43:
2111:
Vignoni, Paula A.; Jurikova, Hana; Schröder, Birgit; Tjallingii, Rik; Córdoba, Francisco E.; Lecomte, Karina L.; Pinkerneil, Sylvia; Grudzinska, Ieva; Schleicher, Anja M.; Viotto, Sofía A.; Santamans, Carla D.; Rae, James W.B.; Brauer, Achim (December 2023). "On the origin and processes controlling
382:
outgassing appears to occur at the lake. The lake presently has no outflow, but it may have spilled northward into the Salar de
Antofalla during periods of higher lake level. Directly north of Laguna Peinado lies another lake, Laguna Turquesa, with an average depth of 6 metres (20 ft) and a
322:
Laguna
Peinado is a 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) wide, 3.4 kilometres (2.1 mi) long lake with a mean depth of 4 metres (13 ft)-8 metres (26 ft). Water covers an area of 1.6 square kilometres (0.62 sq mi). It lies at 3,820 metres (12,530 ft) elevation at about
281:; the lava flows have for the most part dark and brown colours. The total volume of the edifice is about 22.4 cubic kilometres (5.4 cu mi), covering an area of 96.2 square kilometres (37.1 sq mi). Claims that the volcano overlies a caldera lack supporting evidence.
1517:
Campeny, López; Escola, P. (2007). "Un verde horizonte en el desierto: producción de cuentas minerales en ámbitos domésticos de sitios agro-pastoriles. Antofagasta de la Sierra. Puna
Meridional Argentina". In Nielsen, A.; Rivolta, MC; Seldes, V.; Vázquez, MM; Mercolli, P. (eds.).
2016:
Vignale, Federico A.; Lencina, Agustina I.; Stepanenko, Tatiana M.; Soria, Mariana N.; Saona, Luis A.; Kurth, Daniel; Guzmán, Daniel; Foster, Jamie S.; Poiré, Daniel G.; Villafañe, Patricio G.; Albarracín, Virginia H.; Contreras, Manuel; Farías, María E. (1 January 2022).
683:
The regional climate is cold and dry, with a mean temperature of 8 °C (46 °F) and large (40 °C (72 °F)) daily temperature fluctuations. Precipitation takes place mainly during the winter months, the region is at the boundary between the
643:. The monogenetic volcanoes just south and north of Peinado developed 210,000 ± 40,000 and 380,000 ± 20,000 years ago, respectively; the flank vent that formed a scoria cone may also be associated with the monogenetic activity rather than Peinado proper.
634:
has yielded ages ranging between 80,000 and 40,000 years ago for the central cone and between 60,000 and 30,000 for the flank vents. Volcanic activity initially built the central cone, before continuing on the flanks. Eruptions have been mostly
1619:
Grosse, Pablo; Guzmán, Silvina R.; Nauret, François; Orihashi, Yuji; Sumino, Hirochika (May 2022). "Central vs. lateral growth and evolution of the < 100 ka
Peinado composite volcano, southern Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes".
650:
that intercepted ascending magma and a single cone. Eventually, the cone reached a size at which further eruptions from the summit were impeded, causing volcanism to shift to the flank vents, which then built up the bulk of
Peinado.
662:
activity. Volcanoes have been observed to remain inactive for ten thousands of years; thus future activity at
Peinado is possible. The configuration of volcanic vents suggests that the occurrence of caldera collapse and of
294:; its ignimbrites underlie Peinado and lava flows from Peinado have spilled across its borders on to the caldera floor. On the eastern side, the volcano is bordered by the Sierra de Calalaste. To the north lies the
257:
1,630 metres (5,350 ft) high steep cone, which reaches an elevation of 5,890 metres (19,320 ft) above sea level and features a 240 metres (790 ft) wide and 25 metres (82 ft) deep
548:. Apart from volcanoes, tectonically-generated basins and ridges form a steep relief in the region; the Laguna Peinado occupies one of several north-south trending tectonic depressions in the area.
1748:
OLIVERA, DANIEL ENZO; TCHILINGUIRIAN, PABLO; CASANOVA MENENDEZ, MARTÍN TOMÁS; PÉREZ, MARTINA INÉS; GRANT, JENNIFER; GENTILE, MARÍA CECILIA; CLUR, ALEJO; DE ZELA, PAULA MIRANDA (2023).
685:
667:
is possible, and its activity has become more explosive over time. The volcano lies on an eastward younging trend of calderas including Laguna Amarga, and there is evidence of
1759:
Pérez, Martina Inés; Clur, Alejo Adrián; Zela, Paula
Miranda De; Olivera, Daniel; Pérez, Martina Inés; Clur, Alejo Adrián; Zela, Paula Miranda De; Olivera, Daniel (May 2023).
1531:
Della Vedova, Micaela; Villafañe, Patricio G.; Cónsole‐Gonella, Carlos; Bahniuk
Rumbelsperger, Anelize; Fadel Cury, Leonardo; Horta, Luis R.; Farías, María E. (April 2023).
