borders without the Roman Senate's permission 1921:, a privilege granted only twice previously. But Crassus was denied the honour by Augustus on the technicality that he was not commander-in-chief of Roman forces at the time, a position claimed by Augustus himself. Augustus also forbade Crassus to accept the honorary title of 889:

Peucinorum Venethorumque et Fennorum nationes Germanis an Sarmatis adscribam dubito. quamquam Peucini, quos quidam Bastarnas vocant, sermone cultu sede ac domiciliis ut Germani agunt. sordes omnium ac torpor procerum: conubiis mixtis nonnihil in Sarmatarum habitum foedantur.

605:"at the present time these tribes," "as well as the Bastarnian tribes, are mingled with the Thracians (more indeed with those outside the Ister , but also with those inside). And mingled with them are also the Celtic tribes — the Boii, the Scordisci, and the Taurisci" 1721:, mention the Bastarnae in their accounts of the fourth century, possibly implying the loss of their separate identity, presumably assimilated by the regional hegemons, the Goths. Such assimilation would have been facilitated if, as is possible, the Bastarnae spoke an 218:

Although largely sedentary, some elements may have adopted a semi-nomadic lifestyle. So far, no archaeological sites have been conclusively attributed to the Bastarnae. The archaeological horizons most often associated by scholars with the Bastarnae are the

608:"the Scythians and Bastarnians and Sauromatians on the far side of the river often prevail to the extent that they actually cross over to attack those whom they have already driven out, and some of them remain there, either in the islands or in Thrace" 1010:

A major problem with associating the Poieneşti-Lukashevka and Zarubintsy cultures with the Bastarnae is that both cultures had disappeared by the early first century AD, while the Bastarnae continue to be attested in those regions throughout the Roman

246:

during the first two centuries AD. This changed c. 180, when the Bastarnae are recorded as participants in an invasion of Roman territory, once again in alliance with Sarmatian and Dacian elements. In the mid-3rd century, the Bastarnae were part of a

1151:), the highest mountain in Thrace. A large force of Bastarnae chased them up the mountain, but were driven back and scattered by a massive hailstorm. Then the Thracians ambushed them, turning their descent into a panic-stricken rout. Back at their 745:

arrived , talking of the Bastarnae, their huge numbers, the strength and valour of their warriors, and also reporting that Perseus and the Galatae were in league with this tribe." In addition, inscription AE (1905) 14, recording a campaign on the

310:, denoting a type of wagon or litter, is derived from the name of this people (or, if it is an exonym, that the name of the people is derived from it) who were known, like many Germanic tribes, to travel with a wagon train for their families. 215:. Like other peoples who lived in the same geographical region, Graeco-Roman writers also referred to the Bastarnae as a "Scythian" people, but this was probably a reference to their general way of life, rather than a linguistic category. 599:"Now the parts that are beyond the Rhenus and Celtica are to the north of the Ister; these are the p153 territories of the Galatic and the Germanic tribes, extending as far as the Bastarnians and the Tyregetans and the River Borysthenes" 1114:

monarch to the status of a petty client-king with a much-reduced territory and a tiny army. After nearly 20 years of slavish adherence to the Roman Senate's dictats, Philip had been goaded by the incessant and devastating raiding of the

1827:

proper (Philip had previously ruled extensive territories in Greece, Thrace and Asia Minor); (ii) standing army limited to 5,000 men and no elephants; (iii) navy limited to 5 warships plus royal galley; (iv) reparation payment of 1,000

741:(writing ca. 150 BC), who was an actual contemporary of the events described, unlike Livy, who was writing some 200 years later. Polybius clearly distinguishes the Bastarnae from the "Galatae" (i.e. Celts): "An embassy from the 986:

Scholars have identified two closely related sedentary "cultures" as possible candidates to represent the Bastarnae (among other peoples) as their locations broadly correspond to where ancient sources placed the Basternae: the

1404:, Moesi and those Getae who dwelt south of the Danube. The Bastarnae were also a target because they had recently subjugated the Triballi, whose territory lay on the southern bank of the Danube between the tributary rivers 1891:

were Dacians. But the scant evidence available for these two extinct languages does not permit any firm conclusions. For the dividing-line between the two placename forms, see the following map (lower map, scroll down):

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distinct ethnic group at all (endonym) or whether it was a generic exonym used by the Greco-Romans to denote a disparate group of tribes of the Carpathian region that could not be classified as Dacians or Sarmatians.

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into the region from the northwest, Todd argues that its most important origin is Scytho-Sarmatian. Although the Goths certainly contributed to it, so probably did other peoples of the region such as the Dacians,

1143:(modern Plovdiv, Bulgaria), the Bastarnae broke out of their marching columns and pillaged the land far and wide. The terrified local Thracians took refuge with their families and animal herds on the slopes of 943: 682:, is generally regarded as having a later origin, in either a Slavic or Turkic language. However, some scholars have instead suggested that the name Galicia may derive from its former Celtic inhabitants the 919:, reporting events around 280 AD, refers to "the Bastarnae, a Scythian people". However, it appears that these late Greco-Roman chroniclers used the term "Scythian" without regard to language. The earliest 1399:

On the lower Danube, which was given priority over the upper Danube, this required the annexation of Moesia. The Romans' target was thus the tribes which inhabited Moesia, namely (from west to east) the

1925:("supreme commander") from his troops, traditional for victorious generals. Instead, Augustus claimed the title for himself (for the seventh time). Finally, although Dio states that Crassus was voted a 1139:

through Thrace, where it became embroiled in hostilities with the locals, who had not provided them with sufficient food at affordable prices as they marched through. Probably in the vicinity of

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were steppe nomads associated with Iranic languages, as were their successors the Sarmatians, who were also called Scythians, while classical authors such as Zosimus also routinely refers to the

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tribe, in a list of Bastarnae subgroups. However, this may simply be an error due to the close proximity of the two peoples north of the Danube Delta. In the third century, the Greek historian

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distinction who was still only about 33 years old. His tomb has not been found in the excavated Crassus family mausoleum in Rome. This official "air-brushing from history" may imply punitive

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and Macedonia. The primary objective was to increase strategic depth between the border and Italy and also to provide a major fluvial supply route between the Roman armies in the region.

1265:

The presence of Roman forces in the Danube Delta was seen as a major threat by all the neighbouring transdanubian peoples: the Peucini Bastarnae, the Sarmatians and, most importantly, by

1496:

Marcus Vinucius..., Consul ..., governor of Illyricum, the first to advance across the river Danube, defeated in battle and routed an army of Dacians and Basternae, and subjugated the

539:

Scholars hold divergent theories about the ethnicity of the Bastarnae. One view, following what appears to be the most authoritative view among earliest scholars, is that they spoke a

444:). In one garbled passage Pliny located the Bastarnae "and other Germans" somehow near what is now northern Hungary and Slovakia. In another he located them and the Peucini above the 325:

considers this Germanic derivation unlikely. If the name is an endonym, then this derivation is unlikely, as most endonyms have flattering meanings (e.g. "brave", "strong", "noble").

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The coalition's main chance came in 62 BC, when the Greek cities rebelled against Roman rule. In 61 BC, the notoriously oppressive and militarily incompetent proconsul of Macedonia,

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petty kingdoms. These were militarily far weaker, as Strabo assessed their combined military potential at just 40,000 armed men, and were often involved in internecine warfare. The

992: 668:"He likewise left in Thrace the Bastarnae, a Scythian people, who submitted to him, giving them land to inhabit there; on which account they observed the Roman laws and customs." 571:"A mission from the Dardanians now arrived, telling of the Bastarnae, their numbers, the huge size and the valour of their warriors, and also pointing out that Perseus and the 224: 133: 1987:'s History (up to 229), leaves a massive gap in our knowledge of the political history of the early empire, which is only scantily filled by inferior chronicles such as the 1886:

disputes that Dacian and Thracian were closely related for various reasons, especially that Dacian and Moesian town names commonly end with the suffix -DAVA, while towns in

821:

Some sources also give a date of 750 BC for the earliest expansion out of southern Scandinavia and northern Germany along the North Sea coast towards the mouth of the Rhine.

