Transitional fossil

29: 802: 1141:. Although they are found only in marine deposits, their oxygen isotope values indicate that they consumed water with a range of degrees of salinity, some specimens showing no evidence of sea water consumption and others none of fresh water consumption at the time when their teeth were fossilized. It is clear that ambulocetids tolerated a wide range of salt concentrations. Their diet probably included land animals that approached water for drinking, or freshwater aquatic organisms that lived in the river. Hence, ambulocetids represent the transition phase of cetacean ancestors between freshwater and marine habitat. 1404: 5055: 69: 1876: 1712: 1537: 933: 1055: 1162: 5031: 5043: 696: 1734: 1036: 1179: 1315: 1915:

geological outcrop, often show small jumps in morphology between extended periods of morphological stability. To explain these jumps, Gould and Eldredge envisaged comparatively long periods of genetic stability separated by periods of rapid evolution. Gould made the following observation concerning creationist misuse of his work to deny the existence of transitional fossils:

776:, where the fossil record is complete enough to suggest with confidence that certain fossils represent a population that was actually ancestral to a later population of a different species. But, in general, transitional fossils are considered to have features that illustrate the transitional anatomical features of actual common ancestors of different taxa, rather than to 1303: 1339:. The most obvious characteristic of the modern flatfish is their asymmetry, with both eyes on the same side of the head in the adult fish. In some families the eyes are always on the right side of the body (dextral or right-eyed flatfish) and in others they are always on the left (sinistral or left-eyed flatfish). The primitive 1200:

period, with many features akin to those of tetrapods (four-legged animals). It is one of several lines of ancient sarcopterygians to develop adaptations to the oxygen-poor shallow water habitats of its time—adaptations that led to the evolution of tetrapods. Well-preserved fossils were found in 2004

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A source of confusion is the notion that a transitional form between two different taxonomic groups must be a direct ancestor of one or both groups. The difficulty is exacerbated by the fact that one of the goals of evolutionary taxonomy is to identify taxa that were ancestors of other taxa. However,

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based on morphological similarity are often drawn as "bubbles" or "spindles" branching off from each other, forming evolutionary trees. Transitional forms are seen as falling between the various groups in terms of anatomy, having a mixture of characteristics from inside and outside the newly branched

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and first presented in 1972 is often mistakenly drawn into the discussion of transitional fossils. This theory, however, pertains only to well-documented transitions within taxa or between closely related taxa over a geologically short period of time. These transitions, usually traceable in the same

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was first published, the fossil record was poorly known. Darwin described the perceived lack of transitional fossils as "the most obvious and gravest objection which can be urged against my theory," but he explained it by relating it to the extreme imperfection of the geological record. He noted the

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Because of the specialized and rare circumstances required for a biological structure to fossilize, logic dictates that known fossils represent only a small percentage of all life-forms that ever existed—and that each discovery represents only a snapshot of evolution. The transition itself can only

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constructs that have been imposed in hindsight on a continuum of variation. Because of the incompleteness of the fossil record, there is usually no way to know exactly how close a transitional fossil is to the point of divergence. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that transitional fossils are direct

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It's tempting to call the new species a 'missing link' between earlier species and modern humans, but scientists say the concept no longer applies, given new knowledge of human evolution. Researchers now say the evolution of humans consisted of a number of diverse species in many branches, not a

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rather than a linear process producing a ladder-like progression, and because of the incompleteness of the fossil record, it is unlikely that any particular form represented in the fossil record is a direct ancestor of any other. Cladistics deemphasizes the concept of one taxonomic group being an

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While "missing link" is still a popular term, well-recognized by the public and often used in the popular media, the term is avoided in scientific publications. Some bloggers have called it "inappropriate"; both because the links are no longer "missing", and because human evolution is no longer

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noted that this is illustrated by the fact that the number of species known through the fossil record was less than 5% of the number of known living species, suggesting that the number of species known through fossils must be far less than 1% of all the species that have ever lived.

3890: 1923:—whether through design or stupidity, I do not know—as admitting that the fossil record includes no transitional forms. The punctuations occur at the level of species; directional trends (on the staircase model) are rife at the higher level of transitions within major groups. 739:. While in traditional classification tetrapods and fish are seen as two different groups, phylogenetically tetrapods are considered a branch of fish. Thus, with cladistics there is no longer a transition between established groups, and the term "transitional fossils" is a 827:

dinosaur closely related to the birds. Since the late 19th century, it has been accepted by palaeontologists, and celebrated in lay reference works, as being the oldest known bird, though a study in 2011 has cast doubt on this assessment, suggesting instead that it is a

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In a cladistic context, transitional organisms can be seen as representing early examples of a branch, where not all of the traits typical of the previously known descendants on that branch have yet evolved. Such early representatives of a group are usually termed

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include equal numbers of right- and left-eyed individuals, and are generally less asymmetrical than the other families. Other distinguishing features of the order are the presence of protrusible eyes, another adaptation to living on the

1364:, the transition from the typical symmetric head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists concluded that "the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution via 1851:

with a brain estimated at around 1000 cc, midway between that of a chimpanzee and an adult human. The single molar was larger than any modern human tooth, but the femur was long and straight, with a knee angle showing that

1286:, possessing features that evolved around 400 million years ago, were "late-surviving relics rather than direct transitional forms, and they highlight just how little we know of the earliest history of land vertebrates." 769:

ancestor of another, and instead emphasizes the identification of sister taxa that share a more recent common ancestor with one another than they do with other groups. There are a few exceptional cases, such as some marine

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to put the origin of human beings much further back. Lyell wrote that it remained a profound mystery how the huge gulf between man and beast could be bridged. Lyell's vivid writing fired the public imagination, inspiring

1257:. Like all modern tetrapods, it had rib bones, a mobile neck with a separate pectoral girdle, and lungs, though it had the gills, scales, and fins of a fish. However in a 2008 paper by Boisvert at al. it is noted that 897:

fossils have been found since then. Most of the eleven known fossils include impressions of feathers—among the oldest direct evidence of such structures. Moreover, because these feathers take the advanced form of

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inhabited the bays and estuaries of the Tethys Ocean in northern Pakistan. The fossils of ambulocetids are always found in near-shore shallow marine deposits associated with abundant marine plant fossils and

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is not entirely like that of a human (being markedly wide, or flared, with laterally orientated iliac blades), these features point to a structure radically remodelled to accommodate a significant degree of

1866:. At the time it was hailed by many as the "missing link," helping set the term as primarily used for human fossils, though it is sometimes used for other intermediates, like the dinosaur-bird intermediary 1553:, published in 1859, gave it a firm scientific basis. A weakness of Darwin's work, however, was the lack of palaeontological evidence, as pointed out by Darwin himself. While it is easy to imagine 586:

remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group. This is especially important where the descendant group is sharply differentiated by

1485:, because the fossil record is not complete. Organisms are only rarely preserved as fossils in the best of circumstances, and only a fraction of such fossils have been discovered. Paleontologist 1703:

that anchored the plant to the substrate. The unusual mix of moss-like and vascular traits and the extreme structural simplicity of the plant had huge implications for botanical understanding.

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reconstruction (see illustration) of the fossil, "ett af de betydelsefullaste paleontologiska fynd, som någonsin gjorts" ("one of the most significant paleontological discoveries ever made").

