Early modern human

2043: 2582: 2704: 2763:, South Africa. The technique was used during the final shaping of Still Bay bifacial points made on heat‐treated silcrete." Both pressure flaking and heat treatment of materials were previously thought to have occurred much later in prehistory, and both indicate a behaviourally modern sophistication in the use of natural materials. Further reports of research on cave sites along the southern African coast indicate that "the debate as to when cultural and cognitive characteristics typical of modern humans first appeared" may be coming to an end, as "advanced technologies with elaborate chains of production" which "often demand high-fidelity transmission and thus language" have been found at the South African 2810:

and hammer-stones also formed a composite part of the toolkits. Evidence for the complexity of the task includes procuring and combining raw materials from various sources (implying they had a mental template of the process they would follow), possibly using pyrotechnology to facilitate fat extraction from bone, using a probable recipe to produce the compound, and the use of shell containers for mixing and storage for later use. Modern behaviors, such as the making of shell beads, bone tools and arrows, and the use of ochre pigment, are evident at a Kenyan site by 78,000-67,000 years ago. Evidence of early stone-tipped projectile weapons (a characteristic tool of

1569: 2806:(along with an early bone needle also found at Sibudu) dating approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago some of which may have been tipped with poisons, and bone harpoons at the Central African site of Katanda dating ca. 90,000 years ago. Evidence also exists for the systematic heat treating of silcrete stone to increase its flake-ability for the purpose of toolmaking, beginning approximately 164,000 years ago at the South African site of Pinnacle Point and becoming common there for the creation of microlithic tools at about 72,000 years ago. 2189: 2368: 2802:, South Africa. Beads and other personal ornamentation have been found from Morocco which might be as much as 130,000 years old; as well, the Cave of Hearths in South Africa has yielded a number of beads dating from significantly prior to 50,000 years ago, and shell beads dating to about 75,000 years ago have been found at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Specialized projectile weapons as well have been found at various sites in Middle Stone Age Africa, including bone and stone arrowheads at South African sites such as 1720: 2826:, in particular, shows exploitation of marine resources as early as 120,000 years ago, perhaps in response to more arid conditions inland. Establishing a reliance on predictable shellfish deposits, for example, could reduce mobility and facilitate complex social systems and symbolic behavior. Blombos Cave and Site 440 in Sudan both show evidence of fishing as well. Taphonomic change in fish skeletons from Blombos Cave have been interpreted as capture of live fish, clearly an intentional human behavior. 3126:"Specifically, genes in the LCP term had the greatest excess of NLS in populations of European descent, with an average NLS frequency of 20.8±2.6% versus 5.9±0.08% genome wide (two-sided t-test, P<0.0001, n=379 Europeans and n=246 Africans). Further, among examined out-of-Africa human populations, the excess of NLS in LCP genes was only observed in individuals of European descent: the average NLS frequency in Asians is 6.7±0.7% in LCP genes versus 6.2±0.06% genome wide." 11721: 2675: 11745: 10782: 1866: 12052: 1676:). Estimates of the age of Y-chromosomal Adam have been pushed back significantly with the discovery of an ancient Y-chromosomal lineage in 2013, to likely beyond 300,000 years ago. There have, however, been no reports of the survival of Y-chromosomal or mitochondrial DNA clearly deriving from archaic humans (which would push back the age of the most recent patrilinear or matrilinear ancestor beyond 500,000 years). 3144:"We offer an alternative hypothesis that suggests that hominid expansion into regions of cold climate produced change in head shape. Such change in shape contributed to the increased cranial volume. Bioclimatic effects directly upon body size (and indirectly upon brain size) in combination with cranial globularity appear to be a fairly powerful explanation of ethnic group differences." (figure in Beals, p304) 11733: 10770: 2900:. The pace of development may indeed have accelerated, due to massively larger population (so more humans extant to think of innovations), more communication and sharing of ideas among human populations, and the accumulation of thinking tools. However it may also be that the pace of advancements always looks relatively faster to humans in the time they live, because previous advances are unrecognised. 47: 3024:"Although none of the Qesem teeth shows a suite of Neanderthal characters, a few traits may suggest some affinities with members of the Neanderthal evolutionary lineage. However, the balance of the evidence suggests a closer similarity with the Skhul/Qafzeh dental material, although many of these resemblances likely represent plesiomorphous features." 3066:"Based on 45 long bones from maximally 14 males and 7 females, Neanderthals' height averages between 164 and 168 (males) resp. 152 to 156 cm (females). This height is indeed 12–14 cm lower than the height of post-WWII Europeans, but compared to Europeans some 20,000 or 100 years ago, it is practically identical or even slightly higher." 10486:

Posth C, Renaud G, Mittnik M, Drucker DG, Rougier H, Cupillard C, Valentin F, Thevenet C, Furtwängler A, Wißing C, Francken M, Malina M, Bolus M, Lari M, Gigli E, Capecchi G, Crevecoeur I, Beauval C, Flas D, Germonpré M, van der Plicht J, Cottiaux R, Gély B, Ronchitelli A, Wehrberger K, Grigorescu D,

1984:

of genes acquired by admixture) varies significantly between contemporary racial groups, being absent in Africans, intermediate in Europeans and highest in East Asians. Certain genes related to UV-light adaptation introgressed from Neanderthals have been found to have been selected for in East Asians

1968:, in the range of 1–4%, is found in all modern populations outside of Africa, including in Europeans, Asians, Papua New Guineans, Australian Aboriginals, Native Americans, and other non-Africans. This suggests that interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans took place after the 2855:

in Kenya, of the early emergence of modern behaviors including: the trade and long-distance transportation of resources (such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. The authors of three 2018 studies on the site observe that the evidence of these behaviors is

2252:

or notch, forming a groove through the ridge above each eye. This splits the ridge into a central part and two distal parts. In current humans, often only the central section of the ridge is preserved (if it is preserved at all). This contrasts with archaic humans, where the brow ridge is pronounced

5365:

Bozek, Katarzyna; Wei, Yuning; Yan, Zheng; Liu, Xiling; Xiong, Jieyi; Sugimoto, Masahiro; Tomita, Masaru; Pääbo, Svante; Pieszek, Raik; Sherwood, Chet C.; Hof, Patrick R.; Ely, John J.; Steinhauser, Dirk; Willmitzer, Lothar; Bangsbo, Jens; Hansson, Ola; Call, Josep; Giavalisco, Patrick; Khaitovich,

2776:

were early and enduring; a small sample of excavated sites in Africa is the best explanation for any perceived 'flickering' pattern." Increases in behavioral complexity have been speculated to have been a linked to an earlier climatic change to much drier conditions between 135,000 and 75,000 years

2243:

in the neck, a bulge that anchored considerable neck muscles in Neanderthals. Modern humans, even the earlier ones, generally have a larger fore-brain than the archaic people, so that the brain sits above rather than behind the eyes. This will usually (though not always) give a higher forehead, and

2809:

In 2008, an ochre processing workshop likely for the production of paints was uncovered dating to ca. 100,000 years ago at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Analysis shows that a liquefied pigment-rich mixture was produced and stored in the two abalone shells, and that ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones

6745:

Fu, Q; Li, H; Moorjani, P; Jay, F; Slepchenko, SM; Bondarev, AA; Johnson, PL; Aximu-Petri, A; Prüfer, K; de Filippo, C; Meyer, M; Zwyns, N; Salazar-García, DC; Kuzmin, YV; Keates, SG; Kosintsev, PA; Razhev, DI; Richards, MP; Peristov, NV; Lachmann, M; Douka, K; Higham, TF; Slatkin, M; Hublin, JJ;

4280:

Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize; Jakobsson, Mattias (5 June 2017). "Ancient genomes from southern Africa pushes modern human divergence beyond 260,000

2286:

Compared to archaic people, anatomically modern humans have smaller, differently shaped teeth. This results in a smaller, more receded dentary, making the rest of the jaw-line stand out, giving an often quite prominent chin. The central part of the mandible forming the chin carries a triangularly

4739:

Green RE, Krause J, Briggs AW, Maricic T, Stenzel U, Kircher M, Patterson N, Li H, Zhai W, Fritz MH, Hansen NF, Durand EY, Malaspinas AS, Jensen JD, Marques-Bonet T, Alkan C, Prüfer K, Meyer M, Burbano HA, Good JM, Schultz R, Aximu-Petri A, Butthof A, Höber B, Höffner B, Siegemund M, Weihmann A,

5011:

Meyer, Matthias; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; de Filippo, Cesare; Nagel, Sarah; Aximu-Petri, Ayinuer; Nickel, Birgit; Martínez, Ignacio; Gracia, Ana; de Castro, José María Bermúdez; Carbonell, Eudald; Viola, Bence; Kelso, Janet; Prüfer, Kay; Pääbo, Svante (14 March 2016). "Nuclear DNA sequences from the

2792:

In addition, a variety of other evidence of abstract imagery, widened subsistence strategies, and other "modern" behaviors has been discovered in Africa, especially South, North, and East Africa, predating 50,000 years ago (with some predating 100,000 years ago). The Blombos Cave site in South

1487:

Since the 1970s, the Omo remains, originally dated to some 195,000 years ago, have often been taken as the conventional cut-off point for the emergence of "anatomically modern humans". Since the 2000s, the discovery of older remains with comparable characteristics, and the discovery of ongoing

9086:

Scholz, C. A.; Johnson, T. C.; Cohen, A. S.; King, J. W.; Peck, J. A.; Overpeck, J. T.; Talbot, M. R.; Brown, E. T.; Kalindekafe, L.; Amoako, P. Y. O.; Lyons, R. P.; Shanahan, T. M.; Castaneda, I. S.; Heil, C. W.; Forman, S. L.; McHargue, L. R.; Beuning, K. R.; Gomez, J.; Pierson, J. (2007).

3052:

Contemporary human endocranial volume averages at 1,350 cm (82 cu in), with significant differences between populations, global group means range 1,085–1,580 cm (66.2–96.4 cu in). Neanderthal average is close to 1,450 cm (88 cu in) (male average

8022:

Lalueza-Fox; Römpler, H; Caramelli, D; Stäubert, C; Catalano, G; Hughes, D; Rohland, N; Pilli, E; Longo, L; Condemi, S; de la Rasilla, M; Fortea, J; Rosas, A; Stoneking, M; Schöneberg, T; Bertranpetit, J; Hofreiter, M; et al. (2007). "A melanocortin-1 receptor allele suggests varying

8294:

Ilardo, M. A.; Moltke, I.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Cheng, J.; Stern, A. J.; Racimo, F.; de Barros Damgaard, P.; Sikora, M.; Seguin-Orlando, A.; Rasmussen, S.; van den Munckhof, I. C. L.; ter Horst, R.; Joosten, L. A. B.; Netea, M. G.; Salingkat, S.; Nielsen, R.; Willerslev, E. (2018-04-18).

2299:

The body skeletons of even the earliest and most robustly built modern humans were less robust than those of Neanderthals (and from what little we know from Denisovans), having essentially modern proportions. Particularly regarding the long bones of the limbs, the distal bones (the

1361:

An mtDNA study in 2019 proposed an origin of modern humans in Botswana (and a Khoisan split) of around 200,000 years. However, this proposal has been widely criticized by scholars, with the recent evidence overall (genetic, fossil, and archaeological) supporting an origin for

9034:

Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Schoville, Benjamin J.; Oestmo, Simen; Fisher, Erich C.; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Matthews, Thalassa (2012). "An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa".

2330:

ranges overlap between Neanderthals and AMH, with Neanderthal averages cited as 164 to 168 cm (65 to 66 in) and 152 to 156 cm (60 to 61 in) for males and females, respectively, which is largely identical to pre-industrial average heights for AMH.

1854:, beginning 130,000 years ago. A 2011 study located the origin of basal population of contemporary human populations at 130,000 years ago, with the Khoi-San representing an "ancestral population cluster" located in southwestern Africa (near the coastal border of 1652:

evolution ... paralleled by a drastic reduction in muscle strength. The observed rapid metabolic changes in brain and muscle, together with the unique human cognitive skills and low muscle performance, might reflect parallel mechanisms in human evolution." The

2933:

This is a matter of convention (rather than a factual dispute), and there is no universal consensus on terminology. Some scholars include humans of up to 600,000 years ago under the same species. See Bryant (2003), p. 811. See also Tattersall (2012), Page 82

2821:

Expanding subsistence strategies beyond big-game hunting and the consequential diversity in tool types have been noted as signs of behavioral modernity. A number of South African sites have shown an early reliance on aquatic resources from fish to shellfish.

1815:

and similarities have been noted between them and the Omo Kibbish remains. Fossil evidence for modern human presence in West Asia is ascertained for 177,000 years ago, and disputed fossil evidence suggests expansion as far as East Asia by 120,000 years ago.

10487:

Svoboda J, Semal P, Caramelli D, Bocherens H, Harvati K, Conard NJ, Haak W, Powell A, Krause J (2016). "Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe".

6005:"A Skull Bone Discovered in Greece May Alter the Story of Human Prehistory – The bone, found in a cave, is the oldest modern human fossil ever discovered in Europe. It hints that humans began leaving Africa far earlier than once thought" 1810:

lived at Omo Kibish in Ethiopia about 233,000-195,000 years ago. Two fossils from Guomde, Kenya, dated to at least (and likely more than) 180,000 years ago and (more precisely) to 300–270,000 years ago, have been tentatively assigned to

2867:

In 2019, further evidence of Middle Stone Age complex projectile weapons in Africa was found at Aduma, Ethiopia, dated 100,000–80,000 years ago, in the form of points considered likely to belong to darts delivered by spear throwers.

9767:

Brown, Kyle S.; Marean, Curtis W.; Herries, Andy I.R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Tribolo, Chantal; Braun, David; Roberts, David L.; Meyer, Michael C.; Bernatchez, J. (14 August 2009), "Fire as an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans",

1972:, likely between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago. Recent admixture analyses have added to the complexity, finding that Eastern Neanderthals derive up to 2% of their ancestry from anatomically modern humans who left Africa some 100 1792:. The study states that the deep split-time estimation of 350 to 260 thousand years ago is consistent with the archaeological estimate for the onset of the Middle Stone Age across sub-Saharan Africa and coincides with archaic 1522:

in its entirety should be included in the Neanderthal lineage, as "pre-Neanderthal" or "early Neanderthal", while the divergence time between the Neanderthal and modern lineages has been pushed back to before the emergence of

2291:, not found in archaic humans. Particularly in living populations, the use of fire and tools requires fewer jaw muscles, giving slender, more gracile jaws. Compared to archaic people, modern humans have smaller, lower faces. 2777:

ago. This might have led to human groups who were seeking refuge from the inland droughts, expanded along the coastal marshes rich in shellfish and other resources. Since sea levels were low due to so much water tied up in

3042:

This is a question of conventional terminology, not one of a factual disagreement. Pääbo (2014) frames this as a debate that is unresolvable in principle, "since there is no definition of species perfectly describing the

8115: 2797:

designs. Using multiple dating techniques, the site was confirmed to be around 77,000 and 100,000–75,000 years old. Ostrich egg shell containers engraved with geometric designs dating to 60,000 years ago were found at

10382:

Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Ben-Ncer, Abdelouahed; Bailey, Shara E.; Freidline, Sarah E.; Neubauer, Simon; Skinner, Matthew M.; Bergmann, Inga; Le Cabec, Adeline; Benazzi, Stefano; Harvati, Katerina; Gunz, Philipp (2017).

2324:). In ancient people, particularly Neanderthals, the distal bones were shorter, usually thought to be an adaptation to cold climate. The same adaptation is found in some modern people living in the polar regions. 2771:

originated early in South Africa by 71 kya, evolved over a vast time span (c. 11,000 years), and was typically coupled to complex heat treatment that persisted for nearly 100,000 years. Advanced technologies in

1637:

is quite rounded and distinct from that of the Neanderthals and is similar to the brain case of modern humans. It is uncertain whether the robust traits of some of the early modern humans like Skhul V reflects

6175: 4302:

Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna; Soodyall, Himla; Lombard, Marlize (2017-11-03).

1185:

around 300,000 to 200,000 years ago. A problem with the morphological classification of "anatomically modern" was that it would not have included certain extant populations. For this reason, a lineage-based

2690:

The term "behavioral modernity" is somewhat disputed. It is most often used for the set of characteristics marking the Upper Paleolithic, but some scholars use "behavioral modernity" for the emergence of

2278:. Neanderthal and AMH brain sizes are in the same range, but there are differences in the relative sizes of individual brain areas, with significantly larger visual systems in Neanderthals than in AMH. 2695:

around 200,000 years ago, while others use the term for the rapid developments occurring around 50,000 years ago. It has been proposed that the emergence of behavioral modernity was a gradual process.

2513:

in modern human populations varies in the range of 1,200 to 1,450 cm for adult males. Larger cranial volume is associated with climatic region, the largest averages being found in populations of

1668:

The ongoing admixture events within anatomically modern human populations make it difficult to estimate the age of the matrilinear and patrilinear most recent common ancestors of modern populations (

4598:"Scientists Find the Skull of Humanity's Ancestor – on a Computer – By comparing fossils and CT scans, researchers say they have reconstructed the skull of the last common forebear of modern humans" 2335:

range between 158 to 184 cm (62 to 72 in) in males and 147 to 172 cm (58 to 68 in) in females. Neanderthal ranges approximate the contemporary height distribution measured among

2174:" subtypes has since been used for convenience. The emergence of "gracile AMH" is taken to reflect a process towards a smaller and more fine-boned skeleton beginning around 50,000–30,000 years ago. 10155:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – New finds from Kenya suggest that humans used long-distance trade networks, sophisticated tools, and symbolic pigments right from the dawn of our species" 1514:, dated 600,000 to 300,000 years ago, has long been thought to be a likely candidate for the last common ancestor of the Neanderthal and modern human lineages. However, genetic evidence from the 2437:, reflecting differences in recent selective pressures. A 2014 study reported that Neanderthal-derived variants found in East Asian populations showed clustering in functional groups related to 10290: 1889:

before 130 kya persisted, early expansion to North Africa and Asia appears to have mostly disappeared by the end of MIS5 (75,000 years ago), and is known only from fossil evidence and from

8243:

Ingram, Catherine J. E.; Mulcare, Charlotte A.; Itan, Yuval; Thomas, Mark G.; Swallow, Dallas M. (2008-11-26). "Lactose digestion and the evolutionary genetics of lactase persistence".

