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594:, or peacock begonia, appear iridescent azure to human observers due to each leaf's thinly layered photosynthetic structures called iridoplasts that absorb and bend light much like a film of oil over water. Iridescences based on multiple layers of cells are also found in the
308:. Microstructures, often multi-layered, are used to produce bright but sometimes non-iridescent colours: quite elaborate arrangements are needed to avoid reflecting different colours in different directions. Structural colouration has been understood in general terms since
239:, and can be seen in oil films on water and soap bubbles. Iridescence is also found in plants, animals and many other items. The range of colours of natural iridescent objects can be narrow, for example shifting between two or three colours as the viewing angle changes,
345:
Pearlescence is an effect related to iridescence and has a similar cause. Structures within a surface cause light to be reflected back, but in the case of pearlescence some or most of the light is white, giving the object a
110:
is a related effect where some or most of the reflected light is white. The term pearlescent is used to describe certain paint finishes, usually in the automotive industry, which actually produce iridescent effects.
1290:
Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Siddique, Radwanul Hasan; Stavenga, Doekele G.; Otto, Jürgen C.; Allen, Michael C.; Liu, Ying; Lu, Yong-Feng; Deheyn, Dimitri D.; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Blackledge, Todd A. (22 December 2017).
694:
322:'s feather was lost when it was plunged into water, but reappeared when it was returned to the air, pigments could not be responsible. It was later found that iridescence in the peacock is due to a complex
285:. Some types of flower petals can also generate a diffraction grating, but the iridescence is not visible to humans and flower-visiting insects as the diffraction signal is masked by the colouration due to
185:
Fuel on top of water creates a thin film, which interferes with the light, producing different colours. The different bands represent different thicknesses in the film. This phenomenon is known as
905:
are formed by heating steel, forming a thin oxide-film on the surface. The colour indicates the temperature it was heated to, making it one of the earliest practical uses of iridescence.
231:, by amplifying or attenuating some frequencies more than others. The thickness of the layers of the material determines the interference pattern. Iridescence can for example be due to
266:. In the case of diffraction, the entire rainbow of colours will typically be observed as the viewing angle changes. In biology, this type of iridescence results from the formation of
588:
Many groups of plants have developed iridescence as an adaptation to use more light in dark environments such as the lower levels of tropical forests. The leaves of
Southeast Asia's
1787:
Cuthill, I. C.; Bennett, A. T. D.; Partridge, J. C.; Maier, E. J. (February 1999). "Plumage
Reflectance and the Objective Assessment of Avian Sexual Dichromatism".
215:
changes with the angle of observation and the angle of illumination. It is often caused by multiple reflections from two or more semi-transparent surfaces in which
250:
on the surface of a fish tank diffracts the reflected light, displaying the entire spectrum of colours. Red is seen from longer angles of incidence than blue.
1553:
1115:
Meadows, Melissa G; Butler, Michael W; Morehouse, Nathan I; Taylor, Lisa A; Toomey, Matthew B; McGraw, Kevin J; Rutowski, Ronald L (23 February 2009).
758:
2038:
Graham, Rita M.; Lee, David W.; Norstog, Knut (1993). "Physical and
Ultrastructural Basis of Blue Leaf Iridescence in Two Neotropical Ferns".
714:
1458:
Hsiung, Bor-Kai; Siddique, Radwanul Hasan; Jiang, Lijia; Liu, Ying; Lu, Yongfeng; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Blackledge, Todd A. (January 2017).
631:
2137:
350:-like luster. Artificial pigments and paints showing an iridescent effect are often described as pearlescent, for example when used for
399:
798:
2073:
Picard, G.; Simon, D.; Kadiri, Y.; LeBreux, J. D.; Ghozayel, F. (3 October 2012). "Cellulose
Nanocrystal Iridescence: A New Model".
1373:
van der Kooi, Casper J.; Wilts, Bodo D.; Leertouwer, Hein L.; Staal, Marten; Elzenga, J. Theo M.; Stavenga, Doekele G. (July 2014).