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evolutionary record. It is most commonly used to refer to any new transitional fossil finds. Scientists, however, do not use the term, as it refers to a pre-evolutionary view of nature.

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with little to no fossil record. The groups considered to have a good fossil record, including a number of transitional fossils between traditional groups, are the vertebrates, the

3891:"Darwinius: It delivers a pizza, and it lengthens, and it strengthens, and it finds that slipper that's been at large under the chaise lounge [sic] for several weeks..." 2716:

Thewissen, J. G. M.; Williams, Ellen M.; Roe, Lois J.; et al. (20 September 2001). "Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and the relationship of whales to artiodactyls".

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Had the Solnhofen quarries been commissioned—by august command—to turn out a strange being à la Darwin—it could not have executed the behest more handsomely—than in the

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Niedźwiedzki, Grzegorz; Szrek, Piotr; Narkiewicz, Katarzyna; et al. (7 January 2010). "Tetrapod trackways from the early Middle Devonian period of Poland".

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Thewissen, J. G. M.; Williams, Ellen M. (November 2002). "The Early Radiations of Cetacea (Mammalia): Evolutionary Pattern and Developmental Correlations".

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or simply by relatively rapid episodes of gradual evolution by natural selection, since a period of say 10,000 years barely registers in the fossil record.

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Gerrienne, Philippe; Meyer-Berthaud, Brigitte; Fairon-Demaret, Muriel; et al. (29 October 2004). "Runcaria, a Middle Devonian Seed Plant Precursor".

3196: 1824:("Earth before the Flood"), which included dramatic illustrations of savage men and women wearing animal skins and wielding stone axes, in place of the 890:

a clear candidate for a transitional fossil between dinosaurs and birds, making it important in the study both of dinosaurs and of the origin of birds.

1237:, known from fossils about 365 million years old. Its mixture of primitive fish and derived tetrapod characteristics led one of its discoverers, 1109:, around 53 million years ago. Their fossils were first discovered in North Pakistan in 1979, at a river not far from the shores of the former 4432: 3568:"XXIV.—On Old Red Sandstone Plants showing Structure, from the Rhynie Chert Bed, Aberdeenshire. Part I. Rhynia Gwynne-Vaughanii, Kidston and Lang" 5005: 2409: 989:. This trait allows the foot to fall closer to the midline of the body, and strongly indicates habitual bipedal locomotion. Present-day humans, 965:

are short and wide, the sacrum is wide and positioned directly behind the hip joint, and there is clear evidence of a strong attachment for the

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be illustrated and corroborated by transitional fossils, which never demonstrate an exact half-way point between clearly divergent forms.

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The idea that animal and plant species were not constant, but changed over time, was suggested as far back as the 18th century. Darwin's

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sheds new light on the sequence of character acquisition leading to the seed, having all the qualities of seed plants except for a solid

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could grow to about 0.5 metres (1.6 ft) in length. Despite its small size, broad wings, and inferred ability to fly or glide,

1761:(i.e. humans) through a progressive series of lower forms. In his view, lower animals were simply newcomers on the evolutionary scene. 1497:

The fossil record is very uneven and, with few exceptions, is heavily slanted toward organisms with hard parts, leaving most groups of

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limited collections available at the time but described the available information as showing patterns that followed from his theory of

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The search for a fossil showing transitional traits between apes and humans, however, was fruitless until the young Dutch geologist

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came to be seen as not only corroborating Darwin's theory, but as icons of evolution in their own right. For example, the Swedish

4981: 2048: 1125:, which lived about 49 million years ago, was discovered in Pakistan in 1994. It was probably amphibious, and looked like a 5082: 565: 3952: 1772:'s figure of the human pedigree. While the vertebrates were then seen as forming a sort of evolutionary sequence, the various 4874: 4835: 4785: 4738: 4694: 4651: 4524: 4482: 4393: 4352: 4310: 4233: 4194: 4161: 4127: 2027: 2012: 1753:

The idea of all living things being linked through some sort of transmutation process predates Darwin's theory of evolution.

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skeleton strongly reflect bipedalism, to the extent that some researchers have suggested that bipedality evolved long before

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Pakicetus inachus, a New Archaeocete (Mammalia, Cetacea) From the Early-Middle Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat (Pakistan)

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that illustrate the branching of the evolutionary lineages in stick-like figures. The different so-called "natural" or "

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Nummela, Sirpa; Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil; et al. (12 August 2004). "Eocene evolution of whale hearing".

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is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil. In

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classes "budding" off from each other. Transitional fossils typically represent animals from near the branching points.

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On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life

2140: 4113: 3962: 3417: 2603: 3471: 2093: 878:): jaws with sharp teeth, three fingers with claws, a long bony tail, hyperextensible second toes ("killing claw"), 623:

was discovered just two years later, in 1861, and represents a classic transitional form between earlier, non-avian

254: 1863: 927: 128: 4612:(in Swedish) (New, revised and richly illustrated ed.). Stockholm: Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag. 2837: 2818: 2179:

Prothero, Donald R.; Lazarus, David B. (June 1980). "Planktonic Microfossils and the Recognition of Ancestors".

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Appel, Toby A. (Fall 1980). "Henri De Blainville and the Animal Series: A Nineteenth-Century Chain of Being".

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in 1861, only two years after the publication of Darwin's work, offered for the first time a link between the

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and families, the transmutation between the higher categories was harder to imagine. The dramatic find of the

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Since we proposed punctuated equilibria to explain trends, it is infuriating to be quoted again and again by

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and mode of living from the ancestral group. These fossils serve as a reminder that taxonomic divisions are

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Kerp, Hans; Trewin, Nigel H.; Hass, Hagen (2003). "New gametophytes from the Early Devonian Rhynie chert".

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Chapleau, François; Amaoka, Kunio (1998). "Flatfishes". In Paxton, John R.; Eschmeyer, William M. (eds.).

3409: 5047: 4777: 4468: 3204: 3150: 1933: 4001: 5021: 4343:(1972). "Punctuated equilibria: an alternative to phyletic gradualism". In Schopf, Thomas J. M. (ed.). 1952: 1676: 937: 917: 558: 4643: 4474: 1699:

sporophytes grew much like simple clubmosses, spreading by means of horizontal growing stems growing

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has been identified from Belgium, predating the earliest seed plants by about 20 million years.

736: 684: 436: 385: 365: 3567: 3431: 2454: 1768:, the idea of "lower animals" representing earlier stages in evolution lingered, as demonstrated in 643:

are related, including many transitional fossils. Specific examples of class-level transitions are:

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dinosaurs than it does with modern birds. In particular, it shares the following features with the

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in a shallow warm tropical sea, much closer to the equator than it is now. Similar in shape to a

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envisioned that life was generated constantly in the form of the simplest creatures, and strove

28: 5092: 4431:(Research report). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. Vol. 25. Ann Arbor, MI: 3426: 3031: 2103: 1901: 1880: 1426: 1171: 1156: 1025: 801: 644: 595:

ancestors of more recent groups, though they are frequently used as models for such ancestors.

