560:
214:
40:
629:
583:
498:
a global level pedestrians constitute 22% of all road deaths, but might be two-thirds in some countries. Pedestrian fatalities, in 2016, were 2.6 per million population in the
Netherlands, 4.3 in Sweden, 4.5 in Wales, 5.3 in New Zealand, 6.0 in Germany; 7.1 in the whole United Kingdom, 7.5 in Australia, 8.4 in France, 8.4 in Spain, 9.4 in Italy, 11.1 in Israel, 13 in Japan, 13.8 in Greece, 18.5 in the United States, 22.9 in Poland, and 36.3 in Romania.
262:
516:
230:
250:
55:
455:
474:); and vehicle designs which are not forgiving to pedestrians struck by a vehicle. The Traffic Injury Research Foundation describes pedestrians as vulnerable road users because they are not protected in the same way as occupants of motor vehicles. There is an increasing focus on pedestrians versus motor vehicles in many countries.
578:
It is well documented that a minor increase in speed might greatly increase the likelihood of a crash, and exacerbate resulting casualties. For this reason, the recommended maximum speed is 30 km/h (20 mph) or 40 km/h (25 mph) in residential and high pedestrian traffic areas, with
497:
Pedestrian fatalities are much more common in accident situations in the
European Union than in the United States. In the European Union countries, more than 200,000 pedestrians and cyclists are injured annually. Also, each year, more than 270 000 pedestrians lose their lives on the world's roads. At
157:
in
Scotland. His most impressive feat was to walk 1 mile (1.6 km) every hour for 1000 hours, which he achieved between 1 June and 12 July 1809. This feat captured many people's imagination, and around 10,000 people came to watch over the course of the event. During the rest of the 19th century,
593:
The design of road and streets plays a key role in pedestrian safety. Roads are too often designed for motorized vehicles, without taking into account pedestrian and bicycle needs. The non-existence of sidewalk and signals increases risk for pedestrians. This defect might more easily be observed on
381:
Indoor pedestrian networks connect the different rooms or spaces of a building. Airports, museums, campuses, hospitals and shopping centres might have tools allowing for the computation of the shortest paths between two destinations. Their increasing availability is due to the complexity of path
133:
With the advent of the cars at the beginning of the 20th century, the main story is that the cars took over, and "people chose the car", but there were many groups and movements that held on to walking as their preferred means of daily transport and some who organised to promote walking, and to
478:
knee-joint area), accelerating the lower part of the body forward while "the upper body is rotated and accelerated relative to the car," at which point the pelvis and thorax are hit. Then the head hits the windscreen at the velocity of the striking car. Finally, the victim falls to the ground.
594:
arterial roadways, intersections and fast-speed lanes without adequate attention to pedestrian facilities. For instance, an assessment of roads in countries from many continents shows that 84% of roads are without pedestrian footpaths, while maximum limited speed is greater than 40 km/h.
477:
Most pedestrian injuries occur while they are crossing a street. Most crashes involving a pedestrian occur at night. Most pedestrian fatalities are killed by a frontal impact. In such a situation, an adult pedestrian is struck by a car front (for instance, the bumper touches either the leg or
129:
Walking has always been the primary means of human locomotion. The first humans to migrate from Africa, about 60,000 years ago, walked. They walked along the coast of India to reach
Australia. They walked across Asia to reach the Americas, and from Central Asia into Europe.
78:
is a person traveling on foot, whether walking or running. In modern times, the term usually refers to someone walking on a road or pavement (US: sidewalk), but this was not the case historically. Pedestrians may also be wheelchair users or other disabled people who use
106:('going on foot') and was first used (in the English language) during the 18th century. It was originally used, and can still be used today, as an adjective meaning plain or dull. However, in this article it takes on its noun form and refers to someone who walks.
111:
611:
A similar set of policies to discourage the use of cars and increase safety for pedestrians has been implemented by the
Northern European capitals of Oslo and Helsinki. In 2019, this resulted in both cities counting zero pedestrian deaths for the first time.
