976:
1505:
2319:
156:
507:
1476:
187:
170:
546:
1289:
1447:
777:
880:) was formed on 14 November. Although the republic had been unilaterally declared by the Workers' and Soldiers' Council, Carl Ulrich was a strong supporter of representative democracy. On 27 November, he instructed the state bureaucracy to accept instructions exclusively from the transitional government and not from the Workers' and Soldiers' Councils. At the same time, free elections were scheduled for 26 January 1919. On 10 December 1918, the
27:
1384:
532:
1548:
1174:) based in Darmstadt (his title was changed to "President" on 8 May 1945). Around the beginning of August, Bergsträsser's authority was extended over the whole of the former provinces of Starkenburg and Upper Hesse and his administration was renamed as the "German Government of the State of Hesse" (
1572:
After the abolition of provincial and district councils in 1936, the provinces were eliminated in 1937. In 1938, there was a comprehensive reform at the district level. The districts of
Bensheim, Schotten, and Oppenheim were abolished on 1 November 1938, reducing the total number of districts to
798:), composed of the Grand Duke, his ministers, and two members drawn from each of the parties represented in the Grand Duchy's parliament. The left-leaning parties in this council called for the Grand Duke's abdication, but he refused, and was supported in this by the
1051:
In the process, Spenger prevailed in a personal power battle with
Minister-President Werner. Although Werner was a Nazi party member, he attempted to maintain a form of state administration which was more like the pre-Nazi form and he supported police commissioner
1338:
of 31 March and 7 April 1933 and the Law on the
Reconstruction of the Reich of 30 January 1934, the sovereignty of the German states was ended. After that, the state government's functions were mostly taken over by the regional branch of the Nazi Party,
1018:('Reich lieutenant') of the State on 5 May 1933. Over the course of 1933, Sprenger reduced the government of the Free State through various ordinances and personnel decisions. Sprenger claimed the right to make such decisions even when his position as
927:). The SDP was re-elected in 1921 (32.6%), 1924 (35.2%), and 1927 (32.6%) and maintained the same coalition. After celebrating his 75th birthday in office in 1928, Ulrich retired and was succeeded as State-President by fellow Social Democrat
684:
abolished the People's State's
Landtag and transferred sovereignty from the People's State to the Reich, converting Hesse into an administrative unit of the central government, though formally it retained some local government.
1311:
The seat of the
Landtag was the Ständehaus on Luisenplatz in Darmstadt. The structure had been built between 1836 and 1839 and was destroyed during the Second World War. The site is now occupied by the main office of the
1105:), though formally it remained a self-governing unit. After Sprenger and Jung came into conflict with one another at the start of 1935, Hitler appointed Sprenger as the head of government in the People's State in the
1335:
1093:. The state government was subordinated to the Reich government. The Reich government extended its constitutional authority over Hesse. Hesse ceased to possess independence and was henceforth a legal subject (
1064:(SA). Above all, Werner fought against Sprenger's attempts to merge the Free State with the other territories of the Gau Hesse-Nassau (which were in the southern portion of the Prussian province of
1024:
did not legitimately entitle him to do so. By the end of the year, he had reduced the number of ministers from five to one minister and a state secretary, and had reduced the number of ministerial
1331:
Under
Article 37 of the Hessian constitution, the Minister-President had the title of State-President ("Staatspräsident") and the cabinet was known as the "Entire Ministry" ("Gesamtministerium").