510:
of many vertebrates, is also iridescent. Iridescence is known to be present among prehistoric non-avian and avian dinosaurs such as
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Zi, Jian; Yu, Xindi; Li, Yizhou; Hu, Xinhua; Xu, Chun; Wang, Xingjun; Liu, Xiaohan; Fu, Rongtang (28 October 2003).
236:
220:
1169:"Mechanism of variable structural colour in the neon tetra: quantitative evaluation of the Venetian blind model"
1037:
Srinivasarao, Mohan (July 1999). "Nano-Optics in the
Biological World: Beetles, Butterflies, Birds, and Moths".
902:
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17:
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1740:"Dramatic colour changes in a bird of paradise caused by uniquely structured breast feather barbules"
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Stavenga, Doekele G.; Leertouwer, Hein L.; Marshall, N. Justin; Osorio, Daniel (15 December 2010).
813:
498:
1218:"Pterin pigments amplify iridescent ultraviolet signal in males of the orange sulphur butterfly"
1167:
Yoshioka, S.; Matsuhana, B.; Tanaka, S.; Inouye, Y.; Oshima, N.; Kinoshita, S. (16 June 2010).
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1991:"Structural colour and iridescence in plants: the poorly studied relations of pigment colour"
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Kinoshita, S; Yoshioka, S; Miyazaki, J (1 July 2008). "Physics of structural colors".
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2020:
1971:
1930:
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1699:"Kingfisher feathers – colouration by pigments, spongy nanostructures and thin films"
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as the angle of view or the angle of illumination changes. Iridescence is caused by
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2002:
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Stavenga, D. G.; Tinbergen, J.; Leertouwer, H. L.; Wilts, B. D. (9 November 2011).
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1419:"Is floral iridescence a biologically relevant cue in plant-pollinator signaling?"
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Rutowski, R.L; Macedonia, J.M; Morehouse, N; Taylor-Taft, L (2 September 2005).
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1576:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1417:
van der Kooi, Casper J.; Dyer, Adrian G.; Stavenga, Doekele G. (January 2015).
1316:
576:
519:
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259:
235:, the functional analogue of selective wavelength attenuation as seen with the
124:
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Color
Science in the Examination of Museum Objects: Nondestructive Procedures
1375:"Iridescent flowers? Contribution of surface structures to optical signaling"
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149:, meaning "having a tendency toward". Iris in turn derives from the goddess
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Martinez-Hurtado, Juan; Akram, Muhammad; Yetisen, Ali (2013-11-11).
1800:
1293:"Rainbow peacock spiders inspire miniature super-iridescent optics"
768:
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477:
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132:
65:
1460:"Tarantula-Inspired Noniridescent Photonics with Long-Range Order"
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1893:"Cassowary gloss and a novel form of structural color in birds"
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318:, where Hooke correctly noted that since the iridescence of a
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Of
Peacoks, Ducks, and Other Feathers of Changeable Colours
992:
485:
101:
30:"Iridescent" redirects here. For the Linkin Park song, see
1289:
496:
is also iridescent. A single iridescent species of gecko,
1496:
Hooke, Robert. Micrographia. Chapter 36 ('Observ. XXXVI.
1490:
1071:
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Both the body and the train of the peacock are iridescent
507:
301:
212:
2072:
1416:
1989:
Glover, Beverley J.; Whitney, Heather M. (April 2010).
1744:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
1661:. ASTM International. pp. 229–. GGKEY:7W7C2G88G2J.
1510:
Ball, Philip (17 April 2012). "Nature's Color Tricks".
1222:
Proceedings of the Royal
Society B: Biological Sciences
258:. This is found in items like CDs, DVDs, some types of
1457:
1628:
377:
has a bluish iridescence running along its body and
64:) is the phenomenon of certain surfaces that appear
1269:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 173–175.
708:, with a whitish-silver bismuth cube for comparison
1891:Eliason, Chad M.; Clarke, Julia A. (13 May 2020).
270:on the surface, such as the long rows of cells in
1552:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
2157:
2037:
1950:"Iridescence in Meat Caused by Surface Gratings"
2066:
1032:
1030:
913:is sometimes iridescent, as are thin films of
522:. Muscle tissues can display irisdescence.