423:
The use of cars for short journeys is officially discouraged in many parts of the world, and construction or separation of dedicated walking routes in city centres receives a high priority in many large cities in
Western Europe, often in conjunction with
604:(Germany) have lowered the speed limit to 30 km/h on 90% of its streets, to reduce risk for its 15 000 people. With such policy, 24% of daily trips are performed by foot, against 28% by bicycles, 20% by public transport and 28% by car. (See
481:
Research has shown that urban crimes, or the mere perception of crimes, severely affect the mental and physical health of pedestrians. Inter-pedestrian behaviour, without the involvement of vehicles, is also a key factor to pedestrian safety.
465:
Safety is an important issue where cars can cross the pedestrian way. Drivers and pedestrians share some responsibility for improving safety of road users. Road traffic crashes are not inevitable; they are both predictable and preventable.
332:
is also used by the authorities in some countries to mean any footpath that is not attached to a road or street. If such footpaths are in urban environments and are meant for both pedestrians and pedal cyclists, they can be called
485:
Some special interest groups consider pedestrian fatalities on
American roads a carnage. Five states – Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia and Texas – are the site of 46% of all pedestrian deaths in the country. The advent of
493:
Cities have had mixed results in addressing pedestrian safety with Vision zero plan: Los
Angeles fails while NYC has had success. Nonetheless, in the US, some pedestrians have just 40 seconds to cross a street 10 lanes wide.
311:. There are also footpaths not associated with a road; these include urban short cuts and also rural paths used mainly by ramblers, hikers, or hill-walkers. Footpaths in mountainous or forested areas may also be called
469:
Key risks for pedestrians are well known. Among the well-documented factors are driver behaviour (including speeding and drunk driving); infrastructure missing facilities (including pavements, crossings and
400:
Pedestrianisation might be considered as a process of removing vehicular traffic from city streets or restricting vehicular access to streets for use by pedestrians, to improve the environment and safety.
408:
groups to restore pedestrian access to new developments, especially to counteract newer developments, 20% to 30% of which in the United States do not include footpaths. Some activists advocate large
1225:
1585:
620:
In Europe, pedestrian fatalities have a seasonal factor, with 6% of annual fatalities occurring in April but 13% (twice more) in
December. The rationale for such a change might be complex.
490:
is considered a leading cause; speculation of other factors includes population growth, driver distraction with mobile phones, poor street lighting, alcohol and drugs and speeding.
361:
In
Britain, regardless of whether there is a footpath, pedestrians have the legal right to use most public roads, excluding motorways and some toll tunnels and bridges such as the
1554:
National Center for Statistics and Analysis. (2021, May). Pedestrians: 2019 data (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 813 079). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
597:
Among the factors which reduce road safety for pedestrians are wider lanes, roadway widening, and roadways designed for higher speeds and with increased numbers of traffic lanes.
1008:
Trail – A path of travel for recreation and/or transportation within a park, natural environment, or designated corridor that is not classified as a highway, road, or street
1388:
1494:
European Commission (2021) Road safety thematic report – Fatigue. European Road Safety Observatory. Brussels, European Commission, Directorate General for Transport
1422:
1356:
317:. Pedestrians share some footpaths with horses and bicycles: these paths may be known as bridleways. Other byways used by walkers are also accessible to
1060:
860:
648:
and related medical problems. In contrast, using a car for short trips tends to contribute both to obesity and via vehicle emissions to climate change:
710:
416:
have extolled the virtues of pedestrian streets in urban areas. In the US the proportion of households without a car is 8%, but a notable exception is
1448:
1233:
420:, the only locality in the United States where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%).
1592:
1462:
1020:
1617:
830:
185:
on 20 June 1970 and completed his journey on 5 October 1974, when he re-entered the town from the west. These feats are often tied to
270:
1565:
985:
177:
walk in the United Kingdom, and the traversal of North America from coast to coast. The first person to walk around the world was
1966:
1400:
652:
are more inefficient and highly polluting during their first minutes of operation (engine cold start). General availability of
1202:
1021:"Part II of II: Best Practices Design Guide – Sidewalk2 – Publications – Bicycle and Pedestrian Program – Environment – FHWA"
890:
1928:
913:
589:
for pedestrians are also a factor in increasing safety. Animated pedestrian traffic light showing the pan-European sign.