814:
946:. In a second election on 19 June 1932, the Nazi party increased their portion of the vote to 44%, but it remained impossible for any party to form a government. After the Nazi victory in the
1504:
975:
2036:
1559:
The People's State inherited the Grand Duchy of Hesse's division into three provinces: Starkenburg, Rhenish Hesse, and Upper Hesse, which were themselves divided into a total of eighteen
1300:
for a three year term. The minimum age for election was twenty-five. All male citizens over the age of twenty had the right to vote. The tasks of the
Landtag were: legislating, passing a
1265:
was elected on 26 January 1919. This parliament enacted a preliminary constitution for the new state on 20 February and began a process of consultations in the
Landtag, which served as a
1598:
951:
866:
2525:
1642:
1691:
828:
919:(DDP) and the Centre Party which took office in February. The state constitution came into force on 20 March 1920, and Ulrich continued in office as State-President (
2318:
1630:
2208:
1863:
1659:
2515:
1816:
1753:
1222:
2127:
1850:
1671:
1313:
1308:("Staatspräsident"), and confirming the selection of ministers. Under the Law on the Renovation of the Reich of 30 January 1934, the Landtag was abolished.
1828:
1618:
2510:
1804:
1729:
2345:
1766:
1741:
1717:
934:
In the
November 1931 elections, Adelung's coalition suffered a severe loss, winning only 37.1% of the vote (SDP: 21.4%, Centre: 14.3%; DDP: 1.4%). The
851:
840:
2530:
803:
2048:
1188:
950:, they strongly demanded control of the State government. On 13 March, the Centre Party agreed to form a coalition with the Nazi party and
2201:
44:
91:
1168:
was entrusted by the US military government with the task of building a regional administration, as
Chairman of a "German Government" (
63:
1603:
2308:
1068:). The conflict escalated when Sprenger sought to unite the four chambers of commerce within the Gau. Werner appealed directly to
2071:
1973:
70:
915:
In the first state elections on 26 January 1919, the SPD received 44.5% of the vote and Ulrich formed a second cabinet with the
819:
2520:
2194:
1925:
1086:
677:
1343:, which also controlled the neighbouring Nassau province of Prussia, and the position of Minister-President was held by the
246:
77:
2059:
1072:, but had no success. Finally, on 20 September 1933, Sprenger forced Werner to retire as Minister-President and appointed
942:
won 13.6%. As a result, it was not possible for any party to form a government and Adelung remained in place as head of a
697:
2072:"Schlagzeilen aus Bensheim zum 175-jährigen Bestehen des "Bergsträßer Anzeigers": Die Entstehung des Kreises Bergstraße"
2292:
2267:
2262:
1573:
fifteen. At the same time, the cities of Darmstadt, Giessen, Mainz, Offenbach am Main, and Worms were made independent
1394:
947:
836:
771:
442:
59:
2115:
1127:
On 1 April 1937, Sprenger promulgated a law abolishing the provinces of Upper Hesse, Rhenish Hesse, and Starkenburg.
1089:
of 30 January 1934 abolished the People's State's Landtag and transferred sovereignty from the People's State to the
789:
705:
611:
155:
110:
1269:. The final constitution of the state was promulgated on 12 December 1919. It was subsequently altered three times:
871:
799:
1647:
1230:
956:
169:
1117:, in which the leadership of the local Nazi Gau had completely replaced the local state government. The deputy
1108:
839:(SDP) in Hesse, with the task of forming a government. A transitional government composed of Carl Ulrich (SDP),
2287:
1930:
1191:
on 19 September 1945, the Darmstadt-based "German government" was renamed the "Government President of Hesse" (
1142:
689:
665:). The area of the state was 7,692 km²; it had 1,347,279 inhabitants in 1925. Around two-thirds professed
48:
2300:
2217:
708:. On September 19, 1945, American administrators merged the section of the People's State of Hesse with the
2479:
1161:, meaning that Rhenish Hesse was in the French zone, while the rest of the state lay in the American Zone.