2060:: "For not only were they hindered by their waggons, which were in the rear, but their desire to save their wives and their children was also instrumental in their defeat." 1090:

The Bastarnae first appear in the historical record in 179 BC, when they crossed the Danube in a massive force. They did so at the invitation of their long-time ally, King

930:

It is possible that some Bastarnae may have been assimilated by the surrounding (and possibly dominant) Sarmatians, perhaps adopting their tongue (which belonged to the

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for some Bastarnae, as does their attested wide geographical range. If the Bastarnae were nomadic, then the sedentary "cultures" identified by archaeologists in their

184:), were an ancient people who between 200 BC and 300 AD inhabited areas north of the Roman frontier on the Lower Danube. The Bastarnae lived in the region between the 983:

would not represent them. Nomadic peoples generally leave scant traces, due to the impermanent materials and foundations used in the construction of their dwellings.

1316:. A Bastarnae host, which had crossed the Danube to assist the Histrians, promptly attacked, surrounded and massacred the Roman infantry, capturing several of their 935:

heritage up to that time. It seems likely, on balance, that the core population of Bastarnae had always been, and continued to be, Germanic in language and culture.

1508:

Most likely, the Bastarnae, in alliance with Dacians, were attempting to assist the hard-pressed Illyrian/Celtic tribes of Pannonia in their resistance to Rome.

611:"Near the outlets of the Ister River is a great island called Peuce; and when the Bastarnians took possession of it they received the appellation of Peucini." 531:

and Dnieper rivers (modern-day Moldova/western Ukraine), while a separate group (the Peucini, Sidoni and Atmoni) dwelt in and north of the Danube Delta region.

1605:(the Roman term for regions outside their empire). The Goths appear to have established a loose political hegemony over the existing tribes in the region. 1585:

During the late second century, the main ethnic change in the northern Black Sea region was the immigration, from the Vistula valley in the North, of the

1760:, included contingents from the "innumerable tribes that had been brought under his sway". This included the Bastarnae, according to the Gallic nobleman 57: 50: 1903:

Crassus' feat, as Roman commander, of killing the enemy leader in combat arguably entitled him to the highest honour a Roman soldier could gain: the

845:(c. 77 AD), classifies the Bastarnae and Peucini as being one of the five main subdivisions of Germanic peoples, the other subdivisions as the three 1024: 1713:

The remaining transdanubian Bastarnae disappear into historical obscurity in the late empire. Neither of the main ancient sources for this period,

1028: 1166:(168 BC), Macedonia was split up into four Roman puppet-cantons (167 BC). Twenty-one years later, these were in turn abolished and annexed to the 1741:

in 378. Although Ammianus refers to the migrants collectively as "Goths", he states that, in addition, "Taifali and other tribes" were involved.

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of the Roman Empire, a period of military and economic chaos. At this critical moment, the Roman army was crippled by the outbreak of a second

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who had shared his empire after his death in 323 BC. The Macedonian king had suffered a disastrous defeat at the hands of the Romans in the

1617:. Thus, in 250–251, the Bastarnae were probably involved in the Gothic and Sarmatian invasions which culminated in the Roman defeat at the 699: 1729:. If the Bastarnae remained an identifiable group, it is highly likely that they participated in the vast Gothic-led migration, driven by 1878:

spoke the same language as the Getae. This gave rise to the hypothesis that Thracian and Dacian were essentially the same language (the

915:

states that the "Bastarnae are properly classed as Scythians" and "members of the Scythian race". Likewise, the sixth-century historian

4827: 3698: 2161: 1938:, who in AD 8, for an unknown offence, was ordered by Augustus to spend the rest of his life in Tomis (Constanţa) on the Black Sea. 4832: 4745: 2267: 496: 492: 1665:

in Macedonia. Driven off by Roman forces, the coalition host moved overland into Thracia, where finally it was crushed by Emperor

1190:(Dobruja), showing the Greek coastal cities of Histria, Tomis, Callatis and Dionysopolis (Istria, Constanţa, Mangalia and Balchik) 955: 4763: 2420: 2219: 1433: 734:

inform us that the Roman consul Hostilius "secretly stirred up the Gauls settled along the Danube, who are called Basternae".

714:, writing in c. 10 AD, attests that the Bastarnae spoke Celtic. Relating the Bastarnic invasion of the Balkans of 179 BC (see 317:, meaning illegitimate or mongrel, and this name is sometimes contrasted to proposed Germanic etymologies for the name of the 3611: 1764:. However, E.A. Thompson argues that Sidonius' mention of Bastarnae at Chalons is probably false: his purpose was to write a 1211: 704: 575:

were in league with this tribe. They said they were much more afraid of him than of the Bastarnae, and they begged for aid."

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However, after a gap of 150 years, there is a final mention of Bastarnae in the mid-5th century. In 451, the Hunnic leader

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in the plain, around half of the demoralised Bastarnae decided to return home, leaving c. 30,000 to press on to Macedonia.

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sloth, and by the intermarriages of the chiefs they are becoming in some degree debased into a resemblance to the Sarmatæ.

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below), he describes them then as "they were not very different in either language or manners" to the Celtic tribe of the

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coast of today's north-west Poland, on the grounds of correspondences in archaeological material, e.g. a Pomeranian-style

3475: 1794: 2013: 436:

Batty argues that Greco-Roman sources of the first century AD locate the Bastarnae homeland on the northern side of the

100: 4817: 1609:

all these tribes under the general term "Scythians" – meaning all the inhabitants of Scythia, rather than the specific

543:. However others hold that they were Scythian/Germanic, or mixed Germanic/Sarmatian. A fringe theory is that they were 948: 72: 3844: 3654: 3557: 3522: 2654: 2626: 1424:

at Histria 32 years before and to recover the lost military standards. These were held in a powerful fortress called

1206:

The Bastarnae first came into direct conflict with Rome as a result of expansion into the lower Danube region by the

757:

The three names of Bastarnae leaders found in ancient sources are of Celtic origin: Cotto, Clondicus and Teutagonus.

119: 2682: 4842: 3806: 2372: 877:(c. 100 AD) described the Bastarnae as probably being a Germanic people, but with substantial Sarmatian influence: 425:, although Batty considers the evidence insufficient. Babeş identifies the Sidoni, a branch of the Bastarnae which 3075: 1388:

inaugurated a strategy of advancing the empire's south-eastern European border to the line of the Danube from the

4822: 4768: 3976: 1870:

were Dacian or Thracian speakers and whether those two languages were similar. Strabo claims that the Getae were

1384:

Once he had established himself as sole ruler of the Roman state in 30 BC, Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son

1219: 79: 1946:, the contemporary disgraced governor of Egypt, who was recalled by Augustus for assuming inappropriate honours. 834:, and one source, Tacitus, specifies that they spoke a language like the Germanic peoples. The Greek geographer 452:(produced ca. 400 AD, but including material from as early as the first century) shows the Bastarnae (mis-spelt 4758: 4026: 3831: 3691: 3085: 1489: 1376:, which was to remain its central/eastern European border for its entire history (except for the occupation of 751: 440:

mountain range, encompassing south-east Poland and south-west Ukraine (i.e. the region traditionally known as

251:-led grand coalition of lower Danube tribes that repeatedly invaded the Balkan provinces of the Roman Empire. 2181: 2165: 2592: 830:

Greco-Roman geographers of the first century AD are unanimous in associating the Bastarnae and Peucini with

4852: 3907: 3302: 1547: 1372:(military supreme commander). By the end of his sole rule (14 AD), Augustus had expanded the empire to the 1135:

However, Philip, now 60 years of age, died before the Bastarnae could arrive. The Bastarnae host was still

286: 86: 2396: 2057: 230:

The Bastarnae first came into conflict with the Romans during the first century BC when, in alliance with

4847: 4773: 3786: 3939: 3934: 3514: 2309: 1171: 1123:. After the latter had been crushed, Philip planned to settle Bastarnae families in Dardania (southern 1023:

by mainstream scholarship, who inhabited northern Moldavia, according to Ptolemy (ca. 140 AD). Indeed,

1569:(161–180), an alliance of lower Danube tribes including the Bastarnae, the Sarmatian Roxolani and the 68: 4791: 3971: 3878: 3871: 3849: 3684: 2351: 2333: 2246: 1960: 1789: 1095: 3411: 1540:

It appears that in the final years of Augustus' rule, the Bastarnae made their peace with Rome. The

4011: 3996: 3811: 3796: 3455: 1476:

About a decade later, in 10 BC, the Bastarnae again clashed with Rome during Augustus' conquest of

679: 441: 1913:, "supreme spoils"), the right to hang the armour stripped from the enemy leader in the temple of 1444:

and an experienced general at 33 years of age, who was appointed proconsul of Macedonia in 29 BC.

