211:
429:
183:
440:, suggesting that Andamanese (Onge) had about 30% East Asian-related ancestry next to their original Negrito ancestry, though the authors also suggest that this latter finding may in fact reflect the genetic affinity of the Andamanese to Melanesian, Southeast Asian, and Asian Negrito populations rather than true East Asian admixture (stating that "The Han ancestry measured in Andaman Negrito is probably partially capturing both Melanesian and Malaysian Negrito ancestry"), as a previous study by the authors (Chaubey et al.) indicated "a deep common ancestry" between Andamanese, Melanesians and other Negrito groups (as well as
421:
2748:
536:. During the Neolithic period, East Asian farmers intermixed with the native inhabitants and contrary to popular opinion, did not replace them. These farmers also shared ancestry with present-day Austroasiatic-speaking hill tribes themselves. About 2000 years ago, new East Asian ancestry components were introduced and coincided with the introduction of ancestral Kradai languages and Austronesian culture in mainland and maritime Southeast Asia respectively.
753:" ancestry (via the Near East) splitting more deeply than any other known non-African lineage (Lazaridis et al. 2014, 2016). The timing of the eastern/western split is uncertain, but several papers (Gutenkunst et al. 2009; Laval et al. 2010; Gravel et al. 2011) have used present-day European and East Asian populations to infer dates of initial separation of 40â45 kya (adjusted for a mutation rate of 0.5 Ă 10â9 per year; Scally 2016).
87:, the capital city of modern Laos. Within this site, only human remains were found, and there is no evidence of human occupation or other artifacts. The radiocarbon dating of the charcoal and the sediment dating analyses identify the remains to date at least c. 56.5 ka, while the dental artifacts from the remains that analyzed by the
609:
Different dates are argued for the introduction of the various pieces of maritime technology by
Austronesians. These are based on linguistics and the distribution of types on first European encounter. There is no early archaeological evidence, and little iconographic or written evidence on this until
502:
A 2022 study stated that there was substantial South Asian admixture in various
Southeast Asian populations in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar and Singapore. Exceptions were isolated hill tribes and present hunter-gatherer groups in Thailand. Admixture rates for Southeast Asians range from 2% to
99:
In addition to the discovery in Laos, there are also a number of human remains and related artifacts found across mainland
Southeast Asia in which it suggests the new ideas of the regional Late Pleistocene development as well. More teeth and molars that were found in Thailand and Vietnam sites (Tham
2009:
analysis confirmed this branching pattern, with the Leang
Panninge individual branching off from the Near Oceanian clade after the Denisovan gene flow, although with the most supported topology indicating around 50% of a basal East Asian component contributing to the Leang Panninge genome (Fig. 3c,
744:
The former includes present-day East Asians and had differentiated as early as the ~40 kya
Tianyuan individual (Fu et al. 2013), while early members of the latter include ancient European hunter-gatherers (Lazaridis et al. 2014; Seguin-Orlando et al. 2014; Fu et al. 2016) and the ancient northern
836:
Barker, Graeme; Barton, Huw; Bird, Michael; Daly, Patrick; Datan, Ipoi; Dykes, Alan; Farr, Lucy; Gilbertson, David; Harrisson, Barbara (2007-03-01). "The 'human revolution' in lowland tropical
Southeast Asia: the antiquity and behavior of anatomically modern humans at Niah Cave (Sarawak, Borneo)".
475:
had ancestry from both a distinct lineage related to modern
Papuans and Aboriginal Australians and from the East-Eurasian lineage (represented by modern East Asians). The hunter-gatherer individual had approximately ~50% "Basal-East Asian" ancestry, and was positioned in between modern East Asians
366:
Intensive wet-rice cultivation in an ideal climate enabled the farming communities to produce a regular crop surplus, that was used by the ruling elite to raise, command and pay work forces for public construction and maintenance projects such as canals and fortifications. Though millet and rice
206:
emerged around 1700 BCE in the lowlands and river floodplains of
Indochina. Based on archaeological and genetic evidence, it is assumed that Austroasiatic speakers also expanded into Insular Southeast Asia in the Neolithic, but were later supplanted or assimilated by Austronesian
313:
speakers in
Mainland Southeast Asia is the result of later migrations. Originating from southern China, where many languages of these families are still spoken, they expanded southwards into Southeast Asia in historical times around the second half of the first millennium CE.