8456:

Late Mousterian lithic technology. Its implications for the pace of the emergence of behavioural modernity and the relationship between behavioural modernity and biological modernity

5467:

Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark (7 March 2013).

2759:, and poison applicators. There is also a suggestion that "pressure flaking best explains the morphology of lithic artifacts recovered from the c. 75-ka Middle Stone Age levels at 1985:

specifically from 45,000 years ago until around 5,000 years ago. The extent of archaic admixture is of the order of about 1% to 4% in Europeans and East Asians, and highest among

3888:

Meyer, Matthias; Arsuaga, Juan-Luis; de Filippo, Cesare; Nagel, Sarah; et al. (2016-03-01). "Nuclear DNA sequences from the Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins".

3002:

for Australians. See, for example, Bailey, 1946; Hall, 1946. The division of extant human populations into taxonomic subspecies was gradually given up in the 1970s (for example,

1993:

admixture at 4% to 6% in addition to neanderthal admixture). Cumulatively, about 20% of the Neanderthal genome is estimated to remain present spread in contemporary populations.

8135: 10181:

Brooks AS, Yellen JE, Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Deino AL, Leslie DE, Ambrose SH, Ferguson JR, d'Errico F, Zipkin AM, Whittaker S, Post J, Veatch EG, Foecke K, Clark JB (2018).

5669:

Hershkovitz, I; Smith, P; Sarig, R; Quam, R; Rodríguez, L; García, R; Arsuaga, JL; Barkai, R; Gopher, A (2011). "Middle pleistocene dental remains from Qesem Cave (Israel)".

1213:

line range from between 503,000 and 565,000 years ago; between 550,000 and 765,000 years ago; and (based on rates of dental evolution) possibly more than 800,000 years ago.

9940:

Shipton C, d'Errico F, Petraglia M, et al. (2018). 78,000-year-old record of Middle and Later Stone Age innovation in an East African tropical forest. Nature Communications

1645:

The "gracile" or lightly built skeleton of anatomically modern humans has been connected to a change in behavior, including increased cooperation and "resource transport".

2860:

fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors began in Africa around the time of the emergence of

2042: 9863: 2529:

had somewhat larger cranial volumes on average than modern Europeans, suggesting the relaxation of selection pressures for larger brain volume after the end of the LGM.

1262:, a designation which has been a matter of debate since a species is usually not given a subspecies category unless there is evidence of multiple distinct subspecies. 4797:

Reich D, Patterson N, Kircher M, Delfin F, Nandineni MR, Pugach I, Ko AM, Ko YC, Jinam TA, Phipps ME, Saitou N, Wollstein A, Kayser M, Pääbo S, Stoneking M (2011).

6387: 2938:. Unfortunately this consensus in principle hardly clarifies matters much in practice. For there is no agreement on what the 'qualities of a man' actually are," ). 9724:

Yellen, JE; AS Brooks; E Cornelissen; MJ Mehlman; K Stewart (28 April 1995). "A middle stone age worked bone industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire".

2731:, also beginning roughly 40,000 years ago. While most clear evidence for behavioral modernity uncovered from the later 19th century was from Europe, such as the 2008:, representative of the earliest modern humans, and suggested that modern humans arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in 9471:

Vanhaeren, Marian; et al. (2013). "Thinking strings: Additional evidence for personal ornament use in the Middle Stone Age at Blombos Cave, South Africa".

7826:

Khrameeva, E; Bozek, K; He, L; Yan, Z; Jiang, X; Wei, Y; Tang, K; Gelfand, MS; Prüfer, K; Kelso, J; Pääbo, S; Giavalisco, P; Lachmann, M; Khaitovich, P (2014).

10123: 7676:

Stock, J.T. (October 2006). "Hunter-gatherer postcranial robusticity relative to patterns of mobility, climatic adaptation, and selection for tissue economy".

5904: 2058:, and may exhibit remarkable "robustness". There are still a number of physiological details which can be taken as reliably differentiating the physiology of 1657:

and their correlation of finds are evidence that complex technological skills already existed 300,000 years ago, and are the first obvious proof of an active

2785:

and boats may well have facilitated exploration of offshore islands and travel along the coast, and eventually permitted expansion to New Guinea and then to

10545: 9269:

Texier, PJ; Porraz, G; Parkington, J; Rigaud, JP; Poggenpoel, C; Miller, C; Tribolo, C; Cartwright, C; Coudenneau, A; Klein, R; Steele, T; Verna, C (2010).

3053:

1,600 cm (98 cu in), female average 1,300 cm (79 cu in)), with a range extending up to 1,736 cm (105.9 cu in) (

1198:

would by definition refer to the modern human lineage following the split from the Neanderthal lineage. Such a cladistic definition would extend the age of

5207:

Reich, David; Green, Richard E.; Kircher, Martin; Krause, Johannes; Patterson, Nick; Durand, Eric Y.; Viola, Bence; Briggs, Adrian W.; et al. (2010).

3033:"Currently available genetic and archaeological evidence is generally interpreted as supportive of a recent single origin of modern humans in East Africa." 2978:), and refers by definition the subspecies of which Linnaeus himself is the type specimen. However, Linnaeus postulated four other extant subspecies, viz. 9428:

d'Errico, Francesco; et al. (2005). "Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age".

2248:. Early modern people and some living people do however have quite pronounced brow ridges, but they differ from those of archaic forms by having both a 10774: 9226:

Henshilwood, Christopher S.; d'Errico, Francesco; Watts, Ian (2009). "Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa".

10067: 167:

around 300,000 years ago, with the earliest genetic splits among modern people, according to some evidence, dating to around the same time. Sustained

7746: 11590: 4480: 1665:

already had intellectual and cognitive skills like anticipatory planning, thinking and acting that so far have only been attributed to modern man.

10666:

Vai S, Sarno S, Lari M, Luiselli D, Manzi G, Gallinaro M, Mataich S, Hübner A, Modi A, Pilli E, Tafuri MA, Caramelli D, di Lernia S (March 2019).

7325: 1683:(Israel) and dated to between 400,000 and 200,000 years ago have been compared to the dental material from the younger (120,000–80,000 years ago) 12191: 11618: 7216: 2830: 2288: 1714: 1555: 1648:

There is evidence that the characteristic human brain development, especially the prefrontal cortex, was due to "an exceptional acceleration of

9859: 8921:

d'Errico, F.; Backwell, L.; Villa, P.; Degano, I.; Lucejko, J. J.; Bamford, M. K.; Higham, T. F. G.; Colombini, M. P.; Beaumont, P. B. (2012).

4561: 2122:" (AMHS) has also been used to refer to EEMH ("Cro-Magnons"). It has since become more common to designate Neanderthals as a separate species, 1964:

with populations of archaic humans over the period of between roughly 100,000 and 30,000 years ago, both in Eurasia and in Sub-Saharan Africa.

1788:. Their separation time has been estimated in a 2017 study to be between 350 and 260,000 years ago, compatible with the estimated age of early 2501:, are (as of 2012) thought to have not been acquired by archaic admixture but recent mutations since the LGM. Phenotypes associated with the " 95:

species. This distinction is useful especially for times and regions where anatomically modern and archaic humans co-existed, for example, in

12256: 12217: 4683:

Wolpoff, M. H.; Spuhler, J. N.; Smith, F. H.; Radovcic, J.; Pope, G.; Frayer, D. W.; Eckhardt, R.; Clark, G. (1988). "Modern Human Origins".

4495: 8668:

Henshilwood, Christopher; Marean, Curtis (2003). "The Origin of Modern Human Behavior: Critique of the Models and Their Test Implications".

12005: 5536:

Krings M, Stone A, Schmitz RW, Krainitzki H, Stoneking M, Pääbo S (July 1997). "Neandertal DNA sequences and the origin of modern humans".

2667:. The Upper Paleolithic begins around 50,000 to 40,000 years ago, and also coincides with the disappearance of archaic humans such as the 2581: 1488:

hybridization between "modern" and "archaic" populations after the time of the Omo remains, have opened up a renewed debate on the age of

10786: 7633:

Steegmann, A. Theodore; Cerny, Frank J.; Holliday, Trenton W. (2002). "Neandertal cold adaptation: Physiological and energetic factors".

11466: 10154: 9271:"A Howiesons Poort tradition of engraving ostrich eggshell containers dated to 60,000 years ago at Diepkloof Rock Shelter, South Africa" 5814:

White, Tim D.; Asfaw, Berhane; Degusta, David; Gilbert, Henry; Richards, Gary D.; Suwa, Gen; Howell, Clark F. (June 2003). "Pleistocene

7946: 2623:

There is considerable debate regarding whether the earliest anatomically modern humans behaved similarly to recent or existing humans.

2403: 1953: 1639: 1481: 958: 168: 17: 9514:

Backwell, L; d'Errico, F; Wadley, L (2008). "Middle Stone Age bone tools from the Howiesons Poort layers, Sibudu Cave, South Africa".

3388:

Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Thomas, Mark G.; Manica, Andrea; Gunz, Philipp; Stock, Jay T.; Stringer, Chris; Grove, Matt; Groucutt, Huw S.;

10854: 10814: 9331:

McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".

8980:

Mourre, V.; Villa, P.; Henshilwood, C. S. (2010). "Early Use of Pressure Flaking on Lithic Artifacts at Blombos Cave, South Africa".

8617:

McBrearty, Sally; Brooks, Allison (2000). "The revolution that wasn't: a new interpretation of the origin of modern human behavior".

6806: 828: 2739:, more recent archaeological research has shown that all essential elements of the kind of material culture typical of contemporary 2046:

Known archaeological remains of anatomically modern humans in Europe and Africa, directly dated, calibrated carbon dates as of 2013.

163:) is estimated to have occurred in Africa roughly 500,000 years ago. The earliest fossil evidence of early modern humans appears in 12165: 11706: 11550: 10864: 9950:

Sahle, Y.; Hutchings, W. K.; Braun, D. R.; Sealy, J. C.; Morgan, L. E.; Negash, A.; Atnafu, B. (2013). Petraglia, Michael D (ed.).

9175:

Henshilwood, Christopher; et al. (2002). "Emergence of Modern Human Behavior: Middle Stone Age Engravings from South Africa".

6684:

Sánchez-Quinto, F; Botigué, LR; Civit, S; Arenas, C; Avila-Arcos, MC; Bustamante, CD; Comas, D; Lalueza-Fox, C (October 17, 2012).

5001:, by Philip L. Walker and Edward H. Hagen, Dept. of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara. Retrieved April 5, 2005. 4368: 1338:

lineage from ancestors shared with other known archaic hominins). But the oldest split among modern human populations (such as the

848: 217: 8817: 6405: 2917: 2070:

The term "anatomically modern humans" (AMH) is used with varying scope depending on context, to distinguish "anatomically modern"

1784:") hunters-gatherers of Southern Africa may represent the human population with the earliest possible divergence within the group 1765:(and last common human ancestor to modern humans) arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in 1373:(and last common human ancestor to modern humans) arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in 12204: 9603:

Lombard M (2011). "Quartz-tipped arrows older than 60 ka: further use-trace evidence from Sibudu, Kwa-Zulu-Natal, South Africa".

7973:

Beleza, Sandra; Santos, A. M.; McEvoy, B.; Alves, I.; Martinho, C.; Cameron, E.; Shriver, M. D.; Parra, E. J.; Rocha, J. (2012).

2916:

Based on Schlebusch et al., "Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago",

6235:

Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Bergman, Christopher A.; Douka, Katerina (11 September 2013).

4529: 1633:

exhibit a mix of archaic and modern traits. Skhul V, for example, has prominent brow ridges and a projecting face. However, the

11608: 10859: 10339:"A Rare Deep-Rooting D0 African Y-chromosomal Haplogroup and its Implications for the Expansion of Modern Humans Out of Africa" 9890:

Henshilwood, Christopher S.; et al. (2011). "A 100,000-Year-Old Ochre-Processing Workshop at Blombos Cave, South Africa".

9568:

Lombard M, Phillips L (2010). "Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa".

5468: 5442:

Haidle, M.N. (2006). "Menschenaffen? Affenmenschen? Mensch! Kognition und Sprache im Altpaläolithikum". In Conard, N.J. (ed.).

4947: 2703: 2332: 2055: 1894: 1696: 1476:

has led to the emergence of a much more detailed picture, intermediate between the two competing scenarios outlined above: The

808: 172: 12385: 5145:

Trinkaus, E.; Moldovan, O.; Milota, Ș.; Bîlgăr, A.; Sarcina, L.; Athreya, S.; Bailey, S. E.; Rodrigo, R.; et al. (2003).

1342:

split from other groups) has been recently dated to between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago, and the earliest known examples of

12292: 12235: 11783: 11613: 11491: 10869: 7784: 5368:"Exceptional Evolutionary Divergence of Human Muscle and Brain Metabolomes Parallels Human Cognitive and Physical Uniqueness" 3003: 2456:

Physiological or phenotypical changes have been traced to Upper Paleolithic mutations, such as the East Asian variant of the

1441:

from a single source population in Africa, which expanded and led to the extinction of all other human varieties, while the "

1279: 12209: 8079:

Beals, Kenneth L; Smith, Courtland L; Dodd, Stephen M (1984). "Brain Size, Cranial Morphology, Climate, and Time Machines".

12432: 5973: 2767:

Site 5–6. These have been dated to approximately 71,000 years ago. The researchers suggest that their research "shows that

1922: 12422: 11570: 2203: 6328: 6004: 12427: 11679: 10762: 10738: 10103: 9159: 8439: 7617: 7500: 7381: 7033: 7002: 5476: 5426: 5349: 5322: 5129: 4087: 3742: 3715: 2418: 2151:

of the anatomically modern human lineage would justify the description of contemporary humans with the subspecies name

12336: 11545: 7516:

Townsend G, Richards L, Hughes T (May 2003). "Molar intercuspal dimensions: genetic input to phenotypic variation".

5726:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals" 12344: 11737: 10576: 8455: 788: 7882:

Michael Dannemann 1 and Janet Kelso, "The Contribution of Neanderthals to Phenotypic Variation in Modern Humans",

7296: 12261: 11689: 11585: 6895: 6237:"Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans" 5469:"An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree" 2975: 1708: 1155: 998: 10384: 4597: 137:(extant from roughly 2 to 0.1 million years ago) and a number of other species (by some authors considered 11684: 10985: 8487: 8467: 7304: 5451: 4427:

Chan, Eva, K. F. (28 October 2019). "Human origins in a southern African palaeo-wetland and first migrations".

3688: 3176: 1750:

from Florisbad, South Africa, dated to about 259,000 years ago, has also been classified as representing early

4172:"Neanderthal taxonomy reconsidered: implications of 3D primate models of intra- and interspecific differences" 2274:

in both Neanderthals and AMH is significantly larger on average (but overlapping in range) than brain size in

12362: 12243: 10807: 10318: 2643:, increased cooperation and the formation of early settlements, and the production of articulated tools from 1921:

were reached by about 45,000 years ago. Some evidence suggests that an early wave of humans may have reached

1796:

in southern Africa represented by, for example, the Florisbad skull dating to 259 (± 35) thousand years ago.

8894: 2708: 11555: 11432: 11318: 10754: 10071: 9089:"East African megadroughts between 135 and 75 thousand years ago and bearing on early-modern human origins" 2636: 2414:

taking place over the past 15,000 years, i.e., significantly later than possible archaic admixture events.

2103: 1910: 438: 210: 8151:"The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in East Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history" 8116:"Morphological Adaptation to Climate in Modern Homo sapiens Crania: The Importance of Basicranial Breadth" 12437: 12230: 12113: 12056: 11995: 11749: 11653: 11471: 10992: 10846: 7399:"New insights into differences in brain organization between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans" 6032: 2747:

was also present by at least 40,000 years ago, including digging sticks of similar materials used today,

1450: 1283: 1138: 187: 12118: 10337:

Haber M, Jones AL, Connel BA, Asan, Arciero E, Huanming Y, Thomas MG, Xue Y, Tyler-Smith C (June 2019).

8923:"Early evidence of San material culture represented by organic artifacts from Border Cave, South Africa" 7331: 1480:

expansion accounts for the predominant part of modern human ancestry, while there were also significant

12042: 11806: 11511: 11442: 10978: 10971: 10964: 7491:

Stringer, C (1984). "Human evolution and biological adaptation in the Pleistocene". In Foley, R (ed.).

7339: 7097: 7076: 5871: 2362: 891: 625: 617: 609: 12349: 2893:

technological and cultural progress appears to have been very much faster in recent millennia than in

1568: 12271: 11776: 11694: 11486: 7100:; Asfaw, B.; DeGusta, D.; Gilbert, H.; Richards, G. D.; Suwa, G.; Howell, F. C. (2003). "Pleistocene 6891:"Neanderthal Introgression at Chromosome 3p21.31 was Under Positive Natural Selection in East Asians" 5905:"A 177,000-year-old jawbone fossil discovered in Israel is oldest human remains found outside Africa" 2885: 2498: 2033: 1684: 1563: 729: 11476: 9681:

Lombard M (2020). "The tip cross-sectional areas of poisoned bone arrowheads from southern Africa".

7351: 6108:

Rito, T.; Richards, M. B.; Fernandes, V.; Alshamali, F.; Cerny, V.; Pereira, L.; Soares, P. (2013).

