796:, argues that parental authority is granted because the child requires parents to satisfy their needs. He believes that parental autonomy is more about parents providing good care for their children and treating them with respect than parents having rights. The researcher Kyriakos Martakis, MD, MSc, explains that research shows parental influence negatively affects children's ability to form autonomy. However, involving children in the decision-making process allows children to develop their cognitive skills and create their own opinions and, thus, decisions about their health. Parental authority affects the degree of autonomy the child patient has. As a result, in Argentina, the new National Civil and Commercial Code has enacted various changes to the healthcare system to encourage children and adolescents to develop autonomy. It has become more crucial to let children take accountability for their own health decisions.
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in pediatric healthcare. The same moral standards should apply to children as they do to adults. In support of this idea is the concept of paternalism, which negates autonomy when it is in the patient's interests. This concept aims to keep the child's best interests in mind regarding autonomy. Pediatricians can interact with patients and help them make decisions that will benefit them, thus enhancing their autonomy. However, radical theories that question a child's moral worth continue to be debated today. Authors often question whether the treatment and equality of a child and an adult should be the same. Author Tamar
Schapiro notes that children need nurturing and cannot exercise the same level of authority as adults. Hence, continuing the discussion on whether children are capable of making important health decisions until this day.
756:, privacy, legal responsibility, and informed consent must always be considered in every pediatric procedure. Pediatricians often have to treat the parents and sometimes, the family, rather than just the child. Adolescents are in their own legal class, having rights to their own health care decisions in certain circumstances. The concept of legal consent combined with the non-legal consent (assent) of the child when considering treatment options, especially in the face of conditions with poor prognosis or complicated and painful procedures/surgeries, means the pediatrician must take into account the desires of many people, in addition to those of the patient.
775:
result, mothers, midwives, "wise women", and general practitioners treated the children instead of doctors. Since mothers could not rely on professional medicine to take care of their children, they developed their own methods, such as using alkaline soda ash to remove the vernix at birth and treating teething pain with opium or wine. The absence of proper pediatric care, rights, and laws in health care to prioritize children's health led to many of their deaths. Ancient Greeks and Romans sometimes even killed healthy female babies and infants with deformities since they had no adequate medical treatment and no laws prohibiting infanticide.
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extracurricular activities. After high school, college students simply need to fulfill the basic science course requirements that most medical schools recommend and will need to prepare to take the MCAT (Medical
College Admission Test) in their junior or early senior year in college. Once attending medical school, student courses will focus on basic medical sciences like human anatomy, physiology, chemistry, etc., for the first three years, the second year of which is when medical students start to get hands-on experience with actual patients.
271:
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child and predict to what extent it will affect the child in the future. Genetic and intellectual disorders in children make them incapable of making moral decisions, so people look down upon this kind of testing because the child's future autonomy is at risk. It is still in question whether parents should request these types of testing for their children. Medical experts argue that it could endanger the autonomous rights the child will possess in the future. However, the parents contend that
1013:. Entrants to graduate-entry courses (as in the US), usually lasting four or five years, have previously completed a three- or four-year university degree, commonly but by no means always in sciences. Medical graduates hold a degree specific to the country and university in and from which they graduated. This degree qualifies that medical practitioner to become licensed or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for "
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In most cases, the pediatrician, parent, and child work as a team to make the best possible medical decision. The pediatrician has the right to intervene for the child's welfare and seek advice from an ethics committee. However, in recent studies, authors have denied that complete autonomy is present
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secretion, thereby creating a more basic environment for drugs that are taken by mouth. Acid is essential to degrading certain oral drugs before systemic absorption. Therefore, the absorption of these drugs in children is greater than in adults due to decreased breakdown and increased preservation in
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In the United States, a medical school graduate wishing to specialize in pediatrics must undergo a three-year residency composed of outpatient, inpatient, and critical care rotations. Subspecialties within pediatrics require further training in the form of 3-year fellowships. Subspecialties include
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In ancient times, society did not view pediatric medicine as essential or scientific. Experts considered professional medicine unsuitable for treating children. Children also had no rights. Fathers regarded their children as property, so their children's health decisions were entrusted to them. As a
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neonates and infants, their kidneys are slower to mature and thus are unable to clear as much drug as fully developed kidneys. This can cause unwanted drug build-up, which is why it is important to consider lower doses and greater dosing intervals for this population. Diseases that negatively affect
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In most jurisdictions, entry-level degrees are common to all branches of the medical profession, but in some jurisdictions, specialization in pediatrics may begin before completion of this degree. In some jurisdictions, pediatric training is begun immediately following the completion of entry-level
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Technology has made several modern advancements that contribute to the future development of child autonomy, for example, unsolicited findings (U.F.s) of pediatric exome sequencing. They are findings based on pediatric exome sequencing that explain in greater detail the intellectual disability of a
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The majority of the time, parents have the authority to decide what happens to their child. Philosopher John Locke argued that it is the responsibility of parents to raise their children and that God gave them this authority. In modern society, Jeffrey
Blustein, modern philosopher and author of the
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Aspiring medical students will need 4 years of undergraduate courses at a college or university, which will get them a BS, BA or other bachelor's degree. After completing college, future pediatricians will need to attend 4 years of medical school (MD/DO/MBBS) and later do 3 more years of residency
808:
According to the
Subcommittee of Clinical Ethics of the Argentinean Pediatric Society (SAP), children can understand moral feelings at all ages and can make reasonable decisions based on those feelings. Therefore, children and teens are deemed capable of making their own health decisions when they
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In the twentieth century, medical experts began to put more emphasis on children's rights. In 1989, in the United
Nations Rights of the Child Convention, medical experts developed the Best Interest Standard of Child to prioritize children's rights and best interests. This event marked the onset of
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is substantially different physiologically from that of an adult. Congenital defects, genetic variance, and developmental issues are of greater concern to pediatricians than they often are to adult physicians. A common adage is that children are not simply "little adults". The clinician must take
466:
While more information about childhood diseases became available, there was little evidence that children received the same kind of medical care that adults did. It was during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that medical experts started offering specialized care for children. The
Swedish
697:
Drug metabolism primarily occurs via enzymes in the liver and can vary according to which specific enzymes are affected in a specific stage of development. Phase I and Phase II enzymes have different rates of maturation and development, depending on their specific mechanism of action (i.e.