326:
had by around 500 BCE developed an economy based on surplus crop cultivation and moderate coastal trade of domestic natural products. Several states of the
Malayan-Indonesian "thalassian" zone shared these characteristics with Indochinese polities like the
749:(MA1, a ~24 kya Upper Paleolithic individual from south-central Siberia) (Raghavan et al. 2014). More recent (Neolithic and later) western Eurasians, such as Europeans, are mostly descended from the western clade but with an additional component of "
691:
We show that Aboriginal Australians are descendants of an early human dispersal into eastern Asia, possibly 62,000 to 75,000 years ago. This dispersal is separate from the one that gave rise to modern Asians 25,000 to 38,000 years
447:
A 2020 genetic study on Southeast Asian populations focusing on ethnic groups in Vietnam by Liu et al. 2020 found that most sampled groups are closely related to East Asians and carry mostly "East Asian-related" ancestry. Modern
182:
91:
indicate c. 63.6 ka. The analysis of the cranium and dentition of the remains suggest that these are the remains of early modern human populations in Southeast Asia. This date is older than the fossils that were found in
61:(c.36 ka). The artifacts from these sites include partial skeleton, crania, deep skull, and other related skeletons indicate that modern human migrated to Asia earlier than the western theory might have discussed.
768:
Larena, Maximilian; Sanchez-Quinto, Federico; Sjödin, Per; McKenna, James; Ebeo, Carlo; Reyes, Rebecca; Casel, Ophelia; Huang, Jin-Yuan; Hagada, Kim Pullupul; Guilay, Dennis; Reyes, Jennelyn (2021-03-30).
877:
Demeter, Fabrice; Shackelford, Laura L.; Bacon, Anne-Marie; Duringer, Philippe; Westaway, Kira; Sayavongkhamdy, Thongsa; Braga, José; Sichanthongtip, Phonephanh; Khamdalavong, Phimmasaeng (2012-09-04).
1939:
Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; NĂ€gele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David P. (August 2021).
128:
The earliest modern human inhabitants of Southeast Asia were hunter-gatherers that arrived in the area at least c. 40,000 BP. Contemporary remnant groups of these earliest inhabitants (e.g. the
476:
and Papuans of Oceania. The authors concluded that East Asian-related ancestry expanded much earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia than previously suggested, long before the expansion of
79:
in mainland Laos, which shed light on the understanding of anatomically modern human migration and evolution in the region during the Late Pleistocene Period. The site is located in
2101:
Bellwood, Peter (2021). "Homelands and dispersal histories of Mainland Southeast Asian language families: a multidisciplinary perspective". In Paul Sidwell; Mathias Jenny (eds.).
370:
Historians have emphasized the maritime connectivity of the Southeast Asian region whereby it can be analyzed as a single cultural and economic unit, as has been done with the
367:
cultivation was introduced around 2000 BCE, hunting and gathering remained an important aspect of food provision, in particular in forested and mountainous inland areas.
210:
510:
According to McColl et. al (2018), present-day Southeast Asians derive their ancestry from at least four ancient populations. The oldest source derives from mainland
2711:
2576:
1501:
68:, showed them to have been made 1.5 to 1.6 million years ago by clamshell tools. This may be the oldest evidence for the presence of early humans in today
2187:
McColl, Hugh; Racimo, Fernando; Vinner, Lasse; Demeter, Fabrice; Gakuhari, Takashi; et al. (2018). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia".
1660:
1307:
424:
Estimated ancestry components among selected modern populations per Changmai et al (2022). The yellow component represents East Asian-like ancestry.