4126: 4016: 4006: 4001: 3821: 3801: 3758: 3255: 1799: 1768:

and not a history, and Sidonius added some spurious names to the list of real participants (e.g.

1542: 1437: 1239: 1187: 1120: 1032: 846: 46: 17: 1645:

mentioned in the 267/268 invasion, when the coalition built a fleet in the estuary of the river

405:

The original homeland of the Bastarnae remains uncertain. Babeş and Shchukin argue in favour of

4528: 3961: 3956: 3883: 3778: 3342: 2544: 1690: 1421: 1297: 765: 177: 161: 3826: 3716: 3280: 1971: 1823:

The terms imposed on Philip V of Macedon in 196 BC were: (i) loss of all possessions outside

1804: 1259: 1107: 507:, a large island in the Danube Delta which they had colonised. The second-century geographer 1892: 3917: 3888: 3791: 3545:

The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective

3351: 3262: 1980: 1883: 1829: 1761: 1738: 1714: 1702: 1626: 1238:) mountain range and the Danube. In 72 BC, his troops occupied the Greek coastal cities of 730:(although he adds that they had mingled with Illyrians and Thracians). The Greek historian 519:(believed to have occupied Moldavia) separated the Peucini from the other Bastarnae "above 516: 399: 185: 1749: 1601:

people. This migration was part of a series of major population movements in the European

1465:, a Getan petty king, to dislodge them, for which service Rholes was granted the title of 8: 4753: 3966: 3646: 3549: 3393: 1718: 1103: 1091: 1040: 1015:. Another issue is that the Poieneşti-Lukashevka culture has also been attributed to the 951:. Such clothing and weapons were commonplace among peoples on the Roman Empire's borders. 916: 710:

The earliest historians give a Celtic or Gallic origin to the Bastarnae. Roman historian

687: 661: 3603:

Rome and the Barbarians in Central and Eastern Europe: 1st Century B.C.-1st Century A.D.

456:) north of the Carpathian mountains and appears to name the Galician Carpathians as the 4812: 4136: 3988: 3927: 3816: 3748: 3724: 3324: 1618: 1330: 1159: 988: 572: 564: 406: 382: 220: 208: 93: 1341:

did not again become a threat to Roman hegemony in the lower Danube until the rise of

1000: 3912: 3763: 3738: 3650: 3607: 3553: 3518: 3471: 3081: 2650: 2642: 2622: 1677: 1670: 1634: 1282: 1218:, becoming the first Roman general to reach the Danube with his army. His successor, 931: 344: 203:

The earliest Graeco-Roman historians to refer to the Bastarnae imply that they spoke

1942:

points out the similarity of Crassus' removal from the official record with that of

4335: 3707: 3375: 3291: 2025: 1989: 1965: 1943: 1610: 1574: 1521: 831: 540: 359: 212: 204: 1428:(Isaccea, near modern Tulcea, Romania, in the Danube Delta region), controlled by 991:

lying in the forest-steppe zone in northern Ukraine and southern Belarus, and the

3944: 3922: 3866: 3836: 3720: 3640: 3601: 3543: 3508: 3459: 3386: 3320: 1976: 1842: 1726: 1638: 1566: 1525: 1485: 1309: 1278: 1255: 1199: 1163: 842: 747: 418: 254:

Many Bastarnae were resettled within the Roman Empire in the late third century.

4618: 4402: 4066: 3753: 3504: 3463: 2014:

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), William Smith, LLD, Ed, Peucini

1956: 1753: 1251: 1167: 1057: 996: 772: 278: 149: 1637:(251–70). The effects are described by Zosimus as even worse than the earlier 760: 4806: 4377: 4340: 4300: 4166: 3895: 3854: 3539: 2576: 1926: 1879: 1722: 1676:

Claudius II was the first of a sequence of military emperors (the so-called "

1654: 1333: 862: 449: 4479: 4071: 4061: 4044: 3861: 1905: 1662: 1533: 1457: 1393: 1338: 964: 737:

However, a Celtic identity for the Bastarnae is apparently contradicted by

544: 504: 472: 243: 197: 3412:"Celts and Dacians(?) In the Great Hungarian Plain 1st c. BC to 1st c. AD" 1934:

to a remote location, similar to that inflicted on the contemporary poet,

1846: 475:. Strabo describes the Bastarnae as inhabiting the territory "between the 313:

It has also been suggested that the name is linked with the Germanic word

4553: 4511: 4434: 4347: 4215: 4205: 4116: 3900: 3445: 3364: 3271: 1984: 1939: 1769: 1666: 1452: 1305: 1247: 1214:(proconsul 75–73 BC) campaigned successfully against the Dardani and the 1111: 1083: 1078: 1053: 912: 649: 437: 395: 329: 322: 137: 1420:(Gigen, Bulgaria). In addition, Augustus wanted to avenge the defeat of 1007:(attesting the continuing strength of Celtic influence in this region). 4730: 4518: 4501: 4449: 4439: 4424: 4392: 4382: 4260: 4210: 4086: 4081: 4049: 3768: 3335: 1694: 1313: 1207: 1152: 1012: 468: 414: 1573:

took advantage of the emperor's difficulties on the upper Danube (the

4725: 4720: 4710: 4643: 4548: 4444: 4407: 4397: 4357: 4310: 4305: 4255: 4195: 4111: 4091: 4054: 4039: 2583:

Celtic tribe of the northern Carpathians. Both probably derived from

1914: 1909:(literally: "bountiful spoils", but this term may be a corruption of 1871: 1765: 1641:(166–180), which probably killed 15–30% of the empire's inhabitants. 1614: 1570: 1368: 1342: 1274: 1266: 1016: 968: 920: 908: 719: 703:

according to two ancient sources, coincides with the latter phase of

410: 367: 1516: 1182: 242:. Later, they appear to have maintained friendly relations with the 35: 4698: 4683: 4663: 4648: 4628: 4603: 4588: 4583: 4563: 4533: 4523: 4474: 4464: 4459: 4290: 4275: 4250: 4230: 4200: 4190: 4185: 4156: 4151: 4141: 4076: 4034: 3743: 3676: 3309: 2604: 2600: 2572: 1850: 1757: 1698: 1658: 1650: 1630: 1594: 1551: 1477: 1473:

Crassus' campaigns was the permanent annexation of Moesia by Rome.

1441: 1401: 1385: 1363: 1323: 1318: 1223: 1099: 904: 738: 731: 723: 683: 636: 619: 560: 548: 464: 422: 306: 239: 196:. The Peucini were a subtribe who occupied the region north of the 2649:. Chicago, IL, United States: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 1993. 1748:

invaded Gaul with a large army which was ultimately routed at the

1358: 234:

and Sarmatians, they unsuccessfully resisted Roman expansion into

4715: 4703: 4693: 4668: 4658: 4653: 4633: 4623: 4598: 4538: 4496: 4469: 4387: 4320: 4315: 4295: 4285: 4240: 4235: 4225: 4220: 4161: 4146: 4096: 3382: 3371: 3331: 2568: 2564: 1918: 1875: 1854: 1824: 1590: 1529: 1501: 1429: 1425: 1412: 1290: 1243: 1140: 1116: 1020: 874: 866: 838:(writing c. 5–20 AD) says the Bastarnae are "of Germanic stock". 742: 695: 631: 508: 500: 488: 445: 340: 333: 231: 189: 1558:(101–102 and 105–106), fighting on both wars on the Dacian side 257: 4735: 4688: 4673: 4638: 4613: 4578: 4573: 4506: 4491: 4429: 4367: 4352: 4330: 4280: 4270: 4265: 4178: 4173: 4131: 4101: 3360: 3313: 2580: 2220:"Titus Livius (Livy), The History of Rome, Book 40, chapter 57" 1887: 1777: 1745: 1734: 1622: 1598: 1555: 1504:

to the power of the emperor Augustus and of the people of Rome.

