568:
3987:(1927), Haskins asserts that it is human nature to draw stark divides in history to better understand the past. However, it is essential to understand history as continuous and constantly building off of the past. Haskins was one of the leading scholars in this school of thought, and it was his (along with several others) belief that the building blocks for the Italian Renaissance were all laid during the Middle Ages, calling on the rise of towns and bureaucratic states in the late 11th century as proof of the significance of this "pre-renaissance." The flow of history that he describes paints the Renaissance as a continuation of the Middle Ages that may not have been as positive of a change as popularly imagined. Many historians after Burckhardt have argued that the regression of the
2386:, bands of soldiers drawn from around Europe, but especially Germany and Switzerland, led largely by Italian captains. The mercenaries were not willing to risk their lives unduly, and war became one largely of sieges and manoeuvring, occasioning few pitched battles. It was also in the interest of mercenaries on both sides to prolong any conflict, to continue their employment. Mercenaries were also a constant threat to their employers; if not paid, they often turned on their patron. If it became obvious that a state was entirely dependent on mercenaries, the temptation was great for the mercenaries to take over the running of it themselves—this occurred on a number of occasions. Neutrality was maintained with France, which found itself surrounded by enemies when Spain disputed
2456:
336:
2571:
3807:
2550:, who would become known as "Lorenzo the Magnificent." Lorenzo was the first of the family to be educated from an early age in the humanist tradition and is best known as one of the Renaissance's most important patrons of the arts. Lorenzo reformed Florence's ruling council from 100 members to 70, formalizing the Medici rule. The republican institutions continued, but they lost all power. Lorenzo was less successful than his illustrious forebears in business, and the Medici commercial empire was slowly eroded. Lorenzo continued the alliance with Milan, but relations with the papacy soured, and in 1478, Papal agents allied with the
2954:
2725:
comfortable lives and had significant power in the republican governments. This was in sharp contrast to the rest of Europe where artisans were firmly in the lower class. Literate and educated, this group participated in the
Renaissance culture. The largest section of the urban population was the urban poor of semi-skilled workers and the unemployed. Like the peasants, the Renaissance had little effect on them. Historians debate how easy it was to move between these groups during the Italian Renaissance. Examples of individuals who rose from humble beginnings can be instanced, but
2259:
1878:; it boasted a naval fleet of over 5000 ships thanks to its arsenal, a vast complex of shipyards that was the first European facility to mass-produce commercial and military vessels. Genoa also had become a maritime power. Thus, while northern Italy was not richer in resources than many other parts of Europe, the level of development, stimulated by trade, allowed it to prosper. In particular, Florence became one of the wealthiest of the cities of Northern Italy, mainly due to its woollen textile production, developed under the supervision of its dominant trade
3509:
2079:
5016:"Machiavelli is the only political thinker whose name has come into common use for designating a kind of politics, which exists and will continue to exist independently of his influence, a politics guided exclusively by considerations of expediency, which uses all means, fair or foul, iron or poison, for achieving its ends – its end being the aggrandizement of one's country or fatherland – but also using the fatherland in the service of the self-aggrandizement of the politician or statesman or one's party." -Leo Strauss,
3627:
38:
4010:, during the late 15th century, describing it as a period connecting an important beginning and an important end, and as a placeholder for the history that exists between both sides of the period. This period was eventually referred to as the "dark" ages in the 19th century by English historians, which has further tainted the narrative of medieval times in favour of promoting a positive feeling of individualism and humanism that spurred from the Renaissance.
8163:
3172:
3410:
8152:
1103:
2733:. Most historians feel that early in the Renaissance social mobility was quite high, but that it faded over the course of the 15th century. Inequality in society was very high. An upper-class figure would control hundreds of times more income than a servant or labourer. Some historians see this unequal distribution of wealth as important to the Renaissance, as art patronage relies on the very wealthy.