1484:
1753:
Changmai, Piya; Pinhasi, Ron; Pietrusewsky, Michael; Stark, Miriam T.; Ikehara-Quebral, Rona Michi; Reich, David; Flegontov, Pavel (2022-12-29).
428:
1168:
Boivin, Nicole; Crowther, Alison; Helm, Richard; Fuller, Dorian Q. (1 September 2013). "East Africa and Madagascar in the Indian Ocean world".
1366:
1755:"Ancient DNA from Protohistoric Period Cambodia indicates that South Asians admixed with local populations as early as 1stâ3rd centuries CE"
1032:
Mahdi, Waruno (2016). "2. Origins of Southeast Asian Shipping and Maritime Communication Across the Indian Ocean". In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.).
1228:
Lipson, Mark; Loh, Po-Ru; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Ko, Ying-Chin; Stoneking, Mark; Berger, Bonnie; Reich, David (19 August 2014).
186:
The proposed route of Austroasiatic and Austronesian migration into Insular Southeast Asia during the Neolithic period. (Simanjuntak, 2017)
1835:"The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia"
2457:
580:
432:
Principal component analysis (PCA) of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations after the out-of-Africa expansion.
2339:
37:
possibly before 70,000 years ago. Anatomically modern humans are suggested to have reached Southeast Asia twice in the course of the
2513:
2299:
963:
Marwick, Ben (2009-06-01). "Biogeography of Middle Pleistocene hominins in mainland Southeast Asia: A review of current evidence".
2450:
560:
1429:
1399:
1349:
1074:
1041:
1016:
2696:
2508:
2774:
1834:
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2469:
2445:
2368:
1737:
1690:
2731:
2658:
2440:
2435:
2118:
1654:
1122:
1447:"Trade and Exchange Networks in Iron Age Cambodia: Preliminary Results from a Compositional Analysis of Glass Beads"
550:
488:
22:
2530:
2481:
2425:
1508:
590:
88:
1533:
2706:
2542:
2430:
1728:
Mahdi W (1999). "The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean". In Blench R, Spriggs M (eds.).
575:
2616:
1560:"Holocene landscape intervention and plant food production strategies in island and mainland Southeast Asia"
2721:
2691:
2676:
2626:
2292:
585:
465:
461:
42:
1446:
2631:
2611:
2356:
2334:
947:"Shell tool use by early members of Homo erectus in Sangiran, central Java, Indonesia: Cut mark evidence"
415:
2648:
2349:
1714:
555:
34:
706:"A Working Model of the Deep Relationships of Diverse Modern Human Genetic Lineages Outside of Africa"
436:
One study (Chaubey 2015) found evidence for ancient gene flow from East Asian-related groups into the
2621:
2493:
2420:
2400:
267:
499:
at ~50,000BC, and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards respectively.
2671:
2666:
2641:
2518:
2486:
1374:
1097:
1093:
1203:
468:
had, similar to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples, nearly exclusively East Asian-related ancestry.
356:
352:
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2653:
2636:
2547:
2523:
2503:
2474:
2363:
2285:
496:
477:
453:
306:
198:
peoples populated Indochina via land routes. The earliest agricultural societies that cultivated
195:
164:
2552:
2535:
2498:
2388:
1890:"Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity"
570:
545:
481:
344:
223:
215:
176:
1004:
294:. From there, they rapidly spread downwards to the rest of the islands of the Philippines and
2606:
2373:
1642:
1478:
1419:
1389:
243:
168:
53:
In Asia, the most recent late archaic human fossils were found in Thailand (125-100 ka), the
2569:
2344:
2327:
2196:
2149:
2136:
Lipson M, Cheronet O, Mallick S, Rohland N, Oxenham M, Pietrusewsky M, et al. (2018).
1952:
1766:
1241:
972:
891:
782:
656:
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449:
399:
75:
In 2009, archaeologists discovered the partial cranium and some teeth of a modern human at
8:
2593:
2393:
460:
were found to have mostly East Asian-related ancestry (89% to 96%, with 94% on average).