446: 337: 292: 287: 209: 3069: 1265:, which might have independently developed similarities to tetrapods by convergent evolution. 1113:. Pakicetids could hear under water, using enhanced bone conduction, rather than depending on 4957: 4570: 4542: 4186: 2795: 1754: 1403: 1219:

suggest that it is representative of the transition between non-tetrapod vertebrates such as

966: 748: 690: 551: 541: 332: 322: 229: 186: 1619: 4869:(Revised English edition of the 1st German ed.). München: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. 4085: 3303: 3242: 3100: 2943: 2887: 2725: 2666: 2471: 2302: 2120: 1742: 1498: 1274:

in January 2010 were "securely dated" at 10 million years older than the oldest known

656: 342: 317: 312: 224: 113: 1013:(the closest living relative of humans) and had teeth that were more human than ape-like. 949:

represents an evolutionary transition between modern bipedal humans and their quadrupedal

8: 5059: 4932: 4419: 4038: 3899: 3894: 3864: 3374: 2462: 2276: 1798: 1791:, but it was popularized in its present meaning by its appearance on page xi of his book 1788: 1622:

of plants at the beginning of the 20th century, the search began for the ancestor of the

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because evolution is a branching process that produces a complex bush pattern of related

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like most land mammals. This arrangement does not give directional hearing under water.

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Transitional fossils are not only those of animals. With the increasing mapping of the

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Sudden jumps with apparent gaps in the fossil record have been used as evidence for

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in the form of crowded tufts of diminutive stems only a few millimetres in height.

1270: 1202: 1092: 867: 839: 516: 244: 181: 151: 4185:. Original art work by William Ober and Claire Garrison (4th ed.). New York: 4180: 1832: 1253:

have basic wrist bones and simple rays reminiscent of fingers. They may have been

755:," depending on whether the fossil organism belongs to the daughter clade or not. 743:. Differentiation occurs within groups, represented as branches in the cladogram. 4866: 4633: 4298: 4033: 2315: 2044: 1776:

were distinct, the undiscovered intermediate forms being called "missing links."

1773: 1572: 1486: 1332: 1275: 1246: 921: 871: 847: 796: 663: 652: 636: 426: 307: 166: 108: 3233:

Friedman, Matt (10 July 2008). "The evolutionary origin of flatfish asymmetry".

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have been discovered since then, and there is now abundant evidence of how all

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Your Inner Fish: A Journey into the 3.5-Billion-Year History of the Human Body

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is a related, and very similar fossil from slightly earlier strata of France.

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of hoofed mammals that are the earliest whales, whose closest sister group is

118: 5071: 4884: 4756: 4712: 4685:. Foreword by Andrew Hill (Enlarged and updated ed.). Oxford; New York: 4669: 4534: 4516: 4508: 4440: 4285: 4171: 4153: 4017: 3782: 3715: 3649: 3599: 3591: 3507: 3448: 3323: 3262: 3166: 3120: 3006: 2963: 2909: 2863: 2846: 2803: 2745: 2686: 2612: 2581: 2551: 2491: 2386: 2324: 2246: 2202: 2074: 2053: 1884: 1868: 1817: 1780: 1769: 1746: 1639: 1580: 1567: 1482: 1432: 1297: 1225:, known from fossils 380 million years old, and early tetrapods such as 1221: 1193: 1135: 1130: 1077: 994: 906:

fossils are evidence that feathers began to evolve before the Late Jurassic.

836: 815: 807: 619: 587: 496: 481: 471: 156: 68: 33: 4853: 4803: 4625: 4411: 4328: 4251: 4212: 4137: 4101: 3315: 1261:, due to its more derived distal portion, might be closer to tetrapods than 1249:." Unlike many previous, more fish-like transitional fossils, the "fins" of 711:

during much of the 20th century and still used in non-specialist textbooks,

19:"Transitional forms" redirects here. For the hardcore punk music album, see 4562: 4500: 4456: 4145: 3496:"Benchmarks: September 30, 1861: Archaeopteryx is discovered and described" 3456: 3331: 3291: 3270: 3128: 2971: 2917: 2876:"A Devonian tetrapod-like fish and the evolution of the tetrapod body plan" 2753: 2694: 2589: 2547: 2356: 2342: 2285:"Was Dinosaurian Physiology Inherited by Birds? Reconciling Slow Growth in 2280: 2254: 1858: 1801:

marked the first appearance of humanity; Lyell drew on new findings in his

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big toes, making it difficult if not impossible to grasp branches with the

962: 961:. In overall anatomy, the pelvis is far more human-like than ape-like. The 875: 752: 506: 466: 456: 146: 103: 88: 60: 4598: 4370: 4084:. Chapter on palynology by Charles J. Felix (Reprint ed.). New York: 2499: 1711: 37:

is one of the most famous transitional fossils and gives evidence for the

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Java Man: How Two Geologists Changed Our Understanding of Human Evolution

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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200001)111:1<45::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-I

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The term "missing link" has been used extensively in popular writings on

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resembles a seed but lacks a solid seed coat and means to guide pollen.

1356: 1320: 1110: 1102: 1089: 978: 724: 700: 640: 511: 380: 20: 3547: 1368:—not suddenly, as researchers once had little choice but to believe." 3090: 2737: 1947: 1656: 1510: 1476: 1464: 1166: 1152: 1126: 1054: 1043: 990: 824: 732: 728: 667: 610: 521: 431: 42: 38: 4824:

Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds

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of 1863. By that time, it was generally thought that the end of the

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believed to have occurred in terms of a single linear progression.

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internal anatomy explains evolutionary shift from water to land"

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Northeastern Ohio Universities Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy

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thus falls midway between mosses and early vascular plants like

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The first complete specimen was announced in 1861, and ten more

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Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences

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are asymmetrical, with both eyes on the same side of the head.

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Leche, V. (1904). "Archæopteryx". In Meijer, Bernhard (ed.).

2656: 1862:("erect ape-man"), it became the first in what is now a long 1836: 1558: 1314: 982: 851: 820: 727:

in the 1990s, relationships commonly came to be expressed in

717: 712: 591: 4822:; Koppelhus, Eva B.; Shugar, Martin A.; et al. (eds.). 1745:

with living and fossil animals. From G. Avery's critique of

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The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea

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10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[1037:WOAAPC]2.0.CO;2

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found the remains of an extremely primitive plant in the

986: 950: 673: 3410:"Edward Hitchcock's Pre-Darwinian (1840) 'Tree of Life'" 1575:

of the highly derived birds, and that of the more basal

3197:"Odd Fish Find Contradicts Intelligent-Design Argument" 1729:), the original "missing link" found in Java in 1891–92 4470:

The Panda's Thumb: More Reflections in Natural History

3738: 2862: 2223:-like theropod from China and the origin of Avialae". 1695:. From a carpet of moss-like gametophytes, the larger 1352:), and the extension of the dorsal fin onto the head. 886:), and various skeletal features. These features make 842:

around 150 million years ago, when Europe was an

5019: 3351: 3349: 2546: 1455:. It is suspected that the extension was involved in 1439:, small and radially symmetrical, is an integumented 1374:

is among the many fossil fish species known from the

735:" groups form nested units, and only these are given 4056: 4002:"That quote!—about the missing transitional fossils" 2819:"Whale Origins as a Poster Child for Macroevolution" 2817:

Thewissen, J. G. M.; Bajpai, Sunil (December 2001).

2219:; Hailu You; Kai Du; Fenglu Han (28 July 2011). "An 1268:

Tetrapod footprints found in Poland and reported in

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single smooth line from ape-like species to humans.