1988:
1890:
1622:
1350:Nature's Palette: The Science of Plant Color
1264:
1036:
393:Cornell drawer displaying iridescent insects
1572:"Coloration strategies in peacock feathers"
1265:Ackerman, Steven A.; Knox, John A. (2013).
1027:
1565:
1563:
1162:
1160:
2140:of a morpho butterfly showing iridescence
2107:
2014:
1965:
1924:
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1714:
1605:
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1434:
1393:
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1267:Meteorology: Understanding the Atmosphere
1241:
1192:
1140:
296:) uses, colours produced other than with
274:, or the specialized abdominal scales of
1569:
704:crystal with a thin iridescent layer of
492:are iridescent. The lateral line on the
333:
241:
180:
145:, and is combined with the Latin suffix
45:
1560:
1157:
502:, was identified in India in 2009. The
405:The iridescent exoskeleton of a golden
14:
2158:
1173:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1121:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
1108:
161:and acted as a messenger of the gods.
1671:
1649:
1635:. Getty Publications. pp. 169–.
1117:"Iridescence: views from many angles"
1509:
1503:
157:, who is the personification of the
1839:"New lizard species found in India"
1347:
254:Iridescence can also be created by
24:
2144:"Article on butterfly iridescence"
2114:. Visible Ink Press. p. 215.
84:. Examples of iridescence include
25:
2187:
2131:
1532:10.1038/scientificamerican0512-74
750:
681:
106:
1658:Paint and Coating Testing Manual
1023:from the original on 2014-04-07.
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165:is derived from the Greek words
37:For the Brockhampton album, see
2101:
2031:
1982:
1941:
1884:
1868:Review of Veterinary Physiology
1859:
1831:
1780:
1731:
1703:Journal of Experimental Biology
1690:
1665:
1451:
1410:
1366:
1352:. University of Chicago Press.
329:
1870:. Teton NewMedia. p. 90.
1672:Mazza, Giuseppe (2008-08-07).
1341:
1283:
1258:
1209:
1074:Reports on Progress in Physics
1065:
1005:
451:
13:
1:
2111:The Handy Physics Answer Book
1629:Ruth Johnston-Feller (2001).
1094:10.1088/0034-4885/71/7/076401
1013:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
999:
790:
176:
1133:10.1098/rsif.2009.0013.focus
123:is derived in part from the
114:
7:
928:
686:
357:
338:The pearlescent shell of a
10:
2192:
2108:Zitzewitz, Paul W (2011).
2040:American Journal of Botany
1678:Monaco Nature Encyclopedia
1464:Advanced Optical Materials
1317:10.1038/s41467-017-02451-x
874:with iridescent back panel
765:Polar stratospheric clouds
237:Fabry–Pérot interferometer
192:
36:
29:
1866:Engelking, Larry (2002).
807:job on a Toyota Supra car
725:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide
583:
925:when floating on water.
1789:The American Naturalist
1597:10.1073/pnas.2133313100
1534:(inactive 2024-09-17).
943:, irrespective of angle
603:and several species of
499:Cnemaspis kolhapurensis
362:
169:, meaning "angle", and
100:, and minerals such as
2138:A 2.2 MB GIF animation
1917:10.1126/sciadv.aba0187
1756:10.1098/rspb.2010.2293
1476:10.1002/adom.201600599
1234:10.1098/rspb.2005.3216
1185:10.1098/rsif.2010.0253
639:Selaginella wildenowii
440:The inside surface of
342:
340:black-lip pearl oyster
306:structural colouration
251:
233:thin-film interference
199:thin-film interference
190:
187:thin-film interference
54:
1297:Nature Communications
819:Playing surface of a
729:Polk County, Arkansas
421:Structurally coloured
337:
245:
211:of surfaces in which
195:Structural coloration
193:Further information:
184:
49:
1967:10.3390/foods2040499
1127:(suppl_2): S107-13.
838:on the reverse of a
268:diffraction gratings
173:, meaning "colour".
2081:(41): 14799–14807.
1909:2020SciA....6..187E
1750:(1715): 2098–2104.
1588:2003PNAS..10012576Z
1582:(22): 12576–12578.
1524:2012SciAm.306e..74B
1512:Scientific American
1348:Lee, David (2007).