411:
375:
322:
Territorial principalities in both Insular and Mainland Southeast Asia, characterised as
266:. They dominated the lowlands and coasts of Island Southeast Asia, giving rise to modern
101:
2200:
2153:
1956:
1888:
Liu D, Duong NT, Ton ND, Van Phong N, Pakendorf B, Van Hai N, Stoneking M (April 2020).
1770:
1367:"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites"
1341:
1245:
1066:
976:
895:
786:
660:
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2170:
2137:
2124:
2050:
2023:
1991:
1940:
1916:
1889:
1870:
1795:
1754:
1708:
1623:
1615:
1262:
1229:
1185:
1128:
922:
879:
813:
770:
730:
705:
677:
644:
515:
351:. VÄn Lang, founded in the 7th century BCE endured until 258 BCE under the rule of the
271:
93:
80:
38:
2074:
444:), and an affinity between Southeast Asian Negritos and Melanesians with East Asians.
2581:
2557:
2462:
2383:
2378:
2242:
2230:
2222:
2175:
2128:
2114:
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1996:
1978:
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1037:
1012:
946:
927:
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682:
492:
371:
96:
in Malaysia, which offers another explanation for human evolution in Southeast Asia.
2138:"Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory"
1627:
1155:
A History of Early Southeast Asia: Maritime Trade and Societal Development, 100-1500
2263:
2212:
2204:
2165:
2157:
2106:
2045:
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1986:
1968:
1960:
1911:
1901:
1874:
1846:
1790:
1774:
1607:
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1337:
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1177:
1108:
1062:
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725:
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672:
664:
387:
76:
1643:"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"
359:
eventually sustained a dense and organised population, that produced an elaborate
282:. The first Austronesians reached the Philippines at around 2200 BC, settling the
2410:
2040:
1502:"Pre-Angkorian Settlement Trends in Cambodia's Mekong Delta and the Lower Mekong"
1098:"The Western Route Migration: A Second Probable Neolithic Diffusion to Indonesia"
984:
850:
529:
383:
379:
340:
332:
328:
283:
279:
1421:
The Social Evolution of Indonesia: The Asiatic Mode of Production and Its Legacy
533:
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1964:
1778:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
750:
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457:
395:
295:
287:
235:
227:
160:
30:
2110:
1611:
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1559:
1181:
420:
2768:
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2022:
Changmai, Piya; Jaisamut, Kitipong; Kampuansai, Jatupol; et al. (2022).
1982:
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Chambers, Geoffrey K. (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".
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746:
645:"An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia"
504:
471:
A recent study from 2021 found that an ancient Holocene hunter-gatherer from
172:
2268:
2251:
2208:
2161:
1700:
904:
795:
721:
668:
2322:
2234:
2195:(6397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 88â92.
2179:
2059:
2000:
1925:
1866:
1804:
1271:
931:
858:
822:
739:
686:
525:
441:
141:
133:
112:. In fact, these remains might indicate the possible interbreeding between
1850:
1683:
Brides of the sea : port cities of Asia from the 16th-20th centuries
1230:"Reconstructing Austronesian population history in Island Southeast Asia"
275:
203:
140:". The earliest settlers had sufficient maritime technology to cross the
54:
2252:"A genetic history of migration, diversification, and admixture in Asia"
2217:
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McColl, Hugh; Racimo, Fernando; Vinner, Lasse; Demeter, Fabrice (2018).
1973:
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Chambers, Geoff (2013). "Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians".
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437:
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120:, such as the tooth at Wihan Nakin at Chaiyaphum province in Thailand.
771:"Multiple migrations to the Philippines during the last 50,000 years"
255:
251:
239:
191:
156:
84:
69:
58:
1732:. One World Archaeology. Vol. 34. Routledge. pp. 144â179.
72:
and are to date the oldest evidence of shell tool use in the world.
1534:"Early Mainland Southeast Asian Landscapes in the First Millennium"
391:
336:
65:
2277:
2021:
2006:
767:
302:
263:
137:
1752:
1286:"Austronesian Southeast Asia: An outline of contemporary issues"
876:
348:
291:
231:
199:
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of the Philippines) are usually included under the cover term "
129:
1647:
Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World
1107:. terra australis. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 201â212.