387:
reach thicknesses of 30–40 centimetres (12–16 in) and lengths of several 100 metres (330 ft), they extend to Laguna
Turquesa. At the southern end of the lake is a
544:
zone, the
Peinado fault, runs from the western side of Salar de Antofalla south along Laguna Peinado to Peinado volcano. Farther south, it may connect to the San Francisco
456:
when the lake levels were low and conditions more favourable to stromatolite growth than plant development. Recent lake level declines have not prevented the deposition of
441:. They may be correlative with regional changes in humidity, but difficulties in dating lake deposits prevent the determination of a definitive causal relationship.
1852:
Seggiaro, Raúl E.; Hongn, Fernando D.; Castillo, Alfredo; Pereyra, Fernando Xavier; Villegas, Daniela Claudia; Martínez, Liliana; González, Osvaldo Edgar (2006).
655:
and other magma-forming processes took place in the magma chamber, yielding the felsic magmas that were erupted from the central vent beginning 40,000 years ago.
1749:
444:
The lakes of the Altiplano have drawn attention in the 21st century owing to the frequently extreme climatic and hydrological conditions they experience.
618:
ones from the flank vents. The monogenetic volcanoes have erupted basaltic andesite. In the summit region, the rocks have been discoloured presumably by
729:
218:
caldera just west of Peinado. The climate of the region is cold and dry, but may have been moister in the recent past. North of Peinado lies the
2078:"Spatial variability of the modern radiocarbon reservoir effect in the high-altitude lake Laguna del Peinado (southern Puna Plateau, Argentina)"
383:
surface area of 0.1 square kilometres (0.039 sq mi); the lakes may have been connected before 2005. At the northern end of the basin,
1761:"RESULTADOS INICIALES DEL ANALISIS DEL PRIMER ENTERRATORIO INKAICO CONTEXTUALIZADO EN ANTOFAGASTA DE LA SIERRA (PUNA MERIDIONAL ARGENTINA)"
1989:"Depositional environments of Quaternary lacustrine travertines and stromatolites from high-altitude Andean lakes, northwestern Argentina"
2236:
646:
Presumably, Peinado began its growth as a monogenetic volcano but eruptions became concentrated at a single vent, producing a shallow
273:, which built a lava apron surrounding the volcano that buries the lower parts of the cone. The cone is formed by lava blocks, lavas,
1859:(Report) (in Spanish). Vol. 294. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Geología y Recursos Minerales, Servicio Geológico Minero Argentino.
1684:"Average Pleistocene Climatic Patterns in the Southern Central Andes: Controls on Mountain Glaciation and Paleoclimate Implications"
1533:"Disentangling microstructure and environmental conditions in high‐altitude Andean microbialite systems (Catamarca, Argentine Puna)"
87:
269:
on the mountain. Twelve vents - two of which are buried by lava flows - form cones on its flanks and have produced hundreds of
314:, with volumes reaching 0.8 cubic kilometres (0.19 cu mi), and were emplaced between 600,000 and 150,000 years ago.
2900:
1609:
247:
2920:
652:
203:. It began erupting about 100,000 years ago, with the last eruption about 36,800 years ago. Future eruptions are possible.
1760:
1593:
Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments: Biofilms, Microbial Mats, Microbialites and Endoevaporites
2141:"Short‐term microbialite resurgence as indicator of ecological resilience against crises (Catamarca, Argentine Puna)"
2076:
Vignoni, Paula A.; Córdoba, Francisco E.; Tjallingii, Rik; Santamans, Carla; Lupo, Liliana C.; Brauer, Achim (2023).
1817:
540:. Peinado presumably developed on Miocene volcanic rocks and eruption products of the Laguna Amarga caldera. A major
437:
There is evidence of a progressive increase in water levels, followed by a decrease, which may somehow relate to the
2139:
Villafañe, Patricio Guillermo; Cónsole‐Gonella, Carlos; Cury, Leonardo Fadel; Farías, María Eugenia (October 2021).
2910:
477:
326:
2915:
2229:
2140:
1507:
760:
743:
mountain sanctuary and may have been used as a source for valuable rocks by pre-Hispanic people. A prehistoric
2905:
1751:
Tamberías El Peinado y Laguna Diamante: minería inka y circulaciónd de bienes en la Puna meridional argentina
1938:
Valero-Garcés, Blas; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio; Ratto, Norma; Navas, Ana; Edwards, Larry (1 September 2000).
80:
1940:"Paleohydrology of Andean saline lakes from sedimentological and isotopic records, Northwestern Argentina"
1894:
1832:
1793:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1022:
1020:
1018:
165:
56:
2019:"Lithifying and Non-Lithifying Microbial Ecosystems in the Wetlands and Salt Flats of the Central Andes"
2692:
2261:
1342:
1049:
1015:
481:
728:
The name ("combed" in Spanish) is a reference to its smooth appearance. The first known ascent was by
2579:
2222:
1662:
2762:
1667:
250:
of the Central Andes. The region is largely uninhabited, due to the extreme climatic conditions.