2768:
2806:. Other accounts trace the end of the Italian Renaissance to the French invasions of the early 16th century and the subsequent conflict between France and Spanish rulers for control of Italian territory. Savonarola rode to power on a widespread backlash over the secularism and indulgence of the Renaissance. His brief rule saw many works of art destroyed in the "
2211:, who ruled the city from 1378 to 1402, was renowned both for his cruelty and for his abilities, and set about building an empire in Northern Italy. He launched a long series of wars, with Milan steadily conquering neighbouring states and defeating the various coalitions led by Florence that sought in vain to halt the advance. This culminated in the 1402
2012:
example, the demand for luxury goods led to an increase in trade, which led to greater numbers of tradesmen becoming wealthy, who, in turn, demanded more luxury goods. This atmosphere of assumed luxury of the time created a need for the creation of visual symbols of wealth, an important way to show a family's affluence and taste.
3554:(contrast between light and dark), in a single unifying style which expressed total compositional order, balance and harmony. In particular, the individual parts of the painting had a complex but balanced and well-knit relationship to the whole. The most famous painters from this phase are Leonardo da Vinci,
3377:
Major developments in mathematics include the spread of algebra throughout Europe, especially Italy. Luca
Pacioli published a book on mathematics at the end of the fifteenth century, in which he first published positive and negative signs. Basic mathematical symbols were introduced by Simon Stevin in
3156:
Many
Italian Renaissance humanists also praised and affirmed the beauty of the body in poetry and literature. In Baldassare Rasinus's panegyric for Francesco Sforza, Rasinus considered that beautiful people usually have virtue. In northern Italy, humanists had discussions about the connection between
2147:
argues that the economic collapse was a crucial cause of the
Renaissance. According to this view, in a more prosperous era, businessmen would have quickly reinvested their earnings in order to make more money in a climate favourable to investment. However, in the leaner years of the 14th century, the
2068:
that decimated the populations of the densely populated cities of
Northern Italy and returned at intervals thereafter. Florence, for instance, which had a pre-plague population of 45,000 decreased over the next 47 years by 25–50%. Widespread disorder followed, including a revolt of Florentine textile
1940:
In the eleventh century, the Church persecuted many groups including pagans, Jews, and lepers in order to eliminate irregularities in society and strengthen its power. In response to the laity's challenge to Church authority, bishops played an important role, as they gradually lost control of secular
3382:
in the 16th century. He published "Introduction to
Analytical Methods" in 1591, systematically sorting out algebra, and for the first time consciously using letters to represent unknown and known numbers. In his other book "On the Recognition and Correction of Equations", Viete improved the solution
3011:
In the early
Italian Renaissance, much of the focus was on translating and studying classic works from Latin and Greek. Renaissance authors were not content to rest on the laurels of ancient authors, however. Many authors attempted to integrate the methods and styles of the ancient Greeks into their
2695:
The nature of the
Renaissance also changed in the late 15th century. The Renaissance ideal was fully adopted by the ruling classes and the aristocracy. In the early Renaissance artists were seen as craftsmen with little prestige or recognition. By the later Renaissance, the top figures wielded great
2491:
elected and Cosimo returned. The Medici became the town's leading family, a position they would hold for the next three centuries. Florence organized the trade routes for commodities between
England and the Netherlands, France, and Italy. By the middle of the century, the city had become the banking
2015:
This change also gave the merchants almost complete control of the governments of the
Italian city-states, again enhancing trade. One of the most important effects of this political control was security. Those who grew extremely wealthy in a feudal state ran the constant risk of running afoul of the
3585:
High Renaissance painting evolved into Mannerism, especially in Florence. Mannerist artists, who consciously rebelled against the principles of High Renaissance, tend to represent elongated figures in illogical spaces. Modern scholarship has recognized the capacity of Mannerist art to convey strong
2218:
Baron's thesis suggests that during these long wars, the leading figures of Florence rallied the people by presenting the war as one between the free republic and a despotic monarchy, between the ideals of the Greek and Roman Republics and those of the Roman Empire and Medieval kingdoms. For Baron,
2011:
was poorer than the urban patriarchs in the High Medieval money economy whose inflationary rise left land-holding aristocrats impoverished. The increase in trade during the early Renaissance enhanced these characteristics. The decline of feudalism and the rise of cities influenced each other; for
4161:
Let us look for a moment at Europe just after the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, almost two hundred years after the date that we choose to mark the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. The religious war was over. The Reformation and the Counter-Reformation were things of the past.