325:
in England) are designed with the network of footpaths and cycle paths almost entirely separate from the road network.
174:
1961:
1676:
1512:
990:
806:
1280:
1366:
173:
sport, but fails to catch public attention as it did. However major walking feats are still performed, such as the
1880:
417:
2022:
1025:
776:
373:
advises that pedestrians should walk in the opposite direction to oncoming traffic on a road with no footpath.
1185:
1052:
852:
442:
1255:
1310:
1125:"Using Crowdsourced Indoor Geodata for the Creation of a Three-Dimensional Indoor Routing Web Application"
31:
17:
1084:"Formal definition of a user-adaptive and length-optimal routing graph for complex indoor environments"
649:
1986:
1504:
1194:
528:
162:
who developed it further and walked a half-mile (800 m) each quarter-hour over the 1000 hours.
1788:
1541:
769:
150:
135:
1996:
1976:
1778:
1030:
564:
186:
1311:"Signalling security: An observational and game theory approach to inter-pedestrian psychology"
288:
218:
1669:
1528:
653:
436:, has been developed over the last 40 years, principally due to the work of Danish architect
234:
321:. There are also many roads with no footpath. Some modern towns (such as the new suburbs of
1095:
822:
705:
656:
encourages walking, as it will not, in most cases, take one directly to one's destination.
149:(riding) still is in places. One of the most famous pedestrians of that period was Captain
412:
where only pedestrians, or pedestrians and some non-motorised vehicles, are allowed. Many
8:
1834:
1473:
995:
641:
395:
351:
308:
1099:
1839:
1639:
1423:"European Pedestrian Crash Standards Will Make Global Changes in Car Design Inevitable"
1396:
1330:
960:
725:
715:
559:
304:
347:
1732:
1611:
1334:
1198:
964:
802:
366:
213:
182:
2027:
1818:
1662:
1322:
1136:
1103:
952:
425:
409:
370:
362:
524:
1844:
1768:
730:
720:
335:
296:
134:
counterbalance the widely-held view that often favoured cars, e.g. as related by
1631:
1386:
582:
1892:
1712:
882:
59:
1326:
1108:
1083:
956:
917:
2016:
2001:
1943:
1933:
1902:
1742:
1357:"'Boulevards of death': why pedestrian road fatalities are surging in the US"
1187:
Pedestrian safety. A Road Safety Manual for Decision-Makers and Practitioners
745:
586:
471:
383:
254:
170:
146:
142:
124:
940:
1981:
1912:
1887:
1763:
1570:
1449:"Reported road accidents, vehicles and casualties tables for Great Britain"
1361:
941:"Persistent pedestrianism: urban walking in motor age America, 1920s–1960s"
735:
628:
322:
193:
159:
80:
48:
1854:
369:— although sometimes it may endanger the pedestrian and other road users.
1971:
1938:
1897:
1783:
1737:
1717:
1707:
740:
669:
189:
166:
39:
1053:"Rules for pedestrians (1 to 35) – The Highway Code – Guidance – GOV.UK"
1758:
700:
429:
355:
222:
197:
178:
154:
67:
1870:
1141:
1124:
523:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
433:
1991:
1907:
1823:
1727:
1722:
633:
579:
enforced traffic rules on speed limits and traffic-calming measures.
261:
44:
689:
165:
Since the 20th century, interest in walking as a sport has dropped.
1829:
1702:
695:
601:
568:
437:
413:
405:
283:
92:
1654:
644:. Frequent exercise such as walking tends to reduce the chance of
112:
Recueil des Croniques et Anchiennes Istories de la Grant Bretaigne
1685:
750:
665:
645:
605:
572:
459:
318:
278:
1387:
Eric D. Lawrence, Nathan Bomey and Kristi Tanner (1 July 2018).