2782:
2444:
2018:
513:
153:
48:
42:
2434:
2394:
1895:"Large 13C enrichment in primary carbonates from Andean Altiplano lakes, northwest Argentina"
469:
452:
occur on the lowest lake terrace, they display laminated textures and were probably built by
243:
207:
2757:
2702:
1939:
1910:
1893:
Valero-Garcés, Blas L; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio; Ratto, Norma; Navas, Ana (30 August 1999).
2767:
2737:
2634:
2509:
2371:
2245:
1951:
1906:
1695:
1683:
1629:
472:
of the Andes, which in northern Argentina extends across the Cordillera Occidental and the
262:
2797:
2697:
2619:
8:
2722:
2326:
1853:
1530:
1348:
1060:
1026:
734:
489:
299:
1955:
1699:
1633:
1565:
1532:
1071:
1069:
1039:
1037:
1035:
993:
991:
989:
716:
vegetation and underwater plants grow around and in Laguna Peinado, which also features
2855:
2687:
2414:
2200:(1). Grupo de Estudios de Ciencias Sociales. Facultad de Humanidades. UNSa – via
2176:
2064:
1975:
1719:
1645:
1578:
1474:
819:
817:
815:
640:
631:
497:
295:
235:
184:
1918:
1809:
751:
mine with well-preserved buildings lies at Tambería El Peinado, close to the volcano.
52:
2845:
2802:
2777:
2639:
2316:
2281:
2266:
2180:
2168:
2160:
2099:
2077:
2068:
2056:
2048:
1979:
1967:
1922:
1877:
1860:
1840:
1813:
1780:
1711:
1649:
1641:
1605:
1591:
1582:
1570:
1552:
1503:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1330:
1167:
1155:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1081:
1066:
1032:
986:
636:
560:
541:
517:
22:
1988:
1987:
Valero-Garcés, Blas L.; Arenas, Concha; Delgado-Huertas, Antonio (9 February 2011).
1723:
812:
406:
occurring in coastal areas and muddy deposits in deeper waters. The carbonates form
2860:
2850:
2772:
2752:
2707:
2584:
2549:
2311:
2286:
2152:
2125:
2117:
2112:
the elemental and isotopic composition of carbonates in hypersaline Andean lakes".
2089:
2038:
2030:
2000:
1959:
1914:
1805:
1772:
1703:
1637:
1597:
1560:
1544:
274:
1203:
1191:
1143:
1093:
2677:
2649:
2514:
2336:
2276:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
672:
664:
501:
485:
384:
55:, and Peinado (top left), along the Argentina-Chile border. Astronaut photo from
2742:
1318:
1003:
700:
rates are higher than precipitation. The climate has not been stable during the
2569:
2494:
2034:
1657:
1215:
1110:
438:
395:
379:
302:, the Peinado volcanic field, lies around Peinado. They consist of lava flows,
200:
134:
2121:
2094:
1963:
1601:
1122:
448:
form mounds along 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of the western lakeshore. Former
2894:
2812:
2792:
2424:
2164:
2103:
2052:
1971:
1926:
1881:
1864:
1844:
1784:
1715:
1556:
717:
647:
607:
599:
580:
572:
453:
449:
341:
328:
288:
258:
215:
192:
188:
180:
158:
102:
89:
2817:
2296:
2156:
1548:
2865:
2827:
2604:
2544:
2469:
2201:
2184:
2172:
2060:
2008:
1930:
1885:
1823:
1747:
1740:
1727:
1574:
1523:
1480:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
911:
909:
740:
619:
493:
457:
445:
1776:
1754:. XXI Congreso Nacional de Arqueología Argentina (in Spanish). Corrientes.
1390:
1227:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
802:
800:
2822:
2672:
2539:
2534:
2524:
2464:
2271:
884:
882:
880:
867:
865:
863:
838:
836:
834:
832:
701:
697:
603:
509:
363:
307:
2043:
1833:"Influencia tectónica en el volcanismo Cenozoico del Noroeste argentino"
1294:
1282:
1251:
1239:
906:
848:
773:
374:
with temperatures reaching 33.13 °C (91.63 °F), which deposit
2732:
2564:
2559:
2519:
2489:
2399:
2366:
2361:
2321:
2130:
962:
921:
797:
693:
689:
576:
529:
521:
419:
375:
371:
298:, which ends close to Peinado, and the Laguna Peinado lake. A field of
1937:
1892:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1336:
1173:
1161:
1087:
1075:
1043:
997:
877:
860:
829:
823:
2682:
2667:
2644:
2609:
2589:
2574:
2429:
2409:
1498:
Berberián, Eduardo E.; Nielsen, Axel E.; Albeck, María Ester (2001).