1497: 1462: 1417: 1373: 1308:, led an army against the Greek cities. As his army approached 1286: 1235: 1231: 1194: 1148: 1128: 1124: 835: 727: 691: 592: 480: 426: 363: 355: 235: 1177: 207:. In contrast, later historical sources imply that they spoke 200:. Their name was sometimes used for the Bastarnae as a whole. 4608: 4593: 4568: 4558: 4543: 4486: 4454: 4419: 4414: 4372: 4362: 4245: 4106: 3949: 1931: 1867: 1773: 1682: 1586: 1484:

14–9 BC). Inscription AE (1905) 14 records a campaign on the

1377: 1270: 1227: 1215: 1045: 972: 924: 769: 520: 371: 318: 248: 193: 3450:

Rome and the Nomads: the Pontic-Danubian region in Antiquity

959:

Archaeological cultures in the early Roman period, c. 100 AD

132: 4678: 4325: 3298: 2587:"old" or "crooked"). Faliyeyev (2007), entries 3806, 3890. 1935: 1406: 1389: 715: 711: 580: 528: 1532:

warrior, while a Germanic warrior (Bastarnae?), who has a

1432:, the local Getan king. The man selected for the task was 927:, who were undoubtedly Germanic-speakers, as "Scythians". 2483: 2481: 1730: 1657:(Devnya, Bulgaria), also in vain. Sailing on through the 1073: 491:)". He identifies three sub-tribes of the Bastarnae: the 2352:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book VII Chapter 3" 2334:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book VII Chapter 2" 2247:"LacusCurtius • Strabo's Geography — Book VII Chapter 1" 2268:"Cornelius Tacitus, Germany and its Tribes, chapter 46" 1246:

region, Romania/Bulgaria), which had sided with Rome's

27:

Ethnic group, 200 BCE - 300 CE, east of the Carpathians

2478: 2081:

Trubačev INDOARICA в Северном Причерноморье, pp. 212–3

2493: 2284: 1963:(until AD 69) is reasonably well-covered by Tacitus' 1975:. But the loss of Tacitus' narrative for the entire 1737:

in 376 and eventually defeated and killed Valens at

1348: 1110:(200–197 BC), which had reduced him from a powerful 297:

may have had the original meaning of a coalition or

1733:pressure, that was admitted into Moesia by Emperor 1708: 3434:Noi date privind arheologia şi istoria bastarnilor 3230: 2885:Raporturile dintre limbile dacă, tracă şi frigiană 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 1132:him to reoccupy his former possessions in Greece. 1068: 907:, generally considered by scholars to have been a 2726: 2724: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2186:Peucini, Basternae, supra dictis contermini Dacis 2143: 2141: 2139: 1983:'s continuation until 353, as well as of most of 947:Attempt to reconstruct Bastarnae costumes at the 4804: 1289:and Thrace, penetrating as far as Macedonia and 2701: 2699: 2677: 2675: 2111: 1353: 534: 321:who lived in the same general region. However, 2988: 2986: 2721: 2446: 2136: 463:From Galicia, the Bastarnae expanded into the 3692: 2621:, vol. I, London: Penguin, p. 108, 2595:, name of some places in Wales and Scotland. 2531: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2052: 2050: 1969:(although substantial parts are missing) and 1917:in Rome, in emulation of the Founder of Rome 1589:and accompanying Germanic tribes such as the 1511: 1273:. The Getae occupied the region today called 293:), meaning "binding" or "tie". In this case, 3638: 3470:. Vol. 10. Cambridge University Press. 2887:, "Studii Clasice" Journal, II, 1960, 39–58. 2733: 2696: 2672: 2643:"Languages of the World: Germanic languages" 2077: 2075: 3723:origin primarily identified as speakers of 3492:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Placenames 2983: 1752:by a Roman-led coalition under the general 1697:(ruled 284–305) after he and his colleague 1277:as well as Scythia Minor and were either a 1230:tribe and the Moesi, ravaging the whole of 1178:Allies of Getan high king Burebista (62 BC) 726:. The Scordisci are described as Celtic by 3699: 3685: 2526: 2514: 2047: 1625:(251). This disaster was the start of the 1044:been identified with the migration of the 429:places north of the Danube delta with the 3454: 2499: 2072: 1469:("ally and friend of the Roman people"). 1451:by crossing the Haemus and attacking the 1198:Coin issued by the Greek coastal city of 1121:unleash the Bastarnae against the Dardani 698:of Slovakia and northern Romania and the 120:Learn how and when to remove this message 3639:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). 3599: 3073: 2748: 1515: 1357: 1304:("The Monster"), an uncle of the famous 1193: 1181: 1077: 954: 942: 759: 381: 256: 131: 4764:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England 3538: 3409: 2487: 1866:There is controversy about whether the 634:(56–120 AD), describing the peoples of 563:(200–118 BC) writing about the time of 261:The map of Bastarnae and its neighbours 14: 4805: 3503: 2616: 1949: 1897: 1860: 1857:(Istria, Constanţa, Mangalia, Sozopol) 1835: 1817: 1701:defeated a coalition of Bastarnae and 1416:(Tsibritsa), with their chief town at 1210:(governors) of Macedonia in 75–72 BC. 1074:Allies of Philip of Macedon (179–8 BC) 1063: 56:Please improve this article by adding 4838:Hellenistic-era tribes in the Balkans 3680: 2367: 2365: 2262: 2260: 2241: 2239: 2214: 2212: 1036:are attested by the ancient sources. 503:. The latter derived their name from 3706: 2421:"Zosimus, New History 1.71 – Livius" 328:Trubačev proposes a derivation from 277:One possible derivation is from the 29: 3417:. In Salac, V.; Bemman, J. (eds.). 1795:Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus 1226:), campaigned against the Thracian 938: 898: 802: New settlements by 250 791: New settlements by 500 780: Settlements before 750 304:It is possible that the Roman term 192:, to the north and east of ancient 24: 3634:INDOARICA в Северном Причерноморье 3441:Atlas of the Greek and Roman World 2796:A Mocsy. Pannonia and Upper Moesia 2635: 2413: 2362: 2257: 2236: 2209: 555: 350:"offspring", equating it with the 25: 4864: 4828:Wars involving the Roman Republic 1993:, inscriptions and other evidence 1882:theory). But the modern linguist 1349:Roman Principate (30 BC – 284 AD) 1234:, the region between the Haemus ( 1019:, a people considered ethnically 433:located by Ptolemy in Pomerania. 370:mentions as the ancestors of the 343:bættən "bind", bast "bound") and 140:and surrounding peoples in 125 AD 4787: 4786: 3642:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 3428:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3217: 2883:Vladimir Georgiev (Gheorghiev), 2511:Année Epigraphique (1905) no. 14 2310:"Polybius • Histories — Book 25" 2090:Procopius. Wars (VIII.I4, 22–30) 1709:Later Roman empire (305 onwards) 1580: 1561:In the late second century, the 705:Celtic migration into the region 34: 4833:Wars involving the Roman Empire 4769:Christianization of Scandinavia 3243: 3208: 3199: 3190: 3181: 3168: 3159: 3150: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3114: 3101: 3067: 3058: 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3013: 3004: 2995: 2974: 2962: 2953: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2917: 2908: 2899: 2890: 2877: 2868: 2859: 2847: 2838: 2826: 2817: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2781: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2742: 2708: 2687: 2663: 2647:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 2610: 2553: 2538: 2505: 2469: 2460: 2437: 2389: 2344: 2326: 2302: 2293: 2200: 2191: 2170: 2150: 2127: 1661:, the expedition laid siege to 1069:Roman Republican era (to 30 BC) 949:Archaeological Museum of Kraków 4759:Christianization of the Franks 3832:Continental Germanic mythology 2619:Penguin Atlas of World History 2102: 2093: 2084: 2063: 2035: 2018: 2007: 1756:. Attila's host, according to 1467:socius et amicus populi Romani 1269:(ruled 82–44 BC), king of the 1039:Starting in about 200 AD, the 13: 1: 3490:Faliyeyev, Alexander (2007): 3468:The Cambridge Ancient History 2373:"Plutarch • Life of Aemilius" 2000: 1577:) to invade Roman territory. 1565:mentions that in the rule of 421:found in a Poieneşti site in 58:secondary or tertiary sources 3587:Indo-Germanisches Wörterbuch 3497:Goldsworthy, Adrian (2000): 3419:Mitteleuropa in Zeit Marbods 3284:Historiae Romanae Breviarium 2923:Dio XXXVIII.10.3 and LI.26.5 2575:, after whom were named the 1725:language closely related to 1613:-speaking people called the 1488:by the Augustan-era general 1354:Augustan era (30 BC – 14 AD) 1060:and possibly the Bastarnae. 993:Poieneşti-Lukashevka culture 750:by the Augustan-era general 535:Ethno-linguistic affiliation 377: 354:"slave Sporoi" mentioned by 268: 7: 4774:Christianization of Iceland 1783: 1621:and the slaying of Emperor 1536:, is wounded on the ground. 1447:The Bastarnae provided the 1158:Philip's son and successor 825: 716:Allies of Philip of Macedon 10: 4869: 3510:Cambridge Medieval History 3248: 3074:Coarelli, Filippo (1999). 2099:Shchukin (1989) 65-6, 71–2 1959:period and the subsequent 1512:First and second centuries 813: New settlements by 339:"bound, tied; slave" (cf. 211:, and could be considered 181: 165: 4818:Historical Celtic peoples 4782: 4744: 4025: 3987: 3777: 3731: 3714: 3592:Müllenhoff, Karl (1887): 3436:in SCIV 20 (1969) 195–218 3410:Almassy, Katalin (2006). 3403: 2814:Livy XLI.23 and XLII.12-4 1790:Carpathian Tumuli culture 1345:130 years later (86 AD). 1094:, a direct descendant of 672: 523:" (i.e. north of Dacia). 4012:North Germanic languages 3997:Germanic parent language 3670:Wolfram, Herwig (1988): 3585:Köbler, Gerhard (2000): 2617:Kinder, Hermann (1988), 2579:Roman province; and the 1810: 1326:in 29–8 BC (see below). 1220:Marcus Licinius Lucullus 168:), sometimes called the 4843:Ancient tribes in Dacia 4017:West Germanic languages 4007:East Germanic languages 4002:Proto-Germanic language 3822:Proto-Germanic folklore 3759:Romano-Germanic culture 3632:O. N. Trubačev (1999): 3620:Thompson, E.A. (1996): 3600:Shchukin, Mark (1989). 3594:Deutsche altertumskunde 3573:Heather, Peter (2009): 3357:(late fifth century AD) 3256:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 3080:. Colombo. p. 99. 2760:Mallory. EIEC. Page 657 2397:"Cassius Dio — Book 51" 2290:Shchukin (1990), p. 10. 1961:Roman Civil War of 68–9 1800:List of Germanic tribes 1780:) for dramatic effect. 