1034:
Early exchange between Africa and the wider Indian Ocean world
64:
In 2007, an analysis of cut marks on two bovid bones found in
1685:. Broeze, Frank. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 1989.
1009:
The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia, Volume One, Part One
880:"Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka"
145:
2135:
1730:
Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts
967:. Great Arc of Human DispersalGreat Arc of Human Dispersal.
1941:"Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea"
518:
100:
Wihan Naki, Thailand; Tham Kuyean, Vietnam, etc.) indicate
1227:
1105:
New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory
2186:
2072:
2103:
The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia
2024:"Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations"
1204:"THE AUSTRONESIAN SETTLEMENT OF MAINLAND SOUTHEAST ASIA"
1167:
487:
Another study about the ancestral composition of modern
226:, which began at around 5,500 BP (3500 BC) from coastal
144:, probably at a similar date to the first settlement of
41:
migrations during and after the formation of a distinct
1593:"Southeast Asian History and the Mediterranean Analogy"
1308:"Origins of Ethnolinguistic Identity in Southeast Asia"
1938:
1833:
Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Endicott, Phillip (2013-02-01).
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1826:
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1451:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
1371:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
1387:
1088:
1086:
1161:
2766:
642:
464:had on average 99% East Asian-related ancestry.
1832:
1083:
944:
884:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1103:. In Piper PJ, Matsumura H, Bulbeck D (eds.).
872:
870:
868:
152:45,000 BP/49,000 – 43,000 BP).
2293:
2105:. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 33â44.
1391:Perfect Order: Recognizing Complexity in Bali
159:was characterized by several migrations from
2075:"The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia"
1811:
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1417:
1325:
222:The most widespread migration event was the
48:
1634:
1358:
1092:
1011:. Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
865:
703:
25:for the earlier presence of archaic humans.
2300:
2286:
1590:
1558:Hunt, C.O.; Rabett, R.J. (November 2014).
1557:
1394:. Princeton University Press. p. 22.
998:
996:
994:
2267:
2216:
2169:
2049:
2039:
1990:
1972:
1915:
1905:
1794:
1721:
1575:
1507:. Anthropology.hawaii.edu. Archived from
1261:
1112:
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958:
956:
921:
903:
812:
794:
729:
676:
2100:
1413:
1411:
1331:
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1002:
945:Choi, Kildo; Driwantorob, Dubel (2007).
763:
761:
427:
419:
209:
181:
1817:
1640:
1496:
1494:
1364:
991:
962:
495:(East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in
45:clade from 70,000 to 50,000 years ago.
2767:
2256:Human Population Genetics and Genomics
1649:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 51â76.
1444:
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953:
643:Rasmussen, M; Guo, X; Wang, Y (2011).
561:Models of migration to the Philippines
514:, who share ancestry with present-day
374:basin. This region stretches from the
2281:
1727:
1438:
1408:
1031:
758:
57:(58-24 ka), Malaysia (c. 40 ka), and
2249:
1491:
1365:Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006).
491:from 2021 suggests that distinctive
1342:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2
1067:10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2
704:Lipson, Mark; Reich, David (2017).
610:the first encounters with Europeans
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2369:Blood type distribution by country
2307:
2093:
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1675:
1600:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
454:Austroasiatic speaking populations
394:. The region was dominated by the
242:, Austronesians rapidly colonized
234:. Due to their use of ocean-going
14:
2786:
1663:from the original on 26 July 2020
1564:Journal of Archaeological Science
2747:
2746:
1152:
551:Archaic humans in Southeast Asia
489:ethnic groups in the Philippines
246:, before spreading further into
23:Archaic humans in Southeast Asia
2250:Yang, Melinda A. (2022-01-06).
2066:
2015:
1932:
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1746:
1584:
1551:
1526:
1381:
1300:
1278:
1221:
1196:
1146:
1050:
1005:"Southeast Asia before History"
710:Molecular Biology and Evolution
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603:
591:List of first human settlements
581:Genetic history of South Asians
1820:"East Asian ancestry in India"
1336:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
1007:. In Tarling, Nicholas (ed.).