2509:" populations of Western Eurasian stock emerge during the LGM, from about 19,000 years ago. Average 1504:, which became extinct about 40,000 years ago, was also at one point considered to be a subspecies, 11725: 11028: 10800: 6616: 6468:

O'Connell JF, Allen J, Williams MA, Williams AN, Turney CS, Spooner NA, et al. (August 2018).

5590: 4305:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" 3462:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" 2814:), the stone tips of javelins or throwing spears, were discovered in 2013 at the Ethiopian site of 1445:" model postulated the survival of regional forms of archaic humans, gradually converging into the 122: 7762:"Distribution of Body Weight, Height and Body Mass Index in a National Sample of Malaysian Adults" 3654: 12027: 11876: 11663: 11600: 11560: 11447: 11006: 10758: 9640:"The antiquity of bow-and-arrow technology: evidence from Middle Stone Age layers at Sibudu Cave" 9382: 5417:

Thieme, H (2007). "Der große Wurf von Schöningen: Das neue Bild zur Kultur des frühen Menschen".

4890: 2549: 2407: 2354: 2143:, discovered in 2003, also falls under the umbrella of "anatomically modern". The recognition of 1909:

spread to South Asia, Maritime South Asia and Oceania between 65,000 and 50,000 years ago, while

1906: 1446: 1442: 1433:

some 1.8 million years ago) was debated in terms of two competing models during the 1980s: "

1220:, but since around the 1980s all extant groups have tended to be subsumed into a single species, 699: 203: 7077:"160,000-year-old fossilized skulls uncovered in Ethiopia are oldest anatomically modern humans" 1406:

of the latter was dated at 744,000 years ago, combined with repeated early admixture events and

1245:), although it remains more common to treat these last two as separate species within the genus 914: 12323: 12196: 12068: 11658: 11633: 11628: 11521: 11437: 10999: 10312: 10011:"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene" 8713:"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene" 6994:

Processes in Human Evolution: The Journey from Early Hominins to Neanderthals and Modern Humans

2998:. This classification remained in common usage until the mid 20th century, sometimes alongside 2799: 2768: 2482: 2348: 1851: 1704: 1366:

approximately 100,000 years earlier and in a broader region of Africa than the study proposes.

1287: 658: 7023: 6992: 5339: 3732: 2960:

is complicated and fraught with controversy. The only widely recognized archaic subspecies is

1846:

A significant dispersal event, within Africa and to West Asia, is associated with the African

12318: 11042: 10119: 10093: 7740: 7369: 5730: 5613: 5314:

From Biped to Strider: The Emergence of Modern Human Walking, Running, and Resource Transport

4474: 3332: 3328:"Deciphering African late middle Pleistocene hominin diversity and the origin of our species" 2450: 2426: 2411: 1977: 1965: 1952:. The assumption of complete replacement has been revised in the 2010s with the discovery of 1937: 1929: 1898: 1724: 1477: 1434: 1144: 430: 12310: 5287: 3951:"Dental evolutionary rates and its implications for the Neanderthal–modern human divergence" 12331: 12139: 12100: 11985: 11933: 11826: 11769: 11623: 11526: 11427: 11388: 11333: 11238: 10942: 10935: 10679: 10585: 10498: 10405: 10243: 10194: 10025: 9963: 9899: 9777: 9733: 9690: 9612: 9523: 9480: 9437: 9340: 9282: 9235: 9184: 9100: 9044: 8989: 8934: 8847: 8785: 8727: 8626: 8536: 8349: 8162: 8032: 7839: 7802: 7225: 7168: 7115: 6947: 6845: 6761: 6699: 6632: 6345: 6250: 6184: 6123: 5978: 5829: 5739: 5222: 5158: 5076: 5021: 4753: 4692: 4637: 4438: 4318: 4282: 4183: 4116: 3964: 3899: 3836: 3821:

Hajdinjak, Mateja; Fu, Qiaomei; Hübner, Alexander; Petr, Martin; et al. (2018-03-01).

3775: 3582: 3522: 3473: 3405: 3341: 3271: 3214: 2781:, such marshlands would have occurred all along the southern coasts of Eurasia. The use of 2640: 2624: 2609: 2597: 2576: 2537: 2533: 2466: 2395: 2249: 2050:

Generally, modern humans are more lightly built (or more "gracile") than the more "robust"

1599: 1309: 1258: 1067: 868: 715: 584: 569: 8836:"Modeling Effects of Local Extinctions on Culture Change and Diversity in the Paleolithic" 5558: 4799:"Denisova admixture and the first modern human dispersals into southeast Asia and oceania" 3135:

Traits affected by the mutation are sweat glands, teeth, hair thickness and breast tissue.

1897:

post-dating MIS5, beginning around 70,000–50,000 years ago. In this expansion, bearers of

1654: 8: 11821: 11035: 10572:"Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?" 10443:"A recent bottleneck of Y chromosome diversity coincides with a global change in culture" 9952:"Earliest Stone-Tipped Projectiles from the Ethiopian Rift Date to >279,000 Years Ago" 9868: 8208:

Ségurel, Laure; Bon, Céline (2017). "On the Evolution of Lactase Persistence in Humans".

7272: 5880: 4964:

Stoneking, Mark; Soodyall, Himla (1996). "Human evolution and the mitochondrial genome".

3394:"Did Our Species Evolve in Subdivided Populations across Africa, and Why Does It Matter?" 2962: 2553: 2264:, the vertical forehead in humans plays an important role in human communication through 2139: 1941: 1618: 1559: 1473: 10683: 10629:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

10589: 10502: 10409: 10247: 10198: 10029: 9967: 9903: 9832: 9781: 9737: 9694: 9616: 9527: 9484: 9441: 9344: 9286: 9239: 9188: 9104: 9048: 8993: 8938: 8851: 8789: 8731: 8630: 8540: 8353: 8221: 8166: 8036: 7843: 7229: 7172: 7119: 6951: 6849: 6765: 6703: 6636: 6349: 6254: 6188: 6171:"Hunter-gatherer genomic diversity suggests a southern African origin for modern humans" 6127: 5833: 5743: 5226: 5162: 5080: 5025: 4864: 4846: 4757: 4696: 4641: 4442: 4322: 4256: 4187: 4120: 3968: 3903: 3840: 3779: 3586: 3526: 3477: 3409: 3345: 3275: 3218: 2727:

The equivalent of the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic in African archaeology is known as the

1881:, dated to 40,800 to 39,200 years BP for "Egbert", and 42,400–41,700 BP for "Ethelruda". 12390: 11890: 11811: 11580: 11422: 10700: 10667: 10649: 10624: 10606: 10571: 10532: 10469: 10442: 10429: 10365: 10343: 10338: 10266: 10231: 10049: 9986: 9951: 9923: 9811: 9706: 9638:

Backwell, L; Bradfield, J; Carlson, KJ; Jashashvili, T; Wadley, L; d'Errico, F (2018).

9585: 9410: 9364: 9305: 9270: 9208: 9123: 9088: 9068: 9013: 8957: 8922: 8899: 8870: 8835: 8809: 8770: 8751: 8693: 8650: 8599: 8559: 8524: 8410: 8375: 8276: 8185: 8150: 8096: 8056: 7999: 7974: 7922: 7897: 7860: 7827: 7658: 7610:

The human fossil record Craniodental Morphology of Genus Homo (Africa and Asia) (vol 2)

7585: 7560: 7541: 7471: 7431: 7398: 7248: 7211: 7192: 7139: 6973: 6866: 6833: 6782: 6747: 6722: 6685: 6661: 6620: 6585: 6545: 6520: 6496: 6469: 6450: 6410: 6379: 6281: 6236: 6207: 6170: 6146: 6109: 6090: 6009: 5853: 5760: 5725: 5694: 5571: 5498: 5394: 5367: 5291: 5251: 5208: 5102: 5045: 4823: 4798: 4774: 4741: 4716: 4660: 4625: 4602: 4462: 4147: 4134: 4104: 4050: 3993: 3950: 3931: 3865: 3822: 3611: 3570: 3548: 3434: 3393: 3362: 3327: 3235: 3202: 2894: 2628: 2601: 2490: 2383: 2245: 2020:

fossils may represent a population which introgressed into Neandertals during the LMP.

1969: 1886: 1874: 1700: 1673: 1591: 1547: 1515: 1403: 978: 96: 34: 10010: 8712: 8362: 8337: 5646: 5617: 5549: 5181: 5146: 4977: 4206: 4171: 3798: 3759: 2260:

whereas their predecessors had foreheads that sloped strongly backwards. According to

1819:

In July 2019, anthropologists reported the discovery of 210,000 year old remains of a

1630: 1598:(roughly 300,000 years ago) and the period held by some to mark the emergence of full 1334:, is estimated as having taken place over 500,000 years ago (marking the split of the 1181:

The species was initially thought to have emerged from a predecessor within the genus

1045: 12305: 12126: 12105: 11880: 11744: 11699: 11565: 11506: 11496: 11267: 11231: 11085: 10879: 10734: 10705: 10654: 10611: 10536: 10524: 10474: 10433: 10421: 10370: 10271: 10212: 10099: 10041: 9991: 9915: 9803: 9749: 9710: 9589: 9496: 9453: 9402: 9356: 9310: 9251: 9200: 9155: 9148: 9128: 9060: 9005: 8962: 8875: 8813: 8801: 8743: 8685: 8642: 8603: 8564: 8507: 8483: 8463: 8435: 8367: 8318: 8268: 8260: 8225: 8190: 8127: 8048: 8004: 7927: 7865: 7828:"Neanderthal ancestry drives evolution of lipid catabolism in contemporary Europeans" 7776: 7728: 7693: 7650: 7613: 7590: 7533: 7496: 7476: 7436: 7418: 7377: 7253: 7184: 7131: 7053: 7029: 6998: 6965: 6938: 6914: 6871: 6811: 6787: 6727: 6666: 6648: 6589: 6550: 6501: 6454: 6442: 6383: 6371: 6286: 6268: 6212: 6151: 6094: 6082: 5954: 5935: 5845: 5765: 5686: 5651: 5563: 5503: 5447: 5422: 5399: 5345: 5318: 5256: 5186: 5125: 5094: 5037: 4981: 4939: 4828: 4779: 4708: 4665: 4503: 4466: 4454: 4344: 4336: 4309: 4211: 4152: 4083: 4058: 3998: 3980: 3923: 3915: 3870: 3852: 3803: 3738: 3711: 3684: 3616: 3598: 3540: 3491: 3439: 3421: 3367: 3297: 3289: 3240: 3172: 2652: 2648: 2613: 2612:(etc.) is taken to have arisen before 40,000 years ago, marking the beginning of the 2438: 2387: 2358: 2079: 1933: 1890: 1669: 1603: 1462: 1313: 1237: 88: 10232:"Assessment of complex projectiles in the early Late Pleistocene at Aduma, Ethiopia" 9927: 9815: 9414: 9368: 9212: 9017: 8697: 8654: 8414: 8379: 8100: 8061: 7545: 7196: 6977: 6621:"The Combined Landscape of Denisovan and Neanderthal Ancestry in Present-Day Humans" 5575: 5511: 4916: 2188: 1996:

In September 2019, scientists reported the computerized determination, based on 260

12131: 11866: 11575: 11328: 11145: 11107: 10954: 10695: 10687: 10644: 10636: 10601: 10593: 10514: 10506: 10464: 10456: 10413: 10396: 10360: 10352: 10261: 10251: 10202: 10053: 10033: 9981: 9971: 9907: 9793: 9785: 9741: 9698: 9661: 9651: 9620: 9577: 9531: 9488: 9445: 9394: 9348: 9300: 9290: 9243: 9192: 9118: 9108: 9072: 9052: 8997: 8952: 8942: 8865: 8855: 8793: 8755: 8735: 8677: 8634: 8591: 8554: 8544: 8402: 8357: 8308: 8280: 8252: 8217: 8180: 8170: 8088: 8040: 7994: 7986: 7917: 7909: 7855: 7847: 7720: 7685: 7662: 7642: 7580: 7572: 7525: 7463: 7426: 7410: 7243: 7233: 7176: 7159: 7143: 7123: 7106: 6955: 6904: 6861: 6853: 6777: 6769: 6752: 6717: 6707: 6656: 6640: 6577: 6540: 6532: 6491: 6481: 6434: 6361: 6353: 6336: 6276: 6258: 6202: 6192: 6141: 6131: 6074: 6065: 5944: 5857: 5837: 5820: 5755: 5747: 5698: 5678: 5641: 5631: 5553: 5545: 5493: 5485: 5389: 5379: 5296: 5283: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5213: 5176: 5166: 5106: 5084: 5049: 5029: 4973: 4931: 4818: 4810: 4769: 4761: 4720: 4700: 4655: 4645: 4446: 4429: 4378: 4373: 4326: 4201: 4191: 4142: 4124: 4042: 3988: 3972: 3955: 3935: 3907: 3890: 3860: 3844: 3827: 3793: 3783: 3636:"Harrod (2014) Suppl File Table 1 mtDNA language myth Database rev May 17 2019.doc" 3606: 3590: 3552: 3530: 3481: 3429: 3413: 3357: 3349: 3279: 3230: 3222: 2632: 2510: 2445:, while European populations showed clustering in functional groups related to the 2399: 2148: 2091: 1990: 1658: 1543: 1217: 650: 599: 138: 10727:

Who We Are And How We Got Here – Ancient DNA and the New Science of the Human Past

8336:

Gislén, A; Dacke, M; Kröger, RH; Abrahamsson, M; Nilsson, DE; Warrant, EJ (2003).

7898:"Modeling Recent Human Evolution in Mice by Expression of a Selected EDAR Variant" 7761: 7467: 6581: 6438: 2655:

of modern humans throughout Eurasia, which coincides with the first appearance of

2367: 12417: 12279: 12091: 11915: 11382: 11355: 11253: 11211: 10823: 10489: 10447: 10256: 9976: 9702: 9492: 9449: 9247: 8860: 8503: 8431:

The Biology of Religious Behavior: The Evolutionary Origins of Faith and Religion

8429: 7711:

Helmuth H (1998). "Body height, body mass and surface area of the Neanderthals".

7210:

Hawks, J.; Wang, E. T.; Cochran, G. M.; Harpending, H. C.; Moyzis, R. K. (2007).

6712: 6263: 6136: 5636: 5384: 5312: 4891:"The Oldest Homo Sapiens: Fossils Push Human Emergence Back To 195,000 Years Ago" 4077: 4017: 3705: 3678: 3389: 3284: 3259: 3166: 2881: 2744: 2728: 2656: 2617: 2605: 2541: 1747: 1727:

by anatomically modern humans (numbers indicate dates in thousands of years ago )

1622: 1469: 1426: 1351: 1305: 1271: 683: 452: 408: 159: 112: 12248: 12222: 10356: 10183:"Long-distance stone transport and pigment use in the earliest Middle Stone Age" 7724: 7454:

Smith, C. L.; Beals, K. L. (1990). "Cultural correlates with cranial capacity".

5705: 1719: 1358:

from Ethiopia (ca. 195,000, or, as more recently dated, ca. 233,000 years ago).

1174: 11980: 11943: 11202: 10906: 10892: 10831: 10730: 10691: 10597: 8495: 8313: 8296: 7913: 7576: 7529: 7365: 6521:"A Geographically Explicit Genetic Model of Worldwide Human-Settlement History" 6474:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6176:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5929:

Bae, Christopher J.; Douka, Katerina; Petraglia, Michael D. (8 December 2017).

5489: 4814: 3417: 3353: 3226: 3198: 2823: 2764: 2732: 2660: 2506: 2493:, but the alleles for light skin in Europeans and East Asians, associated with 2478: 2442: 2261: 2233: 2156: 2075: 2051: 1422: 1128: 504: 491: 421: 395: 92: 10510: 9624: 9581: 9535: 8256: 6644: 6078: 5616:; Paunovic, M.; Mennecier, P.; Hofreiter, M.; Possnert, G.; Pääbo, S. (2004). 4450: 4382: 2593:(M3 phase, MIS 5), Southern Cape, South Africa (c. 105,000 – 90,000 years old) 1496:, dated to 160,000 years ago, has been postulated as an extinct subspecies of 1391:

as including the lineage of modern humans since the split from the lineage of

12411: 12010: 11990: 11370: 11223: 10913: 10295: 9833:"A Cultural Leap at the Dawn of Humanity – Ancient 'paint factory' unearthed" 9828: 8525:"Why did modern human populations disperse from Africa ca. 60,000 years ago?" 8264: 7422: 6686:"North African Populations Carry the Signature of Admixture with Neandertals" 6652: 6446: 6272: 4507: 4340: 3984: 3919: 3856: 3602: 3425: 3293: 2971: 2851:

Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago at the site of

2664: 2422: 2301: 2240: 2037: 2029: 1981: 1957: 1902: 1626: 1454: 1327: 1301: 1151: 1023: 691: 84: 10207: 10182: 9911: 9789: 9745: 9398: 9295: 9196: 9113: 9001: 8947: 8797: 8549: 8175: 8044: 7990: 7632: 7509: 7238: 6960: 6933: 6909: 6890: 6486: 6197: 5949: 5930: 5171: 4765: 4704: 4650: 4331: 4304: 4196: 4129: 3486: 3461: 2793:

Africa, for example, is famous for rectangular slabs of ochre engraved with

2465:

Recent divergence of Eurasian lineages was sped up significantly during the

2316:) are nearly the same size or slightly shorter than the proximal bones (the 1932:-derived) expansion to all non-African populations was established based on 11376: 11364: 11306: 11180: 11128: 11093: 11018: 10925: 10709: 10658: 10640: 10615: 10554: 10528: 10478: 10425: 10374: 10275: 10216: 10159: 10045: 9995: 9919: 9807: 9500: 9457: 9406: 9360: 9352: 9314: 9255: 9204: 9132: 9064: 9009: 8966: 8879: 8805: 8747: 8689: 8646: 8638: 8568: 8520: 8371: 8322: 8272: 8229: 8194: 8131: 8052: 8008: 7931: 7869: 7780: 7697: 7654: 7594: 7537: 7440: 7414: 7257: 7188: 7135: 7039: 7008: 6969: 6918: 6875: 6791: 6731: 6670: 6554: 6505: 6375: 6290: 6216: 6155: 6086: 6061:"Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia" 5958: 5849: 5769: 5690: 5655: 5622: 5507: 5403: 5260: 5209:"Genetic history of an archaic hominin group from Denisova Cave in Siberia" 5190: 5098: 5041: 4998: 4943: 4832: 4783: 4669: 4566: 4458: 4348: 4215: 4156: 4062: 4002: 3976: 3927: 3874: 3807: 3788: 3620: 3594: 3544: 3495: 3443: 3371: 3301: 3244: 2852: 2760: 2716: 2712: 2683: 2590: 2502: 2336: 2327: 2209: 2059: 2017: 2013: 1828: 1803: 1770: 1736: 1634: 1610: 1577: 1378: 1347: 1099: 673: 640: 554: 478: 465: 133: 116: 75: 10460: 9753: 7732: 5567: 4985: 4917:"Hominid cranium from Homo: Description and taxonomy of Homo-323-1976-896" 4712: 2170:

A further division of AMH into "early" or "robust" vs. "post-glacial" or "

2090:. In a convention popular in the 1990s, Neanderthals were classified as a 1739:

finds (dated to around 315,000 years ago). There is indirect evidence for

1527:, to close to 800,000 years ago, the approximate time of disappearance of 1164: 12284: 12178: 11959: 11900: 11792: 11260: 11187: 11159: 11152: 11100: 9656: 9639: 8771:"Late Pleistocene Demography and the Appearance of Modern Human Behavior" 7061: 6000: 4593: 2803: 2748: 2736: 2668: 2644: 2522: 2009: 2001: 1986: 1847: 1832: 1766: 1614: 1392: 1374: 1355: 1206: 1002: 745: 369: 104: 10417: 10037: 9385:; et al. (2004). "Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa". 9056: 8739: 7561:"Problems relating to the Teeth of the Earlier Forms of Prehistoric Man" 7127: 6857: 6773: 6748:"Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia" 6357: 5841: 5751: 5234: 5033: 4624:

Rogers, Alan R.; Bohlender, Ryan J.; Huff, Chad D. (12 September 2017).