2413:
in 1454, which saw relative calm brought to the region for the first time in centuries. This peace would hold for the next forty years, and Venice's unquestioned hegemony over the sea also led to unprecedented peace for much of the rest of the 15th century. At the beginning of the 15th century,
2397:
At sea, Italian city-states sent many fleets out to do battle. The main contenders were Pisa, Genoa, and Venice, but after a long conflict, the Genoese succeeded in reducing Pisa. Venice proved to be a more powerful adversary, and with the decline of Genoese power during the 15th century Venice
3774:
period, it included features which align with the early Renaissance in important ways: an increasing emphasis on secular sources, styles and forms; a spreading of culture away from ecclesiastical institutions to the nobility, and even to the common people; and quick development of entirely new
2708:
As a cultural movement, the Italian Renaissance affected only a small part of the population. Italy was the most urbanized region of Europe, but three-quarters of the people were still rural peasants. For this section of the population, life remained essentially unchanged from the Middle Ages.
3383:
of the third-degree and fourth-degree equations, and also established the relationship between the roots and coefficients of quadratic and cubic equations, which is called "Viete's formulas" now. Trigonometry also achieved greater development during the Renaissance. The German mathematician
2724:
The situation differed in the cities. These were dominated by a commercial elite; as exclusive as the aristocracy of any Medieval kingdom. This group became the main patrons of and audience for Renaissance culture. Below them, there was a large class of artisans and guild members who lived
3462:
are generally considered to be among the earliest examples of Italian Renaissance art. Masaccio incorporated the ideas of Giotto, Donatello and Brunelleschi into his paintings, creating mathematically precise scenes that give the impression of three-dimensional space. The
1936:
filled the subsequent vacuum. In the Middle Ages, the Church was considered to be conveying the will of God, and it regulated the standard of behaviour in life. A lack of literacy required most people to rely on the priest's explanation of the Bible and laws.
3799:, and a flood of talented composers came to Italy from this region. Many of them sang in either the papal choir in Rome or the choirs at the numerous chapels of the aristocracy, in Rome, Venice, Florence, Milan, Ferrara and elsewhere; and they brought their
3848:, whose style of smooth, emotionally cool polyphony was to become the defining sound of the late 16th century, at least for generations of 19th- and 20th-century musicologists. Other Italian composers of the late 16th century focused on composing the main
2842:
that would continue for several decades. These began with the 1494 invasion by France that wreaked widespread devastation on Northern Italy and ended the independence of many of the city-states. Most damaging was the 6 May 1527, Spanish and German troops'
4048:"Renaissance Historians of different kinds will often make some choice between a long Renaissance (say, 1300–1600), a short one (1453–1527), or somewhere in between (the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as is commonly adopted in music histories)."
3968:. Rather than see this as a distinct cutoff between eras of history, the rejuvenated approach to studying the Renaissance aims to look at this as a catalyst that accelerated trends in art and science that were already well developed. For example,
2114:
wiped out a third of Europe's population. The resulting labour shortage increased wages and the reduced population was therefore much wealthier, better fed, and, significantly, had more surplus money to spend on luxury goods. As incidences of the
2151:
Unlike Roman texts, which had been preserved and studied in Western Europe since late antiquity, the study of ancient Greek texts was very limited in medieval Italy. Ancient Greek works on science, maths and philosophy had been studied since the
3242:
was dawning. The works of Antiquity were translated from Greek and Latin into the contemporary modern languages throughout Europe, finding a receptive middle-class audience, which might be, like Shakespeare, "with little Latin and less Greek".