1136:
338:
1297:
905:
2489:
1296:
Under Article 17 ff. of the constitution, the Landtag consisted of seventy members, who were elected by
614:
was deposed on 9 November 1918. The term "People's State" referred to the fact that the new state was a
2416:
2408:
939:
84:
904:, approximately 40% of the state's territory (in particular, Rhine Hesse and part of Starkenburg) was
2439:
2060:§ 4 der Dritten Verordnung über den Neuaufbau des Reichs vom 28. November 1938 (RGBl. I S. 1675)
1032:(civil servants) from 40 to nine. All ministries were united into a single "Hessian State Ministry" (
2474:
2464:
2390:
1868:
1696:
1158:
1065:
1874:
1840:
1635:
1522:
1462:
Elected State-President in March, State Presidency abolished and became Minister-President in May
1013:
2272:
2247:
1664:
1400:
916:
623:
37:
2125:
Rebentisch, Dieter (1978). "Der Gau Hessen-Nassau und die nationalsozialistische Reichsreform".
2469:
2434:
1855:
1821:
1758:
1676:
1404:
1318:
1305:
1154:
877:
2167:
1585:("rural districts"). This arrangement of the districts remained in place until the end of the
1165:
2277:
1953:
862:
175:
2186:
1124:
became the State Secretary in Sprenger's State cabinet, which contained no other ministers.
2426:
2395:
2375:
2232:
1845:
1833:
1623:
1469:
1266:
1218:
1114:
1073:
943:
901:
883:
781:
748:
712:
607:
579:
539:
512:
8:
2380:
2257:
1809:
1734:
1551:
The provinces of the People's State in 1930: Oberhessen, Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse (
1771:
1746:
1722:
1654:
1533:
1204:
1039:
747:. The parts of the state on the left bank of the Rhine became part of the new state of
720:
2078:
1977:
2362:
2237:
2111:
1798:
1566:
1242:
856:
845:
724:
716:
599:
400:
1475:
2484:
2106:
Knöpp, Friedrich (1983). "Der Volksstaat Hessen 1918–1933". In Schultz, Uwe (ed.).
1586:
1440:
1416:
1340:
1209:
1007:
991:
928:
788:
On 8 November 1918, some of the troops stationed in Darmstadt revolted. Grand Duke
381:
369:
186:
2147:
1528:
1121:
970:
920:
808:
732:
670:
654:
634:
619:
583:
575:
567:
421:
199:
192:
139:
2385:
2370:
2335:
1711:
1498:
1336:
Provisional Law and Second Law on the Coordination of the States with the Reich
1059:
999:
979:
393:
2504:
1184:
728:
666:
650:
591:
525:
261:
248:
161:
998:
The first step in the Nazification of the Free State was the appointment of
1261:
After the proclamation of the People's State on 9 November 1918, the first
1197:) on 4 November 1945, and finally the "Government President of Darmstadt" (
1146:
1069:
744:
693:
681:
429:
1785:
1446:
1377:
1288:
1150:
1090:
1053:
909:
832:
595:
357:
626:, which was employed by most of the other German States in this period.
2455:
2327:
1455:
1236:
935:
776:
208:
831:
responded by declaring that the monarchy was abolished and entrusting
1792:
1565:("districts"). The state's territory also included eight exclaves of
1561:
1344:
1003:
985:
646:
630:
225:
642:
26:
1383:
743:
on December 1, 1946, and later became one of the federal states of
615:
331:
1569:
and Prussia, and there were eleven Hessian enclaves within Baden.
1526:
from May 1933, also became Minister-President from March 1935 and
2340:
2242:
1612:
1262:
889:
709:
1113:. The People's State was the second state of Germany, after the
2282:
1301:
1027:
2216:
1705:
1547:
740:
701:
662:
603:
1099:) of the central government, without the status of a state (
1944:
As the German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei, or DStP)
1203:) on 21 January 1946. Thus the People's State became the
1076:
in his place, who bore only the title of State Minister (
892:, along with some basic laws, drafted by Carl Ulrich.