617:
of medications differ between developing children and grown adults. Despite completed studies and reviews, continual research is needed to better understand how these factors should affect the decisions of healthcare providers when prescribing and administering medications to the pediatric
889:
In high school, future pediatricians are required to take basic science classes such as biology, chemistry, physics, algebra, geometry, and calculus. It is also advisable to learn a foreign language (preferably
Spanish in the United States) and be involved in high school organizations and
475:(1764) is considered to be "the first modern textbook on the subject". However, it was not until the nineteenth century that medical professionals acknowledged pediatrics as a separate field of medicine. The first pediatric-specific publications appeared between the 1790s and the 1920s.
764:
The term autonomy is traceable to ethical theory and law, where it states that autonomous individuals can make decisions based on their own logic. Hippocrates was the first to use the term in a medical setting. He created a code of ethics for doctors called the
1008:
The training of pediatricians varies considerably across the world. Depending on jurisdiction and university, a medical degree course may be either undergraduate-entry or graduate-entry. The former commonly takes five or six years and has been usual in the
817:
would benefit the welfare of their children since it would allow them to make better health care decisions. Exome sequencing for children and the decision to grant parents the right to request them is a medically ethical issue that many still debate today.
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training, the first year of which is called "internship." After completing the 3 years of residency, physicians are eligible to become certified in pediatrics by passing a rigorous test that deals with medical conditions related to young children.
514:), which opened in Paris in June 1802 on the site of a previous orphanage. From its beginning, this famous hospital accepted patients up to the age of fifteen years, and it continues to this day as the pediatric division of the
197:
recommends people seek pediatric care through the age of 21, but some pediatric subspecialists continue to care for adults up to 25. Worldwide age limits of pediatrics have been trending upward year after year. A
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that come in contact with the oral drug as it travels through the body. Supply of these enzymes increase as children continue to develop their gastrointestinal tract. Pediatric patients have underdeveloped
722:
are all factors that contribute to metabolism differences between children and adults. Drug metabolism can even differ within the pediatric population, separating neonates and infants from young children.
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Katz, Aviva L.; Webb, Sally A.; COMMITTEE ON BIOETHICS; Macauley, Robert C.; Mercurio, Mark R.; Moon, Margaret R.; Okun, Alexander L.; Opel, Douglas J.; Statter, Mindy B. (1 August 2016).
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critical care, gastroenterology, neurology, infectious disease, hematology/oncology, rheumatology, pulmonology, child abuse, emergency medicine, endocrinology, neonatology, and others.
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like ampicillin. Thus, these drugs are administered at greater weight-based doses or with adjusted dosing intervals in children to account for this key difference in body composition.
1602:
Sawyer, Susan M.; McNeil, Robyn; Francis, Kate L.; Matskarofski, Juliet Z.; Patton, George C.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Esangbedo, Dorothy O.; Klein, Jonathan D. (1 November 2019).
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Pediatricians must undertake further training in their chosen field. This may take from four to eleven or more years depending on jurisdiction and the degree of specialization.
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training. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (unstreamed) training for a number of years before commencing pediatric (or any other)
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Infants and neonates also have fewer plasma proteins. Thus, highly protein-bound drugs have fewer opportunities for protein binding, leading to increased distribution.
2230:
Ballbriga, Angel (1991). "One century of pediatrics in Europe (section: development of pediatric hospitals in Europe)". In
Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.).