2736:
The Renaissance was not a period of great social or economic change, only of cultural and ideological development. It only touched a small fraction of the population, and in modern times this has led many historians, such as any that follow
2982:, an increasing number of works began to be published in the Italian language in addition to the flood of Latin and Greek texts that constituted the mainstream of the Italian Renaissance. The source for these works expanded beyond works of
2530:
rarely held official posts but were the unquestioned leaders. Cosimo was highly popular among the citizenry, mainly for bringing an era of stability and prosperity to the town. One of his most important accomplishments was negotiating the
3221:
was the hunting down of lost or forgotten manuscripts that were known only by reputation. These endeavours were greatly aided by the wealth of Italian patricians, merchant-princes and despots, who would spend substantial sums building
3340:
Italian universities such as Padua, Bologna and Pisa were scientific centres of renown and with many northern European students, the science of the Renaissance spread to Northern Europe and flourished there as well. Figures such as
2357:, prosperous city-states could field considerable forces, despite their low populations. In the course of the 15th century, the most powerful city-states annexed their smaller neighbours. Florence took Pisa in 1406, Venice captured
3884:. By the early 16th century keyboard improvisation came to be greatly valued, and numerous composers of virtuoso keyboard music appeared. Many familiar instruments were invented and perfected in late Renaissance Italy, such as the
3387:'s "On Triangles of All Kinds" was Europe's first trigonometric work independent of astronomy. The book systematically elaborated plane triangles and spherical triangles, as well as a very precise table of trigonometric functions.
3337:, many others went beyond these interests and had a positive influence on mathematics and science by rediscovering lost or obscure texts and by emphasizing the study of original languages and the correct reading of texts.
3258:
views of the universe. Humanism stressed that nature came to be viewed as an animate spiritual creation that was not governed by laws or mathematics. At the same time, philosophy lost much of its rigour as the rules of
3963:
as a turning point in Europe that set in motion several movements that were gaining massive traction in the years before, and has accounted for many subsequent events and trends in Western civilization, such as the
1915:
meant that the architectural principles of Antiquity could be observed once more, and Renaissance artists were encouraged, in the atmosphere of humanist optimism, to excel in the achievements of the Ancients, like
3955:
is most responsible. Modern scholars have objected to this prevailing narrative, citing the medieval period's own vibrancy and key continuities that link, rather than divide, the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
3747:
During the Italian Renaissance, mathematics was developed and spread widely. As a result, some Renaissance architects used mathematical knowledge like calculation in their drawings, such as Baldassarre Peruzzi.
2745:" instead. Roger Osborne argues that "The Renaissance is a difficult concept for historians because the history of Europe quite suddenly turns into a history of Italian painting, sculpture and architecture."
3488:
in the Renaissance, which had been emphasized by early 20th-century writers like Jacob Burckhardt based on, among other things, the presence of a relatively small number of mythological paintings. Those of
2832:, who is considered the greatest illuminator of the Italian High Renaissance, and arguably the last very notable artist in the long tradition of the illuminated manuscript, before some modern revivals.
2539:
ending the decades of war with Milan and bringing stability to much of Northern Italy. Cosimo was also an important patron of the arts, directly and indirectly, by the influential example he set.
2192:
to Italy. One of the greatest achievements of Italian Renaissance scholars was to bring this entire class of Greek cultural works back into Western Europe for the first time since late antiquity.
2802:
in 1494–1498 marks the end of the city's flourishing; for others, the triumphant return of the Medici family to power in 1512 marks the beginning of the late phase in the Renaissance arts called
2380:
The first part of the Renaissance saw almost constant warfare on land and sea as the city-states vied for preeminence. On land, these wars were primarily fought by armies of mercenaries known as
3939:
Any unified theory of a renaissance, or cultural overhaul, during the European early modern period, is overwhelmed by a massive volume of differing historiographical approaches. Historians like
2562:, was killed at Easter Sunday mass in the city's cathedral. The failed assassination led to a war with the Papacy and was used as justification to further centralize power in Lorenzo's hands.
3505:, are now among the best known, although he was deeply religious (becoming a follower of Savonarola) and the great majority of his output was of traditional religious paintings or portraits.
1944:
The Church also collected wealth from believers in the Middle Ages, such as through the sale of indulgences. It also did not pay taxes, making the Church's wealth even more than some kings.