3228: 3226: 1779:The term was first used in a scientific context by 4763: 4678: 4642:. Original illustrations by Carl Buell. New York: 4639:Evolution: What the Fossils Say and Why it Matters 4574: 3953:"Newly found fossils could link to human ancestor" 3823: 3757:Bynum, William F. (Summer 1984). "Charles Lyell's 3346: 2924: 2269: 1906:The theory of punctuated equilibrium developed by 2779: 1659:branching stems without leaves, each tipped by a 832:dinosaur closely related to the origin of birds. 707:In evolutionary taxonomy, the prevailing form of 5069: 4418: 3223: 3032:"Scientists Call Fish Fossil the 'Missing Link'" 2634: 2608:"Whales Descended From Tiny Deer-like Ancestors" 2506: 1215:lived approximately 375 million years ago. 835:It lived in what is now southern Germany in the 758: 5006:University of California Museum of Paleontology 4581:. William James Lectures, 1933. Cambridge, MA: 4305:. Chichester; New York: John Wiley & Sons. 3927:"Why the term 'missing links' is inappropriate" 2816: 2410:University of California Museum of Paleontology 2178: 1009:also had a slightly larger brain than a modern 4936:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 4433:Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 4219: 4042:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 3627: 3572:Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 3378:. Houston, TX: The TalkOrigins Foundation, Inc 3179: 2596: 2445: 2443: 1467:and a system to guide the pollen to the seed. 4547:Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres 4515:. Vol. 1. Translated from the German by 4377: 4335: 3987: 2934:(December 2005). "Getting a Leg Up on Land". 2775: 2773: 2771: 1981: 1579:. In a letter to Darwin, the palaeontologist 909: 559: 4902:"Fossils Reveal Truth About Darwin's Theory" 4541: 4034:"Patterson Misquoted: A Tale of Two 'Cites'" 3682: 3621: 1794:Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man 1655:plant was small and stick-like, with simple 997:possess this same feature. The feet feature 4297: 4178: 3558: 3552: 3396: 2645: 2440: 1847:in 1891. The find combined a low, ape-like 1481:Not every transitional form appears in the 1282:is an example), implying that animals like 4995: 4860: 4810: 4292:The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online 4031: 3945: 3532: 2768: 2434: 2209: 1992: 1990: 1451:extension protruding above the multilobed 1324:with one eye at the top-center of the head 1016: 566: 552: 4865:. Translated by Frank Haase; foreword by 4681:Missing Links: In Search of Human Origins 4179:Castro, Peter; Huber, Michael E. (2003). 3861:American Institute of Biological Sciences 3430: 3407: 2899: 2858: 2856: 2836: 2561:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2366:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 2332: 2314: 2121:"Amphibians, Systematics, and Cladistics" 2114: 2112: 1895: 4632: 4384:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: 4301:; Paul, Christopher R. C., eds. (1998). 3924: 3493: 3355: 3232: 3190: 3188: 2796:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.020602.095426 2783:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 2709: 2393: 2349: 2162: 2146: 2099: 2043: 2039: 2037: 2035: 1996: 1883:. Such jumps can be explained either by 1874: 1783:in the third edition (1851) of his book 1732: 1710: 1535: 1402: 1313: 1301: 1177: 1160: 931: 800: 699:Traditional spindle diagram showing the 694: 679:Transitions in phylogenetic nomenclature 27: 4996:Hutchinson, John R. (22 January 1998). 4982:Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa 4569: 4507: 4378:Freeman, Scott; Herron, Jon C. (2004). 4079: 3744: 3670: 3026: 2650: 2449: 1987: 1447:. The megasporangium bears an unopened 5070: 4719: 4676: 4347:. San Francisco, CA: Freeman, Cooper. 4258: 4144: 4108: 3885: 3879: 3851:"Evidence of Evolutionary Transitions" 3845: 3834: 3811: 3477: 3194: 3057: 2984: 2853: 2810: 2355: 2109: 2088: 2023: 2008: 1975: 674:Evolutionary and phylogenetic taxonomy 4928:"Transitional Vertebrate Fossils FAQ" 4899: 4826:. Life of the Past. Bloomington, IN: 4605: 4463: 4062: 3999: 3756: 3693: 3543: 3494:Williams, David B. (September 2011). 3367: 3361: 3185: 2930: 2032: 1856:" had walked upright. Given the name 1663:. The simple form echoes that of the 1613: 1076:(whales, dolphins and porpoises) are 953:ancestors. A number of traits of the 783: 4925: 4863:Archaeopteryx: The Icon of Evolution 3368:Isaak, Mark, ed. (5 November 2006). 2558:from Maka, Middle Awash, Ethiopia". 1787:in relation to missing parts of the 1557:producing the variation seen within 862:has more in common with other small 4032:Theunissen, Lionel (24 June 1997). 3408:Archibald, J. David (August 2009). 3370:"Claim CC200: Transitional fossils" 2554:(January 2000). "Jaws and teeth of 985:angles in toward the knee from the 666:to refer to a perceived gap in the 13: 4150:Charles Darwin: The Power of Place 3918: 2956:10.1038/scientificamerican1205-100 2616:. Rockville, MD: ScienceDaily, LLC 2484:10.1038/scientificamerican1188-118 2415:University of California, Berkeley 2379:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb00541.x 2118: 1813:Journey to the Center of the Earth 805:A historic 1904 reconstruction of 657:mammals and "mammal-like reptiles" 14: 5104: 4900:Lloyd, Robin (11 February 2009). 4893: 4303:The Adequacy of the Fossil Record 3963:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3925:Sambrani, Nagraj (10 June 2009). 3763:Journal of the History of Biology 3696:Journal of the History of Biology 3418:Journal of the History of Biology 2359:(September 1984). "What size was 1759:towards complexity and perfection 1196:(lobe-finned fish) from the Late 5053: 5041: 5029: 4926:Hunt, Kathleen (17 March 1997). 3824:Swisher, Curtis & Lewin 2001 2985:Easton, John (23 October 2008). 2283:; et al. (9 October 2009). 1835:found a skullcap, a molar and a 1706: 1595:Thus, transitional fossils like 1470: 1427:Evolution of plants § Seeds 1053: 1034: 788: 67: 4818:: Feathers of a Dinosaur?". In 4080:Andrews, Henry N. Jr. (1967) . 3993: 3981: 3839: 3828: 3817: 3750: 3687: 3676: 3664: 3537: 3526: 3487: 3401: 3390: 3285: 3173: 3143: 3084: 3062: 3051: 3020: 2995:University of Chicago Chronicle 2978: 2639: 2628: 2540: 2428: 2172: 2049:"Evolution: What missing link?" 1864:list of human evolution fossils 1431:A Middle Devonian precursor to 969:, implying an upright posture. 928:List of human evolution fossils 129:List of human evolution fossils 4549:(in French). Paris: Verdière. 2081: 2017: 2002: 1531: 633:Many more transitional fossils 1: 5083:Evolutionary biology concepts 4998:"Are Birds Really Dinosaurs?" 4422:; Russell, Donald E. (1981). 4000:Bates, Gary (December 2006). 2550:; Suwa, Gen; Simpson, Scott; 2067:10.1016/s0262-4079(08)60548-5 1968: 1671:, and it has been shown that 1606:of 1904 showed an inaccurate 1289: 759:Transitional versus ancestral 3195:Minard, Anne (9 July 2008). 