1543:Res Gestae Divi Augusti 1434:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1222:(brother of the famous 1033:Romanian archaeologists 768:into previously mostly 4823:Early Germanic peoples 3626:Todd, Malcolm (2004): 3579:Jones, A.H.M. (1964): 3575:Empires and Barbarians 3486:Burebista and his Time 3343:Sextus Aurelius Victor 2545:Gaius Valerius Flaccus 1979:period (69–96) and of 1537: 1506: 1381: 1212:Gaius Scribonius Curio 1203: 1191: 1087: 1086:of Philip V of Macedon 960: 952: 822: 471:regions, reaching the 402: 262: 166:Βαστάρναι or Βαστέρναι 141: 45:relies excessively on 3827:Anglo-Saxon mythology 3717:Ethnolinguistic group 3196:Zosimus IV.104-7; 107 2714:cf. Historia Augusta 2567:, king of the Alpine 2401:penelope.uchicago.edu 2377:penelope.uchicago.edu 2356:penelope.uchicago.edu 2338:penelope.uchicago.edu 2314:penelope.uchicago.edu 2272:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2251:penelope.uchicago.edu 2224:www.perseus.tufts.edu 1805:List of Celtic tribes 1519: 1494: 1366:in the garb of Roman 1361: 1260:Third Mithridatic War 1197: 1185: 1172:province of Macedonia 1108:Second Macedonian War 1081: 958: 946: 841:The Roman geographer 766:early Germanic tribes 763: 385: 260: 135: 3672:History of the Goths 3550:Boydell & Brewer 3484:Crişan, Ion (1978): 3352:Sidonius Apollinaris 3263:Ammianus Marcellinus 3147:Zosimus I.16, 20, 21 3129:Wolfram (1988) 45–46 2853:Smith's Dictionary: 2832:Smith's Dictionary: 2571:tribe and friend of 2133:Babeş (1969) 195–218 1981:Ammianus Marcellinus 1841:The main ones were: 1762:Sidonius Apollinaris 1715:Ammianus Marcellinus 1627:Third Century Crisis 903:Strabo includes the 873:The Roman historian 400:Tabula Peutingeriana 225:Poienesti-Lukashevka 186:Carpathian Mountains 4853:Antigonid Macedonia 4754:Gothic Christianity 3647:Infobase Publishing 3505:Hussey, Joan Mervyn 3439:Barrington (2000): 3236:Thompson (1996) 149 2559:Batty (2008), 222. 2206:Barrington Plate 22 1874:. He adds that the 1104:Alexander the Great 1092:Philip V of Macedon 1064:Relations with Rome 1041:Chernyakhov culture 438:Northern Carpathian 287:Proto-Indo-European 4848:Hellenistic Thrace 4137:Germani cisrhenani 3845:Funerary practices 3749:Pre-Roman Iron Age 3725:Germanic languages 3581:Later Roman Empire 3325:Naturalis Historia 3077:La colonna Traiana 3064:Res Gestae Aug. 31 2905:Strabo VII.3.11–12 2769:Batty (2008) 237-9 2457:Batty (2008), 237. 2443:Batty (2008), 222. 2299:Batty (2008), 243. 1893:members.tripod.com 1619:Battle of Abrittus 1597:, a branch of the 1538: 1382: 1204: 1192: 1102:, the generals of 1088: 989:Zarubintsy culture 961: 953: 823: 565:Perseus of Macedon 403: 263: 209:Germanic languages 142: 4800: 4799: 3972:Gothic and Vandal 3764:Germanic Iron Age 3739:Nordic Bronze Age 3721:Northern European 3628:The early Germans 3613:978-0-86054-690-0 3174:Historia Augusta 3120:Wolfram (1988) 45 3107:Historia Augusta 3037:Syme (1986) 271-2 2932:Crişan (1978) 118 2693:Dio LI.23.3, 24.2 2176:Pliny the Elder, 2156:Pliny the Elder, 2030:Brill's New Pauly 2024:Iris von Bredow, 1915:Jupiter Feretrius 1884:Vladimir Georgiev 1750:Battle of Châlons 1678:Illyrian emperors 1635:plague of Cyprian 1520:War scene of the 1482:bellum Pannonicum 1331:dictator-for-life 1250:arch-enemy, King 894: 893: 595:(64 BC – 24 AD): 583:(64 BC – 17 AD): 458:Alpes Bastarnicae 398:, as depicted on 392:Alpes Bastarnicae 130: 129: 122: 104: 16:(Redirected from 4860: 4790: 4789: 4746:Christianization 4336:Ripuarian Franks 3708:Germanic peoples 3701: 3694: 3687: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3617: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3481: 3460:Champlin, Edward 3429: 3427: 3416: 3292:Historia Augusta 3237: 3234: 3228: 3221: 3215: 3212: 3206: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3179: 3172: 3166: 3165:Jones (1964) 620 3163: 3157: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3139: 3138:Zosimus I.16, 21 3136: 3130: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3112: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3053: 3047: 3044: 3038: 3035: 3029: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2993: 2990: 2981: 2978: 2972: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2933: 2930: 2924: 2921: 2915: 2914:Dio XXXVIII.10.2 2912: 2906: 2903: 2897: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2779: 2776: 2770: 2767: 2761: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2737: 2731: 2730:Todd (2004) 23-4 2728: 2719: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2679: 2670: 2667: 2661: 2660: 2639: 2633: 2631: 2614: 2608: 2603:, the god named 2557: 2551: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2524: 2521: 2512: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2476: 2475:Polybius XXV.6.2 2473: 2467: 2464: 2458: 2455: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2393: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2383: 2369: 2360: 2359: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2306: 2300: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2279: 2278: 2264: 2255: 2254: 2243: 2234: 2233: 2231: 2230: 2216: 2207: 2204: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2174: 2168: 2154: 2148: 2147:Batty (2008) 238 2145: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2122: 2109: 2108:Batty (2008) 248 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2070: 2067: 2061: 2054: 2045: 2039: 2033: 2026:"Peucini, Peuci" 2022: 2016: 2011: 1994: 1990:Historia Augusta 1953: 1947: 1944:Cornelius Gallus 1901: 1895: 1864: 1858: 1839: 1833: 1821: 1669:(r. 268–270) at 1575:Marcomannic Wars 1563:Historia Augusta 1528:fighting with a 1522:Tropaeum Traiani 1329:In 44 BC, Roman 939:Material culture 899:Scytho-Sarmatian 882: 881: 832:Germanic peoples 818: 817: 812: 807: 806: 801: 796: 795: 790: 785: 784: 779: 511:states that the 213:Germanic peoples 205:Celtic languages 183: 167: 125: 118: 114: 111: 105: 103: 62: 38: 30: 21: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4778: 4740: 4021: 3983: 3945:Gothic alphabet 3837:Norse mythology 3773: 3727: 3710: 3705: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3614: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3478: 3477:978-052126430-3 3466:, eds. (1996). 3464:Lintott, Andrew 3456:Bowman, Alan K. 3432:Babeş, Mircea: 3425: 3414: 3406: 3321:Pliny the Elder 3303:Ab urbe condita 3251: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3231: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187:Eutropius IX.25 3186: 3182: 3173: 3169: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3146: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3109:Marcus Aurelius 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2954: 2950:Strabo VII.3.11 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2882: 2878: 2874:Strabo VII.3.13 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2786: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2722: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2697: 2692: 2688: 2680: 2673: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2641: 2640: 2636: 2629: 2615: 2611: 2558: 2554: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2486: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2429: 2427: 2419: 2418: 2414: 2405: 2403: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2381: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2363: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2332: 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2298: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2266: 2265: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2237: 2228: 2226: 2218: 2217: 2210: 2205: 2201: 2197:Ptolemy III.5.9 2196: 2192: 2175: 2171: 2166:Latin IV.xii.81 2158:Natural History 2155: 2151: 2146: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124:Strabo VII.3.17 2123: 2112: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2068: 2064: 2055: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2023: 2019: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1997: 1954: 1950: 1902: 1898: 1865: 1861: 1843:Histria (Sinoe) 1840: 1836: 1822: 1818: 1813: 1786: 1711: 1639:Antonine plague 1583: 1567:Marcus Aurelius 1526:Roman legionary 1524:(c. 109 AD): a 1514: 1490:Marcus Vinucius 1486:Hungarian Plain 1356: 1351: 1224:Lucius Lucullus 1180: 1164:Battle of Pydna 1076: 1071: 1066: 941: 901: 843:Pliny the Elder 828: 820: 815: 814: 810: 808: 804: 803: 799: 797: 793: 792: 788: 786: 782: 781: 777: 752:Marcus Vinucius 748:Hungarian Plain 675: 664:(490s–510 AD): 558: 556:Ancient sources 541:Celtic language 537: 380: 366:are the people 271: 265: 126: 115: 109: 106: 63: 61: 55: 51:primary sources 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4866: 4856: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4783: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4403:Thracian Goths 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4031: 4029: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3982: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3959: 3954: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3937: 3932: 3931: 3930: 3925: 3920: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3903: 3893: 3892: 3891: 3886: 3876: 3875: 3874: 3869: 3859: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3783: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3754:Roman Iron Age 3751: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3728: 3715: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3703: 3696: 3689: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3668: 3655: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3612: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3577: 3571: 3558: 3540:Heather, Peter 3536: 3523: 3501: 3495: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3452: 3443: 3437: 3430: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3380: 3369: 3358: 3349: 3340: 3329: 3318: 3307: 3296: 3287: 3278: 3269: 3260: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3229: 3216: 3207: 3205:Jordanes 38–40 3198: 3189: 3180: 3167: 3158: 3156:Zosimus I.22-3 3149: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3113: 3100: 3086: 3066: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3003: 2994: 2982: 2973: 2961: 2952: 2943: 2941:Strabo VII.3.5 2934: 2925: 2916: 2907: 2898: 2889: 2876: 2867: 2865:Strabo VII.3.2 2858: 2846: 2844:Strabo VII.6.1 2837: 2825: 2816: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2787:Livy XXXIII.30 2780: 2778:Todd (2004) 26 2771: 2762: 2753: 2749:Shchukin (1989 2741: 2739:Todd (2004) 23 2732: 2720: 2707: 2695: 2686: 2671: 2669:Pliny NH IV.14 2662: 2655: 2634: 2627: 2609: 2552: 2537: 2525: 2513: 2504: 2500:CAH Vol X 1996 2492: 2490:, p. 253. 