3994:
Burckhardt famously described the Middle Ages as a period that was "seen clad in strange hues", promoting the idea that this era was inherently dark, confusing, and unprogressive. The term
3217:
classics and carried his copy of Homer about, at a loss to find someone to teach him to read Greek. An essential step in the classic humanist education being propounded by scholars like
2440:. In 1293 the Ordinances of Justice were enacted which effectively became the constitution of the Republic of Florence throughout the Italian Renaissance. The city's numerous luxurious
3250:, art, and literature all increased greatly in the Renaissance, the period is usually seen as one of scientific backwardness. The reverence for classical sources further enshrined the
1384:(1454–1494) agreed between Italian states. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the mid-16th century as domestic disputes and foreign invasions plunged the region into the turmoil of the
1952:
In the 13th century, much of Europe experienced strong economic growth. The trade routes of the Italian states linked with those of established Mediterranean ports and eventually the
2487:—then Europe's largest bank—and an array of other enterprises in Florence and elsewhere. In 1433, the Albizzi managed to have Cosimo exiled. The next year, however, saw a pro-Medici
2668:
In 1417 the Papacy returned to Rome, but that once-imperial city remained poor and largely in ruins through the first years of the Renaissance. The great transformation began under
2119:
began to decline in the early 15th century, Europe's devastated population once again began to grow. The new demand for products and services also helped create a growing class of
3943:(1818–1897) have often romanticized the enlightened vision that Italian Renaissance writers have promulgated concerning their own narrative of denouncing the fruitlessness of the
3983:(1860–1933), identify the hubris and nationalism of Italian politicians, thinkers, and writers as the cause of the distortion of the attitude towards the early modern period. In
2672:, who became pontiff in 1447. He launched a dramatic rebuilding effort that would eventually see much of the city renewed. The humanist scholar Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini became
2526:
in Florence, but the instruments of republican government were firmly under the control of the Medici and their allies, save during the intervals after 1494 and 1527. Cosimo and
1874:
generated substantial surpluses that allowed significant investment in mining and agriculture. By the 14th century, the city of Venice had become an emporium for lands as far as
5903:
1223:
567:
5936:
3480:
While mathematical precision and classical idealism fascinated painters in Rome and Florence, many Northern artists in the regions of Venice, Milan and Parma preferred highly
3991:, economic recession, and social inequality during the Renaissance have been intentionally glossed over by previous historians in order to promote the mysticism of the era.
3762:
In Italy, during the 14th century, there was an explosion of musical activity that corresponded in scope and level of innovation to the activity in the other arts. Although
3951:
as the definitive end to the "stagnant" Middle Ages, the Renaissance has acquired the powerful and enduring association with progress and prosperity for which Burckhardt's
3661:, the enlightenment and clarity of mind as opposed to the darkness and spirituality of the Middle Ages. The revival of classical antiquity can best be illustrated by the
2409:
On land, decades of fighting saw Florence, Milan, and Venice emerge as the dominant players, and these three powers finally set aside their differences and agreed to the
2398:
became pre-eminent on the seas. In response to threats from the landward side, from the early 15th century Venice developed an increased interest in controlling the
6230:
3538:
The period known as the High Renaissance of painting was the culmination of the varied means of expression and various advances in painting technique, such as
2877:
reached India, and from that date the primary route of goods from the Orient was through the Atlantic ports of Lisbon, Seville, Nantes, Bristol, and London.
1888:. Wool was imported from Northern Europe (and in the 16th century from Spain) and together with dyes from the east were used to make high-quality textiles.
1870:, land and river trade routes brought goods such as wool, wheat, and precious metals into the region. The extensive trade that stretched from Egypt to the
2866:
that infused the style of the Italian Renaissance in France. From Fontainebleau, the new styles, transformed by Mannerism, brought the Renaissance to the
1595:
that one could carry in one's pocket; it became the first to publish printed editions of books in Ancient Greek. Venice also became the birthplace of the
3728:(1506), which was the most notable architectural commission of the era, influenced by almost all notable Renaissance artists, including Michelangelo and
3657:
expresses a new sense of light, clarity and spaciousness, which is typical of the early Italian Renaissance. Its architecture reflects the philosophy of
4144:
1818:
In contrast, Northern and Central Italy had become far more prosperous, and it has been calculated that the region was among the richest in Europe. The
4463:
4474:, Jun 2005. The population level of Florence is controversial see also Ziegler (1969, pp. 51–52), Chandler 1987, pp. 16–18, and Gottfried 1983, p. 46
2212:
3108:
in particular and Boccaccio's work, in general, were a major source of inspiration and plots for many English authors in the Renaissance, including
3047:, a key figure in the renewed sense of scholarship, was also an accomplished poet, publishing several important works of poetry. He wrote poetry in
2700:
developed. While in the early Renaissance many of the leading artists were of lower- or middle-class origins, increasingly they became aristocrats.