4138: 3911: 3848: 12170: 12000: 11964: 11921: 11245: 11166: 10519: 9798: 9666: 8406: 7851: 7689: 7646: 6366: 5682: 5242: 4935: 4054: 2995: 2845: 2740: 2564: 2560: 2486: 2470: 2446: 2271: 2225: 2221: 2183: 2107: 1918: 1680: 1649: 1551: 1388: 10385:"New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of 9852: 9723: 8895:"Oldest Known Drawing by Human Hands Discovered in South African Cave" 8393:

Klein, Richard (1995). "Anatomy, behavior, and modern human origins".

6934:"Resurrecting Surviving Neandertal Lineages from Modern Human Genomes" 6834:"Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals" 4530:"New Study Pinpoints The Ancestral Homeland of All Humans Alive Today" 2674: 2559:

An even more recent adaptation has been proposed for the Austronesian

33:

This article is about the first Homo sapiens, specifically during the

12183: 12152: 11904: 11856: 11831: 11816: 11312: 11217: 10668:"Ancestral mitochondrial N lineage from the Neolithic 'green' Sahara" 5618:"No evidence of Neandertal mtDNA contribution to early modern humans" 3258:

Hammond, Ashley S.; Royer, Danielle F.; Fleagle, John G. (Jul 2017).

2815: 2794: 2786: 2474: 2434: 2430: 2217: 1914: 1870: 1458: 1407: 1317: 1210: 1187: 1083: 760: 12062: 9549:

Wadley, Lyn (2008). "The Howieson's Poort industry of Sibudu Cave".

7180: 7157:

Stringer, Chris (12 June 2003). "Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia".

6406:"Humans First Arrived in Australia 65,000 Years Ago, Study Suggests" 6060: 5089: 5064: 4046: 3635: 3535: 3510: 2563:, developed under selection pressures associated with subsisting on 1865: 12157: 12085: 11852: 11173: 11138: 11115: 10836: 10781: 9837: 9637: 8681: 8595: 8499: 8114:

Nowaczewska, Wioletta; Dabrowski, Pawel; Kuźmiński, Lukasz (2011).

8092: 8021: 6690: 6536: 6241: 6114: 6037: 4914: 4287: 4237:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. 2013. pp. 328–331. 4033:

Hall, E (1946). "Zoological Subspecies of Man at the Peace Table".

3569:

Neubauer, Simon; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Gunz, Philipp (2018-01-01).

3089: in) f:155 cm (5 ft 1 in), SD= m:6.46 cm ( 2390:

expansion some 70,000 to 50,000 years ago, some sub-populations of

2257: 2213: 1949: 1893:. Eurasia was re-populated by early modern humans in the so-called 1777: 1735:

begins soon after its emergence, as evidenced by the North African

1410:

diverging from Neanderthals 300 generations after their split from

1205:

Estimates for the split between the Homo sapiens line and combined

934: 382: 356: 108: 80: 10792: 10291:"Puzzles of Evolution: Why was technological development so slow?" 6467: 5974:"Early humans migrated out of Africa much earlier than we thought" 5337: 1973: 12357: 12297: 11323: 10899: 10150: 8338:"Superior Underwater Vision in a Human Population of Sea Gypsies" 7403:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

7397:

Pearce, Eiluned; Stringer, Chris; Dunbar, R. I. M. (2013-05-07).

6614: 6425:

Wood R (2017-09-02). "Comments on the chronology of Madjedbebe".

5611: 4557: 2778: 2755:

heads with individual maker's marks etched and embedded with red

2514: 2317: 2265: 2171: 1997: 1855: 1350:

remains from Morocco (ca. 300,000 or 350–280,000 years ago), the

1339: 539: 531: 517: 341: 115:

site in South Africa, dating to about 259,000 years ago, and the

51: 6683: 4369:"Oldest Homo sapiens fossil claim rewrites our species' history" 4301: 4279: 4250: 4248: 4246: 4244: 1602:(roughly by 50,000 years ago, corresponding to the start of the 1417:

The derivation of a comparatively homogeneous single species of

12144: 12051: 10769: 10124:"Scientists Are Amazed By Stone Age Tools They Dug Up In Kenya" 8920: 8297:"Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads" 7947:"East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation" 5785: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5310: 3659:(10th ed.). Sumptibus Guilielmi Engelmann. pp. 18, 20 3075:

Malay, 20–24 (N= m:749 f:893, Median= m:166 cm (5 ft

3054: 2871: 2841: 2773: 2518: 2313: 1859: 1836: 1781: 171:

is known to have taken place both in Africa and (following the

164: 11761: 8502:

that date to less than 50 ka (50,000 years ago)."). See also:

6169:

Henn, Brenna; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Jobin, Matthew (2011).

6107: 4963: 11398: 11289: 11279: 10381: 10180: 8293: 8113: 6234: 6033:"'Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock" 5711: 4496:"Ancestral home of modern humans is in Botswana, study finds" 4410: 4241: 2838: 2834: 2756: 2752: 2545: 2494: 2410:, which in some instances has been shown to be the result of 2321: 2309: 1945: 1944:, during the 1990s and 2000s, and has also been supported by 1928:

Evidence for the overwhelming contribution of this "recent" (

1594:

is intended to cover the time between the first emergence of

1216:

Extant human populations have historically been divided into

1159: 38: 9268: 9225: 8335: 6746:

Reich, D; Kelso, J; Viola, TB; Pääbo, S (October 23, 2014).

6329:"Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago" 5776: 5535: 5144: 2663:

and the development of technological innovation such as the

11057: 6596: 5010: 4796: 4682: 4082:. Vol. 11. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. p. 55. 3887: 2924:

divergence times) and Stringer (2012), (archaic admixture).

2782: 2526: 2458: 2305: 2229: 1275: 1134: 127: 9513: 9033: 8582:

Shea, John (2011). "Homo sapiens Is As Homo sapiens Was".

7209: 5419:

Die Schöninger Speere – Mensch und Jagd vor 400 000 Jahren

5341:

The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Evolutionary Psychology

3392:; Rightmire, G. Philip; d'Errico, Francesco (2018-08-01). 3203:"Age of the oldest known Homo sapiens from eastern Africa" 2844:, as early as ≈100,000 years ago, for the construction of 2421:, are thought to have been acquired by archaic admixture. 175:) in Eurasia, between about 100,000 and 30,000 years ago. 10128: 9421: 9326: 9324: 5668: 3823:"Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals" 3757: 2398:

for tens of thousands of years prior to the early modern

2082:

hominins with transitional features intermediate between

1761:

In September 2019, scientists proposed that the earliest

1402:

and ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans caused by a

1369:

In September 2019, scientists proposed that the earliest

1256:

All humans are considered to be a part of the subspecies

1116: 9949: 9883: 9766: 9375: 9219: 7096: 6888: 6615:

Sankararaman, Sriram; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick;

6327:

Clarkson, Chris; Jacobs, Zenobia; Pardoe, Colin (2017).

5813: 4738: 2371:

Reconstruction of a modern man from southwestern Europe

46: 10441:

Kamin M, Saag L, Vincente M, et al. (April 2015).

9864:"South African cave yields paint from dawn of humanity" 8242: 7972: 6991:

Ayala, Francisco José; Conde, Camilo José Cela (2017).

6807:"Humanity's forgotten return to Africa revealed in DNA" 6608: 5466: 5206: 5065:"Oldest ancient-human DNA details dawn of Neanderthals" 3707:

Masters of the Planet: The Search for Our Human Origins

10550:

bones ever found shake foundations of the human story"

10091: 9464: 9321: 9085: 8979: 7515: 5274:

Trinkaus, Erik (October 2005). "Early modern humans".

4552: 4550: 3387: 1346:

fossils also date to about that period, including the

1241:

species have been classified by some as a subspecies (

37:. For a broader perspective on the human species, see 12040: 9154:. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. 6889:

Ding, Q.; Hu, Y.; Xu, S.; Wang, J.; Jin, L. (2014) .

5147:"An early modern human from Peștera cu Oase, Romania" 3820: 2453:

in phenotypic traits in modern European populations.

10143: 7975:"The timing of pigmentation lightening in Europeans" 7396: 6470:"Homo sapiens first reach Southeast Asia and Sahul?" 6326: 5931:"On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives" 4847:"New Clues Add 40,000 Years to Age of Human Species" 3196: 2698: 2287:

shaped area forming the apex of the chin called the

1609:

Many of the early modern human finds, like those of

111:, dating to about 233,000 to 196,000 years ago, the 9551:

South African Archaeological Society Goodwin Series

8462:, Johannesburg: University of Witswatersand Press. 8458:, pp. 389–417 in L. Backwell et F. d'Errico (eds.) 7825: 7760:Lim TO, Ding LM, Zaki M, et al. (March 2000). 4623: 4547: 4169: 3455: 3453: 3257: 2256:Modern humans commonly have a steep, even vertical 2114:. Under this nomenclature (Neanderthals considered 2004:

of the last common human ancestor to modern humans/

1354:from South Africa (ca. 259,000 years ago), and the 182: 11302:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans) 10002: 9147: 7607: 5795: 3760:"The evolution and development of cranial form in 3568: 2477:, due to increased selection pressures and due to 1690: 9821: 9168: 8667: 7212:"Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution" 6931: 6110:"The first modern human dispersals across Africa" 5928: 5012:Middle Pleistocene Sima de los Huesos hominins". 3758:Lieberman, DE; McBratney, BM; Krovitz, G (2002). 2956:The history of claimed or proposed subspecies of 2054:. Nevertheless, contemporary humans exhibit high 1901:left East Africa, likely reaching Arabia via the 1322:The divergence of the lineage that would lead to 12409: 8427: 7028:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 168–. 6168: 4915:Alemseged, Z.; Coppens, Y.; Geraads, D. (2002). 4362: 4360: 4358: 4170:Harvati, K.; Frost, S.R.; McNulty, K.P. (2004). 3942: 3731:Werdelin, Lars; Sanders, William Joseph (2010). 3450: 2532:Examples for still later adaptations related to 2126:, so that AMH in the European context refers to 1806:in Ethiopia, lived about 160,000 years ago, and 1743:presence in West Asia around 270,000 years ago. 1518:fossils published in 2016 seems to suggest that 1224:, avoiding division into subspecies altogether. 119:site in Morocco, dated about 315,000 years ago. 10485: 10440: 10336: 9567: 9330: 9275:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9093:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8927:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8616: 8529:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7217:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 6744: 6602: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6059:Harvati, Katerina; et al. (10 July 2019). 5202: 5200: 4630:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4588: 4586: 4584: 4235:Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Human Evolution 4109:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3730: 1715:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans 1556:Interbreeding between archaic and modern humans 1468:Since the 2000s, the availability of data from 10299:. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016 10112: 10068:"5 Oldest Mines in the World: A Casual Survey" 9145: 8078: 7968: 7966: 5364: 5344:. Oxford University Press, US. pp. 429–. 4740:Nusbaum C, Lander ES, et al. (May 2010). 4626:"Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans" 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3251: 3201:; Asfawrossen, Asrat; et al. (Jan 2022). 3164: 2910: 2719:. Estimated to be a 73,000-year-old work of a 1839:, more than 150,000 years older than previous 1235:). Similarly, the discovered specimens of the 12377: 11777: 10808: 10665: 9631: 8886: 8074: 8072: 7745:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 ( 7713:Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Anthropologie 7608:Tattersall, Jeffrey H; Schwartz, Ian (2003). 6311: 6024: 5338:Vonk, Jennifer; Shackelford, Todd K. (2012). 4966:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development 4420: 4355: 3814: 3165:Nitecki, Matthew H; Nitecki, Doris V (1994). 2856:roughly contemporary with the earliest known 1292: 1265: 211: 10092:Guinness World Records (10 September 2015). 10085: 9674: 9427: 8210:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 7803:"Still Evolving, Human Genes Tell New Story" 7704: 7565:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 6052: 5993: 5922: 5197: 4581: 4479:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4096: 3948: 2130:, but the question is by no means resolved. 1172:) means "human being", while the participle 149:). The divergence of the lineage leading to 11287: 10229: 9943: 9889: 9381: 9174: 8386: 7963: 7759: 7374:The Naked Woman: A Study of the Female Body 5965: 5717: 5119: 5113: 4742:"A draft sequence of the Neandertal genome" 4521: 3571:"The evolution of modern human brain shape" 3502: 3460:Schlebusch; et al. (3 November 2017). 3325: 3308: 2167:to warrant its own subspecies designation. 11784: 11770: 10815: 10801: 10625:"The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens" 10118: 9683:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 9596: 8207: 8069: 7884:The American Journal of Human Genetics 101 7453: 7058:Neanderthal Man: In Search of Lost Genomes 6990: 6825: 5724:Posth, Cosimo; et al. (4 July 2017). 5421:. Konrad Theiss Verlag. pp. 224–328. 5311:Meldrum, Jeff; Hilton, Charles E. (2004). 4999:Human evolution: the fossil evidence in 3D 3703: 3627: 3459: 2651:is intended to cover the period since the 2294: 218: 204: 169:archaic human admixture with modern humans 91:seen in contemporary humans, from extinct 12386:"A Brand-New Version of Our Origin Story" 10699: 10648: 10605: 10518: 10468: 10364: 10265: 10255: 10206: 9985: 9975: 9797: 9665: 9655: 9507: 9470: 9304: 9294: 9122: 9112: 9029: 9027: 8956: 8946: 8893:St. Fleur, Nicholas (12 September 2018). 8892: 8869: 8859: 8833: 8558: 8548: 8361: 8312: 8184: 8174: 8060: 7998: 7921: 7859: 7710: 7678:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 7584: 7475: 7430: 7270: 7247: 7237: 6959: 6925: 6908: 6865: 6781: 6721: 6711: 6660: 6544: 6495: 6485: 6418: 6365: 6280: 6262: 6206: 6196: 6145: 6135: 5948: 5872:"Fossil Reanalysis Pushes Back Origin of 5864: 5759: 5671:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 5645: 5635: 5557: 5497: 5393: 5383: 5317:. Springer Science & Business Media. 5295: 5250: 5180: 5170: 5088: 4822: 4773: 4659: 4649: 4330: 4286: 4205: 4195: 4146: 4128: 3992: 3881: 3864: 3797: 3787: 3737:. Univ of California Press. p. 517. 3610: 3534: 3485: 3433: 3361: 3283: 3234: 3192: 3190: 3188: 2556:, are due to recent selection pressures. 1414:, as calculated by Rogers et al. (2017). 11707:Human evolutionary developmental biology 10622: 9561: 8513: 7895: 7490: 7156: 7090: 6831: 6403: 5789: 5273: 5062: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4527: 4402: 4366: 3508: 2818:, and date to around 279,000 years ago. 2702: 2673: 2580: 2366: 2187: 2056:variability in many physiological traits 2041: 1864: 1718: 1567: 1395:, roughly 500,000 to 800,000 years ago. 45: 12383: 10288: 10174: 9680: 9602: 9262: 8519: 7558: 7493:Hominid evolution and community ecology 7074: 6058: 5288:10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.030905.154913 4676: 4075: 3326:Mounier, Aurélien; Lahr, Marta (2019). 2616:(in African contexts also known as the 2570: 2268:movements and forehead skin wrinkling. 2065: 1398:The time of divergence between archaic 14: 12410: 10569: 10543: 10223: 10098:. Guinness World Records. p. 27. 10008: 9858: 9548: 9024: 8768: 8710: 7364: 7021: 6882: 6805:Brahic, Catherine (February 3, 2014). 6804: 6525:The American Journal of Human Genetics 5999: 5801: 5441: 5416: 5122:Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World 4592: 4493: 4487: 4414: 4406: 4102: 4015: 3676: 3185: 2682:, from M1 phase (71,000 BCE) layer of 1885:While early modern human expansion in 1755: 1697:Recent African origin of modern humans 1425:(all of which were descended from the 1112: 12067: 12066: 11765: 11492:Evolutionary models of human drug use 10796: 10724: 9150:The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey 8480:Companion encyclopedia of archaeology 8392: 8015: 7896:Kamberov, Yana G (14 February 2013). 7675: 7052: 6832:Kuhlwilm, Martin (17 February 2016). 6230: 6228: 6226: 6030: 5902: 5723: 4727: 4562:"Has Humanity's Homeland Been Found?" 4163: 3652: 3383: 3381: 3168:Origins of Anatomically Modern Humans 3015:(95% confidence interval 237–581 kya) 2155:. However, biological anthropologist 1534: 1280:Multiregional origin of modern humans 196: 107:archaeological site in south-western 12363:58D31D52-713D-44B4-9FE9-CB2D9249C422 12272:d83185ac-1aa6-4f59-8645-fe8c040857b3 11732: 10149: 10009:Marean, Curtis; et al. (2007). 9827: 8711:Marean, Curtis; et al. (2007). 8581: 8148: 7944: 7800: 6424: 6404:St. Fleu, Nicholas (July 19, 2017). 5612:Serre, D.; Langaney, A.; Chech, M.; 5588: 4853:. NSF – National Science Foundation. 4556: 4426: 4254: 4032: 4026: 3564: 3562: 2994:for Africans, Americans, Asians and 2627:is taken to include fully developed 2567:over the past thousand years or so. 2462:gene, dated to c. 35,000 years ago. 2449:. A 2017 study found correlation of 2177: 2086:, Neanderthals and early AMH called 2078:such as Neanderthals and Middle and 1178:means "discerning, wise, sensible". 1055: 1033: 1011: 987: 967: 947: 923: 903: 880: 857: 837: 817: 797: 777: 185: 178: 157:(or an intermediate species such as 99:. Among the oldest known remains of 10822: 8222:10.1146/annurev-genom-091416-035340 7945:Wade, Nicholas (14 February 2013). 7025:Major Events in the History of Life 6518: 5971: 5446:. Attempto Verlag. pp. 69–97. 4528:Woodward, Aylin (28 October 2019). 2709:oldest known drawing by human hands 2417:Some climatic adaptations, such as 2342: 2204:Cleveland Museum of Natural History 2192:Anatomical comparison of skulls of 24: 10763:National Museum of Natural History 10718: 10570:Scerri, M.L.; et al. (2018). 8769:Powell, Adam; et al. (2009). 8023:pigmentation among Neanderthals". 6223: 5477:American Journal of Human Genetics 4865:"Age of ancient humans reassessed" 4079:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 3633: 3378: 3004:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 2419:high-altitude adaptation in humans 2133:In this more narrow definition of 1936:, combined with evidence based on 1925:by about 40,000–25,000 years ago. 1877:, and discovery of two fossils of 1823:and 170,000 year old remains of a 1384:An alternative suggestion defines 25: 12449: 12384:Diamond, Jared (April 20, 2018). 10748: 10577:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 9644:Journal of Archaeological Science 9605:Journal of Archaeological Science 9516:Journal of Archaeological Science 8834:Premo, Luke; Kuhn, Steve (2010). 7635:American Journal of Human Biology 5903:Mehta, Ankita (26 January 2018). 5591:"No Neandertals in the Gene Pool" 3949:Gómez-Robles, Aida (2019-05-01). 3559: 3398:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 2699:Examples of behavioural modernity 2678:Bifacial silcrete point of early 2406:this has resulted in significant 2118:), the term "anatomically modern 1249:rather than as subspecies within 73:), are terms used to distinguish 12050: 11743: 11731: 11720: 11719: 10780: 10768: 10289:Douglas, Kate (March 24, 2012). 10282: 10060: 9934: 9760: 9717: 9542: 9139: 9079: 8973: 8914: 8827: 8823:from the original on 2017-08-29. 8762: 8704: 8661: 8610: 8575: 8473: 8448: 8421: 8329: 8287: 8236: 8201: 8142: 8107: 7938: 7889: 7876: 7819: 7794: 7790:from the original on 2017-02-24. 7753: 7669: 7626: 7612:. Wiley-Liss. pp. 327–328. 7601: 7552: 7484: 7447: 7390: 7358: 7318: 7289: 7264: 7203: 7150: 7075:Sanders, Robert (11 June 2003). 7068: 6932:Vernot, B.; Akey, J. M. (2014). 6393:from the original on 2019-04-28. 5063:Callaway, Ewen (14 March 2016). 4953:from the original on 2020-07-18. 3138: 3129: 3120: 3069: 3060: 3046: 3036: 2947:Werdelin citing Lieberman et al. 2429:have different distributions in 2425:of genetic variants acquired by 2386:some 130,000 years ago, and the 2378:, London Natural History Museum. 2062:vs. anatomically modern humans. 1970:recent "out of Africa" migration 1895:"recent out-of-Africa migration" 1227:Some sources show Neanderthals ( 11791: 8494:., ... "effectively limited to 7979:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7046: 7015: 6984: 6896:Molecular Biology and Evolution 6798: 6738: 6677: 6561: 6512: 6461: 6397: 6320: 6297: 6162: 6101: 5896: 5807: 5662: 5605: 5589:Hill, Deborah (16 March 2004). 5582: 5529: 5460: 5435: 5410: 5358: 5331: 5304: 5267: 5138: 5056: 5004: 4992: 4957: 4908: 4883: 4857: 4839: 4790: 4617: 4494:Sample, Ian (28 October 2019). 4396: 4295: 4273: 4222: 4069: 4009: 3751: 3724: 3697: 3670: 3646: 3027: 3018: 3009: 2950: 2941: 2927: 2837:) are known to have dabbled in 2600:, involving the development of 2239:The cranium lacks a pronounced 2106:, EEMH) was taken to refer to " 1709:List of first human settlements 1691:Dispersal and archaic admixture 1421:from more diverse varieties of 8149:Peng, Y.; et al. (2010). 7305:Natural History Museum, London 7104:from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". 6519:Liu, Hua; et al. (2006). 5972:Kuo, Lily (10 December 2017). 5818:from Middle Awash, Ethiopia". 5559:11858/00-001M-0000-0025-0960-8 4367:Callaway, Ewan (7 June 2017). 3656:Systema naturæ. Regnum animale 3158: 2333:Contemporary national averages 2281: 1776:Among extant populations, the 1642:or retention of older traits. 1492:in journalistic publications. 1484:with regional archaic humans. 1437:" postulated the emergence of 776: 173:recent Out-Of-Africa expansion 13: 1: 11877:creation of chemical elements 8363:10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00290-2 7468:10.1525/aa.1990.92.1.02a00150 6582:10.1126/science.308.5724.921g 6439:10.1080/03122417.2017.1408545 5550:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80310-4 5276:Annual Review of Anthropology 4978:10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80028-1 4016:Bailey, John Wendell (1946). 3151: 2735:and other artefacts from the 2372: 1581: 1194:has been suggested, in which 10755:Human Timeline (Interactive) 10257:10.1371/journal.pone.0216716 9977:10.1371/journal.pone.0078092 9703:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102477 9493:10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.001 9450:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002 9248:10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.01.005 8861:10.1371/journal.pone.0015582 7495:. New York: Academic Press. 7271:Bhupendra, P. (April 2019). 6713:10.1371/journal.pone.0047765 6264:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931 6137:10.1371/journal.pone.0080031 5909:International Business Times 5637:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020057 5385:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001871 4176:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 3285:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.004 2631:(requiring the capacity for 2104:European early modern humans 1465:throughout the Pleistocene. 50:100 to 80 thousand year old 7: 12433:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 11750:Evolutionary biology Portal 10544:Sample, Ian (7 June 2017). 10357:10.1534/genetics.119.302368 10230:Sahle Y, Brooks AS (2018). 10095:Guinness World Records 2016 9383:Henshilwood, Christopher S. 8395:Journal of World Prehistory 7886:, 578–589, October 5, 2017. 7297:"How to ID a modern human?" 7022:Schopf, J. William (1992). 6997:. Oxford University Press. 6568:"Out of Africa Revisited". 4105:"The origin of Neandertals" 3680:Handbook of Death and Dying 3511:"What makes a modern human" 2647:, bone or antler. The term 2585:Lithic Industries of early 1284:Timeline of human evolution 1233:H. sapiens neanderthalensis 1139:Names for the human species 1113: 335: 10: 12454: 12423:Anatomically modern humans 11807:Chronology of the universe 10692:10.1038/s41598-019-39802-1 10598:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005 10329: 9473:Journal of Human Evolution 9430:Journal of Human Evolution 9333:Journal of Human Evolution 9228:Journal of Human Evolution 8619:Journal of Human Evolution 8314:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.054 7914:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.016 7577:10.1177/003591571300601018 7530:10.1177/154405910308200505 7518:Journal of Dental Research 6576:(5724): 921g. 2005-05-13. 5490:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002 4815:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.09.005 4076:Grzimek, Bernhard (1970). 3734:Cenozoic Mammals of Africa 3677:Bryant, Clifton D (2003). 3418:10.1016/j.tree.2018.05.005 3354:10.1038/s41467-019-11213-w 3264:Journal of Human Evolution 3227:10.1038/s41586-021-04275-8 3103: in) f:6.04 cm ( 2879: 2574: 2363:Sexual selection in humans 2352: 2346: 2208:Features compared are the 2181: 2027: 2023: 1712: 1694: 1541: 1299: 1269: 1266:Age and speciation process 1132: 1126: 32: 18:Anatomically modern humans 12428:Mammals described in 1758 12075: 12019: 11973: 11952: 11840: 11799: 11715: 11695:Evolutionary anthropology 11672: 11646: 11599: 11537: 11456: 11415: 11408: 11354: 11278: 11201: 11126: 11080: 11073: 11056: 11016: 10952: 10923: 10887: 10878: 10845: 10830: 10511:10.1016/j.cub.2016.01.037 10317:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 9625:10.1016/j.jas.2011.04.001 9582:10.1017/S0003598X00100134 9536:10.1016/j.jas.2007.11.006 8434:. ABC-CLIO. p. 220. 8428:Feierman, Jay R. (2009). 8257:10.1007/s00439-008-0593-6 7571:(Odontol Sect): 103–124. 6645:10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.037 6079:10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z 4451:10.1038/s41586-019-1714-1 4383:10.1038/nature.2017.22114 3260:"The Omo-Kibish I pelvis" 2886:The 10,000 Year Explosion 2034:Human physical appearance 1685:Skhul and Qafzeh hominins 1564:Skhul and Qafzeh hominins 67:anatomically modern human 8155:BMC Evolutionary Biology 8120:Collegium Antropologicum 7327:Encarta, Human Evolution 5120:Oppenheimer, S. (2003). 3704:Tattersall, Ian (2012). 3653:Linné, Carl von (1758). 2903: 2872:Pace of progress during 2829:Humans in North Africa ( 2485:. Alleles predictive of 1572:Reconstruction of early 228: 11934:Agricultural Revolution 11601:Origin of modern humans 10208:10.1126/science.aao2646 9912:10.1126/science.1211535 9790:10.1126/science.1175028 9746:10.1126/science.7725100 9399:10.1126/science.1095905 9296:10.1073/pnas.0913047107 9197:10.1126/science.1067575 9146:Wells, Spencer (2003). 9114:10.1073/pnas.0703874104 9002:10.1126/science.1195550 8948:10.1073/pnas.1204213109 8798:10.1126/science.1170165 8550:10.1073/pnas.0510792103 8176:10.1186/1471-2148-10-15 8045:10.1126/science.1147417 7727:(inactive 2024-04-26). 7456:American Anthropologist 7239:10.1073/pnas.0707650104 6961:10.1126/science.1245938 6487:10.1073/pnas.1808385115 6198:10.1073/pnas.1017511108 5950:10.1126/science.aai9067 5172:10.1073/pnas.2035108100 4766:10.1126/science.1188021 4705:10.1126/science.3136545 4651:10.1073/pnas.1706426114 4332:10.1126/science.aao6266 4261:Encyclopedia Britannica 4197:10.1073/pnas.0308085100 4130:10.1073/pnas.0904119106 4019:The Mammals of Virginia 3487:10.1126/science.aao6266 2447:lipid catabolic process 2443:haematopoietic pathways 2355:Human genetic variation 2295:Body skeleton structure 2163:distinct enough within 1907:Great Coastal Migration 1585: 315 000 years BP 1443:multiregional evolution 1330:varieties derived from 1243:H. sapiens rhodesiensis 1202:to over 500,000 years. 1100:P a r a n t h r o p u s 959:Dispersal beyond Africa 103:are those found at the 10641:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237 9353:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 8639:10.1006/jhev.2000.0435 7801:Wade, N (2006-03-07). 7415:10.1098/rspb.2013.0168 6427:Australian Archaeology 6031:Staff (10 July 2019). 5444:Woher kommt der Mensch 4257:"Homo sapiens sapiens" 4103:Hublin, J. J. (2009). 3977:10.1126/sciadv.aaw1268 3789:10.1073/pnas.022440799 3595:10.1126/sciadv.aao5961 2769:microlithic technology 2724: 2687: 2594: 2379: 2376: 30 000 years BP 2349:Recent human evolution 2236: 2100:H. s. neanderthalensis 2047: 1989:(the last also having 1882: 1728: 1705:Early human migrations 1679:Fossil teeth found at 1587: 1506:H. s. neanderthalensis 1447:modern human varieties 1288:Early human migrations 231:−10 — 55: 12319:Paleobiology Database 11609:Recent African origin 10847:Last common ancestors 10725:Reich, David (2018). 10623:Stringer, C. (2016). 