2526:
Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate
1955:
Ausrufung der Republik in Darmstadt, 9. November 1918
2168:"Constitution of the People's State of Hesse (1919)"
2049:
Landkreis: GieĂźen Geschichtlicher Abriss, siehe 1938
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
633:and the state consisted of provinces Upper Hesse (
696:, Upper Hesse and Starkenburg formed part of the
2502:
1893:
1961:Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen
700:, while Rhenish Hesse, on the left bank of the
1577:("urban districts"). From 1 January 1939, all
622:) and was used in the same manner as the term
610:. The State was established after Grand Duke
2516:States and territories disestablished in 1945
2202:
191:The People's State of Hesse (red) within the
1240:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1175:
1169:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1077:
1057:
1043:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1011:
983:
793:
752:
206:
128:
1542:
784:for the Republic of Hesse, 10 December 1918
578:from 1918 to 1945, as the successor to the
2511:States and territories established in 1918
2209:
2195:
2124:
1503:
1474:
1445:
1382:
1042:Werner lost the title of State President (
888:was published in the Hessian government's
185:
2148:"Overview of the People's State of Hesse"
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
1546:
1287:
1217:Rhine-Hesse became part of the state of
974:
775:
2110:. Stuttgart: Theiss. pp. 217–231.
1923:
1248:in 1968, which was disbanded in 2000).
912:from January 1919 until June 30, 1930.
792:reacted by appointing a State Council (
574:) was one of the constituent states of
2531:Former states and territories of Hesse
2503:
1924:Borgans, Christoph (6 December 2014).
1873:(merged with Bensheim in 1938 to form
1087:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
678:Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich
629:Like the Grand Duchy, the capital was
2190:
2105:
1899:
1130:
288:7,692 km (2,970 sq mi)
1974:"Verfassung des Volksstaates Hessen"
1177:Deutsche Regierung des Landes Hessen
618:(rather than implying that it was a
49:adding citations to reliable sources
20:
2077:. 2007. p. 109. Archived from
13:
1917:
895:
598:, on the territory of the current
14:
2542:
2140:
1963:(LAGIS). (Stand: 9 November 2020)
2317:
2037:Der GroĂźe Brockhaus, 15. Auflage
1189:American military administration
1153:formed the boundary between the
882:Ordinance for the election of a
802:representatives on the Council:
780:Ordinance for the election of a
765:
544:
530:
505:
168:
154:
25:
2099:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2028:
2019:
1495:
1466:
1437:
1413:
1374:
1256:
964:
36:needs additional citations for
2010:
2001:
1992:
1966:
1959:Zeitgeschichte in Hessen. In:
1947:
1938:
1931:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1914:10 December 1918, pp. 245–263.
1905:
938:won 37.1% of the vote and the
829:Workers' and Soldiers' Council
772:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
2521:States of the Weimar Republic
2218:States of the Weimar Republic
1887:
1326:
1276:Law of 27 September 1927
1200:Regierungspräsident Darmstadt
867:Otto von Brentano di Tremezzo
739:). Greater Hesse was renamed
2025:Art. 10 Hessian Constitution
1799:Stadtkreis Offenbach am Main
1292:Darmstadt, Luisenplatz today
1137:Allied occupation of Germany
1035:Hessischen Staatsministerium
827:The next day, the Darmstadt
7:
1298:proportional representation
1273:Law of 4 November 1924
1251:
1214:within the State of Hesse.
1145:in May 1945, at the end of
948:March 1933 federal election
692:in May 1945, at the end of
10:
2547:
1912:Hessisches Regierungsblatt
1789:(Capital: Darmstadt)
1409:State-President from 1920
1283:
1194:Regierungspräsident Hessen
1183:After the proclamation of
1134:
968:
769:
760:
590:) after the defeat of the
2452:
2425:
2407:
2361:
2354:
2326:
2315:
2225:
1279:Law of 28 March 1930
1267:constitutional convention
1159:American occupation zones
886:for the Republic of Hesse
884:constitutional convention
782:constitutional convention
484:
480:
476:
472:
462:
452:
439:
435:
417:
413:
409:
387:
375:
363:
351:
347:
337:
325:
318:
314:
304:
300:
292:
282:
277:
238:
231:
221:
205:
198:
184:
150:
145:
137:
125:
60:"People's State of Hesse"
1609:(Capital: Giessen)
1543:Administrative divisions
961:became State President.