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1591:Sutherland, Heather (2003).
1445:Carter, Alison Kyra (2010).
985:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.01.012
851:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.08.011
586:Genetic studies on Filipinos
466:KraâDai-speaking populations
462:Taiwanese indigenous peoples
83:, around 170 miles north of
7:
1388:J. Stephen Lansing (2012).
1373:(26): 72â78. Archived from
1170:Journal of World Prehistory
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539:
416:Ancient Southern East Asian
405:
301:The widespread presence of
10:
2791:
2775:Peopling of Southeast Asia
2350:Neanderthal genome project
2010:Supplementary Figs. 7â11).
1965:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6
1779:10.1038/s41598-022-26799-3
839:Journal of Human Evolution
556:Prehistoric Southeast Asia
409:
35:anatomically modern humans
2742:
2592:
2409:
2315:
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1612:10.1017/S0022463403000018
1577:10.1016/j.jas.2013.12.011
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505:Indian cultural influence
268:Islander Southeast Asians
89:isotope-ratio measurement
49:Archeological discoveries
2487:Caucasus hunter-gatherer
1463:10.7152/bippa.v30i0.9966
1114:10.22459/TA45.03.2017.11
1003:Bellwood, Peter (1999).
965:Quaternary International
596:
503:16% and originated from
317:
2548:Ancient Northeast Asian
2524:Eastern hunter-gatherer
2504:Western hunter-gatherer
2475:Early Anatolian farmers
2269:10.47248/hpgg2202010001
2209:10.1126/science.aat3628
2162:10.1126/science.aat3188
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669:10.1126/science.1211177
622:7th century CE or later
497:Mainland Southeast Asia
2553:Ancient Paleo-Siberian
2536:Ancient North Eurasian
2499:Early European Farmers
1907:10.1093/molbev/msaa099
1713:: CS1 maint: others (
571:Austronesian expansion
546:Ancient East Eurasians
433:
425:
224:Austronesian expansion
219:
216:Austronesian Expansion
187:
16:Prehistoric migrations
2374:Genealogical DNA test
2335:Evolutionary genetics
1465:(inactive 2024-07-02)
1418:F. Tichelman (2012).
1234:Nature Communications
722:10.1093/molbev/msw293
431:
423:
378:in China down to the
244:Island Southeast Asia
213:
185:
169:Island Southeast Asia
33:was first reached by
2345:Neanderthal genetics
2328:Human Genome Project
1851:10.3378/027.085.0307
1514:on 23 September 2015
566:Peopling of Thailand
400:Austronesian peoples
218:(3500 BC to AD 1200)
2728:Sub-Saharan Africa
2697:Tamils (Sri Lankan)
2594:Population genetics
2401:Genetic enhancement
2394:Surname DNA project
2201:2018Sci...361...88M
2154:2018Sci...361...92L
1957:2021Natur.596..543C
1771:2022NatSR..1222507C
1641:Manguin PY (2016).
1246:2014NatCo...5.4689L
977:2009QuInt.202...51M
896:2012PNAS..10914375D
890:(36): 14375â14380.
787:2021PNAS..11826132L
781:(13): e2026132118.
661:2011Sci...334...94R
412:Hoabinhian ancestry
132:of Malaysia or the
1759:Scientific Reports
1254:10.1038/ncomms5689
528:, and the ancient
434:
426:
220:
188:
81:Houaphanh Province
39:Southern Dispersal
2762:
2761:
2582:Ancient Beringian
2384:Race and genetics
2379:Genetic genealogy
2364:Genetic variation
1951:(7873): 543â547.
1431:978-94-009-8896-5
1401:978-0-691-15626-2
1351:978-0-470-01617-6
1153:Hall, Kenneth R.