10461:10.1101/gr.186684.114 8460:From Tools to Symbols 7991:10.1093/molbev/mss207 7832:Nature Communications 7725:10.1127/zma/82/1998/1 6910:10.1093/molbev/mst260 5731:Nature Communications 4596:(10 September 2019). 4231:Homo neanderthalensis 3710:. St Martin's Press. 3333:Nature Communications 2706: 2677: 2584: 2451:Neanderthal admixture 2427:Neanderthal admixture 2412:directional selection 2394:had been essentially 2370: 2353:Further information: 2226:cheek bone angulation 2222:nasal bone projection 2191: 2182:Further information: 2045: 1978:Neanderthal admixture 1966:Neanderthal admixture 1938:physical anthropology 1868: 1725:peopling of the world 1722: 1713:Further information: 1695:Further information: 1571: 1542:Further information: 1435:recent African origin 1300:Further information: 1270:Further information: 1133:Further information: 321:−1 — 311:−2 — 301:−3 — 291:−4 — 281:−5 — 271:−6 — 261:−7 — 251:−8 — 241:−9 — 49: 12057:Evolutionary biology 11986:Cynthia Stokes Brown 11891:formation of planets 11827:Goldilocks principle 11624:Behavioral modernity 11614:Multiregional origin 11394:archaic Homo sapiens 11389:Homo heidelbergensis 11334:Red Deer Cave people 10777:at Wikimedia Commons 9657:10.15184/aqy.2018.11 8670:Current Anthropology 8584:Current Anthropology 8081:Current Anthropology 5517:on 24 September 2019 4413:, pp. 289–292; 4411:Hublin et al. (2017) 4405:, p. 20150237; 4035:Journal of Mammalogy 3509:Stringer, C (2012). 2743:hunter-gatherers in 2625:Behavioral modernity 2598:Behavioral modernity 2577:Behavioral modernity 2571:Behavioral modernity 2538:animal domestication 2467:Last Glacial Maximum 2388:recent Out-of-Africa 2250:supraorbital foramen 2153:Homo sapiens sapiens 2088:archaic Homo sapiens 2066:Anatomical modernity 1960:) of populations of 1899:mt-DNA haplogroup L3 1786:Homo sapiens sapiens 1723:Overview map of the 1600:behavioral modernity 1478:recent Out-of-Africa 1449:by the mechanism of 1310:Homo heidelbergensis 915:Earliest stone tools 87:consistent with the 11960:Big History Project 11953:Web-based education 11800:Themes and subjects 11261:H. neanderthalensis 11181:H. e. tautavelensis 10684:2019NatSR...9.3530V 10590:2018TEcoE..33..582S 10503:2016CBio...26..827P 10418:10.1038/nature22336 10410:2017Natur.546..289H 10248:2019PLoSO..1416716S 10199:2018Sci...360...90B 10038:10.1038/nature06204 10030:2007Natur.449..905M 9968:2013PLoSO...878092S 9904:2011Sci...334..219H 9869:The Washington Post 9862:(13 October 2011). 9831:(13 October 2011). 9782:2009Sci...325..859B 9738:1995Sci...268..553Y 9695:2020JArSR..33j2477L 9617:2011JArSc..38.1918L 9528:2008JArSc..35.1566B 9485:2013JHumE..64..500V 9442:2005JHumE..48....3D 9345:2000JHumE..39..453M 9287:2010PNAS..107.6180T 9240:2009JHumE..57...27H 9189:2002Sci...295.1278H 9183:(5558): 1278–1280. 9105:2007PNAS..10416416S 9099:(42): 16416–16421. 9057:10.1038/nature11660 9049:2012Natur.491..590B 8994:2010Sci...330..659M 8939:2012PNAS..10913214D 8933:(33): 13214–13219. 8852:2010PLoSO...515582P 8790:2009Sci...324.1298P 8784:(5932): 1298–1301. 8740:10.1038/nature06204 8732:2007Natur.449..905M 8631:2000JHumE..39..453M 8541:2006PNAS..103.9381M 8500:biogenic carbonates 8482:(1999). Routledge. 8354:2003CBio...13..833G 8167:2010BMCEE..10...15P 8037:2007Sci...318.1453L 8031:(5855): 1453–1455. 7844:2014NatCo...5.3584K 7334:on 29 October 2009. 7277:Medscape references 7230:2007PNAS..10420753H 7224:(52): 20753–20758. 7173:2003Natur.423..692S 7128:10.1038/nature01669 7120:2003Natur.423..742W 6952:2014Sci...343.1017V 6946:(6174): 1017–1021. 6858:10.1038/nature16544 6850:2016Natur.530..429K 6774:10.1038/nature13810 6766:2014Natur.514..445F 6704:2012PLoSO...747765S 6637:2016CBio...26.1241S 6603:Haber, et al., 2019 6358:10.1038/nature22968 6350:2017Natur.547..306C 6316:Haber, et al., 2019 6308:Kamin, et al., 2015 6304:Posth, et al., 2016 6255:2013PLoSO...872931D 6189:2011PNAS..108.5154H 6128:2013PLoSO...880031R 5881:Scientific American 5842:10.1038/nature01669 5834:2003Natur.423..742W 5792:, p. 20150237. 5752:10.1038/ncomms16046 5744:2017NatCo...816046P 5714:, pp. 289–292. 5614:Teschler-Nicola, M. 5235:10.1038/nature09710 5227:2010Natur.468.1053R 5221:(7327): 1053–1060. 5163:2003PNAS..10011231T 5157:(20): 11231–11236. 5081:2016Natur.531..296C 5034:10.1038/nature17405 5026:2016Natur.531..504M 4924:Am J Phys Anthropol 4897:. February 28, 2005 4871:. February 16, 2005 4758:2010Sci...328..710G 4697:1988Sci...241..772W 4642:2017PNAS..114.9859R 4560:(28 October 2019). 4443:2019Natur.575..185C 4323:2017Sci...358..652S 4188:2004PNAS..101.1147H 4121:2009PNAS..10616022H 4115:(38): 16022–16027. 3969:2019SciA....5.1268G 3912:10.1038/nature17405 3904:2016Natur.531..504M 3849:10.1038/nature26151 3841:2018Natur.555..652H 3780:2002PNAS...99.1134L 3587:2018SciA....4.5961N 3527:2012Natur.485...33S 3478:2017Sci...358..652S 3410:2018TEcoE..33..582S 3346:2019NatCo..10.3406M 3276:2017JHumE.108..199H 3219:2022Natur.601..579V 2637:artistic expression 2608:and early forms of 2554:lactase persistence 2489:have been found in 2198:H. neanderthalensis 2140:Homo sapiens idaltu 2124:H. neanderthalensis 1825:H. neanderthalensis 1758:, pp. 582–594 1731:Dispersal of early 1560:Homo sapiens idaltu 1502:H. neanderthalensis 1474:population genetics 1231:) as a subspecies ( 1229:H. neanderthalensis 89:range of phenotypes 12438:Tool-using mammals 12391:The New York Times 11448:Self-domestication 11239:H. heidelbergensis 11188:H. e. yuanmouensis 11153:H. e. lantianensis 10880:Australopithecines 10787:Early modern human 10775:Early modern human 10635:(1698): 20150237. 8900:The New York Times 8490:. Vol. 2. p. 763 ( 8454:Soressi M. (2005) 8407:10.1007/bf02221838 8307:(3): 569–580.e15. 7951:The New York Times 7852:10.1038/ncomms4584 7807:The New York Times 7690:10.1002/ajpa.20398 7647:10.1002/ajhb.10070 7409:(1758): 20130168. 7273:"Forehead Anatomy" 7079:. UC Berkeley News 6411:The New York Times 6010:The New York Times 5943:(6368): eaai9067. 5884:. 17 February 2005 5712:Hublin et al. 2017 5683:10.1002/ajpa.21446 4936:10.1002/ajpa.10032 4603:The New York Times 4417:, pp. 582–594 4255:Rafferty, John P. 3199:Lane, Christine S. 3197:Vidal, Celine M.; 2751:shell beads, bone 2725: 2688: 2641:religious behavior 2595: 2550:rice domestication 2384:peopling of Africa 2380: 2237: 2159:does not consider 2048: 1887:Sub-Saharan Africa 1883: 1875:Levantine corridor 1869:Layer sequence at 1729: 1701:Southern Dispersal 1674:Y-chromosomal Adam 1663:H. heidelbergensis 1592:Middle Paleolithic 1588: 1548:Middle Paleolithic 1525:H. heidelbergensis 1520:H. heidelbergensis 1516:Sima de los Huesos 1512:H. heidelbergensis 1404:genetic bottleneck 1259:H. sapiens sapiens 716:H. heidelbergensis 97:Paleolithic Europe 83:species) that are 59:Early modern human 56: 35:Middle Paleolithic 12373: 12372: 12306:Open Tree of Life 12069:Taxon identifiers 12038: 12037: 11913:- development of 11905:evolution of life 11867:creation of stars 11759: 11758: 11700:Paleoanthropology 11642: 11641: 11619:Archaic admixture 11497:Stoned ape theory 11433:Endurance running 11350: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11342: 11341: 11197: 11196: 11160:H. e. nankinensis 11116:H. tsaichangensis 11052: 11051: 10773:Media related to 10404:(7657): 289–292. 10153:(15 March 2018). 10122:(15 March 2018). 10120:Chatterjee, Rhitu 10024:(7164): 905–908. 9898:(6053): 219–222. 9776:(5942): 859–862, 9732:(5210): 553–556. 9281:(14): 6180–6185. 9043:(7425): 590–593. 8988:(6004): 659–662. 8726:(7164): 905–908. 8535:(25): 9381–9386. 8508:Upper Paleolithic 7340:cite encyclopedia 7167:(6941): 693–695. 7114:(6491): 742–747. 6844:(7591): 429–433. 6812:The New Scientist 6760:(7523): 445–449. 6480:(34): 8482–8490. 6344:(7663): 306–310. 6312:Vai, et al., 2019 6183:(13): 5154–5162. 6073:(7766): 500–504. 5828:(6941): 742–747. 5075:(7594): 296–286. 5020:(7595): 504–507. 4752:(5979): 710–722. 4691:(4867): 772–774. 4636:(37): 9859–9863. 4437:(7781): 185–189. 4317:(6363): 652–655. 3898:(7595): 504–507. 3835:(7698): 652–656. 3472:(6363): 652–655. 3213:(7894): 579–583. 3000:H. s. tasmanianus 2966:(2003). The name 2963:H. sapiens idaltu 2711:", discovered in 2649:Upper Paleolithic 2639:, early forms of 2614:Upper Paleolithic 2408:genetic variation 2404:archaic admixture 2359:Race and genetics 2234:occipital contour 2178:Braincase anatomy 2145:H. sapiens idaltu 2137:, the subspecies 2080:Lower Paleolithic 1934:mitochondrial DNA 1891:archaic admixture 1843:finds in Europe. 1670:Mitochondrial Eve 1655:Schöningen spears 1604:Upper Paleolithic 1314:Homo rhodesiensis 1125: 1124: 1117:million years ago 1076: 1075: 1054: 1053: 1032: 1031: 1024:Earliest rock art 1010: 1009: 986: 985: 979:Earliest language 966: 965: 946: 945: 922: 921: 902: 901: 892:Earliest sign of 879: 878: 869:Earliest sign of 856: 855: 836: 835: 816: 815: 796: 795: 439:Ou. macedoniensis 179:Name and taxonomy 153:out of ancestral 79:(the only extant 16:(Redirected from 12445: 12403: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12381: 12366: 12365: 12353: 12352: 12340: 12339: 12327: 12326: 12314: 12313: 12301: 12300: 12288: 12287: 12275: 12274: 12265: 12264: 12252: 12251: 12249:NHMSYS0000376773 12239: 12238: 12226: 12225: 12213: 12212: 12200: 12199: 12187: 12186: 12174: 12173: 12161: 12160: 12148: 12147: 12135: 12134: 12122: 12121: 12109: 12108: 12096: 12095: 12094: 12064: 12063: 12055: 12054: 12046: 11841:Eight thresholds 11812:Cosmic evolution 11786: 11779: 11772: 11763: 11762: 11747: 11735: 11734: 11723: 11722: 11659:Human prehistory 11634:Recent evolution 11629:Early migrations 11571:Thermoregulation 11472:Expensive tissue 11443:Sexual selection 11413: 11412: 11285: 11284: 11167:H. e. pekinensis 11078: 11077: 11071: 11070: 10986:A. bahrelghazali 10955:Australopithecus 10885: 10884: 10855:Chimpanzee–human 10843: 10842: 10817: 10810: 10803: 10794: 10793: 10785:Data related to 10784: 10772: 10744: 10713: 10703: 10662: 10652: 10619: 10609: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10540: 10522: 10482: 10472: 10437: 10393: 10378: 10368: 10351:(4): 1421–1428. 10323: 10322: 10316: 10308: 10306: 10304: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10269: 10259: 10227: 10221: 10220: 10210: 10178: 10172: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10147: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10136: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10089: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10070:. Archived from 10064: 10058: 10057: 10015: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9989: 9979: 9947: 9941: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9887: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9876: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9825: 9819: 9818: 9801: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9678: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9659: 9650:(362): 289–303. 9635: 9629: 9628: 9611:(8): 1918–1930. 9600: 9594: 9593: 9576:(325): 635–648. 9565: 9559: 9558: 9546: 9540: 9539: 9522:(6): 1566–1580. 9511: 9505: 9504: 9468: 9462: 9461: 9425: 9419: 9418: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9328: 9319: 9318: 9308: 9298: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9153: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9126: 9116: 9083: 9077: 9076: 9031: 9022: 9021: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8960: 8950: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8873: 8863: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8775: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8717: 8708: 8702: 8701: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8614: 8608: 8607: 8579: 8573: 8572: 8562: 8552: 8517: 8511: 8477: 8471: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8425: 8419: 8418: 8390: 8384: 8383: 8365: 8333: 8327: 8326: 8316: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8188: 8178: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8134:. Archived from 8111: 8105: 8104: 8076: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8019: 8013: 8012: 8002: 7970: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7942: 7936: 7935: 7925: 7893: 7887: 7880: 7874: 7873: 7863: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7813: 7798: 7792: 7791: 7789: 7769:Med. J. Malaysia 7766: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7736: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7673: 7667: 7666: 7630: 7624: 7623: 7605: 7599: 7598: 7588: 7559:Keith A (1913). 7556: 7550: 7549: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7488: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7434: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7349: 7345: 7343: 7335: 7330:. Archived from 7322: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7311: 7293: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7251: 7241: 7207: 7201: 7200: 7154: 7148: 7147: 7094: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7072: 7066: 7065: 7050: 7044: 7043: 7019: 7013: 7012: 6988: 6982: 6981: 6963: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6912: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6829: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6819: 6802: 6796: 6795: 6785: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6725: 6715: 6681: 6675: 6674: 6664: 6631:(9): 1241–1247. 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6593: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6548: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6499: 6489: 6465: 6459: 6458: 6422: 6416: 6415: 6401: 6395: 6394: 6392: 6369: 6333: 6324: 6318: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6284: 6266: 6232: 6221: 6220: 6210: 6200: 6166: 6160: 6159: 6149: 6139: 6105: 6099: 6098: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6028: 6022: 6021: 6019: 6017: 6003:(10 July 2019). 5997: 5991: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5952: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5811: 5805: 5799: 5793: 5787: 5774: 5773: 5763: 5721: 5715: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5649: 5639: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5598: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5561: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5522: 5516: 5510:. Archived from 5501: 5473: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5397: 5387: 5366:Philipp (2014). 5362: 5356: 5355: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5271: 5265: 5264: 5254: 5204: 5195: 5194: 5184: 5174: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5092: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4989: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4921: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4903: 4902: 4887: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4826: 4794: 4788: 4787: 4777: 4736: 4725: 4724: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4663: 4653: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4590: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4574: 4554: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4534:ScienceAlert.com 4525: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4491: 4485: 4484: 4478: 4470: 4424: 4418: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4364: 4353: 4352: 4334: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4209: 4199: 4182:(5): 1147–1152. 4167: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4132: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3996: 3956:Science Advances 3946: 3940: 3939: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3868: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3801: 3791: 3774:(3): 1134–1139. 3755: 3749: 3748: 3728: 3722: 3721: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3664: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3631: 3625: 3624: 3614: 3575:Science Advances 3566: 3557: 3556: 3538: 3506: 3500: 3499: 3489: 3457: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3390:Timmermann, Axel 3385: 3376: 3375: 3365: 3323: 3306: 3305: 3287: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3194: 3183: 3182: 3162: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3073: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3044: 3040: 3034: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3016: 3013: 3007: 2984:H. s. americanus 2954: 2948: 2945: 2939: 2931: 2925: 2914: 2633:abstract thought 2548:associated with 2511:cranial capacity 2481:associated with 2402:. Combined with 2400:Age of Discovery 2377: 2374: 2343:Recent evolution 2149:valid subspecies 2102:, while AMH (or 1991:Denisova hominin 1976:. The extent of 1954:admixture events 1586: 1583: 1544:Human subspecies 1482:admixture events 1451:clinal variation 1293:Derivation from 1190:) definition of 1105: 1103: 1102: 1088: 1086: 1070: 1061: 1056: 1048: 1046:Earliest clothes 1039: 1034: 1026: 1017: 1012: 993: 988: 973: 968: 953: 948: 935:Earliest sign of 929: 924: 909: 904: 894:Australopithecus 886: 881: 863: 858: 849:Earliest bipedal 843: 838: 829:Chimpanzee split 823: 818: 803: 798: 783: 778: 764: 763: 749: 748: 732: 718: 704: 676: 663: 643: 630: 602: 600:Australopithecus 589: 574: 557: 544: 520: 507: 494: 481: 468: 455: 443: 424: 411: 398: 386: 372: 359: 346: 344: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 220: 213: 206: 200: 190: 189:Hominin timeline 183: 21: 12453: 12452: 12448: 12447: 12446: 12444: 12443: 12442: 12408: 12407: 12406: 12396: 12394: 12382: 12378: 12374: 12369: 12361: 12356: 12348: 12343: 12335: 12330: 12322: 12317: 12309: 12304: 12296: 12291: 12283: 12280:Observation.org 12278: 12270: 12268: 12260: 12255: 12247: 12242: 12234: 12229: 12221: 12216: 12208: 12203: 12195: 12190: 12182: 12177: 12169: 12164: 12156: 12151: 12143: 12138: 12130: 12125: 12117: 12112: 12104: 12099: 12090: 12089: 12084: 12071: 12061: 12049: 12041: 12039: 12034: 12015: 11996:David Christian 11969: 11948: 11836: 11795: 11790: 11760: 11755: 11711: 11668: 11654:Human evolution 11638: 11595: 11539: 11533: 11512:Cooperative eye 11457:Specific models 11452: 11404: 11383:Homo antecessor 11338: 11274: 11268:H. rhodesiensis 11232:H. floresiensis 11193: 11174:H. e. soloensis 11146:H. e. georgicus 11122: 11086:H. gautengensis 11061: 11059: 11048: 11012: 10948: 10919: 10874: 10865:Orangutan–human 10834: 10826: 10824:Human evolution 10821: 10751: 10741: 10721: 10719:Further reading 10716: 10560: 10558: 10490:Current Biology 10448:Genome Research 10391: 10332: 10327: 10326: 10310: 10309: 10302: 10300: 10287: 10283: 10242:(5): e0216716. 10228: 10224: 10193:(6384): 90–94. 10179: 10175: 10165: 10163: 10148: 10144: 10134: 10132: 10117: 10113: 10106: 10090: 10086: 10077: 10075: 10066: 10065: 10061: 10013: 10007: 10003: 9948: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9888: 9884: 9874: 9872: 9857: 9853: 9843: 9841: 9826: 9822: 9765: 9761: 9722: 9718: 9679: 9675: 9636: 9632: 9601: 9597: 9566: 9562: 9547: 9543: 9512: 9508: 9469: 9465: 9426: 9422: 9380: 9376: 9329: 9322: 9267: 9263: 9224: 9220: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9144: 9140: 9084: 9080: 9032: 9025: 8978: 8974: 8919: 8915: 8905: 8903: 8891: 8887: 8832: 8828: 8820: 8773: 8767: 8763: 8715: 8709: 8705: 8666: 8662: 8615: 8611: 8580: 8576: 8518: 8514: 8504:Later Stone Age 8496:organic samples 8478: 8474: 8453: 8449: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8391: 8387: 8348:(10): 833–836. 