2906:"'We Should View Him as an Individual': The Role of the Child's Future Autonomy in Shared Decision-Making About Unsolicited Findings in Pediatric Exome Sequencing"
300:. These publications discussed topics such as childhood epilepsy and premature births. From the first to fourth centuries A.D., Greek philosophers and physicians
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Drug elimination is primarily facilitated via the liver and kidneys. In infants and young children, the larger relative size of their kidneys leads to increased
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783:(AAP) finally acknowledged the Best Interest Standard of a Child as an ethical principle for pediatric decision-making, and it is still being used today.
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Many drug absorption differences between pediatric and adult populations revolve around the stomach. Neonates and young infants have increased stomach
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Even though some pediatric works existed during this time, they were scarce and rarely published due to a lack of knowledge in pediatric medicine.
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that highlighted the importance of putting patients' interests first, making autonomy for patients a top priority in health care.
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into account the immature physiology of the infant or child when considering symptoms, prescribing medications, and diagnosing illnesses.
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348:("In general, boys should not be treated in the same way as men"). Some of the oldest traces of pediatrics can be discovered in
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experience the opposite effect because enzymes are necessary for allowing their active form to enter systemic circulation.
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text composed during the sixth century BCE, contains the text about pediatrics. Another ayurvedic text from this period is
93:
Paediatric cardiology, neonatology, critical care, pediatric oncology, hospital medicine, primary care, others (see below)
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4209:
320:, also discussed specific illnesses affecting children in their works, such as rashes, epilepsy, and meningitis. Already
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1472 ("Little Book on
Children Diseases and Treatment"), by the Italian pediatrician Paolo Bagellardo. In sequence came
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reach the age of 13. Recently, studies made on the decision-making of children have challenged that age to be 12.
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writers served as a bridge for Greco-Roman and
Byzantine medicine and added ideas of their own, especially
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17:
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Pearson, Howard A. (1991). "Pediatrics in the United States". In Nichols, Burford L.; et al. (eds.).
468:
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By writing a monograph on 'Diseases in Children' he may also be looked upon as the father of paediatrics.
606:
237:
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487:. In 1860, he became "the first dedicated professor of pediatrics in the world." Jacobi is known as the
471:(1706–1773) is considered to be the founder of modern pediatrics as a medical specialty, while his work
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understood the differences in growing and maturing organisms that necessitated different treatment:
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U.S. National Library of Medicine, "Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts, Al-Razi, the Clinician"
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A major difference between the practice of pediatric and adult medicine is that children, in most
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Children also have an extended rate of gastric emptying, which slows the rate of drug absorption.
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431:(865–925), sometimes called the father of pediatrics, published a monograph on pediatrics titled
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both decrease as children grow and develop with time. Pediatric patients thus have a larger
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246:"doctor, healer"). Pediatricians work in clinics, research centers, universities, general
8:
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2323:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 55–63.
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2234:. Nestlé Nutrition Workshop Series. Vol. 22. New York: Raven Press. pp. 6–8.
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kidney function can also have the same effect and thus warrant similar considerations.
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The body size differences are paralleled by maturation changes. The smaller body of an
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established a separate Pediatric Pavilion in 1830, followed by similar institutions at
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Dondorp, W.; Bolt, I.; Tibben, A.; De Wert, G.; Van Summeren, M. (1 September 2021).
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official history site (in French) of nineteenth century paediatric hospitals in Paris
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because of his many contributions to the field. He received his medical training in
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2162:"Abraham Jacobi (1830–1919) and his transition from political to medical activist"
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and with certain exceptions, cannot make decisions for themselves. The issues of
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Wagner, Jonathan; Abdel-Rahman, Susan M. (2013). "Pediatric pharmacokinetics".
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1515:"Choosing a Pediatrician for Your New Baby (for Parents) - Nemours KidsHealth"
569:(1869). Subspecialties in pediatrics were created at the Harriet Lane Home at
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2790:"Developing child autonomy in pediatric healthcare: towards an ethical model"
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375:. A second century AD manuscript by the Greek physician and gynecologist
321:
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35:
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1784:"Soranus of Ephesus (Circa AD 98-138) and perinatal care in Roman times"
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463:, four great medical treatises on children's physiology and pathology.
408:
290:
The earliest mentions of child-specific medical problems appear in the
286:, which was the first pediatric hospital in the English-speaking world.
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2555:
2177:
2052:
History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1668:
History of Medicine, Second Edition: A Scandalously Short Introduction
1036:(see below) rather than universities and depends on the jurisdiction.
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130:
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This article is about the branch of medicine. For the journal, see
2704:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
2068:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
1902:
Formative Years: Children's Health in the United States, 1880-2000
193:, pediatrics covers many of their youth until the age of 18. The
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clearance of medications that are eliminated through urine. In
646:
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538:
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483:
The term pediatrics was first introduced in English in 1859 by
329:
301:
279:
178:
557:. The first Children's hospital in Scotland opened in 1860 in
451:(1450–1525) no title Buchlein, or Latin compendium, 1483, and
254:, including those who practice pediatric subspecialties (e.g.