2635:Gingerich & Russell 1981 2455:"Evolution of Human walking" 2316:10.1371/journal.pone.0007390 1144: 124:List of transitional fossils 7: 4980:. Wellington, New Zealand: 4778:University of Chicago Press 4290:The book is available from 3961:. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 3205:National Geographic Society 1941: 1828:shown in the 1863 edition. 1737:The human pedigree back to 1396: 1174:(air holes) above the eyes. 240:Mammalian auditory ossicles 10: 5109: 4861:Wellnhofer, Peter (2009). 4475:W. W. Norton & Company 4473:(1st ed.). New York: 4072: 3180:Chapleau & Amaoka 1998 2556:Australopithecus afarensis 2516:Australopithecus afarensis 1953:Evidence of common descent 1899: 1820:'s 1867 second edition of 1677:alternation of generations 1520: 1516: 1474: 1420: 1295: 1150: 1105:. They lived in the Early 1023: 947:Australopithecus afarensis 925: 918:Australopithecus afarensis 915: 911:Australopithecus afarensis 794: 723:With the establishment of 688: 682: 18: 16:Type of fossilized remains 4644:Columbia University Press 3988:Eldredge & Gould 1972 3814:, pp. 130, 218, 515. 3642:10.1017/S026359330000078X 3584:10.1017/S0263593300006805 3441:10.1007/s10739-008-9163-y 1982:Freeman & Herron 2004 1741:shown as a reinterpreted 1642:, Scotland, and named it 1298:Flatfish § Evolution 685:Phylogenetic nomenclature 611:descent with modification 437:Invertebrate paleontology 386:Biological classification 366:Introduction to evolution 267:Evolution of various taxa 4828:Indiana University Press 4814:(2004). "The Plumage of 4583:Harvard University Press 4268:(1st ed.). London: 4118:(2nd ed.). London: 4115:Vertebrate Palaeontology 3201:National Geographic News 3161:(7227). 7 January 2010. 2528:'s Human Origins Program 2279:; Rauhut, Oliver W. M.; 1822:La Terre avant le déluge 1766:On the Origin of Species 1551:On the Origin of Species 1527:Timeline of paleontology 1457:anemophilous pollination 605:On the Origin of Species 421:Branches of paleontology 409:Timeline of paleontology 4687:Oxford University Press 4294:. Retrieved 2015-05-13. 4152:. Vol. 2. London: 3397:Donovan & Paul 1998 3316:10.1126/science.1102491 2646:Castro & Huber 2003 2526:Smithsonian Institution 2195:10.1093/sysbio/29.2.119 1859:Pithecanthropus erectus 1721:Pithecanthropus erectus 1679:, with a corresponding 1601:encyclopedic dictionary 1523:History of paleontology 527:Vertebrate paleontology 404:History of paleontology 398:History of paleontology 119:Lagerstätte fossil beds 4764:Swisher, Carl C. III; 4543:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste 4345:Models in Paleobiology 4222:Encyclopedia of Fishes 4082:Studies in Paleobotany 3898:(Blog). Waukesha, WI: 2872:Jenkins, Farish A. Jr. 1939: 1902:Punctuated equilibrium 1896:Punctuated equilibrium 1888: 1881:punctuated equilibrium 1750: 1730: 1593: 1546: 1418: 1325: 1311: 1192:is a genus of extinct 1186: 1175: 1157:Evolution of tetrapods 1026:Evolution of cetaceans 1005:. Besides locomotion, 942: 811: 704: 447:Molecular paleontology 49: 4958:University of Chicago 4677:Reader, John (2011). 4381:Evolutionary Analysis 4086:John Wiley & Sons 1917: 1878: 1755:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 1736: 1714: 1585: 1539: 1499:soft-bodied organisms 1406: 1317: 1305: 1181: 1164: 935: 804: 698: 691:Evolutionary taxonomy 187:Timeline of evolution 31: 5078:Transitional fossils 5048:Evolutionary biology 4513:The Evolution of Man 4435:. pp. 235–246. 4420:Gingerich, Philip D. 3859:. Washington, D.C.: 3566:(27 February 1917). 3203:. Washington, D.C.: 3157:(Editor's summary). 3072:. uu.diva-portal.org 2864:Daeschler, Edward B. 2606:(21 December 2007). 2524:. Washington, D.C.: 2277:Erickson, Gregory M. 1182:Life restoration of 1080:descendants of land 204:Organs and processes 114:List of fossil sites 4964:on 12 November 2011 4933:TalkOrigins Archive 4634:Prothero, Donald R. 4299:Donovan, Stephen K. 4039:TalkOrigins Archive 3906:on 5 September 2011 3900:Kalmbach Publishing 3564:Lang, William Henry 3375:TalkOrigins Archive 3308:2004Sci...306..856G 3255:10.1038/nature07108 3247:2008Natur.454..209F 3113:10.1038/nature08623 3105:2010Natur.463...43N 3070:"Pectoral fin info" 3028:Wilford, John Noble 2948:2005SciAm.293f.100C 2936:Scientific American 2901:10.1038/nature04639 2892:2006Natur.440..757D 2730:2001Natur.413..277T 2679:10.1038/nature02720 2671:2004Natur.430..776N 2476:1988SciAm.259e.118L 2463:Scientific American 2307:2009PLoSO...4.7390E 2239:10.1038/nature10288 2045:Prothero, Donald R. 1799:last glacial period 1785:Elements of Geology 1509:and some groups of 653:birds and dinosaurs 580:transitional fossil 538:Paleontology Portal 192:Transitional fossil 162:Geologic time scale 55:Part of a series on 4766:Curtis, Garniss H. 4609:Nordisk familjebok 4571:Lovejoy, Arthur O. 4465:Gould, Stephen Jay 4341:Gould, Stephen Jay 4120:Chapman & Hall 4110:Benton, Michael J. 3847:Benton, Michael J. 3775:10.1007/BF00143731 3761:and its critics". 3708:10.1007/BF00125745 3182:, pp. 223–226 3037:The New York Times 2932:Clack, Jennifer A. 2437:, pp. 282–300 2182:Systematic Biology 1999:, pp. 133–135 1889: 1751: 1731: 1632:William Henry Lang 1614:The rise of plants 1604:Nordisk familjebok 1547: 1540:Reconstruction of 1419: 1331:(flatfish) are an 1326: 1312: 1241:, to characterize 1187: 1176: 1122:Ambulocetus natans 1115:tympanic membranes 1063:Ambulocetus natans 1041:Reconstruction of 943: 812: 784:Prominent examples 780:actual ancestors. 737:phylogenetic names 705: 99:Fossil preparation 50: 4876:978-3-89937-108-6 4837:978-0-253-34373-4 4820:Currie, Philip J. 4812:Wellnhofer, Peter 4787:978-0-226-78734-3 4740:978-0-375-42447-2 4696:978-0-19-927685-1 4653:978-0-231-13962-5 4526:978-3-8424-6302-8 4484:978-0-393-01380-1 4395:978-0-13-101859-4 4386:Pearson Education 4354:978-0-87735-325-6 4312:978-0-471-96988-4 4235:978-0-12-547665-2 4196:978-0-07-029421-9 4163:978-0-7126-6837-8 4129:978-0-412-73810-4 3990:, pp. 82–115 3683:Lamarck 1815–1822 3302:(5697): 856–858. 3241:(7201): 209–212. 2886:(7085): 757–763. 2831:(12): 1037–1049. 2724:(6853): 277–281. 2665:(7001): 776–778. 2453:(November 1988). 2233:(7357): 465–470. 