8342:Current Biology 8334: 8330: 8292: 8288: 8241: 8237: 8206: 8202: 8147: 8143: 8112: 8108: 8077: 8070: 8020: 8016: 7971: 7964: 7955: 7953: 7943: 7939: 7894: 7890: 7881: 7877: 7824: 7820: 7811: 7809: 7799: 7795: 7787: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7738: 7737: 7709: 7705: 7674: 7670: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7606: 7602: 7557: 7553: 7514: 7510: 7503: 7489: 7485: 7452: 7448: 7395: 7391: 7384: 7366:Morris, Desmond 7363: 7359: 7347: 7346: 7337: 7336: 7324: 7323: 7319: 7309: 7307: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7281: 7279: 7269: 7265: 7208: 7204: 7181:10.1038/423692a 7155: 7151: 7095: 7091: 7082: 7080: 7073: 7069: 7051: 7047: 7036: 7020: 7016: 7005: 6989: 6985: 6930: 6926: 6887: 6883: 6830: 6826: 6817: 6815: 6803: 6799: 6743: 6739: 6682: 6678: 6625:Current Biology 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6517: 6513: 6466: 6462: 6423: 6419: 6402: 6398: 6390: 6331: 6325: 6321: 6302: 6298: 6233: 6224: 6167: 6163: 6106: 6102: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6029: 6025: 6015: 6013: 5998: 5994: 5984: 5982: 5970: 5966: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5869: 5865: 5812: 5808: 5800: 5796: 5788: 5777: 5722: 5718: 5710: 5706: 5667: 5663: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5594: 5587: 5583: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5471: 5465: 5461: 5454: 5440: 5436: 5429: 5415: 5411: 5378:(5): e1001871. 5363: 5359: 5352: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5309: 5305: 5272: 5268: 5205: 5198: 5143: 5139: 5132: 5118: 5114: 5090:10.1038/531286a 5061: 5057: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4919: 4913: 4909: 4900: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4863: 4862: 4858: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4795: 4791: 4737: 4728: 4681: 4677: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4591: 4582: 4572: 4570: 4555: 4548: 4538: 4536: 4526: 4522: 4512: 4510: 4492: 4488: 4472: 4471: 4425: 4421: 4403:Stringer (2016) 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4365: 4356: 4300: 4296: 4278: 4274: 4265: 4263: 4253: 4242: 4228: 4227: 4223: 4168: 4164: 4101: 4097: 4090: 4074: 4070: 4047:10.2307/1375342 4031: 4027: 4014: 4010: 3947: 3943: 3886: 3882: 3819: 3815: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3702: 3698: 3691: 3675: 3671: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3647: 3634:Harrod, James. 3632: 3628: 3581:(1): eaao5961. 3567: 3560: 3536:10.1038/485033a 3521:(7396): 33–35. 3507: 3503: 3458: 3451: 3386: 3379: 3324: 3309: 3256: 3252: 3195: 3186: 3179: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3085: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3065: 3061: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3014: 3010: 2988:H. s. asiaticus 2955: 2951: 2946: 2942: 2932: 2928: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2888: 2882:Sapient paradox 2878: 2745:Southern Africa 2733:Venus figurines 2729:Later Stone Age 2701: 2657:Paleolithic art 2653:rapid expansion 2618:Later Stone Age 2579: 2573: 2479:founder effects 2375: 2365: 2351: 2345: 2297: 2284: 2207: 2201: 2186: 2180: 2068: 2040: 2026: 2000:, of a virtual 1748:Florisbad Skull 1717: 1711: 1693: 1659:(big game) hunt 1631:Peștera cu Oase 1584: 1566: 1540: 1470:archaeogenetics 1427:early dispersal 1352:Florisbad Skull 1320: 1306:Homo antecessor 1298: 1290: 1272:Human evolution 1268: 1238:H. rhodesiensis 1141: 1131: 1121: 1120: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084:H o m i n i d s 1082: 1080: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1050: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1022: 1015: 1006: 1005: 991: 982: 981: 971: 962: 961: 951: 942: 941: 936: 927: 918: 917: 907: 898: 897: 884: 875: 874: 861: 852: 851: 841: 832: 831: 821: 812: 811: 801: 792: 791: 781: 774: 773: 772: 767: 766: 765: 759: 758: 754: 752: 751: 750: 744: 743: 739: 737: 736: 735: 728: 722: 721: 720: 714: 709: 707: 706: 705: 696: 688: 680: 679: 672: 666: 665: 664: 655: 647: 646: 639: 633: 632: 631: 622: 614: 606: 605: 598: 592: 591: 590: 581: 577: 576: 575: 566: 562: 561: 560: 553: 547: 546: 545: 536: 528: 524: 523: 522: 516: 511: 510: 509: 503: 498: 497: 496: 490: 485: 484: 483: 477: 472: 471: 470: 464: 459: 458: 457: 453:Chororapithecus 451: 446: 445: 444: 435: 427: 426: 420: 415: 414: 413: 409:Samburupithecus 407: 402: 401: 400: 394: 389: 388: 387: 380: 376: 375: 374: 368: 363: 362: 361: 355: 350: 349: 348: 342: 340: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 224: 198: 192: 188: 181: 160:Homo antecessor 123:Extinct species 42: 31: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12451: 12441: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12420: 12405: 12404: 12375: 12371: 12370: 12368: 12367: 12354: 12341: 12328: 12315: 12302: 12289: 12276: 12266: 12253: 12240: 12227: 12214: 12201: 12188: 12175: 12162: 12149: 12136: 12123: 12110: 12097: 12081: 12079: 12073: 12072: 12060: 12059: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11981:Walter Alvarez 11977: 11975: 11974:Notable people 11971: 11970: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11956: 11954: 11950: 11949: 11947: 11946: 11936: 11926: 11925: 11924: 11907: 11893: 11883: 11869: 11859: 11844: 11842: 11838: 11837: 11835: 11834: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11796: 11789: 11788: 11781: 11774: 11766: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11741: 11729: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11703: 11702: 11692: 11687: 11682: 11676: 11674: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11666: 11664:Human timeline 11661: 11656: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11637: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11605: 11603: 11597: 11596: 11594: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11578: 11573: 11568: 11563: 11558: 11553: 11548: 11542: 11540: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11509: 11501: 11500: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11487:Drunken monkey 11481: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11419: 11417: 11416:General models 11410: 11406: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11360: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11348: 11347: 11344: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11309: 11304: 11295: 11293: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11272: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11220: 11215: 11207: 11205: 11203:Archaic humans 11199: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11191: 11184: 11177: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11134: 11132: 11124: 11123: 11121: 11120: 11112: 11108:H. rudolfensis 11104: 11097: 11090: 11081: 11075: 11068: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11029:P. aethiopicus 11024: 11022: 11014: 11013: 11011: 11010: 11003: 10996: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10968: 10960: 10958: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10931: 10929: 10921: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10910: 10907:Sahelanthropus 10903: 10896: 10893:Nakalipithecus 10888: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10851: 10849: 10840: 10828: 10827: 10820: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10789:at Wikispecies 10778: 10766: 10765:(August 2016). 10750: 10749:External links 10747: 10746: 10745: 10740:978-1101870327 10739: 10731:Pantheon Books 10720: 10717: 10715: 10714: 10663: 10620: 10584:(8): 582–594. 10567: 10541: 10497:(6): 827–833. 10483: 10455:(4): 459–466. 10438: 10379: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10325: 10324: 10281: 10222: 10173: 10142: 10111: 10105:978-1910561034 10104: 10084: 10059: 10001: 9962:(11): e78092. 9942: 9933: 9882: 9851: 9829:Amos, Jonathan 9820: 9759: 9716: 9673: 9630: 9595: 9560: 9541: 9506: 9479:(6): 500–517. 9463: 9420: 9374: 9339:(5): 453–563. 9320: 9261: 9218: 9167: 9161:978-0691115320 9160: 9138: 9078: 9023: 8972: 8913: 8885: 8846:(12): e15582. 8826: 8761: 8703: 8682:10.1086/377665 8676:(5): 627–651. 8660: 8625:(5): 453–563. 8609: 8596:10.1086/658067 8574: 8512: 8472: 8447: 8441:978-0313364303 8440: 8420: 8401:(2): 167–198. 8385: 8328: 8286: 8251:(6): 579–591. 8245:Human Genetics 8235: 8216:(1): 297–319. 8200: 8141: 8138:on 2014-10-11. 8126:(3): 625–636. 8106: 8093:10.1086/203138 8087:(3): 301–330. 8068: 8014: 7962: 7937: 7908:(4): 691–702. 7888: 7875: 7838:(3584): 3584. 7818: 7793: 7775:(1): 108–128. 7752: 7703: 7684:(2): 194–204. 7668: 7641:(5): 566–583. 7625: 7619:978-0471319283 7618: 7600: 7551: 7524:(5): 350–355. 7508: 7502:978-0122619205 7501: 7483: 7446: 7389: 7383:978-0312338534 7382: 7357: 7317: 7288: 7263: 7202: 7149: 7089: 7067: 7064:. p. 237. 7045: 7035:978-0867202687 7034: 7014: 7004:978-0198739906 7003: 6983: 6924: 6903:(3): 683–695. 6881: 6824: 6797: 6737: 6698:(10): e47765. 6676: 6607: 6595: 6560: 6537:10.1086/505436 6531:(2): 230–237. 6511: 6460: 6433:(3): 172–174. 6417: 6396: 6319: 6296: 6222: 6161: 6122:(11): e80031. 6100: 6051: 6023: 5992: 5964: 5921: 5895: 5863: 5806: 5794: 5775: 5716: 5704: 5677:(4): 575–592. 5661: 5630:(3): 313–317. 5604: 5581: 5528: 5484:(3): 454–459. 5459: 5452: 5434: 5428:978-3896460400 5427: 5409: 5357: 5351:978-0199738182 5350: 5330: 5324:978-0306480003 5323: 5303: 5282:(1): 207–230. 5266: 5196: 5137: 5131:978-1841196978 5130: 5112: 5055: 5003: 4991: 4972:(6): 731–736. 4956: 4930:(2): 103–112. 4907: 4882: 4856: 4838: 4809:(4): 516–528. 4803:Am J Hum Genet 4789: 4726: 4675: 4616: 4580: 4546: 4520: 4486: 4419: 4395: 4354: 4294: 4288:10.1101/145409 4272: 4240: 4221: 4162: 4095: 4089:978-0442784782 4088: 4068: 4041:(4): 358–364. 4025: 4022:. p. 356. 4008: 3941: 3880: 3813: 3750: 3744:978-0520257214 3743: 3723: 3717:978-1137000385 3716: 3696: 3689: 3669: 3645: 3626: 3558: 3501: 3449: 3404:(8): 582–594. 3377: 3307: 3250: 3184: 3177: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3128: 3119: 3068: 3059: 3045: 3035: 3026: 3017: 3008: 2949: 2940: 2926: 2908: 2907: 2905: 2902: 2877: 2870: 2824:Pinnacle Point 2765:Pinnacle Point 2700: 2697: 2686:, South Africa 2661:cave paintings 2606:figurative art 2575:Main article: 2572: 2569: 2382:Following the 2347:Main article: 2344: 2341: 2296: 2293: 2283: 2280: 2262:Desmond Morris 2253:and unbroken. 2179: 2176: 2157:Chris Stringer 2076:archaic humans 2067: 2064: 2052:archaic humans 2025: 2022: 1692: 1689: 1640:mixed ancestry 1539: 1533: 1423:archaic humans 1297: 1291: 1267: 1264: 1150:was coined by 1129:Human taxonomy 1127:Main article: 1123: 1122: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1079: 1078: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1065: 1064: 1062: 1052: 1051: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1030: 1029: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1008: 1007: 997: 996: 994: 984: 983: 977: 976: 974: 964: 963: 957: 956: 954: 944: 943: 933: 932: 930: 920: 919: 913: 912: 910: 900: 899: 890: 889: 887: 877: 876: 867: 866: 864: 854: 853: 847: 846: 844: 834: 833: 827: 826: 824: 814: 813: 807: 806: 804: 794: 793: 787: 786: 784: 775: 770: 769: 768: 757: 756: 755: 753: 742: 741: 740: 738: 725: 724: 723: 712: 711: 710: 708: 669: 668: 667: 651:H. rudolfensis 636: 635: 634: 595: 594: 593: 580: 579: 578: 565: 564: 563: 550: 549: 548: 527: 526: 525: 514: 513: 512: 505:Graecopithecus 501: 500: 499: 492:Sahelanthropus 488: 487: 486: 475: 474: 473: 462: 461: 460: 449: 448: 447: 422:Ouranopithecus 418: 417: 416: 405: 404: 403: 396:Nakalipithecus 392: 391: 390: 379: 378: 377: 366: 365: 364: 353: 352: 351: 338: 337: 336: 334: 331:0 — 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 226: 225: 223: 222: 215: 208: 197: 194: 193: 186: 180: 177: 27:Old Stone Age 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12450: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12380: 12376: 12364: 12359: 12355: 12351: 12346: 12342: 12338: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12320: 12316: 12312: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12281: 12277: 12273: 12267: 12263: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12232: 12228: 12224: 12219: 12215: 12211: 12206: 12202: 12198: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12154: 12150: 12146: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12128: 12124: 12120: 12115: 12111: 12107: 12102: 12098: 12093: 12087: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12065: 12058: 12053: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12031:(2013 series) 12030: 12029: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12012: 12011:Graeme Snooks 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11991:Eric Chaisson 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11978: 11976: 11972: 11966: 11963: 11961: 11958: 11957: 11955: 11951: 11945: 11941: 11937: 11935: 11931: 11927: 11923: 11920: 11919: 11918: 11917: 11912: 11908: 11906: 11902: 11898: 11894: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11845: 11843: 11839: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11804: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11787: 11782: 11780: 11775: 11773: 11768: 11767: 11764: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11742: 11740: 11739: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11718: 11717: 11714: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11697: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11675: 11671: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11651: 11649: 11645: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11606: 11604: 11602: 11598: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11579: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11569: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11557: 11554: 11552: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11543: 11541: 11536: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11518:Life history 11517: 11513: 11510: 11508: 11505: 11504: 11502: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11464: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11411: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11378: 11373: 11372: 11371:Homo ergaster 11367: 11366: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11314: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11301: 11300:H. s. sapiens 11297: 11296: 11294: 11292: 11291: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11280:Modern humans 11277: 11270: 11269: 11265: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11256: 11255: 11254:H. luzonensis 11251: 11248: 11247: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11236: 11234: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11225: 11221: 11219: 11216: 11214: 11213: 11212:H. antecessor 11209: 11208: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11190: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11178: 11176: 11175: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11164: 11162: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11150: 11148: 11147: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11139:H. e. erectus 11136: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11125: 11118: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11109: 11105: 11103: 11102: 11098: 11096: 11095: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11083: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11065: 11055: 11045: 11044: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11033: 11031: 11030: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11020: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10997: 10995: 10994: 10993:A. deyiremeda 10990: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10974: 10973: 10969: 10967: 10966: 10962: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10956: 10951: 10945: 10944: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10916: 10915: 10914:Kenyanthropus 10911: 10909: 10908: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10897: 10895: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10860:Gorilla–human 10858: 10856: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10841: 10838: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10818: 10813: 10811: 10806: 10804: 10799: 10798: 10795: 10788: 10783: 10779: 10776: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10752: 10742: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10722: 10711: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10660: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10642: 10638: 10634: 10630: 10626: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10603: 10599: 10595: 10591: 10587: 10583: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10557: 10556: 10551: 10549: 10542: 10538: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10512: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10491: 10484: 10480: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10398: 10390: 10388: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10334: 10320: 10314: 10313:cite magazine 10298: 10297: 10296:New Scientist 10292: 10285: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10226: 10218: 10214: 10209: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10184: 10177: 10162: 10161: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10107: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10088: 10074:on 2019-01-05 10073: 10069: 10063: 10055: 10051: 10047: 10043: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9978: 9973: 9969: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9946: 9937: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9886: 9871: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9860:Vastag, Brian 9855: 9840: 9839: 9834: 9830: 9824: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9771: 9763: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9739: 9735: 9731: 9727: 9720: 9712: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9684: 9677: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9634: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9571: 9564: 9556: 9552: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9467: 9459: 9455: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9431: 9424: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9393:(5669): 404. 9392: 9388: 9384: 9378: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9327: 9325: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9272: 9265: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9182: 9178: 9171: 9163: 9157: 9152: 9151: 9142: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9062: 9058: 9054: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9038: 9030: 9028: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9007: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8917: 8902: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8881: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8837: 8830: 8819: 8815: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8765: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8745: 8741: 8737: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8714: 8707: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8664: 8656: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8636: 8632: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8613: 8605: 8601: 8597: 8593: 8589: 8585: 8578: 8570: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8526: 8522: 8521:Mellars, Paul 8516: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8481: 8476: 8469: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8451: 8443: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8424: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8389: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8332: 8324: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8262: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8204: 8196: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8075: 8073: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7984: 7980: 7976: 7969: 7967: 7952: 7948: 7941: 7933: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7903: 7899: 7892: 7885: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7822: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7748: 7742: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7672: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7629: 7621: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7596: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7523: 7519: 7512: 7504: 7498: 7494: 7487: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7450: 7442: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7393: 7385: 7379: 7376:. Macmillan. 