1309:2017NatCo...8.2278H
1228:(1578): 2329–2335.
1086:2008RPPh...71g6401K
292:In biological (and
223:of the reflections
96:wings and seashell
39:Iridescence (album)
2149:2015-11-07 at the
2007:10.1093/aob/mcq007
1716:10.1242/jeb.062620
1674:"Eledone moschata"
343:
252:
209:optical phenomenon
207:Iridescence is an
191:
55:
2171:Optical phenomena
2121:978-1-57859-357-6
2087:10.1021/la302982s
1877:978-1-893441-69-9
1709:(23): 3960–3967.
1642:978-0-89236-586-9
1436:10.1111/nph.13066
1395:10.1111/nph.12808
1359:978-0-226-47052-8
1276:978-1-284-03080-8
1051:10.1021/cr970080y
978:Structural colour
903:Tempering colours
805:Pearlescent paint
784:Cloud iridescence
656:Pollia condensata
506:, present in the
466:birds-of-paradise
460:of birds such as
279:Maratus robinsoni
264:cloud iridescence
74:wave interference
32:Iridescent (song)
16:(Redirected from
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1995:Annals of Botany
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1903:(20): eaba0187.
1897:Science Advances
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27:Optical property
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653:
646:
644:
636:
629:
627:
618:
611:
585:
582:
581:
580:
577:Nicobar pigeon
575:
568:
566:
560:
553:
551:
545:
538:
536:
533:
526:
516:enantiornithes
512:dromaeosaurids
453:
450:
449:
448:
439:
432:
430:
419:
412:
410:
404:
397:
395:
392:
385:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
331:
328:
287:plant pigments
283:M. chrysomelas
276:peacock spider
246:An iridescent
178:
175:
116:
113:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2188:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
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2163:
2161:
2152:
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2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
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2123:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2092:
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2080:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
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2034:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1963:
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1955:
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1932:
1927:
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1898:
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1679:
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1396:
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1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
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1204:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1179:(54): 56–66.
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1111:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1080:(7): 076401.
1079:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1022:
1018:
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994:
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986:
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979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
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960:
958:
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953:
950:
948:
945:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
911:Nanocellulose
904:
898:
893:
889:
882:
877:
873:
867:
862:
859:
856:
849:
844:
841:
840:Morgan dollar
837:
830:
825:
822:
815:
810:
806:
800:
795:
794:
785:
779:
774:
770:
767:displaying a
766:
760:
755:
754:
745:
738:
733:
730:
726:
722:
716:
711:
707:
706:bismuth oxide
703:
696:
691:
690:
675:
674:
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662:
658:
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650:
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633:
628:
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578:
572:
567:
564:
557:
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542:
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524:
523:
521:
520:lithornithids
517:
513:
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501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
445:
444:
443:Haliotis iris
436:
431:
428:
427:
426:Morpho didius
422:
416:
411:
408:
401:
396:
389:
384:
383:
382:
380:
376:
375:
368:Invertebrates
355:
353:
349:
341:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
316:
312:'s 1665 book
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
290:
288:
284:
280:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
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244:
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234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
188:
183:
174:
172:
168:
164:
163:Goniochromism
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
112:
109:
108:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
62:goniochromism
59:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
2110:
2103:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2043:
2039:
2033:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1867:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1681:. Retrieved
1677:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1631:
1624:
1579:
1575:
1548:cite journal
1518:(5): 74–79.
1515:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1492:
1467:
1463:
1453:
1429:(1): 18–20.
1426:
1422:
1412:
1385:
1381:
1368:
1349:
1343:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1266:
1260:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1176:
1172:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1042:
1038:
1016:
1007:
919:hydrocarbons
909:
821:compact disc
671:
654:
637:
620:
598:
589:
587:
497:
470:hummingbirds
455:
441:
424:
372:
371:
344:
330:Pearlescence
315:Micrographia
313:
310:Robert Hooke
291:
282:
278:
253:
221:interference
206:
170:
166:
162:
146:
140:
136:
128:
120:
118:
107:Pearlescence
105:
86:soap bubbles
76:of light in
61:
57:
56:
52:soap bubbles
43:
1851:20 February
1303:(1): 2278.