1315:
Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour
229:
102:('characteristic of'). This word is derived from the Latin term
1875:
1811:
640:
Regular walking is important both for human health and for the
242:
109:
The word pedestrian may have been used in middle French in the
63:
1389:"Death on foot: America's love of SUVs is killing pedestrians"
382:
finding in these facilities. Different mapping tools, such as
1849:
1806:
313:
238:
192:
and are undertaken, among others, by celebrities such as Sir
249:
54:
1281:"The Road Safety Monitor 2008. Pedestrians and Bicyclists"
350:
streets are for pedestrians only. Some roads have special
487:
546:
United States: Source NHTSA 2016 (FARS ARF), NHTSA 2019
454:
277:
Roads often have a designated footpath for pedestrian
1566:"How Helsinki and Oslo cut pedestrian deaths to zero"
145:(walking) was non a popular spectator sport, just as
1226:"Publications – Bureau of Transportation Statistics"
1415:
711:List of U.S. cities with most pedestrian commuters
623:
911:
158:many people tried to repeat this feat, including
2014:
796:
563:Pedestrians ready across the street next to the
432:, the world's longest pedestrian shopping area,
257:, one must yield to a pedestrian in a crosswalk.
91:The meaning of pedestrian is displayed with the
938:
554:
600:For this reason, some European cities such as
208:
1670:
376:
692:aimless walking usually through city streets
632:Pedestrians walking in winter conditions in
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
986:"Designing Sidewalks and Trails for Access"
153:, known as "The Celebrated Pedestrian", of
1677:
1663:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1152:
797:Dunmore, Charles; Fleischer, Rita (2008).
1140:
1107:
1081:
181:who started his walk traveling east from
883:"PÉDESTRE : Définition de PÉDESTRE"
627:
581:
558:
543:EU: Source CARE, 2010-2019: Source ERSO.
453:
260:
248:
228:
212:
53:
38:
1967:International Federation of Pedestrians
1354:
1341:
1149:
440:, a principle of urban design known as
354:. A bridge solely for pedestrians is a
14:
2015:
1616:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1563:
203:
1658:
1427:Safety Research & Strategies, Inc
1380:
1309:Wu, Yifei; Li, Hansong (April 2022).
1122:
1026:Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)
1472:. European Road Safety Observatory.
1308:
893:from the original on 29 January 2017
509:
404:Efforts are under way by pedestrian
389:
343:in general and official usage. нуПЬ
141:During the 18th and 19th centuries,
1684:
1063:from the original on 8 January 2018
833:from the original on 17 August 2017
24:
1288:Traffic Injury Research Foundation
458:A crossing for school children in
386:, are extending to indoor spaces.
25:
2039:
1962:International charter for walking
1650:
1564:Murray, Jessica (16 March 2020).
1513:U.S. Department of Transportation
1367:Guardian News & Media Limited
1355:Aratani, Lauren (12 March 2019).
991:U.S. Department of Transportation
799:Studies in Etymology (Second ed.)
790:
863:from the original on 2 July 2016
514:
501:
449:
1624:
1578:
1557:
1548:
1497:
1488:
1455:
1441:
1302:
1273:
1248:
1218:
1116:
1088:Geo-spatial Information Science
1075:
1045:
770:"Pedestrians With Disabilities"
624:Health benefits and environment
1013:
978:
932:
905:
875:
845:
815:
777:Federal Highway Administration
762:
676:. In XML and HTML, the string
615:
66:, directing pedestrians to an
13:
1:
994:. 7 July 2017. Archived from
853:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
756:
253:In many jurisdictions in the
1256:"Tips for Pedestrian Safety"
1082:Goetz, M.; Zipf, A. (2011).
555:Road design impact on safety
175:Land's End to John o' Groats
86:
7:
1929:Pedestrian circumnavigators
1632:"Transport and Map Symbols"
683:
650:internal combustion engines
209:Outdoor pedestrian networks
32:Pedestrian (disambiguation)
10:
2044:
1470:Traffic Safety Basic Facts
912:Dr. Spencer Wells (2005).