2119:Kazlev, M. Alan. 2087:For example, see 1934:The Panda's Thumb 1929:Stephen Jay Gould 1908:Stephen Jay Gould 1789:geological column 1555:natural selection 1366:natural selection 1329:Pleuronectiformes 1129:. In the Eocene, 941:- walking posture 615:natural selection 576: 575: 502:Paleotempestology 487:Paleoneurobiology 442:Micropaleontology 5100: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5046: 5045: 5034: 5033: 5025: 5016: 5014: 5012: 5004:. Berkeley, CA: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4960:. Archived from 4952:Tiktaalik roseae 4945: 4943: 4941: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4888: 4857: 4807: 4760: 4716: 4684: 4673: 4629: 4602: 4580: 4566: 4538: 4504: 4460: 4430: 4415: 4374: 4332: 4289: 4255: 4216: 4175: 4141: 4105: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4028: 4026: 4024: 3997: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3902:. Archived from 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3867:on 26 April 2012 3863:. Archived from 3856:actionbioscience 3843: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3759:Antiquity of Man 3754: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3735: 3691: 3685: 3680: 3674: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3556: 3550: 3541: 3535: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3510:. Archived from 3491: 3485: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3434: 3414: 3405: 3399: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3365: 3359: 3358:, pp. 50–53 3353: 3344: 3343: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3211:on 4 August 2008 3207:. Archived from 3192: 3183: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3030:(5 April 2006). 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3013: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2928: 2922: 2921: 2903: 2874:(6 April 2006). 2860: 2851: 2850: 2840: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2777: 2766: 2765: 2738:10.1038/35095005 2713: 2707: 2706: 2654: 2648: 2643: 2637: 2632: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2459: 2451:Lovejoy, C. Owen 2447: 2438: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2413:. Berkeley, CA: 2405:: An Early Bird" 2397: 2391: 2390: 2373:(1–2): 177–188. 2357:Yalden, Derek W. 2353: 2347: 2346: 2336: 2318: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2176: 2170: 2160: 2154: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2116: 2107: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2078: 2047:(1 March 2008). 2041: 2030: 2021: 2015: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1985: 1979: 1937: 1839:on the banks of 1803:Antiquity of Man 1443:surrounded by a 1203:Ellesmere Island 1184:Tiktaalik roseae 1167:Tiktaalik roseae 1101:from the family 1057: 1038: 568: 561: 554: 517:Sclerochronology 245:Mosaic evolution 182:Paleoclimatology 152:Extinction event 71: 52: 51: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5054: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5020: 5010: 5008: 4986: 4984: 4978:"Whales Tohorā" 4976: 4967: 4965: 4956:. Chicago, IL: 4948: 4939: 4937: 4916: 4914: 4896: 4891: 4877: 4867:Luis M. Chiappe 4838: 4788: 4776:. Chicago, IL: 4741: 4697: 4654: 4527: 4485: 4428: 4396: 4355: 4337:Eldredge, Niles 4313: 4260:Darwin, Charles 4236: 4197: 4164: 4130: 4075: 4070: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4045: 4043: 4022: 4020: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3968: 3966: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3923: 3919: 3909: 3907: 3889:(19 May 2009). 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3844: 3840: 3833: 3829: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3806: 3755: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3665: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3560:Kidston, Robert 3557: 3553: 3542: 3538: 3533:Wellnhofer 2009 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3492: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3432:10.1.1.688.7842 3412: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3366: 3362: 3354: 3347: 3290: 3286: 3231: 3224: 3214: 3212: 3193: 3186: 3178: 3174: 3149: 3148: 3144: 3099:(7227): 43–48. 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3025: 3021: 3011: 3009: 2983: 2979: 2929: 2925: 2868:Shubin, Neil H. 2861: 2854: 2815: 2811: 2778: 2769: 2714: 2710: 2655: 2651: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2629: 2619: 2617: 2601: 2597: 2545: 2541: 2531: 2529: 2522:Human Evolution 2512: 2511: 2507: 2457: 2448: 2441: 2435:Wellnhofer 2004 2433: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2354: 2350: 2274: 2270: 2214: 2210: 2177: 2173: 2161: 2157: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2117: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2061:(2645): 35–41. 2042: 2033: 2022: 2018: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1988: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1944: 1938: 1927: 1904: 1898: 1709: 1624:vascular plants 1616: 1563:London specimen 1534: 1529: 1519: 1487:Donald Prothero 1479: 1473: 1429: 1421:Main articles: 1401: 1337:ray-finned fish 1300: 1294: 1217:Paleontologists 1159: 1151:Main articles: 1149: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1028: 1022: 930: 924: 922:Human evolution 916:Main articles: 914: 900:flight feathers 882:(which suggest 868:deinonychosaurs 848:European magpie 799: 797:Origin of birds 793: 786: 761: 693: 687: 681: 676: 664:human evolution 572: 540: 532: 531: 427:Biostratigraphy 422: 414: 413: 399: 391: 390: 361: 353: 352: 268: 260: 259: 250:Nervous systems 205: 197: 196: 172:History of life 167:Geologic record 142: 141:Natural history 134: 133: 109:List of fossils 79: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5106: 5096: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5063: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5018: 5017: 4993: 4974: 4946: 4923: 4895: 4894:External links 4892: 4890: 4889: 4875: 4858: 4836: 4808: 4786: 4761: 4739: 4731:Pantheon Books 4717: 4695: 4674: 4652: 4630: 4603: 4567: 4539: 4525: 4509:Haeckel, Ernst 4505: 4483: 4461: 4416: 4394: 4375: 4353: 4333: 4311: 4295: 4256: 4234: 4226:Academic Press 4217: 4195: 4182:Marine Biology 4176: 4162: 4142: 4128: 4106: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4067: 4065:, p. 189. 4055: 4053: 4052: 3992: 3980: 3965:. 8 April 2010 3944: 3917: 3878: 3849:(March 2001). 3838: 3827: 3816: 3804: 3769:(2): 153–187. 3749: 3747:, p. 216. 3737: 3702:(2): 291–319. 3686: 3675: 3663: 3636:(4): 411–428. 3620: 3578:(3): 761–784. 3551: 3536: 3525: 3486: 3470: 3425:(3): 561–592. 3400: 3389: 3360: 3345: 3284: 3222: 3184: 3172: 3142: 3083: 3061: 3050: 3019: 2977: 2942:(6): 100–107. 2923: 2852: 2809: 2767: 2708: 2649: 2638: 2627: 2595: 2552:Asfaw, Berhane 2539: 2505: 2439: 2427: 2392: 2348: 2268: 2208: 2189:(2): 119–129. 