1076:978-0-470-01590-2
1043:978-3-319-33821-7
1018:978-0-521-66369-4
438:Andamanese people
355:, as part of the
353:Há»ng BĂ ng dynasty
347:around the lower
324:Agrarian kingdoms
2782:
2750:
2749:
2451:African diaspora
2441:Eastern Africaââ
2389:Recent evolution
2340:Human-chimp MRCA
2302:
2295:
2288:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2246:
2220:
2183:
2173:
2132:
2087:
2086:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1994:
1976:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1900:(9): 2503â2519.
1885:
1879:
1878:
1845:(1â3): 153â172.
1830:
1824:
1823:
1818:Chaubey (2015).
1815:
1809:
1808:
1798:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1506:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1377:on July 7, 2014.
1362:
1356:
1355:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1265:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1116:
1102:
1090:
1081:
1080:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1000:
989:
988:
960:
951:
950:
942:
936:
935:
925:
907:
874:
863:
862:
833:
827:
826:
816:
798:
765:
756:
755:
733:
701:
695:
694:
680:
640:
623:
621:
617:
611:
607:
493:Basal-East Asian
398:cultures of the
388:Gulf of Thailand
382:, including the
357:ÄĂŽng SÆĄn culture
151:
2790:
2789:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2738:
2718:Southeast Asia
2596:
2588:
2446:Southern Africa
2413:
2411:Genetic history
2405:
2311:
2306:
2276:
2148:(6397): 92â95.
2121:
2096:
2094:Further reading
2091:
2090:
2071:
2067:
2034:(2): e1010036.
2020:
2016:
1937:
1933:
1886:
1882:
1831:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1751:
1747:
1740:
1726:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1693:
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1676:
1666:
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1527:
1517:
1515:
1511:
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1476:
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1416:
1409:
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1386:
1382:
1363:
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1352:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1279:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1166:
1162:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1133:j.ctt1pwtd26.18
1125:
1100:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1055:
1051:
1044:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1001:
992:
961:
954:
943:
939:
875:
866:
834:
830:
766:
759:
702:
698:
641:
637:
632:
627:
626:
618:
614:
608:
604:
599:
542:
507:in the region.
418:
408:
384:South China Sea
380:Malay Peninsula
341:Red River delta
333:Irrawaddy river
329:Pyu city-states
320:
284:Batanes Islands
236:outrigger boats
126:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2788:
2778:
2777:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2565:Southeast Asia
2562:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2436:Central Africa
2433:
2428:
2417:
2415:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2309:Human genetics
2305:
2304:
2297:
2290:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2247:
2184:
2133:
2119:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2065:
2014:
1931:
1880:
1825:
1810:
1745:
1739:978-0415100540
1738:
1720:
1692:978-0824812669
1691:
1674:
1655:
1633:
1583:
1550:
1525:
1490:
1437:
1430:
1407:
1400:
1380:
1357:
1350:
1324:
1313:. Roger Blench
1299:
1277:
1220:
1195:
1176:(3): 213â281.
1160:
1145:
1123:
1082:
1075:
1049:
1042:
1024:
1017:
990:
971:(1â2): 54â55.
952:
937:
864:
845:(3): 243â261.
828:
757:
751:Basal Eurasian
716:(4): 889â902.
696:
655:(6052): 94â8.