698:American occupation zone
680:of 30 January 1934, the
645:), Starkenburg (capital
240: • Coordinates
16:German state (1918–1945)
917:German Democratic Party
900:In accordance with the
837:Social Democratic Party
669:, the other third were
564:People's State of Hesse
126:People's State of Hesse
2108:Die Geschichte Hessens
1926:"Who was Carl Ulrich?"
1702:(Capital: Mainz)
1556:
1293:
1241:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1176:
1170:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1078:
1058:
1044:
1034:
1026:
1020:
1012:
995:
984:
924:
794:
785:
753:
736:
706:French occupation zone
658:
638:
587:
571:
464:• Disestablished
207:
129:
2172:Verfassungen der Welt
1550:
1291:
1109:Reichsstatthalter Law
978:
779:
757:) on 30 August 1946.
2268:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2263:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1875:Landkreis BergstraĂźe
1793:Stadtkreis Darmstadt
1470:Philipp Wilhelm Jung
1219:Rhineland-Palatinate
1115:Free State of Saxony
1074:Philipp Wilhelm Jung
944:caretaker government
902:Treaty of Versailles
835:, the leader of the
749:Rhineland-Palatinate
608:Rhineland-Palatinate
588:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
580:Grand Duchy of Hesse
540:Rhineland-Palatinate
513:Grand Duchy of Hesse
454:• Constitution
45:improve this article
2128:Nassauische Annalen
1491:Minister-President
1314:Sparkasse Darmstadt
1166:Ludwig Bergsträsser
258: /
2082:(PDF; 9,0 MB)
1980:on 9 November 2016
1613:Stadtkreis Giessen
1557:
1534:Province of Nassau
1431:SPD, DDP, Zentrum
1306:Minister-president
1294:
1237:Rhenish Palatinate
1171:Deutsche Regierung
1164:On 14 April 1945,
1131:Post-War abolition
1040:Minister-President
996:
786:
704:, fell within the
2498:
2497:
2448:
2447:
2084:on 5 October 2016
2034:"Hessen" (2) in:
1885:
1884:
1860:(until 1938)
1763:(until 1938)
1681:(until 1938)
1540:
1539:
1523:Reichsstatthalter
1243:Rheinhessen-Pfalz
1235:(merged with the
1021:Reichsstatthalter
1014:Reichsstatthalter
725:Frankfurt am Main
572:Volksstaat Hessen
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
518:
517:
468:19 September 1945
443:German Revolution
401:Reichsstatthalter
389:• 1933–1945
365:• 1928–1933
353:• 1919–1928
327: • Type
130:Volksstaat Hessen
121:
120:
113:
95:
2538:
2400:
2359:
2358:
2321:
2305:
2297:
2288:Schaumburg-Lippe
2211:
2204:
2197:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2152:www.gonschior.de
2136:
2121:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2062:
2057:
2051:
2046:
2040:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1976:. Archived from
1970:
1964:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1903:
1897:
1872:
1864:Kreis Heppenheim
1859:
1841:Kreis GroĂź-Gerau
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:(from 1938)
1795:(from 1938)
1775:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:(from 1938)
1712:Stadtkreis Worms
1708:(from 1938)
1706:Stadtkreis Mainz
1700:
1680:
1668:
1660:Kreis Lauterbach
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:(from 1938)
1607:
1592:
1591:
1587:Second World War
1512:
1507:
1483:
1478:
1449:
1441:Ferdinand Werner
1425:
1417:Bernhard Adelung
1391:
1386:
1355:State-President
1350:
1349:
1341:Gau Hesse-Nassau
1322:
1247:
1245:Regierungsbezirk
1234:
1225:Regierungsbezirk
1221:in 1946, as the
1213:
1210:Regierungsbezirk
1202:
1196:
1179:
1173:
1143:German surrender
1112:
1104:
1098:
1081:
1063:
1047:
1037:
1031:
1023:
1017:
1008:Gau Hesse-Nassau
992:Gau Hesse-Nassau
989:
960:
952:Ferdinand Werner
929:Bernhard Adelung
875:
860:
849:
823:
812:
800:National Liberal
797:
756:
690:German surrender
548:
547:
534:
533:
522:
521:
509:
508:
502:
501:
486:
485:
458:12 December 1919
405:
382:Ferdinand Werner
370:Bernhard Adelung
328:
273:
272:
270:
269:
268:
263:
262:49.867°N 8.650°E