7375: 7371: 7367: 7361: 7353: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7321: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7218: 7213: 7206: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7099: 7098:White, Tim D. 7093: 7078: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7055: 7054:Pääbo, Svante 7049: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7026: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6996: 6995: 6987: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6828: 6814: 6813: 6808: 6801: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6741: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6522: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6421: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6400: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6249:(9): e72931. 6248: 6244: 6243: 6238: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6104: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6040: 6039: 6034: 6027: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5925: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5875: 5867: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5803: 5798: 5791: 5790:Stringer 2016 5786: 5784: 5782: 5780: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5592: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5532: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5479: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5334: 5326: 5320: 5316: 5315: 5307: 5298: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5270: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5215: 5210: 5203: 5201: 5192: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5059: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4960: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4918: 4911: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4870: 4866: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4620: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4569: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4551: 4535: 4531: 4524: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4482: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4415:Scerri (2018) 4412: 4408: 4407:Sample (2017) 4404: 4399: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4311: 4306: 4298: 4289: 4284: 4276: 4262: 4258: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4236: 4233:King, 1864". 4232: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4091: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4021: 4020: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3995: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3884: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3763: 3754: 3746: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3727: 3719: 3713: 3709: 3708: 3700: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3673: 3658: 3657: 3649: 3641: 3640:Mother Tongue 3637: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3563: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334: 3329: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3174: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3141: 3132: 3123: 3072: 3063: 3056: 3049: 3039: 3030: 3021: 3012: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2968:H. s. sapiens 2965: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2944: 2937: 2930: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2899: 2898:early periods 2897: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831:Nazlet Sabaha 2827: 2825: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2696: 2694: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2666: 2665:spear-thrower 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2423:Introgression 2420: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2369: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2292: 2290: 2289:mental trigon 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2241:occipital bun 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:H. s. sapiens 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2044: 2039: 2038:Anthropometry 2035: 2031: 2030:Human anatomy 2021: 2019: 2018:North-African 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1992: 1988: 1983: 1982:introgression 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:introgression 1955: 1951: 1950:autosomal DNA 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1905:, and in the 1904: 1903:Bab-el-Mandeb 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1867: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1756:Scerri (2018) 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1530: 1529:H. antecessor 1526: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1485: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1455:genetic drift 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1396: 1394: 1390: 1389:cladistically 1387: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1365: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:archaic human 1325: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:Homo ergaster 1296: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1254: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1203: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1146: 1145:binomial name 1140: 1136: 1130: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1101: 1087: 1085: 1069: 1068:Modern humans 1063: 1058: 1057: 1047: 1041: 1036: 1035: 1025: 1019: 1014: 1013: 1004: 1000: 999:Earliest fire 995: 990: 989: 980: 975: 970: 969: 960: 955: 950: 949: 940: 939: 931: 926: 925: 916: 911: 906: 905: 896: 895: 888: 883: 882: 873: 872: 865: 860: 859: 850: 845: 840: 839: 830: 825: 820: 819: 810: 809:Gorilla split 805: 800: 799: 790: 785: 780: 779: 762: 747: 734: 733: 731: 719: 717: 703: 701: 695: 693: 687: 685: 684:H. antecessor 678: 677: 675: 662: 660: 654: 652: 645: 644: 642: 629: 627: 626:Au. anamensis 621: 619: 618:Au. afarensis 613: 611: 610:Au. africanus 604: 603: 601: 588: 586: 573: 571: 559: 558: 556: 543: 541: 540:O. tugenensis 535: 533: 521: 519: 508: 506: 495: 493: 482: 480: 469: 467: 456: 454: 442: 440: 434: 432: 425: 423: 412: 410: 399: 397: 385: 384: 373: 371: 360: 358: 347: 345: 227: 221: 216: 214: 209: 207: 202: 201: 195: 191: 184: 176: 174: 170: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135: 130: 129: 125:of the genus 124: 120: 118: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 93:archaic human 90: 86: 82: 78: 77: 72: 68: 64: 60: 53: 48: 44: 40: 36: 30: 19: 12395:. Retrieved 12389: 12379: 12106:Homo_sapiens 12077:Homo sapiens 12076: 12026: 11939: 11929: 11916:Homo sapiens 11914: 11910: 11896: 11886: 11872: 11862: 11848: 11748: 11736: 11724: 11591:Gender roles 11586:Intelligence 11399:Homo sapiens 11397: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11377:Homo erectus 11375: 11369: 11365:Homo habilis 11363: 11324:Manot people 11313:H. s. idaltu 11311: 11307:Jebel Irhoud 11299: 11298: 11290:Homo sapiens 11288: 11266: 11259: 11252: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11222: 11210: 11186: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11144: 11137: 11129:Homo erectus 11127: 11114: 11106: 11099: 11092: 11084: 11074:Proto-humans 11063: 11060:proto-humans 11041: 11034: 11027: 11019:Paranthropus 11017: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10979:A. anamensis 10977: 10972:A. africanus 10970: 10965:A. afarensis 10963: 10953: 10941: 10934: 10926:Ardipithecus 10924: 10912: 10905: 10898: 10891: 10870:Gibbon–human 10726: 10675: 10671: 10632: 10628: 10581: 10575: 10559:. Retrieved 10555:The Guardian 10553: 10548:Homo sapiens 10547: 10494: 10488: 10452: 10446: 10401: 10395: 10387:Homo sapiens 10386: 10348: 10342: 10301:. Retrieved 10294: 10284: 10239: 10235: 10225: 10190: 10186: 10176: 10164:. Retrieved 10160:The Atlantic 10158: 10145: 10133:. Retrieved 10127: 10114: 10094: 10087: 10076:. Retrieved 10072:the original 10062: 10021: 10017: 10004: 9959: 9955: 9945: 9936: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9873:. Retrieved 9867: 9854: 9842:. Retrieved 9836: 9823: 9773: 9769: 9762: 9729: 9725: 9719: 9686: 9682: 9676: 9647: 9643: 9633: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9573: 9569: 9563: 9554: 9550: 9544: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9433: 9429: 9423: 9390: 9386: 9377: 9336: 9332: 9278: 9274: 9264: 9234:(1): 27–47. 9231: 9227: 9221: 9180: 9176: 9170: 9149: 9141: 9096: 9092: 9081: 9040: 9036: 8985: 8981: 8975: 8930: 8926: 8916: 8906:15 September 8904:. 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New York: 7057: 7048: 7040:Google Books 7038:– via 7024: 7017: 7009:Google Books 7007:– via 6993: 6986: 6943: 6937: 6927: 6900: 6894: 6884: 6841: 6837: 6827: 6816:. Retrieved 6810: 6800: 6757: 6751: 6740: 6695: 6689: 6679: 6628: 6624: 6617:Reich, David 6610: 6598: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6477: 6473: 6463: 6430: 6426: 6420: 6409: 6399: 6341: 6335: 6322: 6299: 6246: 6240: 6180: 6174: 6164: 6119: 6113: 6103: 6070: 6064: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6036: 6026: 6014:. Retrieved 6008: 6001:Zimmer, Carl 5995: 5983:. Retrieved 5977: 5967: 5940: 5934: 5924: 5912:. Retrieved 5908: 5898: 5886:. Retrieved 5879: 5874:Homo sapiens 5873: 5866: 5825: 5819: 5816:Homo sapiens 5815: 5809: 5797: 5735: 5729: 5719: 5707: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5627: 5623:PLOS Biology 5621: 5607: 5595:. Retrieved 5584: 5544:(1): 19–30. 5541: 5537: 5531: 5519:. Retrieved 5512:the original 5481: 5475: 5462: 5443: 5437: 5418: 5412: 5375: 5372:PLOS Biology 5371: 5360: 5340: 5333: 5313: 5306: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5218: 5212: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5124:. Robinson. 5121: 5115: 5072: 5068: 5058: 5017: 5013: 5006: 4994: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4927: 4923: 4910: 4899:. Retrieved 4895:ScienceDaily 4894: 4885: 4873:. Retrieved 4868: 4859: 4850: 4841: 4806: 4802: 4792: 4749: 4745: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4633: 4629: 4619: 4609:10 September 4607:. Retrieved 4601: 4594:Zimmer, Carl 4571:. Retrieved 4567:The Atlantic 4565: 4537:. Retrieved 4533: 4523: 4511:. Retrieved 4500:The Guardian 4499: 4489: 4475:cite journal 4434: 4428: 4422: 4398: 4386:. Retrieved 4372: 4314: 4308: 4297: 4281:years ago". 4275: 4264:. Retrieved 4260: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4112: 4108: 4098: 4078: 4071: 4038: 4034: 4028: 4018: 4011: 3960: 3954: 3944: 3895: 3889: 3883: 3832: 3826: 3816: 3771: 3767: 3762:Homo sapiens 3761: 3753: 3733: 3726: 3706: 3699: 3679: 3672: 3661:. Retrieved 3655: 3648: 3639: 3629: 3578: 3574: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3469: 3465: 3401: 3397: 3337: 3331: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3210: 3206: 3171:. Springer. 3167: 3160: 3140: 3131: 3122: 3071: 3062: 3048: 3038: 3029: 3020: 3011: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2952: 2943: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2912: 2896:Homo sapiens 2895: 2891:Homo sapiens 2890: 2889: 2874:Homo sapiens 2873: 2866: 2862:Homo sapiens 2861: 2858:Homo sapiens 2857: 2853:Olorgesailie 2850: 2828: 2820: 2812:Homo sapiens 2811: 2808: 2791: 2761:Blombos Cave 2726: 2721:Homo sapiens 2720: 2717:South Africa 2713:Blombos Cave 2692: 2689: 2684:Blombos Cave 2680:Homo sapiens 2679: 2669:Neanderthals 2645:lithic cores 2622: 2596: 2591:Blombos Cave 2587:Homo sapiens 2586: 2558: 2531: 2491:Neanderthals 2464: 2457: 2455: 2416: 2391: 2381: 2337:Malay people 2326: 2298: 2285: 2275: 2270: 2255: 2238: 2197: 2193: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2144: 2138: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2120:Homo sapiens 2119: 2115: 2111: 2099: 2095: 2087: 2083: 2072:Homo sapiens 2071: 2069: 2060:Neanderthals 2049: 2014:South Africa 2005: 1995: 1961: 1927: 1923:the Americas 1884: 1879:Homo sapiens 1878: 1848:megadroughts 1845: 1840: 1829:Apidima Cave 1824: 1820: 1818: 1812: 1807: 1804:Middle Awash 1800:H. s. idaltu 1799: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1775: 1771:South Africa 1762: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1740: 1737:Jebel Irhoud 1732: 1730: 1678: 1667: 1662: 1647: 1644: 1611:Jebel Irhoud 1608: 1595: 1589: 1578:Jebel Irhoud 1574:Homo sapiens 1573: 1537:Homo sapiens 1536: 1528: 1524: 1519: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1494:H. s. idaltu 1493: 1489: 1486: 1467: 1438: 1430: 1418: 1416: 1411: 1399: 1397: 1393:Neanderthals 1385: 1383: 1379:South Africa 1370: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1348:Jebel Irhoud 1343: 1335: 1331: 1323: 1321: 1294: 1257: 1255: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1215: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1182: 1180: 1173: 1169: 1163: 1148:Homo sapiens 1147: 1142: 1096: 1081: 937: 893: 871:Ardipithecus 870: 789:Earlier apes 746:Neanderthals 730:Homo sapiens 727: 726: 713: 697: 689: 681: 671: 670: 656: 648: 638: 637: 623: 615: 607: 597: 596: 582: 567: 555:Ardipithecus 552: 551: 537: 529: 515: 502: 489: 479:Sivapithecus 476: 466:Oreopithecus 463: 450: 436: 428: 419: 406: 393: 381: 367: 354: 339: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 134:Homo erectus 132: 126: 121: 117:Jebel Irhoud 105:Omo-Kibish I 101:Homo sapiens 100: 85:anatomically 76:Homo sapiens 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57: 43: 29:Homo sapiens 28: 12179:iNaturalist 12028:Big History 11930:Agriculture 11901:abiogenesis 11881:dying stars 11822:Time scales 11793:Big History 11522:Grandmother 11477:Shore-based 11438:Aquatic ape 11329:Tam Pa Ling 11224:H. ergaster 11043:P. robustus 10759:Smithsonian 10678:(1): 3530. 10520:2440/114930 9799:11422/11102 9667:11336/81248 9436:(1): 3–24. 8590:(1): 1–35. 7719:(1): 1–12. 7462:: 193–200. 7348:|work= 7310:11 December 7062:Basic Books 6367:2440/107043 5802:Sample 2017 5243:10230/25596 4851:www.nsf.gov 3963:(5): 1268. 3340:(1): 3406. 3270:: 199–219. 2992:H. s. ferus 2846:stone tools 2804:Sibudu Cave 2749:ostrich egg 2737:Aurignacian 2534:agriculture 2523:Neanderthal 2469:(LGM), the 2435:East Asians 2339:, for one. 2282:Jaw anatomy 2196:(left) and 2002:skull shape 1987:Melanesians 1940:of archaic 1833:Peloponnese 1802:, found at 1356:Omo remains 1207:Neanderthal 692:H. ergaster 585:Ar. ramidus 570:Ar. kadabba 532:O. praegens 370:Pleistocene 199:This box: 54:from Israel 12412:Categories 12006:Fred Spier 12001:Carl Sagan 11965:ChronoZoom 11944:modern era 11561:Skin color 11546:Bipedalism 11507:Killer ape 11319:Cro-Magnon 11218:Denisovans 11094:H. habilis 11058:Humans and 10943:A. ramidus 10936:A. kadabba 10078:2019-09-11 9875:13 October 9844:13 October 9689:: 102477. 8488:0415213304 8468:1868144178 7956:2019-05-06 7812:2008-07-10 7370:"The Brow" 7301:News, 2012 7282:2019-05-06 7083:2019-05-07 6818:2019-05-06 5453:3893083812 4901:2019-05-06 4573:28 October 4539:29 October 4513:29 October 4266:2020-08-11 3690:0761925147 3663:2019-05-06 3178:1489915079 3152:References 3117: in)) 2980:H. s. afer 2970:is due to 2958:H. sapiens 2922:H. sapiens 2880:See also: 2693:H. sapiens 2565:freediving 2561:Sama-Bajau 2542:East Asian 2540:including 2487:light skin 2471:Mesolithic 2392:H. sapiens 2276:H. erectus 2272:Brain size 2246:brow ridge 2194:H. sapiens 2184:Brain size 2165:H. sapiens 2135:H. sapiens 2128:H. sapiens 2116:H. sapiens 2108:Cro-Magnon 2096:H. sapiens 2092:subspecies 2084:H. erectus 2028:See also: 2006:H. sapiens 1962:H. sapiens 1919:North Asia 1841:H. sapiens 1821:H. sapiens 1813:H. sapiens 1808:H. sapiens 1794:H. sapiens 1790:H. sapiens 1763:H. sapiens 1752:H. sapiens 1741:H. sapiens 1733:H. sapiens 1681:Qesem Cave 1650:metabolome 1635:brain case 1596:H. sapiens 1580:, Morocco 1552:Mousterian 1498:H. sapiens 1490:H. sapiens 1439:H. sapiens 1431:H. erectus 1419:H. sapiens 1412:H. sapiens 1408:Denisovans 1400:H. sapiens 1386:H. sapiens 1371:H. sapiens 1364:H. sapiens 1344:H. sapiens 1336:H. sapiens 1332:H. erectus 1324:H. sapiens 1295:H. erectus 1251:H. sapiens 1222:H. sapiens 1218:subspecies 1200:H. sapiens 1196:H. sapiens 1192:H. sapiens 1168:(genitive 761:Denisovans 700:Au. sediba 674:H. erectus 641:H. habilis 431:Ou. turkae 155:H. erectus 151:H. sapiens 147:H. erectus 143:H. sapiens 141:of either 139:subspecies 12397:April 23, 12092:Q15978631 11940:Modernity 11922:Stone Age 11857:cosmogony 11832:Modernity 11817:Deep time 11680:Theorists 11647:Timelines 11527:Patriarch 11503:Behavior 11428:Gathering 11356:Ancestors 11101:H. naledi 11036:P. boisei 11007:A. sediba 10537:140098861 10434:256771372 9711:224889105 9590:162438490 9570:Antiquity 8814:206518315 8604:142517998 8265:0340-6717 8161:(1): 15. 7477:162406199 7423:0962-8452 7350:ignored ( 6653:0960-9822 6590:220100436 6455:148777016 6447:0312-2417 6384:205257212 6273:1932-6203 6095:195873640 5738:: 16046. 5593:. Science 4875:April 10, 4508:0261-3077 4467:204946938 4341:0036-8075 3985:2375-2548 3920:1476-4687 3857:1476-4687 3603:2375-2548 3426:0169-5347 3294:1095-8606 2816:Gademotta 2800:Diepkloof 2795:geometric 2787:Australia 2707:Claimed " 2544:types of 2507:Caucasian 2483:migration 2475:Neolithic 2218:browridge 2210:braincase 1942:specimens 1871:Ksar Akil 1623:Florisbad 1590:The term 1500:in 2003. 1463:selection 1459:gene flow 1318:Acheulean 1211:Denisovan 1188:cladistic 659:Au. garhi 113:Florisbad 12236:12100795 12197:10857762 12086:Wikidata 11873:Elements 11853:Big Bang 11849:Creation 11726:Category 11581:Language 11551:Skeleton 11246:H. longi 11000:A. garhi 10837:Hominins 10832:Taxonomy 10710:30837540 10659:27298468 10616:30007846 10546:"Oldest 10529:26853362 10479:25770088 10426:28593953 10375:31196864 10344:Genetics 10276:31071181 10236:PLOS ONE 10217:29545508 10166:15 March 10151:Yong, Ed 10135:15 March 10046:17943129 9996:24236011 9956:PLOS ONE 9928:40455940 9920:21998386 9838:BBC News 9816:43916405 9808:19679810 9501:23498114 9458:15656934 9415:32356688 9407:15087540 9369:42968840 9361:11102266 9315:20194764 9256:19487016 9213:31169551 9205:11786608 9133:17785420 9065:23135405 9018:34833884 9010:21030655 8967:22847420 8880:21179418 8840:PLOS ONE 8818:Archived 8806:19498164 8748:17943129 8698:11081605 8690:14971366 8655:42968840 8647:11102266 8569:16772383 8523:(2006). 8415:10402296 8380:18731746 8372:12747831 8323:29677510 8273:19034520 8230:28426286 8195:20089146 8132:22053534 8101:86147507 8062:10087710 8053:17962522 8009:22923467 7932:23415220 7870:24690587 7785:Archived 7781:11072496 7698:16596600 7655:12203812 7595:19977113 7546:26123427 7538:12709500 7441:23486442 7368:(2007). 7258:18087044 7197:26693109 7189:12802315 7136:12802332 7056:(2014). 6978:23003860 6970:24476670 6919:24336922 6876:26886800 6792:25341783 6732:23082212 6691:PLOS ONE 6671:27032491 6619:(2016). 6555:16826514 6506:30082377 6388:Archived 6376:28726833 6291:24039825 6242:PLOS ONE 6217:21383195 6156:24236171 6115:PLOS ONE 6087:31292546 6038:Phys.org 5959:29217544 5850:12802332 5770:28675384 5691:21404234 5656:15024415 5576:13581775 5521:21 April 5508:23453668 5404:24866127 5261:21179161 5191:14504393 5099:26983523 5042:26976447 4948:Archived 4944:11815945 4869:BBC News 4833:21944045 4784:20448178 4670:28784789 4558:Yong, Ed 4459:31659339 4349:28971970 4216:14745010 4157:19805257 4139:40485013 4063:20247535 4003:31106274 3928:26976447 3875:29562232 3808:11805284 3683:. 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