2171: 2155: 2139: 2108: 2092: 2080: 2031: 2016: 2001: 1986: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1943: 1940: 1925: 1912:Niles Eldredge 1900:Main article: 1897: 1894: 1826:Garden of Eden 1743:chain of being 1708: 1705: 1628:Robert Kidston 1615: 1612: 1533: 1530: 1518: 1515: 1472: 1469: 1441:megasporangium 1400: 1395: 1296:Main article: 1293: 1288: 1276:elpistostegids 1255:weight-bearing 1194:sarcopterygian 1148: 1143: 1059: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1040: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1024:Main article: 1021: 1015: 995:spider monkeys 967:knee extensors 913: 908: 795:Main article: 792: 787: 785: 782: 760: 757: 683:Main article: 680: 677: 675: 672: 600:Charles Darwin 598:In 1859, when 574: 573: 571: 570: 563: 556: 548: 545: 544: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 494: 492:Paleopathology 489: 484: 479: 477:Paleolimnology 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 452:Palaeoxylology 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 423: 420: 419: 416: 415: 412: 411: 406: 400: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 388: 383: 378: 373: 371:Common descent 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 351: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 217: 212: 206: 203: 202: 199: 198: 195: 194: 189: 184: 179: 177:Origin of life 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 143: 140: 139: 136: 135: 132: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 80: 77: 76: 73: 72: 64: 63: 57: 56: 41:of birds from 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5105: 5094: 5093:Phylogenetics 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4953: 4947: 4935: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4913: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4897: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816:Archaeopteryx 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4578: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4545:(1815–1822). 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4522: 4518: 4517:Joseph McCabe 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4183: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4155: 4154:Jonathan Cape 4151: 4147: 4146:Browne, Janet 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4064: 4059: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3977: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3932: 3931:Biology Times 3928: 3921: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3820: 3813: 3808: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3684: 3679: 3672: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3624: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3534: 3529: 3514:on 7 May 2012 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3393: 3377: 3376: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3356:Prothero 2007 3352: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3296: 3288: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3227: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3189: 3181: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3087: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3054: 3039: 3038: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2927: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2857: 2848: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2784: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2712: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2642: 2636: 2631: 2615: 2614: 2613:Science Daily 2609: 2605: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2548:White, Tim D. 2543: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2517: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2444: 2436: 2431: 2416: 2412: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2403:Archaeopteryx 2396: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2367: 2362: 2361:Archaeopteryx 2358: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2301:(10): e7390. 2300: 2296: 2295: 2290: 2288: 2287:Archaeopteryx 2282: 2278: 2272: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2221:Archaeopteryx 2218: 2212: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2183: 2175: 2168: 2164: 2163:Prothero 2007 2159: 2152: 2148: 2147:Prothero 2007 2143: 2128: 2127: 2122: 2115: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2100:Prothero 2007 2096: 2090: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2054:New Scientist 2050: 2046: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2005: 1998: 1997:Prothero 2007 1993: 1991: 1984:, p. 816 1983: 1978: 1974: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1922: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1903: 1893: 1886: 1885:macromutation 1882: 1877: 1873: 1871: 1870: 1869:Archaeopteryx 1865: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:Eugène Dubois 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1818:Louis Figuier 1815: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1781:Charles Lyell 1777: 1775: 1771: 1770:Ernst Haeckel 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1748: 1747:Ernst Haeckel 1744: 1740: 1735: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1707:Missing links 1704: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1657:dichotomously 1654: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1640:Aberdeenshire 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1608:Archaeopteryx 1605: 1602: 1598: 1597:Archaeopteryx 1592: 1590: 1589:Archaeopteryx 1584: 1582: 1581:Hugh Falconer 1578: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1568:Archaeopteryx 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1495: 1491: 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888:Archaeopteryx 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 860:Archaeopteryx 857: 856:Archaeopteryx 853: 849: 845: 841: 838: 837:Late Jurassic 833: 831: 826: 822: 818: 817: 816:Archaeopteryx 810: 809: 803: 798: 791: 790:Archaeopteryx 781: 779: 775: 772: 767: 756: 754: 750: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 721: 719: 714: 710: 702: 697: 692: 686: 671: 669: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 620:Archaeopteryx 616: 612: 607: 606: 601: 596: 593: 589: 588:gross anatomy 585: 581: 569: 564: 562: 557: 555: 550: 549: 547: 546: 543: 539: 536: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 498: 497:Paleopedology 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 482:Paleomycology 480: 478: 475: 473: 472:Paleogenetics 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 424: 418: 417: 410: 407: 405: 402: 401: 395: 394: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 357: 356: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 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Retrieved 5001: 4985:. Retrieved 4966:. Retrieved 4962:the original 4951: 4938:. Retrieved 4931: 4915:. Retrieved 4910:. Ogden UT: 4905: 4862: 4823: 4815: 4773: 4770:Lewin, Roger 4729:. New York: 4725: 4721:Shubin, Neil 4680: 4638: 4607: 4576: 4546: 4512: 4469: 4424: 4380: 4344: 4302: 4264: 4221: 4181: 4149: 4114: 4081: 4058: 4044:. Retrieved 4037: 4021:. Retrieved 4012:(1): 12–15. 4009: 4005: 3995: 3983: 3974: 3967:. Retrieved 3956: 3947: 3935:. Retrieved 3930: 3920: 3910:10 September 3908:. Retrieved 3904:the original 3893: 3887:Zimmer, Carl 3881: 3869:. Retrieved 3865:the original 3854: 3841: 3830: 3819: 3807: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3745:Haeckel 2011 3740: 3699: 3695: 3689: 3678: 3673:, p. 32 3671:Andrews 1967 3666: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3611:. Retrieved 3575: 3571: 3554: 3539: 3528: 3516:. Retrieved 3512:the original 3499: 3489: 3473: 3422: 3416: 3403: 3392: 3380:. Retrieved 3373: 3363: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3238: 3234: 3213:. 