4302:
1032:. Specialist training is often largely under the control of '
732:
549:), both in 1837. In 1852 Britain's first pediatric hospital,
337:
313:
235:
223:
182:
81:
2538:
Batchelor, Hannah Katharine; Marriott, John Francis (2015).
1945:
1788:
Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition
4088:
3072:
2597:"Informed Consent in Decision-Making in Pediatric Practice"
1751:
1274:
1225:
1108:
2788:
Martakis, K.; Schröder-Bäck, P.; Brand, H. (1 June 2018).
2787:
2027:. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Archived from
3047:
3025:
841:
deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
2903:
2286:"The Mason Brown Lecture: Scots and paediatric surgery"
627:
502:
The first generally accepted pediatric hospital is the
296:, published in the fifth century B.C., and the famous
1835:(1st ed.). London: Cambridge. pp. 202–203.
1833:
A Medical History of Persia and The Eastern Caliphate
561:. In the US, the first similar institutions were the
379:
dealt with neonatal pediatrics. Byzantine physicians
2352:(6). American Academy of Pediatrics: 897–901. 1969.
1756:. Vol. 4. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 116.
459:
written in 1429 (published 1491), together form the
395:
contributed to the field. The Byzantines also built
2751:
Children, families, and health care decision making
1377:Pediatric rehabilitation medicine, subspecialty of
743:
551:
the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street
2960:"What Education Is Required to Be a Pediatrician?"
2483:
2290:Journal of the Royal College of Surgeons Edinburgh
1947:
1946:Lock, Stephen; John M. Last; George Dunea (2001).
678:than adults, which directly affects the dosing of
435:. Also among the first books about pediatrics was
2540:"Paediatric pharmacokinetics: key considerations"
2537:
2267:"Introducing the Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital"
1736:
437:Libellus de aegritudinibus et remediis infantium
4573:
2707:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
2071:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
1905:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 23–24.
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
759:
581:Differences between adult and pediatric medicine
218:mean "healer of children", derived from the two
131:World Health Organization Child Growth Standards
2701:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
2658:Ethical Issues in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology
2065:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
1899:Stern, Alexandra Minna; Markel, Howard (2002).
2655:Mazur, Kate A.; Berg, Stacey L., eds. (2020).
1879:Achar S Textbook Of Pediatrics (Third Edition)
1350:Pediatric orthopedic surgery, subspecialty of
4427:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
3917:
3088:
2135:"Jacobi Medical Center - General Information"
1674:
1455:Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health
839:The examples and perspective in this section
787:Parental authority and current medical issues
601:properties of drugs that enter the body. The
518:, created in 1920 by merging with the nearby
2404:"Paediatric pharmacokinetics and drug doses"
2225:
2223:
1950:The Oxford illustrated companion to medicine
893:
473:The diseases of children, and their remedies
2700:
2064:
1995:. Cambridge University Press. p. 216.
1898:
1693:Nurturing children: a history of pediatrics
1690:Colón, A. R.; Colón, P. A. (January 1999).
344:Ex toto non sic pueri ut viri curari debent
342:
202:who specializes in this area is known as a
3931:
3924:
3910:
3377:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
3095:
3081:
2401:
2114:Broadribb's Introductory Pediatric Nursing
1689:
1356:Pediatric otolaryngology, subspecialty of
1309:Pediatric anesthesiology, subspecialty of
857:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
794:Parents and Children: The Ethics of Family
597:Pediatric physiology directly impacts the
3718:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
2805:
2654:
2612:
2571:
2435:
2229:
2220:
1807:
980:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
873:Learn how and when to remove this message
821:
645:Drug absorption also depends on specific
2844:
2747:
2544:British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
2159:
1608:The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health
1414:American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics
1335:Pediatric neurosurgery, subspecialty of
1226:Other specialties that care for children
427:. The Persian philosopher and physician
269:
2318:
2312:
2248:
1988:
1766:
1739:Children's Surgery: A Worldwide History
1324:Pediatric dermatology, subspecialty of
14:
4574:
2696:
2694:
2650:
2648:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2049:
1954:. Oxford University Press US. p.
1939:
1830:
1824:
1665:
1044:Subspecialties of pediatrics include:
803:
27:Branch of medicine caring for children
3905:
3076:
2885:from the original on 30 November 2021
2783:
2781:
2779:
2729:from the original on 30 November 2021
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2283:
2093:from the original on 30 November 2021
1927:from the original on 30 November 2021
1371:Pediatric radiology, subspecialty of
352:where children's doctors were called
4042:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
3856:
3617:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
3068:Pediatric Health Directory at OpenMD
1992:The Age of Liberty: Sweden 1719–1772
1781:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1379:physical medicine and rehabilitation
825:
3866:
2691:
2645:
2058:
2043:
1892:
1752:David Levinson; Karen Christensen.
1079:Developmental-behavioral pediatrics
563:Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
34:. For the branch of dentistry, see
24:
3753:Medical Scientist Training Program
3011:
2776:
2520:
2452:
2380:
2271:Hôpital des Necker-Enfants Malades
2117:". Nancy T. Hatfield (2007). p.4.