973:Opalescence
858:nail polish
853:Iridescent
834:Iridescent
771:iridescence
744:labradorite
619:Iridescent
600:Selaginella
563:rainbow boa
462:kingfishers
452:Vertebrates
407:stag beetle
304:are called
256:diffraction
217:phase shift
203:diffraction
139:), meaning
121:iridescence
58:Iridescence
18:Pearlescent
2160:Categories
1844:BBC Online
1683:2023-02-07
1000:References
936:Anisotropy
888:engine oil
872:Smartphone
791:Human-made
548:neon tetra
494:neon tetra
352:car paints
294:biomimetic
177:Mechanisms
127:word ἶρις
82:thin films
68:to change
1484:100181186
957:Iridocyte
952:Dichroism
742:Polished
596:lycophyte
478:starlings
423:wings of
379:tentacles
225:modulates
119:The word
115:Etymology
94:butterfly
66:gradually
2147:Archived
2095:22988816
2075:Langmuir
2025:20142263
1976:28239133
1935:32426504
1817:29578758
1774:21159676
1725:22071186
1616:14557541
1540:22550931
1445:25243861
1404:24713039
1335:29273708
1252:16191648
1203:20554565
1151:19336343
1102:53068819
1059:11849015
1021:Archived
929:See also
923:alcohols
769:Nacreous
721:Goethite
687:Minerals
490:peacocks
482:grackles
458:feathers
358:Examples
298:pigments
90:feathers
2060:2445040
2016:2850791
1926:7220335
1905:Bibcode
1825:4386607
1765:3107630
1584:Bibcode
1520:Bibcode
1326:5741626
1305:Bibcode
1243:1560183
1194:3024824
1142:2706472
1082:Bibcode
855:glitter
727:, from
702:bismuth
676:flowers
622:Begonia
474:parrots
320:peacock
248:biofilm
159:rainbow
147:-escent
142:rainbow
135:ἴριδος
2166:Optics
2118:
2093:
2058:
2023:
2013:
1974:
1933:
1923:
1874:
1823:
1815:
1809:303160
1807:
1772:
1762:
1723:
1639:
1614:
1607:240659
1604:
1538:
1482:
1443:
1402:
1356:
1333:
1323:
1273:
1250:
1240:
1201:
1191:
1149:
1139:
1100:
1057:
915:petrol
836:toning
659:fruits
642:leaves
584:Plants
518:, and
488:, and
260:prisms
201:, and
171:chroma
137:íridos
70:colour
2176:Color
2056:JSTOR
1954:Foods
1821:S2CID
1805:JSTOR
1480:S2CID
1378:(PDF)
1098:S2CID
988:Nacre
890:spill
723:, an
605:ferns
486:ducks
348:pearl
262:, or
229:light
167:gonia
125:Greek
98:nacre
2116:ISBN
2091:PMID
2021:PMID
1972:PMID
1931:PMID
1872:ISBN
1853:2014
1813:PMID
1770:PMID
1721:PMID
1637:ISBN
1612:PMID
1554:link
1536:PMID
1441:PMID
1400:PMID
1354:ISBN
1331:PMID
1271:ISBN
1248:PMID
1199:PMID
1147:PMID
1055:PMID
993:Opal
921:and
625:leaf
561:The
508:eyes
456:The
363:Life
302:dyes
281:and
219:and
151:Iris
133:gen.
129:îris
102:opal
2083:doi
2048:doi
2011:PMC
2003:doi
1999:105
1962:doi
1921:PMC
1913:doi
1797:doi
1793:153
1760:PMC
1752:doi
1748:278
1711:doi
1707:214
1602:PMC
1592:doi
1580:100
1528:doi
1516:306
1500:.')
1472:doi
1431:doi
1427:205
1390:doi
1386:203
1321:PMC
1313:doi
1238:PMC
1230:doi
1226:272
1189:PMC
1181:doi
1137:PMC
1129:doi
1090:doi
1047:doi
886:An
300:or
213:hue
153:of
80:or
2162::
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2079:28
2077:.
2054:.
2044:80
2042:.
2019:.
2009:.
1997:.
1993:.
1970:.
1956:.
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