2239:. Inculcated with this republican ideology they later went on to advocate republican ideas that were to have an enormous impact on the Renaissance.
1858:. Luxury goods bought in the Levant, such as spices, dyes, and silks were imported to Italy and then resold throughout Europe. Moreover, the inland
8197:
7222:
901:
2798:
The end of the Italian Renaissance is as imprecisely marked as its starting point. For many, the rise to power in Florence of the austere monk
1783:
were loosely administered, and vulnerable to external interference, particularly by France, and later Spain. The Papacy was affronted when the
8192:
7254:
925:
3972:, the artistic movement using death as the focal point, is often credited as a Renaissance trend, yet Lehfeldt argues that the emergence of
3542:, the realistic depiction of both physical and psychological features, and the manipulation of light and darkness, including tone contrast,
2854:
adopted many of its ideals and transformed its styles. A number of Italy's greatest artists chose to emigrate. The most notable example was
7885:
7237:
6147:
5897:
3891:
By the late 16th century, Italy was the musical centre of Europe. Almost all of the innovations which were to define the transition to the
2873:
This spread north was also representative of a larger trend. No longer was the Mediterranean Europe's most important trade route. In 1498,
1444:
worked in Italian universities. Historiographers have proposed various events and dates of the 17th century, such as the conclusion of the
913:
3484:
scenes of the natural world. The period also saw the first secular (non-religious) themes. There has been much debate as to the degree of
746:
6341:
2003:
aristocratic model that had dominated Europe in the Middle Ages. A feature of the High Middle Ages in Northern Italy was the rise of the
3856:; for almost a hundred years these secular songs for multiple singers were distributed all over Europe. Composers of madrigals included
2337:. High Medieval Northern Italy was further divided by the long-running battle for supremacy between the forces of the Papacy and of the
2223:. This time of crisis in Florence was the period when the most influential figures of the early Renaissance were coming of age, such as
7849:
6779:
3365:, a professor of anatomy. This allowed him to create more accurate skeleton models by making more than 200 corrections to the works of
1131:
1074:
5809:
Freedman, Paul, and Gabrielle M. Spiegel. "Medievalisms Old and New: The Rediscovery of Alterity in North American Medieval Studies."
2422:
and back, bringing fresh knowledge on the state of the world, presaging further European voyages of exploration in the years to come.
1190:
7983:
4104:
7890:
6067:
Marsilio Ficino, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione: Philosophical, Aesthetic, and Political Approaches in Renaissance Platonism.
7455:
6417:
6324:
1956:
of the Baltic and northern regions of Europe to create a network economy in Europe for the first time since the 4th century. The
2617:, one of the wealthiest cities due to its control of the Adriatic Sea, also became a centre for Renaissance culture, especially
6667:
6434:
6287:
2815:
1189:. Proponents of a "long Renaissance" argue that it started around the year 1300 and lasted until about 1600. In some fields, a
5756:
8133:
7296:
6385:
6025:
5925:
5398:
5322:
5295:
5263:
5154:
5017:
5001:
4884:
4413:
4331:
3702:
3272:
1369:
529:
406:
131:
3043:
The literature and poetry of the Renaissance were largely influenced by the developing science and philosophy. The humanist
2148:
wealthy found few promising investment opportunities for their earnings and instead chose to spend more on culture and art.