2022:
1882:". A. B. Desai (ed.) (1989). p.1.
1583:from the original on 19 April 2017
258:requires resources available in a
177:that involves the medical care of
25:
4598:
3056:
2160:Kutzsche, Stefan (8 April 2021).
1650:
1525:from the original on 14 July 2020
1495:from the original on 13 July 2020
1039:
1017:" or "conditional registration".
779:pediatric autonomy. In 1995, the
565:, which opened in 1855, and then
525:In other European countries, the
3885:
3875:
3865:
3855:
3846:
3845:
2966:from the original on 7 June 2017
2794:Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
2344:"Commentaries: Edwards A Park".
2321:History of Paediatrics 1850–1950
2232:History of Paediatrics 1850–1950
1419:Center on Media and Child Health
1121:Pediatric allergy and immunology
904:
830:
744:Pediatric autonomy in healthcare
529:(a hospital founded in 1710) in
49:
3977:Breastfeeding and mental health
3886:
2978:
2952:
2897:
2845:Schapiro, Tamar (1 July 1999).
2838:
2741:
2588:
2337:
2277:
2259:
2208:from the original on 7 May 2023
2153:
2127:
2105:
2050:Duffin, Jacalyn (29 May 2010).
2016:
1982:
1870:
1852:
1775:
1760:
1430:List of pediatric organizations
1306:Neurodevelopmental disabilities
1298:Child and adolescent psychiatry
1143:Pediatric cardiac critical care
1130:Pediatric cardiac critical care
661:
516:Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital
3743:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
3177:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3063:Pediatrics Directory at Curlie
2748:Friedman, Lainie Ross (2004).
2054:. University of Toronto Press.
1771:. Orient blackswan. p. 1.
1745:
1730:
1717:
1670:. University of Toronto Press.
1595:
1537:
1507:
1471:
1460:Pediatric environmental health
1409:American Academy of Pediatrics
975:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
781:American Academy of Pediatrics
726:
195:American Academy of Pediatrics
13:
1:
3972:Breastfeeding and medications
1620:10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30266-4
1465:
760:History of pediatric autonomy
692:
621:
489:father of American pediatrics
445:Ein Regiment der Jungerkinder
4534:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
4155:Infant cognitive development
4052:Neonatal intensive care unit
3723:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
3490:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
3102:
2420:10.18773/austprescr.2016.071
1176:Pediatric infectious disease
1149:Pediatric emergency medicine
478:
276:Great Ormond Street Hospital
7:
4458:Supplemental nursing system
2284:Young, D.G. (August 1999).
1754:Encyclopedia of modern Asia
1435:List of pediatrics journals
1402:
853:, discuss the issue on the
504:Hôpital des Enfants Malades
189:, and young adults. In the
10:
4603:
4210:Prenatal development table
4150:Irritant diaper dermatitis
2922:10.1007/s10728-020-00425-7
1545:"Age limits of pediatrics"
1159:Pediatric gastroenterology
714:, etc.). Enzyme capacity,
672:extracellular fluid volume
567:Boston Children's Hospital
512:Hospital for Sick Children
265:
236:
224:
55:A pediatrician examines a
29:
4529:Prenatal cocaine exposure
4486:
4317:Infant care and equipment
4316:
4234:Socialization and Culture
4233:
4145:Infant visual development
4097:
4012:Infant and toddler safety
3940:
3841:
3763:
3701:
3462:
3390:
3345:
3254:
3125:
3110:
3049:The Journal of Pediatrics
2807:10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e401
2667:10.1007/978-3-030-22684-8
1989:Roberts, Michael (2003).
1727:, Book 3, Chapter 7, § 1.
1363:Pediatric plastic surgery
988:
961:
956:
944:
932:
917:
912:
903:
894:Training of pediatricians
469:Nils Rosén von Rosenstein
146:
136:
123:
98:
88:
64:
48:
4539:Parental child abduction
4062:Oral rehydration therapy
3677:Transplantation medicine
3568:Clinical neurophysiology
3485:Obstetric anesthesiology
3405:Interventional radiology
3165:Digestive system surgery
2025:"Classics of Child Care"
1741:. McFarland. p. 21.
1666:Duffin, Jacalyn (2010).
1604:"The age of paediatrics"
1286:Pediatric neuro-oncology
1252:Clinical neurophysiology
1190:Pediatric neuro-oncology
453:Heinrich von Louffenburg
4544:Parental responsibility
4057:Newborn care and safety
3548:Intensive care medicine
3522:Mass gathering medicine
3367:Maternal–fetal medicine
1769:Textbook Of Paediatrics
1737:John G. Raffensperger.
1342:Pediatric ophthalmology
1154:Pediatric endocrinology
1136:Pediatric critical care
1034:pediatric organizations
684:beta-lactam antibiotics
495:and later practiced in
4288:Grandparent visitation
3140:Cardiothoracic surgery
2614:10.1542/peds.2016-1485
1864:5 January 2018 at the
1831:Elgood, Cyril (2010).