2477: 2468: 2466:Strabo VII.5.2 2459: 2445: 2436: 2425:www.livius.org 2412: 2388: 2361: 2343: 2325: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2256: 2235: 2208: 2199: 2190: 2169: 2149: 2135: 2126: 2110: 2101: 2092: 2083: 2071: 2062: 2046: 2034: 2017: 2005: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1996: 1995: 1957:Julio-Claudian 1948: 1932:internal exile 1896: 1859: 1834: 1815: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1710: 1707: 1633:pandemic, the 1582: 1579: 1513: 1510: 1500:, Osi,... and 1436:, grandson of 1422:Gaius Antonius 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1298:Gaius Antonius 1252:Mithridates VI 1179: 1176: 1168:Roman Republic 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1029:Silvia Theodor 940: 937: 900: 897: 896: 895: 892: 891: 887: 827: 824: 809: 798: 787: 776: 773:Central Europe 707:(400–200 BC). 674: 671: 670: 669: 658: 657: 652:(155–235 AD): 646: 645: 628: 627: 616: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 600: 589: 588: 577: 576: 567:(d. 166 BCE): 557: 554: 536: 533: 379: 376: 279:proto-Germanic 270: 267: 188:and the river 128: 127: 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4865: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4378:Crimean Goths 4376: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4341:Salian Franks 4339: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3919: 3916: 3915: 3914: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3779:Early culture 3776: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3709: 3702: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3688: 3683: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3669: 3658: 3656:1-4381-2918-1 3652: 3648: 3644: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3582: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3561: 3559:1-8438-3033-7 3555: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3537: 3526: 3524:0-5200-8511-6 3520: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3500: 3499:Roman Warfare 3496: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3438: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3408: 3407: 3398: 3397:Historia Nova 3395: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3346:De Caesaribus 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3275:Roman History 3273: 3270: 3267: 3264: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3252: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3211: 3202: 3193: 3184: 3177: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3126: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3089: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3070: 3061: 3052: 3043: 3034: 3025: 3016: 3007: 2998: 2989: 2987: 2977: 2970: 2965: 2956: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2920: 2911: 2902: 2896:Dio LI.22.6–7 2893: 2886: 2880: 2871: 2862: 2856: 2850: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2820: 2811: 2802: 2793: 2784: 2775: 2766: 2757: 2751:, p. 10) 2750: 2745: 2736: 2727: 2725: 2717: 2711: 2702: 2700: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2666: 2658: 2656:0-85229-571-5 2652: 2648: 2644: 2638: 2630: 2628:0-14-051054-0 2624: 2620: 2613: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2577:Alpes Cottiae 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2532: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2508: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2482: 2472: 2463: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2440: 2426: 2422: 2416: 2402: 2398: 2392: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2366: 2357: 2353: 2347: 2339: 2335: 2329: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2287: 2273: 2269: 2263: 2261: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2240: 2225: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2194: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2076: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2051: 2044: 2038: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2015: 2010: 2006: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1952: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1911:spolia optima 1908: 1907: 1900: 1894: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880:Daco-Thracian 1877: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1723:East Germanic 1720: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:Marcianopolis 1652: 1648: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1581:Third century 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1544: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1334:Julius Caesar 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240:Scythia Minor 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1201: 1196: 1189: 1188:Scythia Minor 1184: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1156: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1141:Philippopolis 1138: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098:, one of the 1097: 1093: 1085: 1080: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 984: 982: 976: 974: 970: 966: 963:According to 957: 950: 945: 936: 933: 928: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 888: 884: 883: 880: 879: 878: 876: 871: 869: 868: 864: 863:East Germanic 860: 856: 852: 848: 847:West Germanic 844: 839: 837: 833: 774: 771: 767: 764:Expansion of 762: 758: 755: 753: 749: 744: 740: 735: 733: 729: 725: 722:, a tribe of 721: 717: 713: 708: 706: 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 681: 667: 666: 665: 663: 660:According to 655: 654: 653: 651: 648:According to 643: 642: 641: 639: 638: 633: 630:According to 625: 624: 623: 622:(46–120 AD): 621: 618:According to 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 598: 597: 596: 594: 591:According to 586: 585: 584: 582: 579:According to 574: 570: 569: 568: 566: 562: 553: 550: 546: 542: 532: 530: 524: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 450:Peutinger Map 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 401: 397: 393: 389: 384: 375: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 346: 342: 338: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 308: 302: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 275: 266: 259: 255: 252: 250: 245: 241: 237: 233: 228: 226: 222: 216: 214: 210: 206: 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 179: 178:Ancient Greek 175: 171: 163: 162:Ancient Greek 159: 155: 151: 147: 139: 134: 124: 121: 113: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: 74: 71: – 70: 66: 65:Find sources: 59: 53: 52: 48: 43:This article 41: 37: 32: 31: 19: 4121: 4072:Anglo-Saxons 4062:Adrabaecampi 4045:Bucinobantes 3787:Architecture 3671: 3660:. Retrieved 3641: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3602: 3593: 3586: 3580: 3574: 3563:. Retrieved 3544: 3528:. Retrieved 3509: 3498: 3491: 3485: 3467: 3449: 3446:Batty, Roger 3440: 3433: 3418: 3396: 3385: 3374: 3363: 3354: 3345: 3334: 3323: 3312: 3301: 3290: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3254: 3244:Bibliography 3232: 3224: 3219: 3210: 3201: 3192: 3183: 3175: 3170: 3161: 3152: 3143: 3134: 3125: 3116: 3108: 3103: 3091:. Retrieved 3076: 3069: 3060: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2955: 2946: 2937: 2928: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2854: 2849: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2819: 2810: 2801: 2792: 2783: 2774: 2765: 2756: 2744: 2735: 2715: 2710: 2705:Zosimus I.34 2689: 2665: 2646: 2637: 2618: 2612: 2599:tribal name 2596: 2588: 2584: 2560: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2507: 2495: 2488:Almassy 2006 2471: 2462: 2439: 2428:. Retrieved 2424: 2415: 2404:. Retrieved 2400: 2391: 2380:. Retrieved 2376: 2355: 2346: 2337: 2328: 2317:. Retrieved 2313: 2304: 2295: 2286: 2275:. Retrieved 2271: 2250: 2227:. Retrieved 2223: 2202: 2193: 2185: 2177: 2172: 2157: 2152: 2129: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2069:Batty (2008) 2065: 2042: 2037: 2029: 2020: 2009: 1988: 1970: 1964: 1951: 1922: 1910: 1906:spolia opima 1904: 1899: 1862: 1837: 1819: 1743: 1712: 1689:The emperor 1688: 1681: 1675: 1663:Thessalonica 1646: 1643: 1607: 1602: 1584: 1562: 1560: 1554:(86–88) and 1541: 1539: 1534:suebian knot 1507: 1495: 1481: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1458:spolia opima 1456: 1448: 1446: 1411: 1405: 1398: 1394:Dinaric Alps 1383: 1367: 1339:Geto-Dacians 1328: 1317: 1301: 1300:, nicknamed 1295: 1264: 1262:(73–63 BC). 