634:
633:
631:
628:
625:
624:
612:
601:
600:
598:
595:
594:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
541:
538:
473:South Sulawesi
458:Southeast Asia
407:
404:
396:thalassocratic
319:
316:
296:Southeast Asia
288:northern Luzon
228:southern China
161:southern China
125:
122:
50:
47:
31:Southeast Asia
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2787:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2755:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2693:
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2684:
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2675:
2673:
2670:
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2664:
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2657:
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2647:
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2640:
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2635:
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2623:
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2615:
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2601:
2599:
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2583:
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2575:
2571:
2568:
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2563:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:British Isles
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
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2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2431:West Africaââ
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2395:
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2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
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2362:
2358:
2355:
2351:
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2341:
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2329:
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2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2280:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2120:9783110558142
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:PLOS Genetics
2025:
2018:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:Human Biology
1836:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
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1731:
1724:
1716:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1662:
1658:
1656:9783319338224
1652:
1648:
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1605:
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1569:
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1503:
1497:
1495:
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1433:
1427:
1423:
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1414:
1412:
1403:
1397:
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1384:
1376:
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1361:
1353:
1347:
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1335:
1328:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1269:
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1255:
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1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1156:
1149:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1124:9781760460952
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1095:
1094:Simanjuntak T
1089:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
997:
995:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
959:
957:
948:
941:
933:
929:
924:
919:
915:
911:
906:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
873:
871:
869:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
832:
824:
820:
815:
810:
806:
802:
797:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
764:
762:
754:
752:
748:
741:
737:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
700:
693:
688:
684:
679:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
639:
635:
616:
606:
602:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
508:
506:
500:
498:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
478:Austroasiatic
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
445:
443:
439:
430:
422:
417:
413:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:Yangtze delta
373:
372:Mediterranean
368:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
315:
312:
308:
307:Tibeto-Burman
304:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:and voyaging
237:
233:
229:
225:
217:
212:
208:
205:
201:
197:
196:Austroasiatic
193:
184:
180:
178:
174:
173:Austroasiatic
170:
166:
162:
158:
153:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
97:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
73:
71:
67:
62:
60:
56:
46:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
24:
19:
18:
2751:
2649:Azerbaijanis
2564:
2531:Central Asia
2426:North Africa
2323:Human genome
2259:
2255:
2218:10072/383365
2192:
2188:
2145:
2141:
2102:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2031:
2027:
2017:
2004:
1974:10072/407535
1948:
1944:
1934:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1842:
1838:
1828:
1813:
1765:(1): 22507.
1762:
1758:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1682:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1646:
1636:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1509:the original
1479:cite journal
1467:. Retrieved
1454:
1450:
1440:
1420:
1390:
1383:
1375:the original
1370:
1360:
1333:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1288:. Omnivoyage
1280:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1211:. Retrieved
1198:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1136:. Retrieved
1104:
1058:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1008:
968:
964:
940:
887:
883:
842:
838:
831:
778:
774:
743:
713:
709:
699:
690:
652:
648:
638:
615:
605:
509:
501:
486:
482:Austronesian
470:
450:Austronesian
446:
442:South Asians
435:
369:
365:
323:
321:
300:
272:Micronesians
221:
189:
177:Austronesian
154:
142:Wallace Line
127:
117:
113:
109:
105:
98:
74:
63:
52:
29:
20:
2707:Han Chinese
2683:South Asia
2470:Middle East
2262:(1): 1â32.
1606:(1): 1â20.
1543:12 February
1518:11 February
1469:12 February
512:HĂČabĂŹnhians
276:Polynesians
190:During the
102:transitions
77:Tam Pa Ling
55:Philippines
2732:Hutu/Tutsi
2703:East Asia
2617:Bulgarians
2458:South Asia
2316:Sub-topics
630:References
516:Andamanese
410:See also:
363:industry.
361:Bronze Age
311:Hmong-Mien
260:Madagascar
248:Micronesia
240:catamarans
179:-speakers.
124:Migrations
118:H. sapiens
114:H. erectus
110:H. sapiens
106:H. erectus
43:East Asian
2722:Filipinos
2692:Sinhalese
2687:Gujaratis
2677:Moroccans
2672:Egyptians
2627:Romanians
2543:East Asia
2414:by region
2243:206667111
2227:0036-8075
2129:238695185
1983:1476-4687
1859:1534-6617
1787:2045-2322
1709:cite book
1570:: 22â33.
1317:2 January
1292:2 January
1213:2 January
1209:. Sealang
1190:254749340
914:0027-8424
805:0027-8424
745:Eurasian
523:Malaysian
256:Polynesia
252:Melanesia
207:speakers.
192:Neolithic
157:Neolithic
94:Niah cave
85:Vientiane
70:Indonesia
59:Sri Lanka
2769:Category
2753:Category
2712:Japanese
2632:Russians
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