1426:
748:
713:
659:
568:
545:
537:
505:
473:
411:
403:
367:
355:
311:
270:
231:
219:
196:
127:
2291:
2004:
894:
696:
from the Pacific Ocean and isolated drops of cold air hit the area.
2870:
2807:
2717:
2554:
2484:
2479:
2449:
2419:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2331:
2214:
1707:
1682:
Haselton, Kirk; Hilley, George; Strecker, Manfred R. (March 2002).
1438:
588:
556:
476:. Numerous volcanoes occur in the region, including Laguna Amarga,
431:
427:
415:
359:
285:
2747:
2624:
2138:
1986:
1306:
1221:
1209:
1197:
1149:
1116:
1104:
2712:
2614:
2599:
2504:
2474:
2306:
2301:
2110:
2075:
1874:
Estudios jeologicos i topograficos del desierto i puna de Atacama
1520:
Producción y Circulación Prehispánicas de Bienes en el Sur Andino
1324:
1137:
1009:
785:
705:
595:
525:
407:
399:
388:
291:
266:
211:
1737:
Jeografía descriptiva de las provincias de Atacama i Antofagasta
2787:
2727:
2594:
2529:
2499:
2459:
2439:
2404:
2376:
744:
709:
611:
564:
533:
460:. Stromatolites are visible just underneath the water surface.
423:
278:
70:
2454:
2341:
2015:
1396:
1233:
668:
615:
591:
549:
239:
141:
1851:
1270:
950:
854:
2882:
Note: volcanoes are ordered by latitude from north to south
584:
303:
1618:
1462:
1450:
1300:
1288:
1264:
1245:
968:
944:
915:
888:
871:
842:
806:
1792:
Perucca, Laura P.; Moreiras, Stella M. (1 January 2009).
2192:
Vitry, Christian (1997). "Arqueología de alta montaña".
614:
magmas were erupted from the central cone and the more
1681:
1497:
1432:
900:
630:
Peinado is one of the youngest volcanoes in the area.
430:. Microbes form rocky structures including mounds and
1179:
1758:
1444:
284:
Just west of Peinado lies the eastern margin of the
47:
Volcanic Landscapes of the Central Andes. Shown are
1402:
974:
524:, and monogenetic volcanoes. Their ages range from
1414:
708:times. What little vegetation there is, is mostly
1831:Seggiaro, R. E.; Hongn, F. D. (12 January 1999).
2892:
1210:Valero-Garcés, Arenas & Delgado-Huertas 2011
1198:Valero-Garcés, Arenas & Delgado-Huertas 2011
1150:Valero-Garcés, Arenas & Delgado-Huertas 2011
1105:Valero-Garcés, Arenas & Delgado-Huertas 2011
1791:
1312:
1622:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
520:and numerous other calderas with accompanying
242:and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the
225:
2230:
1830:
1516:
1502:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Editorial Brujas.
1468:
1456:
956:
532:; volcanism there has been ongoing since the
2194:Yachayruna Revista de divulgación científica
1876:(in Spanish). Vol. 1. Impr. Barcelona.
394:Lake sediments consist of an alternation of
1794:"Seismic and Volcanic Hazards in Argentina"
1596:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1522:(in Spanish). pp. 225–257 – via
567:being erupted more recently. They define a
2237:
2223:
1739:(in Spanish). Impr. Gutenberg – via
723:
2129:
2093:
2042:
1854:Hoja Geológica 2769-II Paso San Francisco
1564:
678:
692:region, where precipitation occurs when
1798:Developments in Earth Surface Processes
2893:
1589:
1185:
265:. There is no perennial snow cover or
2218:
2191:
1871:
1734:
1420:
1408:
980:
739:in 1965, but the mountain features a
2244:
1433:Berberián, Nielsen & Albeck 2001
901:Haselton, Hilley & Strecker 2002
1899:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1656:
1590:Farías, María Eugenia, ed. (2020).
1276:
791:
779:
625:
214:and large volcanoes, including the
13:
2145:Environmental Microbiology Reports
1993:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1537:Environmental Microbiology Reports
704:, and may have been wetter during
206:The volcano is part of the Andean
14:
2932:
2210:
370:. An additional water source are
1642:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107532
210:and located within a cluster of
41:
2114:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
1500:Historia argentina prehispánica
478:Sierra Nevada de Lagunas Bravas
246:. Geographically, it is in the
761:List of volcanoes in Argentina
1:
1919:10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00150-8
1810:10.1016/S0928-2025(08)10014-1
782:, Synonyms & Subfeatures.
766:
686:South American Summer Monsoon
552:may be present in the crust.