1271:Neuromuscular medicine
1232:not an exhaustive list
1206:Pediatric rheumatology
1067:Child abuse pediatrics
1049:not an exhaustive list
822:Education requirements
676:volume of distribution
511:
441:Bartholomäus Metlinger
343:
287:
4047:Infant sleep training
3791:Personalized medicine
3650:Reproductive medicine
3575:Occupational medicine
3529:Evolutionary medicine
3052:- partial open access
3037:- partial open access
2408:Australian Prescriber
2402:O'Hara, Kate (2016).
2358:10.1542/peds.44.6.897
1977:Rosen von Rosenstein.
1561:10.1542/peds.81.5.736
1249:Brain injury medicine
1196:Pediatric pulmonology
1164:Transplant hepatology
273:
4205:Prenatal development
4105:Attachment parenting
4079:Shaken baby syndrome
3811:Traditional medicine
3771:Alternative medicine
3638:Addiction psychiatry
3452:Transfusion medicine
3447:Medical microbiology
3362:Gynecologic oncology
3214:Reproductive surgery
3034:Developmental Review
2996:on 18 September 2013
2910:Health Care Analysis
2498:10.1542/pir.34-6-258
2486:Pediatrics in Review
1782:Dunn, P. M. (1995).
1555:(5): 736. May 1988.
1331:Pediatric gynecology
1181:Pediatric nephrology
1171:Pediatric hematology
1126:Pediatric cardiology
1076:Clinical informatics
851:improve this section
461:Pediatric Incunabula
433:Diseases in Children
389:Alexander Trallianus
252:children's hospitals
173:), is the branch of
151:Glossary of medicine
32:Pediatrics (journal)
4519:Infant ear piercing
3833:History of medicine
3816:Veterinary medicine
3623:Preventive medicine
3475:Adolescent medicine
3317:Infectious diseases
3027:Clinical Pediatrics
2754:. Clarendon Press.
1800:10.1136/fn.73.1.f51
1696:. Greenwood Press.
1425:Children's hospital
1316:Pediatric dentistry
1292:(multidisciplinary)
1283:(multidisciplinary)
1277:(multidisciplinary)
1246:(multidisciplinary)
1213:(multidisciplinary)
1117:(multidisciplinary)
1111:(multidisciplinary)
1062:Adolescent medicine
1058:(multidisciplinary)
900:
804:Modern advancements
522:, founded in 1778.
457:Versehung des Leibs
110:Infectious diseases
106:Congenital diseases
45:
4027:Infant food safety
3781:Molecular oncology
3738:Doctor of Medicine
3728:Master of Medicine
3645:Radiation oncology
3517:Emergency medicine
3470:Addiction medicine
3437:Clinical chemistry
3432:Clinical pathology
3224:Transplant surgery
3182:Orthopedic surgery
3160:Colorectal surgery
2847:"What Is a Child?"
2713:10.3998/mpub.17065
2661:. pp. 13–21.
2077:10.3998/mpub.17065
1911:10.3998/mpub.17065
1395:, subspecialty of
1386:, subspecialty of
1365:, subspecialty of
1352:orthopedic surgery
1344:, subspecialty of
1318:, subspecialty of
1300:, subspecialty of
1265:Neurocritical care
1244:Addiction medicine
1186:Pediatric oncology
1140:Neurocritical care
1098:Metabolic medicine
1093:Medical toxicology
1056:Addiction medicine
970:Doctor of Medicine
963:Education required
898:
405:Islamic Golden Age
377:Soranus of Ephesus
306:Soranus of Ephesus
293:Hippocratic Corpus
288:
43:
4569:
4568:
4429:
4266:Children's rights
4180:Object permanence
4002:Failure to thrive
3899:
3898:
3733:Master of Surgery
3697:
3696:
3682:Tropical medicine
3628:Prison healthcare
3543:Hospital medicine
3507:Disaster medicine
3497:Aviation medicine
3312:Hospital medicine
3219:Surgical oncology
3204:Pediatric surgery
3198:
3145:Endocrine surgery
2722:978-0-472-02503-9
2676:978-3-030-22683-1
2556:10.1111/bcp.12267
2178:10.1111/apa.15887
2086:978-0-472-02503-9
2002:978-0-521-52707-1
1965:978-0-19-262950-0
1920:978-0-472-02503-9
1842:978-1-108-01588-2
1703:978-0-313-31080-5
1440:Medical specialty
1393:Pediatric urology
1384:Pediatric surgery
1261:Headache medicine
1216:Social pediatrics
1088:Hospital medicine
1083:Headache medicine
1072:Clinical genetics
1006:
1005:
883:
882:
875:
630:due to decreased
449:Cornelius Roelans
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
4594:
4425:
4110:Baby-led weaning
3926:
3919:
3912:
3903:
3902:
3889:
3888:
3879:
3869:
3868:
3859:
3858:
3849:
3848:
3553:Medical genetics
3538:General practice
3415:Nuclear medicine
3290:Gastroenterology
3246:Vascular surgery
3196:
3123:
3122:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2992:. Archived from
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2809:
2800:(3): e401–e408.