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
241:
216:
212:
189:
172:
158:
132:
123:
122:
116:
109:
105:
102:
96:
94:
53:
29:
21:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2454:
2444:
2421:
2403:
2398:
2396:Weimar-Eisenach
2350:
2322:
2313:
2303:
2295:
2221:
2215:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2143:
2118:
2102:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1866:
1853:
1846:Kreis Offenbach
1831:
1819:
1817:Kreis Darmstadt
1807:
1769:
1756:
1754:Kreis Oppenheim
1744:
1732:
1720:
1694:
1674:
1662:
1645:
1643:Kreis Friedberg
1633:
1621:
1601:
1545:
1536:from July 1944
1510:
1481:
1423:
1389:
1361:Term of office
1329:
1316:
1304:, electing the
1286:
1259:
1254:
1228:
1139:
1133:
1122:Heinrich Reiner
1102:Staatscharakter
1045:Staatspräsident
973:
971:Gleichschaltung
967:
954:
940:Communist Party
925:Staatspräsident
898:
896:Weimar Republic
869:
854:
843:
817:
815:Heinrich Köhler
806:
774:
768:
763:
754:Rheinland-Pfalz
682:Nazi government
671:Roman Catholics
620:socialist state
545:
531:
506:
465:
455:
448:9 November 1918
445:
397:
396:
390:
378:
366:
354:
326:
307:
285:
266:
264:
260:
257:
252:
249:
247:
245:
244:
239:
217:
215:"Song of Hesse"
214:
213:
193:Weimar Republic
190:
180:
179:
178:
173:
165:
164:
159:
133:
117:
106:
100:
97:
54:
52:
42:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2431:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2164:
2142:
2141:External links
2139:
2138:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2063:
2052:
2041:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1965:
1946:
1937:
1916:
1904:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1861:
1851:Kreis Bensheim
1848:
1843:
1838:
1826:
1814:
1802:
1796:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1776:
1764:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1709:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1672:Kreis Schotten
1669:
1657:
1652:
1640:
1631:Kreis BĂĽdingen
1628:
1616:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1499:Jakob Sprenger
1496:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1328:
1325:
1285:
1282:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1239:to create the
1135:Main article:
1132:
1129:
1079:Staatsminister
1060:Sturmabteilung
1000:Jakob Sprenger
980:Jakob Sprenger
969:Main article:
966:
963:
897:
894:
863:Progress Party
852:Konrad Henrich
841:Heinrich Fulda
770:Main article:
767:
764:
762:
759:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
549:
542:
536:
535:
528:
519:
516:
515:
510:
498:
497:
492:
482:
481:
478:
477:
474:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
456:
453:
450:
449:
446:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
419:
418:Historical era
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
394:Jakob Sprenger
391:
388:
385:
384:
379:
376:
373:
372:
367:
364:
361:
360:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
335:
334:
329:
323:
322:
320:
316:
315:
312:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
280:
279:
275:
274:
242:
236:
235:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
203:
202:
196:
195:
182:
181:
174:
167:
166:
160:
153:
152:
151:
148:
147:
143:
142:
135:
134:
127:
119:
118:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2451:
2441:
2440:Sondershausen
2438:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2302:
2299:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2207:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2117:3-8062-0332-6
2113:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2031:
2022:
2013:
2007:RegBl. p. 170
2004:
1998:RegBl. p. 367
1995:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1829:Kreis Dieburg
1827:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1693:
1692:Rhenish Hesse