254:
185:Catamarca Province, Argentina
75:5,890 m (19,320 ft)
2901:Stratovolcanoes of Argentina
195:, surrounded at its foot by
7:
2921:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
1313:Perucca & Moreiras 2009
754:
238:, close to the border with
226:Geography and geomorphology
10:
2937:
2035:10.1007/s00248-021-01725-8
1490:
653:Fractional crystallization
555:Volcanic rocks are mainly
463:
422:, and they contain fossil
20:
2879:
2836:
2658:
2385:
2252:
2122:10.1016/j.gca.2023.11.032
2095:10.5194/gchron-5-333-2023
1944:Journal of Paleolimnology
1602:10.1007/978-3-030-36192-1
1469:Campeny & Escola 2007
1457:Campeny & Escola 2007
1385:Valero-Garcés et al. 1999
1373:Valero-Garcés et al. 1999
1361:Valero-Garcés et al. 1999
1337:Valero-Garcés et al. 2000
1174:Valero-Garcés et al. 2000
1162:Valero-Garcés et al. 2000
1088:Valero-Garcés et al. 1999
1076:Valero-Garcés et al. 2000
1044:Valero-Garcés et al. 1999
998:Valero-Garcés et al. 1999
957:Seggiaro & Hongn 1999
824:Valero-Garcés et al. 2000
164:
152:
147:
133:
123:
118:
79:
69:
64:
40:
35:
30:
1837:Acta Geológica Hispánica
1735:Muñoz, Santiago (1894).
1663:Global Volcanism Program
1349:Della Vedova et al. 2023
1061:Della Vedova et al. 2023
1027:Della Vedova et al. 2023
170:36,800 ± 3,800 years ago
2157:10.1111/1758-2229.12977
1964:10.1023/A:1008146122074
1911:1999E&PSL.171..253V
1872:Sundt, Lorenzo (1911).
1668:Smithsonian Institution
1549:10.1111/1758-2229.13128
724:Name and human activity
468:Peinado is part of the
317:
2911:Mountains of Argentina
2659:Southern Volcanic Zone
2445:Andagua volcanic field
2253:Northern Volcanic Zone
1688:The Journal of Geology
794:, General Information.
679:Climate and vegetation
458:microbe-produced rocks
362:waters, fed mostly by
49:Nevado Ojos del Salado
2916:Polygenetic volcanoes
2837:Austral Volcanic Zone
2763:Puyehue-Cordón Caulle
2435:Huambo volcanic field
2386:Central Volcanic Zone
1804:. Elsevier: 267–300.
1777:10.24215/18521479e049
1222:Villafañe et al. 2021
1117:Villafañe et al. 2021
658:There are reports of
470:Central Volcanic Zone
402:and travertine, with
342:26.49972°S 68.09222°W
300:monogenetic volcanoes
248:Cordillera Occidental
208:Central Volcanic Zone
21:For the surname, see
18:Mountain in Argentina
2906:Subduction volcanoes
2372:Licto volcanic field
855:Seggiaro et al. 2006
347:-26.49972; -68.09222
36:Volcán del Manantial
1956:2000JPall..24..343V
1700:2002JG....110..211H
1634:2022JVGR..42507532G
1481:OLIVERA et al. 2023
1397:Vignale et al. 2022
1325:Vignoni et al. 2023
1234:Vignale et al. 2022
1138:Vignoni et al. 2023
1010:Vignoni et al. 2023
606:. As is common for
490:Wheelwright caldera
338: /
187:. It consists of a
99: /
2758:Carrán-Los Venados
2703:Nevados de Chillán
2688:Descabezado Grande
1301:Grosse et al. 2022
1289:Grosse et al. 2022
1265:Grosse et al. 2022
1246:Grosse et al. 2022
969:Grosse et al. 2022
945:Grosse et al. 2022
916:Grosse et al. 2022
889:Grosse et al. 2022
872:Grosse et al. 2022
843:Grosse et al. 2022
807:Grosse et al. 2022
639:, but with recent
632:Radiometric dating
575:suite and contain
498:Nevado Tres Cruces
296:Salar de Antofalla
261:with an ephemeral
244:Paso San Francisco
236:Catamarca Province
65:Highest point
2888:
2887:
2698:Nevado de Longaví
2640:Cueros de Purulla
2620:Cordón del Azufre
2282:Nevado del Tolima
2023:Microbial Ecology
1611:978-3-030-36191-4
1445:Pérez et al. 2023
561:basaltic andesite
542:strike-slip fault
518:Cueros de Purulla
253:The volcano is a
174:
173:
103:26.623°S 68.116°W
23:Peinado (surname)
2928:
2883:
2753:Mocho-Choshuenco
2287:Nevado del Huila
2246:Andean volcanoes
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2205:
2188:
2135:
2133:
2107:
2097:
2072:
2046:
2012:
1999:(8): 1263–1283.
1983:
1934:
1889:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1827:
1788:
1755:
1744:
1731:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1653:
1615:
1586:
1568:
1527:
1513:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1466:
1460:
1454:
1448:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1279:, Photo Gallery.