2785:
2774:
2773:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2652:
2643:
2642:
2616:
2607:(2): e20161485.
2592:
2586:
2585:
2575:
2535:
2518:
2517:
2481:
2450:
2449:
2439:
2399:
2378:
2377:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2308:on 14 July 2014.
2304:. Archived from
2281:
2275:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2252:
2246:
2245:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2172:(8): 2303–2305.
2166:Acta Paediatrica
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2141:on 18 April 2006
2137:. Archived from
2131:
2125:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1953:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1896:
1890:
1874:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1811:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1728:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1687:
1672:
1671:
1663:
1648:
1647:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1475:
1445:Pediatric Oncall
946:Activity sectors
908:
901:
897:
878:
871:
867:
864:
858:
834:
833:
826:
768:Hippocratic Oath
668:total body water
537:in 1834, and at
535:Saint Petersburg
372:Kashyapa Samhita
362:Sushruta Samhita
346:
241:
240:
229:
228:
163:American English
127:
118:Mental disorders
114:Childhood cancer
102:
53:
46:
42:
21:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4572:
4571:
4570:
4565:
4559:Paternity fraud
4509:Closed adoption
4482:
4438:Infant clothing
4413:Haberman Feeder
4383:Car seat safety
4312:
4293:Infant swimming
4271:UN Child rights
4229:
4140:Gestational age
4093:
3936:
3930:
3900:
3895:
3837:
3826:Chief physician
3759:
3704:
3693:
3687:Travel medicine
3672:Sports medicine
3655:Sexual medicine
3595:Palliative care
3590:Pain management
3534:Family medicine
3512:Diving medicine
3458:
3386:
3348:
3341:
3257:
3250:
3209:Plastic surgery
3155:General surgery
3135:Cardiac surgery
3116:
3114:
3106:
3101:
3059:
3042:JAMA Pediatrics
3014:
3012:Further reading
3009:
2999:
2997:
2990:www.pedsubs.org
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2886:
2843:
2839:
2786:
2777:
2762:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2723:
2699:
2692:
2677:
2653:
2646:
2593:
2589:
2536:
2521:
2482:
2453:
2400:
2381:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2331:
2317:
2313:
2282:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2242:
2228:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2110:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2087:
2063:
2059:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2031:on 27 July 2011
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1897:
1893:
1875:
1871:
1866:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1843:
1829:
1825:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1688:
1675:
1664:
1651:
1614:(11): 822–830.
1600:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1405:
1388:general surgery
1367:plastic surgery
1281:Palliative care
1268:Neuroimmunology
1239:Child neurology
1228:
1220:Sports medicine
1115:Palliative care
1042:
993:
991:
964:
947:
935:
934:Occupation type
896:
879:
868:
862:
859:
848:
835:
831:
824:
815:genetic testing
806:
789:
762:
746:
729:
695:
664:
624:
599:pharmacokinetic
583:
575:Edwards A. Park
553:was founded by
520:Necker Hospital
481:
393:Paulus Aegineta
385:Aëtius of Amida
268:
171:British English
165:) also spelled
125:
100:
60:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4584:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4549:Parenting plan
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4433:Infant carrier
4430:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4373:Baby transport
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4237:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4037:Infant massage
4034:
4032:Infant formula
4029:
4024:
4022:Infant feeding
4019:
4017:Infant bathing
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Bottle feeding
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3938:
3937:
3935:and their care
3929:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3897:
3896:
3894:
3893:
3883:
3873:
3863:
3853:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3764:Related topics
3761:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3713:Medical school
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3689:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3667:Sleep medicine
3664:
3663:
3662:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3640:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3614:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3597:
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3572:
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3499:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3480:Anesthesiology
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3410:Neuroradiology
3407:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3347:Obstetrics and
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3231:
3229:Trauma surgery
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3192:Otolaryngology
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3120:
3118:subspecialties
3108:
3107:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3058:
3057:External links
3055:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3019:BMC Pediatrics
3013:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2977:
2951:
2916:(3): 249–261.
2896:
2863:10.1086/233943
2857:(4): 715–738.
2837:
2775:
2760:
2740:
2721:
2690:
2675:
2644:
2587:
2550:(3): 395–404.
2519:
2492:(6): 258–269.
2451:
2414:(6): 208–210.
2379:
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2311:
2276:
2258:
2247:
2240:
2219:
2152:
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2085:
2057:
2042:
2023:Dallas, John.
2015:
2001:
1981:
1964:
1938:
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1851:
1841:
1823:
1794:(1): F51–F52.