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Retrieved 2124: 2095: 2083: 2058: 2052: 2019: 2004: 1977: 1958:Missing link 1932: 1921:creationists 1918: 1905: 1890: 1867: 1857: 1830: 1821: 1811: 1802: 1792: 1784: 1778: 1765: 1763: 1752: 1726:Homo erectus 1724: 1720: 1696: 1684: 1672: 1652: 1650: 1643: 1636:Rhynie chert 1617: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1588: 1586: 1566: 1550: 1548: 1541: 1496: 1492: 1480: 1460: 1436: 1430: 1412: 1397: 1390:Heteronectes 1388: 1378: 1371: 1370: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1327: 1319: 1290: 1283: 1279: 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1242: 1234:Ichthyostega 1232: 1228:Acanthostega 1226: 1220: 1212: 1211: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1165: 1145: 1131:ambulocetids 1120: 1119: 1096: 1071: 1061: 1060:Skeleton of 1042: 1018: 1017:Pakicetids, 1007:A. afarensis 1006: 971: 963:iliac blades 959:A. afarensis 958: 955:A. afarensis 954: 946: 945:The hominid 944: 938:A. afarensis 936: 910: 903: 894: 892: 887: 872:dromaeosaurs 859: 855: 834: 814: 813: 808:Archæopteryx 806: 789: 777: 774:microfossils 762: 745: 733:monophyletic 722: 706: 661: 618: 603: 597: 579: 577: 507:Paleozoology 467:Paleoecology 457:Paleobiology 210:Avian flight 191: 147:Biogeography 104:Index fossil 89:Trace fossil 61:Paleontology 32: 25: 4907:LiveScience 4270:John Murray 4187:McGraw-Hill 3835:Reader 2011 3812:Browne 2003 3546:, pp. 3518:24 February 3478:Darwin 1859 3058:Shubin 2008 2989:Tiktaalik's 2089:Benton 1997 2026:, pp. 2024:Darwin 1859 2011:, pp. 2009:Darwin 1859 1816:(1864) and 1808:Jules Verne 1681:gametophyte 1626:. In 1917, 1532:Post-Darwin 1507:brachiopods 1503:echinoderms 1433:seed plants 1380:Lagerstätte 1376:Monte Bolca 1239:Neil Shubin 1019:Ambulocetus 884:homeothermy 876:troodontids 844:archipelago 753:sister taxa 701:vertebrates 641:vertebrates 462:Paleobotany 283:Cephalopods 278:Butterflies 94:Microfossil 5072:Categories 4846:2003019035 4796:2001037337 4749:2007024699 4705:2011934689 4662:2007028804 4404:2003054833 4205:2002190248 4063:Gould 1980 3544:Leche 1904 3482:Chapter 10 2824:BioScience 2420:18 October 2165:, p. 2149:, p. 2102:, p. 1969:References 1963:Speciation 1849:skull roof 1841:Solo River 1693:clubmosses 1665:sporophyte 1661:sporangium 1521:See also: 1511:arthropods 1475:See also: 1453:integument 1372:Amphistium 1362:Amphistium 1357:Amphistium 1321:Amphistium 1318:Fossil of 1291:Amphistium 1278:(of which 1209:, Canada. 1111:Tethys Sea 1103:Raoellidae 1086:pakicetids 1011:chimpanzee 991:orangutans 979:bipedalism 972:While the 926:See also: 749:basal taxa 729:cladograms 725:cladistics 689:See also: 617:. Indeed, 584:fossilized 512:Palynology 381:Cladistics 220:Multicells 21:Sharptooth 4885:501736379 4772:(2001) . 4757:144598195 4713:707267298 4670:154711166 4535:830523724 4511:(2011) . 4441:0097-3556 4286:741260650 4172:806284755 4148:(2003) . 4018:0819-1530 3783:0022-5010 3716:0022-5010 3658:128629425 3650:0080-4568 3608:251580286 3600:704166643 3592:0080-4568 3548:1379–1380 3508:1943-345X 3449:0022-5010 3427:CiteSeerX 3324:0036-8075 3263:0028-0836 3167:0028-0836 3121:0028-0836 3007:1095-1237 2964:0036-8733 2910:0028-0836 2847:0006-3568 2804:1545-2069 2790:: 73–90. 2746:0028-0836 2687:0028-0836 2582:0002-9483 2492:0036-8733 2387:0024-4082 2325:1545-7885 2263:205225790 2247:0028-0836 2203:1063-5157 2075:0262-4079 1948:Crocoduck 1620:divisions 1477:Taphonomy 1465:seed coat 1284:Tiktaalik 1280:Tiktaalik 1263:Tiktaalik 1251:Tiktaalik 1243:Tiktaalik 1213:Tiktaalik 1190:Tiktaalik 1172:spiracles 1153:Tiktaalik 1146:Tiktaalik 1127:crocodile 1074:cetaceans 1044:Pakicetus 1003:hindlimbs 645:tetrapods 625:dinosaurs 522:Taphonomy 432:Ichnology 376:Phylogeny 360:Evolution 348:Tetrapods 293:Dinosaurs 288:Cetaceans 46:dinosaurs 39:evolution 5002:DinoBuzz 4854:52942941 4804:48066180 4723:(2008). 4636:(2007). 4626:23562281 4618:15023737 4591:36014264 4573:(1936). 4555:07018340 4493:80015952 4467:(1980). 4449:82621252 4412:52386174 4363:72078387 4329:38281286 4321:98010110 4278:06017473 4262:(1859). 4252:39641701 4244:98088228 4213:49259996 4138:37378512 4112:(1997). 4102:12877482 4094:61006768 4006:Creation 3958:CBC News 3895:The Loom 3871:29 March 3799:84588890 3732:83708471 3465:16634677 3457:20027787 3382:30 April 3340:34269432 3332:15514154 3271:18615083 3129:20054388 3012:19 April 2972:16323697 2918:16598249 2754:11565023 2695:15306808 2590:10618588 2343:19816582 2294:PLOS One 2255:21796204 1942:See also 1926:— 1854:Java Man 1717:Java Man 1701:rhizoids 1577:reptiles 1461:Runcaria 1437:Runcaria 1423:Runcaria 1414:Runcaria 1409:Devonian 1398:Runcaria 1385:Lutetian 1308:flatfish 1247:fishapod 1198:Devonian 1139:molluscs 1136:littoral 1098:Indohyus 999:adducted 880:feathers 864:Mesozoic 825:theropod 771:plankton 741:misnomer 709:taxonomy 613:through 542:Category 338:Sea cows 333:Reptiles 323:Molluscs 230:Flagella 43:theropod 5088:Zoology 5036:Biology 5022:Portals 4563:5269931 4501:6331415 4457:8263404 4073:Sources 3791:4330890 3724:4330767 3304:Bibcode 3295:Science 3279:4311712 3243:Bibcode 3215:17 July 3137:4428903 3101:Bibcode 2944:Bibcode 2888:Bibcode 2762:4416684 2726:Bibcode 2703:4372872 2667:Bibcode 2500:3212438 2472:Bibcode 2334:2756958 2303:Bibcode 2217:Xing Xu 2126:Palaeos 2028:341–343 2013:279–280 1774:classes 1749:, 1873. 1675:had an 1583:wrote: 1517:History 1387:Italy. 1350:benthos 1306:Modern 1207:Nunavut 1090:extinct 1088:are an 1082:mammals 830:avialan 766:species 668:hominid 637:classes 582:is any 343:Spiders 318:Mammals 313:Insects 78:Fossils 5011:19 May 4987:19 May 4968:19 May 4940:19 May 4917:19 May 4883: 4873: 4852: 4844: 4834: 4802: 4794: 4784: 4755: 4747: 4737: 4711: 4703: 4693: 4668: 4660: 4650: 4624: 4616: 4599:192226 4597: 4589: 4561: 4553: 4533: 4523: 4499: 4491: 4481: 4455: 4447: 4439: 4410: 4402: 4392: 4371:572084 4369: 4361: 4351: 4327: 4319: 4309: 4284: 4276: 4250: 4242: 4232: 4211: 4203: 4193: 4170: 4160: 4136: 4126: 4100: 4092: 4046:19 May 4023:6 July 4016: 3969:19 May 3937:19 May 3933:(Blog) 3797: 3789: 3781: 3730: 3722: 3714: 3656: 3648: 3613:18 May 3606: 3598: 3590: 3506: 3463: 3455: 3447: 3429: 3338: 3330: 3322: 3277: 3269: 3261: 3235:Nature 3165: 3155:Nature 3135: 3127: 3119: 3093:Nature 3043:17 May 3005: 2970: 2962: 2916: 2908: 2880:Nature 2845: 2802: 2760: 2752: 2744: 2718:Nature 2701: 2693: 2685: 2659:Nature 2620:15 May 2588: 2580: 2532:15 May 2498: 2490: 2385: 2341: 2331: 2323: 2261: 2253: 2245: 2226:Nature 2201: 2073: 1764:After 1739:amoeba 1697:Rhynia 1685:Rhynia 1673:Rhynia 1669:mosses 1653:Rhynia 1645:Rhynia 1559:genera 1543:Rhynia 1505:, the 1449:distal 1445:cupule 1346:seabed 1271:Nature 1245:as a " 1107:Eocene 1093:family 1084:. 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