1274:
1268:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1207:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1024:
1013:
1007:
1001:
995:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
919:
913:
904:
898:
892:
886:
875:
869:
858:
852:
846:
840:
827:
821:
810:
804:
795:
789:
783:
777:
738:
730:Mathias Rebitsch
665:sector collapses
641:explosive events
626:Eruption history
482:Laguna Escondida
385:coastal terraces
353:
352:
350:
349:
348:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
256:
230:Peinado lies in
222:Laguna Peinado.
137:
114:
113:
111:
110:
109:
108:-26.623; -68.116
104:
100:
97:
96:
95:
92:
45:
28:
27:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2875:
2838:
2832:
2660:
2654:
2650:Ojos del Salado
2580:Aguas Calientes
2387:
2381:
2277:Nevado del Ruiz
2254:
2248:
2243:
2213:
2208:
2005:10.1139/e01-014
1856:
1820:
1672:
1670:
1612:
1510:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1467:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1323:
1319:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1232:
1228:
1220:
1216:
1212:, p. 1280.
1208:
1204:
1200:, p. 1276.
1196:
1192:
1184:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:, p. 1279.
1148:
1144:
1136:
1123:
1115:
1111:
1107:, p. 1274.
1103:
1094:
1086:
1082:
1074:
1067:
1059:
1050:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1008:
1004:
996:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
922:
914:
907:
899:
895:
887:
878:
870:
861:
853:
849:
841:
830:
822:
813:
805:
798:
790:
786:
778:
774:
769:
757:
732:
726:
688:region and the
681:
671:storage in the
628:
608:stratovolcanoes
502:Ojos del Salado
486:Cerro El Condor
466:
346:
344:
340:
337:
332:
329:
327:
325:
324:
320:
228:
135:
107:
105:
101:
98:
93:
90:
88:
86:
85:
60:
53:Cerro El Cóndor
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2570:Purico complex
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2212:
2211:External links
2209:
2207:
2206:
2196:(in Spanish).
2189:
2151:(5): 659–667.
2136:
2108:
2088:(2): 333–344.
2073:
2013:
1984:
1950:(3): 343–359.
1935:
1905:(2): 253–266.
1890:
1869:
1849:
1828:
1818:
1789:
1756:
1745:
1732:
1708:10.1086/338414
1694:(2): 211–226.
1679:
1654:
1616:
1610:
1587:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1447:, p. 111.
1437:
1435:, p. 531.
1425:
1413:
1401:
1389:
1387:, p. 260.
1377:
1375:, p. 259.
1365:
1363:, p. 261.
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 345.
1329:
1327:, p. 335.
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1188:, p. 256.
1178:
1176:, p. 356.
1166:
1164:, p. 355.
1154:
1142:
1121:
1109:
1092:
1090:, p. 262.
1080:
1078:, p. 349.
1065:
1048:
1046:, p. 255.
1031:
1014:
1012:, p. 334.
1002:
1000:, p. 254.
985:
973:
961:
959:, p. 239.
949:
920:
905:
903:, p. 217.
893:
876:
859:
847:
828:
826:, p. 344.
811:
796:
784:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
753:
725:
722:
718:microbial mats
680:
677:
627:
624:
465:
462:
439:Little Ice Age
380:carbon dioxide
319:
316:
227:
224:
172:
171:
168:
162:
161:
156:
150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
116:
115:
83:
77:
76:
73:
67:
66:
62:
61:
46:
38:
37:
33:
32:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2933:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Michinmahuida
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2635:San Francisco
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Aucanquilcha
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Hualca Hualca
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:(6° N – 3° S)
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:Geochronology
2079:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1819:9780444531179
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1669:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1543:(2): 92–108.
1542:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1495:
1482:
1477:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1446:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1422:
1417:
1411:, p. 76.
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1351:, p. 93.
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1314:
1309:
1303:, p. 20.
1302:
1297:
1291:, p. 13.
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1267:, p. 21.
1266:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1248:, p. 16.
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1113:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1089:
1084:
1077:
1072:
1070:
1063:, p. 97.
1062:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1029:, p. 96.
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1011:
1006:
999:
994:
992:
990:
983:, p. 42.
982:
977:
970:
965:
958:
953:
946:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
918:, p. 22.
917:
912:
910:
902:
897:
890:
885:
883:
881:
873:
868:
866:
864:
856:
851:
844:
839:
837:
835:
833:
825:
820:
818:
816:
809:, p. 14.