1689:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:Kreis Giessen
1653:
1649:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1619:Kreis Alsfeld
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1581:were renamed
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1554:
1549:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1529:Oberpräsident
1525:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1185:Greater Hesse
1181:
1178:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:Rechtssubjekt
1092:
1088:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
988:
987:
981:
977:
972:
962:
958:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
893:
891:
887:
885:
879:
873:
868:
864:
858:
853:
847:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
816:
810:
805:
801:
796:
791:
783:
778:
773:
766:Establishment
758:
755:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
729:Greater Hesse
726:
722:
718:
714:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
667:Protestantism
664:
660:
656:
652:
651:Rhenish Hesse
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:German states
597:
593:
592:German Empire
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
543:
541:
538:
537:
529:
527:
526:Greater Hesse
524:
523:
520:
514:
511:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
461:
457:
451:
447:
444:
438:
434:
431:
427:
423:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
402:
395:
392:
386:
383:
380:
374:
371:
368:
362:
359:
356:
350:
346:
342:
340:
336:
333:
330:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
281:
276:
271:
267:49.867; 8.650
243:
237:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
211:
210:
204:
201:
197:
194:
188:
183:
177:
171:
163:
157:
149:
144:
141:
136:
131:
124:
115:
112:
104:
101:November 2022
93:
90:
86:
83:
79:
76:
72:
69:
65:
62: –
61:
57:
56:Find sources:
50:
46:
40:
39:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
2453:Unrecognized
2399:(until 1920)
2304:(until 1929)
2252:
2176:. Retrieved
2171:
2156:. Retrieved
2151:
2132:
2126:
2107:
2100:Bibliography
2086:. Retrieved
2079:the original
2066:
2055:
2044:
2035:
2030:
2021:
2016:RegBl. p. 49
2012:
2003:
1994:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:the original
1968:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1940:
1929:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1805:Kreis Erbach
1784:
1730:Kreis Bingen
1690:
1597:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1560:
1558:
1552:
1527:
1521:
1333:
1330:
1310:
1295:
1260:
1257:Constitution
1224:
1223:Rhine Hesse
1216:
1182:
1163:
1147:World War II
1140:
1126:
1118:
1084:
1070:Adolf Hitler
1066:Hesse-Nassau
1056:against the
1050:
997:
965:Nazification
933:
914:
899:
881:
826:
804:Arthur Osann
790:Ernest Louis
787:
745:West Germany
694:World War II
687:
675:
628:
612:Ernest Louis
563:
561:
495:Succeeded by
494:
489:
430:World War II
425:
399:
377:• 1933
306:• 1925
176:Coat of arms
107:
98:
88:
81:
74:
67:
55:
43:Please help
38:verification
35:
18:
2490:WĂĽrzburg SR
2465:Bavarian SR
2427:Schwarzburg
2328:City-states
2309:WĂĽrttemberg
2296:(from 1920)
2220:(1919–1933)
2174:(in German)
2154:(in German)
1867: [
1854: [
1832: [
1820: [
1808: [
1786:Starkenburg
1770: [
1767:Kreis Worms
1757: [
1745: [
1742:Kreis Mainz
1733: [
1721: [
1718:Kreis Alzey
1695: [
1675: [
1663: [
1646: [
1634: [
1622: [
1602: [
1599:Upper Hesse
1575:Stadtkreise
1553:Rheinhessen
1378:Carl Ulrich
1347:from 1935.
1317: [
1229: [
1151:Rhine river
1054:Werner Best
955: [
910:French Army
870: [
855: [
844: [
833:Carl Ulrich
818: [
807: [
737:GroĂź-Hessen
659:Rheinhessen
596:World War I
490:Preceded by
358:Carl Ulrich
284:• 1925
265: /
2505:Categories
2475:Bottleneck
2456:separatist
2435:Rudolstadt
2391:Saxe-Gotha
2355:Until 1920
2178:16 October
2158:16 October
2135:: 128–162.