1205: 1157: 1149:Mount Musala 1144: 1136: 1134: 1089: 1048: 1038: 1025:Mircea Babeş 1009: 1004: 985: 980: 977: 965:Malcolm Todd 962: 929: 902: 872: 865: 858: 854: 850: 849:groups, the 840: 829: 756: 736: 709: 676: 659: 647: 635: 629: 617: 590: 578: 559: 545:Proto-Slavic 538: 525: 512: 484: 476: 473:Danube Delta 462: 457: 453: 435: 430: 404: 391: 387: 386:Location of 362:, where the 351: 347: 336: 327: 314: 312: 305: 303: 298: 294: 290: 282: 276: 272: 264: 253: 244:Roman Empire 229: 217: 202: 198:Danube Delta 173: 169: 157: 153: 145: 143: 136:Map showing 116: 110:October 2011 107: 97: 90: 83: 76: 64: 44: 4512:Nahanarvali 4435:Hilleviones 4348:Frisiavones 4216:Cananefates 4206:Burgundians 4117:Banochaemae 3967:Anglo-Saxon 3918:Anglo-Saxon 3884:Anglo-Saxon 3867:Anglo-Saxon 3850:Anglo-Saxon 3515:CUP Archive 3399:(c. 500 AD) 3390:(c. 100 AD) 3379:(c. 100 AD) 3365:Geographica 3348:(c. 380 AD) 3317:(c. 550 AD) 3295:(c. 400 AD) 3286:(c. 360 AD) 3277:(c. 230 AD) 3272:Dio Cassius 3268:(c. 395 AD) 3214:Jordanes 38 3055:Dio LI.26.6 3019:Dio LI.25.2 3010:Dio LI.23.5 3001:Dio LI.23.2 2992:Dio LI.26.5 2959:Dio LI.26.1 2823:Livy XLV.19 2805:Livy XLI.19 2597:Teutagonus: 2548:Argonautica 2178:New History 1985:Dio Cassius 1940:Ronald Syme 1770:Burgundians 1667:Claudius II 1548:Dacian Wars 1453:Dentheletae 1449:casus belli 1306:Mark Antony 1248:Hellenistic 1145:Mons Donuca 1112:Hellenistic 1084:tetradrachm 1054:proto-Slavs 913:Dio Cassius 650:Cassius Dio 485:Borysthenes 409:in eastern 396:Roman Dacia 352:δουλόσποροι 330:Old Persian 323:Roger Batty 301:of tribes. 138:Roman Dacia 69:"Bastarnae" 4807:Categories 4731:Vinoviloth 4519:Marcomanni 4502:Helveconae 4480:Heaðobards 4450:Istvaeones 4440:Ingaevones 4425:Hermunduri 4393:Ostrogoths 4383:Greuthungi 4261:Chattuarii 4087:Angrivarii 4082:Ampsivarii 4050:Lentienses 3879:Literature 3769:Viking Age 3368:(c. 10 AD) 3336:Geographia 3328:(c. 70 AD) 3306:(c. 20 BC) 3289:Anonymous 3266:Res Gestae 3259:(c. 14 AD) 3087:8886359349 3028:CIL VI.873 2969:Res Gestae 2589:Clondicus: 2535:Livy XL.58 2523:Livy XL.57 2430:2018-08-12 2406:2018-08-12 2382:2018-08-12 2319:2018-08-12 2277:2018-08-12 2229:2018-08-12 2182:IV.xiv.100 2160:, English 2001:References 1739:Adrianople 1695:Diocletian 1603:barbaricum 1410:(Vit) and 1362:Statue of 1314:Sarmatians 1208:proconsuls 1174:(146 BC). 1153:wagon fort 1031:, the two 1013:Principate 981:lebensraum 861:, and the 855:Istuaeones 851:Inguaeones 700:Britogalli 483:) and the 469:Bessarabia 227:cultures. 221:Zarubintsy 152:variants: 80:newspapers 47:references 4813:Bastarnae 4726:Vidivarii 4721:Victohali 4711:Vangiones 4644:Thuringii 4549:Nuithones 4445:Irminones 4408:Visigoths 4398:Thervingi 4358:Gambrivii 4311:Dulgubnii 4306:Dauciones 4256:Chasuarii 4196:Brondings 4122:Bastarnae 4112:Baiuvarii 4092:Armalausi 4055:Raetovari 3989:Languages 3957:Symbology 3817:Folklore 3812:Festivals 3596:(vol. II) 3281:Eutropius 3223:Sidonius 3046:Dio LI.24 1972:Historiae 1923:imperator 1872:Thracians 1855:Apollonia 1825:Macedonia 1766:panegyric 1615:Scythians 1571:Costoboci 1380:105–275). 1369:imperator 1275:Wallachia 1267:Burebista 1258:, in the 1096:Antigonus 1017:Costoboci 997:Lucăşeuca 969:sedentary 921:Scythians 909:Sarmatian 859:Hermiones 720:Scordisci 573:Galatians 454:Blastarni 411:Pomerania 407:an origin 394:north of 388:Blastarni 378:Territory 368:Procopius 295:Bastarnae 269:Etymology 158:Basternae 146:Bastarnae 4792:Category 4699:Hasdingi 4684:Usipetes 4664:Tubantes 4649:Toxandri 4629:Tencteri 4604:Suarines 4589:Sicambri 4584:Semnones 4564:Reudigni 4534:Mattiaci 4524:Marsacii 4475:Lombards 4465:Lacringi 4460:Juthungi 4291:Corconti 4276:Cherusci 4251:Charudes 4231:Chaedini 4201:Bructeri 4186:Bateinoi 4157:Eburones 4152:Condrusi 4147:Caeroesi 4142:Atuatuci 4077:Ambrones 4040:Brisgavi 4035:Alemanni 3913:Paganism 3802:Clothing 3797:Calendar 3744:Germania 3622:The Huns 3589:(online) 3565:12 April 3542:(1999). 3507:(1966). 3494:(online) 3448:(2008): 3423:Archived 3387:Germania 3339:(c. 140) 3310:Jordanes 2855:Lucullus 2681:Tacitus 2605:Teutates 2601:Teutones 2593:Klondyke 2573:Augustus 2041:Köbler * 1851:Callatis 1784:See also 1758:Jordanes 1705:in 299. 1699:Galerius 1659:Bosporus 1651:Dniester 1631:smallpox 1595:Hasdingi 1593:and the 1552:Domitian 1478:Pannonia 1442:triumvir 1402:Triballi 1386:Augustus 1364:Augustus 1324:Augustus 1283:Thracian 1242:(modern 1137:en route 1100:Diadochi 905:Roxolani 826:Germanic 739:Polybius 732:Plutarch 724:Pannonia 684:Taurisci 662:Zosismus 637:Germania 620:Plutarch 561:Polybius 549:Iron Age 513:Carpiani 465:Moldavia 423:Moldavia 390:and the 307:basterna 283:*bastjan 240:Pannonia 182:Πευκῖνοι 154:Bastarni 4716:Varisci 4704:Silingi 4694:Vandals 4669:Tulingi 4659:Triboci 4654:Treveri 4634:Teutons 4624:Taifals 4599:Sitones 4539:Nemetes 4497:Helisii 4470:Lemovii 4388:Gutones 4321:Firaesi 4316:Favonae 4296:Cugerni 4286:Cobandi 4241:Chamavi 4236:Chaemae 4226:Casuari 4221:Caritni 4191:Betasii 4162:Paemani 4097:Auiones 3962:Warfare 3940:Scripts 3908:Numbers 3732:History 3606:B.A.R. 3394:Zosimus 3383:Tacitus 3376:Annales 3372:Tacitus 3355:Carmina 3332:Ptolemy 3249:Ancient 3225:Carmina 3093:19 June 2980:Ptolemy 2569:Salassi 2565:Cottius 2058:LI.24.4 1977:Flavian 1966:Annales 1927:Triumph 1919:Romulus 1876:Dacians 1830:talents 1719:Zosimus 1673:(269). 1671:Naissus 1591:Taifali 1502:Anartii 1438:Crassus 1430:Zyraxes 1426:Genucla 1413:Ciabrus 1343:Decebal 1319:vexilla 1310:Histria 1302:Hybrida 1291:Illyria 1244:Dobruja 1202:(Sinoe) 1200:Histria 1186:Map of 1170:as the 1160:Perseus 1117:Dardani 1082:Silver 1005:fibulae 1001:La Tène 973:nomadic 971:, some 932:Iranian 917:Zosimus 875:Tacitus 867:Vandili 819: 1 743:Dardani 696:Anartes 680:Galicia 632:Tacitus 509:Ptolemy 501:Peucini 489:Dnieper 446:Dacians 442:Galicia 413:on the 345:Iranian 341:Ossetic 334:Avestan 315:bastard 232:Dacians 190:Dnieper 174:Peucini 94:scholar 18:Peucini 4736:Warini 4689:Vagoth 4674:Tungri 4639:Thelir 4619:Swedes 4614:Sunici 4579:Saxons 4574:Rugini 4507:Manimi 4492:Diduni 4430:Heruli 4368:Gepids 4353:Frisii 4331:Franks 4281:Cimbri 4271:Chauci 4266:Chatti 4179:Nervii 4174:Morini 4132:Belgae 4127:Batavi 4102:Avarpi 4067:Angles 4027:Groups 3977:Viking 3923:Gothic 3901:Gothic 3807:Family 3653: 3610: 3556: 3521: 3474: 3404:Modern 3361:Strabo 3314:Getica 3176:Probus 3084: 2716:Probus 2653: 2625: 2585:cotto- 2581:Cotini 2561:Cotto: 1888:Thrace 1778:Franks 1754:Aetius 1746:Attila 1735:Valens 1731:Hunnic 1727:Gothic 1691:Probus 1623:Decius 1611:Iranic 1599:Vandal 1556:Trajan 1530:Dacian 1498:Cotini 1463:Rholes 1418:Oescus 1392:, the 1374:Danube 1287:Moesia 1279:Dacian 1256:Pontus 1236:Balkan 1232:Moesia 1129:Skopje 1125:Kosovo 1049:ethnos 1046:Gothic 1021:Dacian 1003:-type 836:Strabo 811: 800: 789: 778: 770:Celtic 728:Strabo 692:Cotini 673:Celtic 593:Strabo 497:Sidoni 493:Atmoni 481:Danube 448:. The 431:Sidini 427:Strabo 419:fibula 415:Baltic 364:Sporoi 360:Cosmas 356:Nonnus 348:*arna- 289:root * 285:(from 249:Gothic 236:Moesia 96: 89: 82: 75: 67: 4609:Suebi 4594:Sciri 4569:Rugii 4559:Quadi 4544:Njars 4529:Marsi 4487:Lugii 4455:Jutes 4420:Harii 4415:Gutes 4373:Goths 4363:Geats 4301:Danes 4246:Chali 4167:Segni 4107:Baemi 3950:Runes 3935:Rings 3928:Norse 3896:Names 3889:Norse 3872:Norse 3855:Norse 3662:5 May 3530:5 May 3426:(PDF) 3415:(PDF) 3227:7.341 3111:II.22 2834:Curio 2550:VI.97 2162:IV.25 2028:, in 1868:Getae 1847:Tomis 1811:Notes 1774:Sciri 1703:Carpi 1683:laeti 1647:Tyras 1587:Goths 1480:(the 1378:Dacia 1281:- or 1271:Getae 1228:Bessi 1216:Moesi 1058:Carpi 925:Goths 521:Dacia 517:Carpi 505:Peuce 487:(the 479:(the 477:Ister 372:Slavs 337:bast- 319:Sciri 291:bʰas- 281:word 194:Dacia 170:Peuci 150:Latin 101:JSTOR 87:books 4679:Ubii 4326:Fosi 4211:Buri 3664:2013 3651:ISBN 3608:ISBN 3567:2014 3554:ISBN 3532:2013 3519:ISBN 3472:ISBN 3299:Livy 3095:2021 3082:ISBN 2683:G.46 2651:ISBN 2623:ISBN 2591:cf. 2563:cf. 2056:Dio 2043:bʰas 1955:The 1936:Ovid 1776:and 1717:and 1440:the 1407:Utus 1390:Alps 1027:and 857:and 712:Livy 694:and 581:Livy 529:Prut 499:and 467:and 358:and 299:bund 238:and 223:and 144:The 73:news 4554:Osi 3862:Law 3792:Art 3719:of 1550:of 1254:of 688:Osi 515:or 172:or 156:or 49:to 4809:: 3649:. 3645:. 3552:. 3548:. 3517:. 3513:. 3462:; 3458:; 3421:. 3178:18 2985:^ 2971:30 2723:^ 2718:18 2698:^ 2674:^ 2645:. 2528:^ 2516:^ 2480:^ 2448:^ 2423:. 2399:. 2375:. 2364:^ 2354:. 2336:. 2312:. 2270:. 2259:^ 2249:. 2238:^ 2222:. 2211:^ 2180:, 2164:, 2138:^ 2113:^ 2074:^ 2049:^ 1853:, 1849:, 1845:, 1772:, 1686:. 1492:: 1293:. 1056:, 870:. 853:, 816:AD 805:BC 794:BC 783:BC 775:: 690:, 686:, 640:: 495:, 460:. 374:. 332:, 180:: 164:: 160:; 60:. 3839:) 3700:e 3693:t 3686:v 3666:. 3616:. 3569:. 3534:. 3480:. 3097:. 2659:. 2632:. 2607:. 2502:. 2433:. 2409:. 2385:. 2358:. 2340:. 2322:. 2280:. 2253:. 2232:. 2188:) 2184:( 2032:. 1649:( 1147:( 1127:/ 995:( 176:( 148:( 123:) 117:( 112:) 108:( 98:· 91:· 84:· 77:· 54:. 20:)

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