808:
803:
801:
793:
788:
781:
776:
772:
762:
759:
758:
752:
750:
746:
742:
736:
731:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
656:
654:
649:
648:magma chamber
644:
642:
638:
633:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:orthopyroxene
597:
593:
590:
586:
582:
581:clinopyroxene
578:
574:
573:calc-alkaline
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
461:
459:
455:
454:cyanobacteria
451:
450:stromatolites
447:
446:Microbialites
442:
440:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
390:
386:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
351:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:
289:Laguna Amarga
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:summit crater
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
223:
221:
217:
216:Laguna Amarga
213:
209:
204:
202:
199:erupted from
198:
194:
193:summit crater
190:
189:volcanic cone
186:
182:
181:stratovolcano
178:
169:
167:
166:Last eruption
163:
160:
159:Stratovolcano
157:
155:
154:Mountain type
151:
146:
143:
140:
138:
132:
129:
126:
122:
117:
112:
84:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
63:
58:
54:
50:
44:
39:
34:
29:
24:
16:
2743:Quetrupillán
2629:
2605:Llullaillaco
2470:Huaynaputina
2202:Academia.edu
2197:
2193:
2185:ResearchGate
2183:– via
2148:
2144:
2113:
2085:
2081:
2044:11336/148472
2026:
2022:
2009:ResearchGate
2007:– via
1996:
1992:
1947:
1943:
1931:Academia.edu
1929:– via
1902:
1898:
1886:Google Books
1884:– via
1873:
1836:
1824:Academia.edu
1822:– via
1801:
1797:
1768:
1764:
1750:
1741:Google Books
1736:
1728:ResearchGate
1726:– via
1691:
1687:
1671:. Retrieved
1661:
1625:
1621:
1592:
1540:
1536:
1524:Academia.edu
1519:
1499:
1476:
1471:, p. 3.
1464:
1459:, p. 5.
1452:
1440:
1428:
1423:, p. 2.
1416:
1404:
1399:, p. 8.
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1320:
1308:
1296:
1284:
1272:
1241:
1236:, p. 5.
1229:
1224:, p. 7.
1217:
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1157:
1145:
1140:, p. 5.
1119:, p. 5.
1112:
1083:
1005:
976:
971:, p. 9.
964:
952:
947:, p. 3.
896:
891:, p. 6.
874:, p. 4.
857:, p. 3.
850:
845:, p. 2.
787:
775:
741:pre-Hispanic
727:
682:
657:
645:
629:
622:alteration.
620:hydrothermal
554:
514:Cerro Blanco
494:Falso Azufre
467:
443:
436:
393:
321:
308:scoria cones
283:
275:pyroclastics
252:
229:
205:
176:
175:
136:Parent range
15:
2839:(49°–55° S)
2823:Mate Grande
2673:Tupungatito
2661:(33°–46° S)
2540:Olca-Paruma
2535:Irruputuncu
2525:Tata Sabaya
2465:Pichu Pichu
2395:Quimsachata
2388:(14°–27° S)
2272:Cerro Bravo
2131:10023/29245
2029:(1): 1–17.
1839:: 227–242.
1186:Farías 2020
733: [
714:Salt-loving
702:Pleistocene
698:Evaporation
694:cold fronts
610:, the more
604:plagioclase
577:phenocrysts
522:ignimbrites
510:Cerro Torta
420:wackestones
378:. Volcanic
372:hot springs
364:groundwater
345: /
263:crater lake
201:flank vents
106: /
81:Coordinates
2895:Categories
2783:Hornopirén
2768:Casablanca
2738:Villarrica
2733:Sollipulli
2693:Cerro Azul
2565:Licancabur
2560:Sairecabur
2520:Guallatiri
2510:Parinacota
2490:Purupuruni
2400:Auquihuato
2367:Tungurahua
2362:Chimborazo
2322:Reventador
2297:Doña Juana
1765:Relaciones
1628:: 107532.
1509:987945250X
1421:Vitry 1997
1409:Sundt 1911
1315:, Table 4.
981:Muñoz 1894
767:References
690:westerlies
530:Quaternary
412:packstones
404:limestones
376:travertine
354:. It is a
333:68°05′32″W
330:26°29′59″S
312:tuff rings
271:lava flows
197:lava flows
94:68°06′58″W
91:26°37′23″S
2803:Corcovado
2723:Lonquimay
2683:Calabozos
2668:Tupungato
2645:Incahuasi
2610:Lastarria
2590:Chiliques
2430:Sabancaya
2410:Sara Sara
2327:Pichincha
2262:Paipa-Iza
2181:235348046
2165:1758-2229
2104:2628-3719
2069:253768636
2053:1432-184X
1980:129052389
1972:1573-0417
1927:0012-821X
1882:654477717
1865:0328-2333
1845:2173-6537
1785:1852-1479
1771:: 13–14.
1716:0022-1376
1658:"Peinado"
1650:247416244
1583:252694965
1557:1758-2229
749:aragonite
712:grasses.