823:"Definition of PEDESTRIAN"
659:
393:
377:Indoor pedestrian networks
122:
118:
29:
1987:Walk Safely to School Day
1952:
1921:
1863:
1797:
1751:
1693:
1327:10.1016/j.trf.2022.02.017
1195:World Health Organization
1109:10.1007/s11806-011-0474-3
957:10.1017/S0963926819000956
672:code for "pedestrian" is
540:
1789:Walking distance measure
939:Peter D. Norton (2021).
151:Robert Barclay Allardice
27:Person traveling on foot
1997:Walking Artists Network
1977:National Pedestrian Day
1881:Long-distance footpaths
1779:Preferred walking speed
827:www.merriam-webster.com
637:
590:
575:
462:
289:North American English
274:
258:
246:
226:
71:
51:
2023:Transport terminology
1197:. 2013. p. 114.
914:"Genographic Project"
654:public transportation
631:
585:
562:
457:
264:
252:
232:
217:Pedestrian signal in
216:
57:
42:
1509:Traffic Safety Facts
706:Junior safety patrol
352:pedestrian crossings
265:Colorful pedestrian
30:For other uses, see
1835:Pedestrian crossing
1474:European Commission
1403:on 14 December 2019
1100:2011GSIS...14..119G
1033:on 29 November 2011
642:natural environment
567:shopping center in
396:Mobility transition
371:The UK Highway Code
309:New Zealand English
204:Footpaths and roads
1840:Pedestrian village
1640:Unicode Consortium
1536:Unknown parameter
1397:Detroit Free Press
857:www.etymonline.com
726:Street reclamation
716:Pedestrian village
638:
591:
576:
463:
275:
259:
247:
227:
72:
70:for safe crossing.
52:
2010:
2009:
1733:Walker (mobility)
1236:on 2 October 2006
1204:978-92-4-150535-2
1142:10.3390/fi4020575
1123:Goetz, M (2012).
552:
551:
536:
535:
443:copenhagenisation
428:enhancements. In
390:Pedestrianisation
367:Dartford Crossing
183:Waseca, Minnesota
43:Pedestrians on a
16:(Redirected from
2035:
1694:Aids, groups and
1679:
1672:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1591:. Archived from
1590:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1561:
1555:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1492:
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1467:
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1453:
1452:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1399:. Archived from
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1352:
1339:
1338:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1285:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1232:. Archived from
1222:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1192:
1182:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1029:. Archived from
1017:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:
982:
976:
975:
973:
971:
936:
930:
929:
927:
925:
920:on 25 March 2014
916:. Archived from
909:
903:
902:
900:
898:
879:
873:
872:
870:
868:
849:
843:
842:
840:
838:
819:
813:
812:
794:
788:
787:
785:
783:
774:
766:
679:
518:
517:
510:
506:
505:
426:public transport
410:pedestrian zones
363:Blackwall Tunnel
336:shared use paths
273:, United States.
21:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1954:
1948:
1917:
1859:
1845:Pedestrian zone
1799:
1798:Environment and
1793:
1769:Knuckle-walking
1747:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1653:
1648:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1609:
1608:
1601:
1599:
1598:on 27 July 2020
1595:
1588:
1586:"Archived copy"
1584:
1583:
1579:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1525:
1518:
1516:
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1406:
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1385:
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1371:
1369:
1353:
1342:
1307:
1303:
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1262:
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1239:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1150:
1129:Future Internet
1121:
1117:
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1064:
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1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1019:
1018:
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999:
984:
983:
979:
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933:
923:
921:
910:
906:
896:
894:
881:
880:
876:
866:
864:
851:
850:
846:
836:
834:
821:
820:
816:
809:
795:
791:
781:
779:
772:
768:
767:
763:
759:
731:Traffic calming
721:Pedestrian zone
686:
677:
662:
626:
618:
557:
532:
519:
515:
504:
452:
398:
392:
379:
341:multi-use paths
297:British English
233:The pedestrian
211:
206:
127:
121:
89:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2041:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1893:Nordic walking
1890:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1803:
1801:
1800:infrastructure
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
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1708:Baby walker
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1230:www.bts.gov
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670:hexadecimal
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2017:Categories
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1759:Dromomania
1057:www.gov.uk
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430:Copenhagen
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356:footbridge
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1688:culture
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