1774:
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1536:
1519:kidshealth.org
1506:
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1450:Pain in babies
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1358:otolaryngology
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1322:
1313:
1311:anesthesiology
1307:
1304:
1295:
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1290:Sleep medicine
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1038:
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1004:
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959:
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924:
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915:
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863:September 2019
845:of the subject
843:worldwide view
838:
836:
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823:
820:
805:
802:
788:
785:
761:
758:
745:
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728:
725:
694:
691:
682:drugs such as
666:Percentage of
663:
660:
635:a less acidic
623:
620:
582:
579:
485:Abraham Jacobi
480:
477:
413:Yahya Serapion
298:Sacred Disease
284:United Kingdom
267:
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200:medical doctor
191:United Kingdom
154:
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4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
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4527:
4525:
4524:Open adoption
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:Child neglect
4502:
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4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
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4364:
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4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4338:Hidden camera
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
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4319:
4315:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
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4286:
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4281:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
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4261:Child custody
4259:
4257:
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4252:
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4247:
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4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
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4176:
4175:Nursery rhyme
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:Kangaroo care
4163:
4161:
4160:Infant crying
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
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4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
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4074:Preterm birth
4072:
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4000:
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3983:
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3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Breastfeeding
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
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3949:
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3799:
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3796:Public health
3794:
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3782:
3779:
3777:
3776:Allied health
3774:
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3648:
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3610:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3601:
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3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3585:Oral medicine
3583:
3581:
3580:Ophthalmology
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
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3382:Urogynecology
3380:
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3375:
3373:
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3368:
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3285:Endocrinology
3283:
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3022:- open access
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2987:
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2088:
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2078:
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2019:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1993:
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1967:
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1957:
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1926:
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1916:
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1885:
1881:
1880:
1873:
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1855:
1848:
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1834:
1827:
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1554:
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1520:
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1510:
1491:
1487:
1480:
1479:"Paediatrics"
1474:
1470:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
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1361:
1359:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1347:
1346:ophthalmology
1343:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1308:
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1303:
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1275:Pain medicine
1273:
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1259:
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1242:
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1129:
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1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:Pain medicine
1107:
1105:/Perinatology
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
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926:Paediatrician
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750:jurisdictions
741:
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629:
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571:Johns Hopkins
568:
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394:
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354:kumara bhrtya
351:
350:Ancient India
347:
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4125:Birth defect
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3957:Birth weight
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4358:Baby walker
4343:Baby powder
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4098:Development
4084:Soy formula
3962:Breast pump
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3502:Dermatology
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2733:30 November
2097:30 November
1931:30 November
1725:De Medicina
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680:hydrophilic
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4576:Categories
4478:Travel cot
4423:Infant bed
4418:High chair
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4256:Child care
4241:Attachment
4130:Childbirth
3992:Cradle cap
3943:Pediatrics
3633:Psychiatry
3619:(PM&R)
3612:Phlebology
3600:Pediatrics
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3372:Obstetrics
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1302:psychiatry
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137:Specialist
44:Pediatrics
4587:Childhood
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4463:Swaddling
4329:Baby gate
4308:Wet nurse
4298:Milk bank
4190:Parenting
4115:Baby talk
4067:Pedialyte
3997:Esotropia
3952:Baby food
3821:Physician
3705:education
3563:Neurology
3558:Narcology
3422:Pathology
3400:Radiology
3275:Angiology
3239:Andrology
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2946:230112761
2930:1573-3394
2879:170129444
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2428:0312-8008
2202:233998658
2186:0803-5253
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1628:2352-4642
1577:245164191
1373:radiology
1320:dentistry
997:Hospitals
990:Fields of
939:Specialty
855:talk page
720:half-life
716:clearance
700:oxidation
559:Edinburgh
479:Etymology
417:Abulcasis
381:Oribasius
367:ayurvedic
326:Aristotle
318:Oribasius
248:hospitals
4514:Cry room
4453:Stroller
4443:Pacifier
4378:Bassinet
4353:Baby toy
4215:Teething
4195:Peekaboo
4135:Crawling
4120:Babbling
3941:Health (
3851:Category
3327:Oncology
3258:medicine
3256:Internal
3104:Medicine
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2938:33389383
2883:Archived
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1636:31542355
1587:18 April
1581:Archived
1523:Archived
1490:Archived
1403:See also
1256:Epilepsy
951:Medicine
849:You may
656:prodrugs
652:proteins
425:Averroes
421:Avicenna
310:Aretaeus
274:Part of
216:cognates
214:and its
183:children
175:medicine
147:Glossary
101:diseases
74:Children
4473:Teether
4448:Playpen
4225:Weaning
4220:Walking
3933:Infants
3891:Outline
3861:Commons
3806:Therapy
3703:Medical
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3127:Surgery
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647:enzymes
639:space.
637:gastric
591:neonate
547:Wrocław
543:Breslau
527:Charité
493:Germany
429:al-Razi
401:crêches
334:Soranus
266:History
222:words:
179:infants
70:Infants
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4398:Diaper
4185:Parent
4170:Mother
3881:Portal
3748:MD–PhD
2986:"CoPS"
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423:, and
391:, and
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