660:fumarolic
569:potassium
546:lineament
538:Oligocene
506:Incahuasi
474:Altiplano
432:oncolites
428:ostracods
416:rudstones
368:meltwater
356:salt lake
232:Argentina
220:salt lake
128:Argentina
119:Geography
71:Elevation
2871:Fueguino
2856:Aguilera
2808:Mentolat
2718:Callaqui
2555:Zapaleri
2485:Yucamane
2480:Tutupaca
2450:Chachani
2420:Coropuna
2415:Solimana
2357:Quilotoa
2352:Cotopaxi
2347:Illiniza
2332:Antisana
2173:34089237
2061:33730193
1724:18111576
1673:14 April
1575:36192831
1566:10103866
1277:GVP 2023
792:GVP 2023
780:GVP 2023
755:See also
637:effusive
589:titanium
557:andesite
408:micrites
360:alkaline
286:Pliocene
267:glaciers
212:calderas
124:Location
2846:Lautaro
2798:Chaitén
2778:Calbuco
2713:Copahue
2630:Peinado
2615:Lazufre
2600:Socompa
2505:Taapaca
2475:Ticsani
2317:Cayambe
2307:Azufral
2302:Galeras
2267:Romeral
1952:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1696:Bibcode
1630:Bibcode
1491:Sources
706:glacial
596:olivine
563:, with
526:Miocene
464:Geology
424:diatoms
400:calcite
396:organic
389:wetland
292:caldera
191:with a
177:Peinado
148:Geology
31:Peinado
2866:Burney
2861:Reclus
2851:Viedma
2828:Hudson
2788:Huequi
2773:Osorno
2728:Llaima
2708:Antuco
2595:Aracar
2585:Lascar
2575:Pacana
2550:Azufre
2530:Isluga
2500:Tacora
2495:Casiri
2460:Ubinas
2440:Ampato
2405:Firura
2377:Sangay
2312:Chiles
2292:Puracé
2179:
2171:
2163:
2102:
2067:
2059:
2051:
1978:
1970:
1925:
1880:
1863:
1843:
1816:
1783:
1722:
1714:
1648:
1608:
1581:
1573:
1563:
1555:
1506:
745:copper
710:steppe
612:felsic
592:oxides
571:-rich
565:dacite
534:Eocene
398:muds,
279:scoria
59:, 2010
2748:Lanín
2678:Maipo
2625:Galán
2515:Lauca
2455:Misti
2342:Soche
2337:Aliso
2177:S2CID
2065:S2CID
1976:S2CID
1857:(PDF)
1720:S2CID
1646:S2CID
1579:S2CID
737:]
673:crust
669:magma
616:mafic
550:Magma
358:with
304:maars
240:Chile
179:is a
142:Andes
2818:Macá
2169:PMID
2161:ISSN
2100:ISSN
2057:PMID
2049:ISSN
1968:ISSN
1923:ISSN
1878:OCLC
1861:ISSN
1841:ISSN
1814:ISBN
1781:ISSN
1712:ISSN
1675:2023
1606:ISBN
1571:PMID
1553:ISSN
1504:ISBN
747:and
602:and
585:iron
559:and
426:and
418:and
366:and
318:Lake
310:and
277:and
2813:Cay
2153:doi
2126:hdl
2118:doi
2090:doi
2039:hdl
2031:doi
2001:doi
1960:doi
1915:doi
1903:171
1806:doi
1773:doi
1704:doi
1692:110
1638:doi
1626:425
1598:doi
1561:PMC
1545:doi
579:of
528:to
234:'s
183:in
57:ISS
2897::
2175:.
2167:.
2159:.
2149:13
2147:.
2143:.
2124:.
2116:.
2098:.
2084:.
2080:.
2063:.
2055:.
2047:.
2037:.
2027:83
2025:.
2021:.
1997:38
1995:.
1991:.
1974:.
1966:.
1958:.
1948:24
1946:.
1942:.
1921:.
1913:.
1901:.
1897:.
1835:.
1812:.
1802:13
1800:.
1796:.
1779:.
1769:48
1767:.
1763:.
1718:.
1710:.
1702:.
1690:.
1686:.
1666:.
1660:.
1644:.
1636:.
1624:.
1604:.
1577:.
1569:.
1559:.
1551:.
1541:15
1539:.
1535:.
1253:^
1124:^
1095:^
1068:^
1051:^
1034:^
1017:^
988:^
923:^
908:^
879:^
862:^
831:^
814:^
799:^
735:de
720:.
675:.
598:,
594:,
583:,
516:,
512:,
508:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
492:,
488:,
484:,
480:,
434:.
414:,
410:,
391:.
306:,
255:c.
51:,
2238:e
2231:t
2224:v
2204:.
2198:1
2187:.
2155::
2134:.
2128::
2120::
2106:.
2092::
2086:5
2071:.
2041::
2033::
2011:.
2003::
1982:.
1962::
1954::
1933:.
1917::
1909::
1888:.
1867:.
1847:.
1826:.
1808::
1787:.
1775::
1743:.
1730:.
1706::
1698::
1677:.
1652:.
1640::
1632::
1614:.
1600::
1585:.
1547::
1526:.
1512:.
1483:.
587:-
536:-
25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