2088:9 February
1984:16 October
1900:Knöpp 1983
1888:References
1583:Landkreise
1367:Coalition
1334:Under the
1327:Government
1141:After the
936:Nazi party
688:After the
676:Under the
661:, capital
641:, capital
639:Oberhessen
624:Free State
319:Government
293:Population
209:Hessenlied
71:newspapers
2470:Bremen SR
2458:movements
2386:Meiningen
2371:Altenburg
2293:Thuringia
2273:Oldenburg
2248:Brunswick
1589:in 1945.
1511:1935–1945
1482:1933–1935
1424:1928–1933
1390:1919–1928
1358:Portrait
1345:Gauleiter
1205:Darmstadt
1119:Gauleiter
1004:Gauleiter
986:Gauleiter
795:Staatsrat
713:provinces
647:Darmstadt
631:Darmstadt
339:President
310:1,347,279
226:Darmstadt
146:1918–1945
138:State of
1252:Politics
906:occupied
727:to form
710:Prussian
616:Republic
606:and the
422:Interwar
332:Republic
2485:Rhenish
2480:Bavaria
2341:Hamburg
2301:Waldeck
2278:Prussia
2243:Bavaria
1532:of the
1405:Zentrum
1284:Landtag
1263:Landtag
1187:by the
908:by the
890:gazette
850:(SPD),
761:History
576:Germany
441:•
250:49°52′N
222:Capital
140:Germany
85:scholar
2376:Coburg
2363:Ernest
2346:LĂĽbeck
2336:Bremen
2283:Saxony
2233:Anhalt
2226:States
2114:
1579:Kreise
1562:Kreise
1515:NSDAP
1486:NSDAP
1370:Notes
1364:Party
1302:budget
1155:French
1149:, the
1038:) and
1028:Beamte
1002:, the
982:, the
921:German
878:Centre
865:) and
733:German
721:Nassau
655:German
649:) and
643:GieĂźen
635:German
584:German
568:German
426:·
424:
343:
296:
278:
253:8°39′E
200:Anthem
87:
80:
73:
66:
58:
2417:Reuss
2409:Reuss
2381:Gotha
2258:Lippe
2253:Hesse
2238:Baden
2075:(PDF)
1871:]
1858:]
1836:]
1824:]
1812:]
1774:]
1761:]
1749:]
1737:]
1725:]
1699:]
1679:]
1667:]
1650:]
1638:]
1626:]
1606:]
1567:Baden
1456:NSDAP
1452:1933
1399:SPD,
1321:]
1233:]
1091:Reich
1010:, as
959:]
874:]
859:]
848:]
822:]
811:]
741:Hesse
717:Hesse
702:Rhine
663:Mainz
604:Hesse
428:
92:JSTOR
78:books
2180:2022
2160:2022
2112:ISBN
2090:2015
1986:2022
1428:SPD
1157:and
1085:The
813:and
723:and
719:and
562:The
398:(as
232:Area
162:Flag
64:news
1520:As
1401:DDP
1395:SPD
1180:).
1082:).
1048:).
1006:of
990:of
715:of
602:of
594:in
47:by
2507::
2170:.
2150:.
2133:89
2131:.
1928:.
1869:de
1856:de
1834:de
1822:de
1810:de
1772:de
1759:de
1747:de
1735:de
1723:de
1697:de
1677:de
1665:de
1648:de
1636:de
1624:de
1604:de
1403:,
1323:.
1319:de
1231:de
957:de
931:.
923::
872:de
857:de
846:de
824:.
820:de
809:de
735::
673:.
657::
637::
586::
570::
2210:e
2203:t
2196:v
2182:.
2162:.
2120:.
2092:.
1988:.
1957:.
1934:.
1902:.
1877:)
1555:)
994:.
876:(
861:(
751:(
731:(
653:(
582:(
566:(
404:)
114:)
108:(
103:)
99:(
89:·
82:·
75:·
68:·
41:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)