8222:
7930:
7205:
7013:
6255:
6240:
3621:
731:
4671:
Severing the Neck of Pride: Donatello's "Judith and Holofernes" and the Recollection of Albizzi Shame in Medicean Florence
1968:, outside powers kept their armies out of Italy. During this period, the modern commercial infrastructure developed, with
1891:
The Italian trade routes that covered the Mediterranean and beyond were also major conduits of culture and knowledge. The
7259:
7122:
6568:
4024:
3473:, for example, looks as if it is receding at a dramatic angle into the dark background, while single-source lighting and
2896:
The thirteenth-century Italian literary revolution helped set the stage for the Renaissance. Before the Renaissance, the
8207:
7978:
7563:
7190:
7023:
6784:
5850:
3646:
3317:. The collection of ancient scientific texts began in earnest at the start of the 15th century and continued up to the
2203:
between Florence and Milan. By the late 14th century, Milan had become a centralized monarchy under the control of the
2024:, and prohibitions on trading with non-Christians. In the city-states of Italy, these laws were repealed or rewritten.
1796:
1079:
785:
5843:
The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny
4953:
Cast, David. "Review: Fra Girolamo Savonarola: Florentine Art and Renaissance Historiography by Ronald M. Steinberg".
3431:, helped shape the artistic concepts that later defined much of the Renaissance art. The key ideas that he explored –
3149:
has come to refer to the cunning and ruthless actions advocated by the book. Along with many other Renaissance works,
2546:, who died after five years in charge of the city. In 1469 the reins of power passed to Cosimo's 21-year-old grandson
2353:. Renaissance politics developed from this background. Since the 13th century, as armies became primarily composed of
2341:: each city aligned itself with one faction or the other, yet was divided internally between the two warring parties,
1388:(1494–1559). However, the ideas and ideals of the Italian Renaissance spread into the rest of Europe, setting off the
8232:
8217:
7210:
7185:
7028:
6270:
6177:
6099:
6074:
6035:
5984:
5970:
5956:
5883:
5860:
5501:
5456:
4919:
4804:
4548:
4532:
4154:
4131:
The origin and development of capitalism in Italy are illustrated by the economic life of the great city of Florence.
4073:
3529:, was among the earliest sculptors to translate classical references into marble and bronze. His second sculpture of
3226:. Discovering the past had become fashionable and it was a passionate affair pervading the upper reaches of society.
3157:
physical beauty and inner virtues. In Renaissance Italy, virtue and beauty were often linked together to praise men.
2847:
that for two decades all but ended the role of the Papacy as the largest patron of Renaissance art and architecture.
2618:
2507:
in 1453, an influx of scholars to the city. Ancient Greece began to be studied with renewed interest, especially the
2189:
1999:
The new mercantile governing class, who gained their position through financial skill, adapted to their purposes the
1941:
authority, and to regain the power of discourse, they adopted extreme control methods, such as persecuting infidels.
1896:
1800:
789:
376:
7582:
6863:
6749:
6516:
6265:
6140:
6104:
3841:
3615:
3415:
2867:
2762:
2020:
in France. The northern states also kept many medieval laws that severely hampered commerce, such as those against
1929:
1696:
1349:
1044:
477:
5285:
3586:(often religious) emotion where the High Renaissance failed to do so. Some of the main artists of this period are
3040:
were now being read in the original for the first time since the 4th century, though Greek compositions were few.
2904:
in Italy. It was only in the 13th century that Italian authors began writing in their native language rather than
2215:
when it looked as though the city was doomed to fall, before Giangaleazzo suddenly died and his empire collapsed.
7706:
7618:
7465:
7460:
7291:
7159:
6627:
6235:
5020:, in Strauss, Leo; Cropsey, Joseph (eds.), History of Political Philosophy (3rd ed.), University of Chicago Press
3495:
3182:. ca. 1450. Detached fresco. 247 cm × 153 cm (97.24 in × 60.24 in). Galleria degli
2559:
2476:
2349:. Warfare between the states was common, and invasion from outside Italy was confined to intermittent sorties of
1380:. Italy became the recognized European leader in all these areas by the late 15th century, during the era of the
946:
123:
3100:, a collection of 100 stories told by ten storytellers who have fled to the outskirts of Florence to escape the
2455:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8242:
7654:
7242:
6719:
6591:
6351:
6016:
Jurdjevic, Mark. "Hedgehogs and Foxes: The Present and Future of Italian Renaissance Intellectual History", in
4732:
4698:
4611:
4460:
4262:
2891:
1903:
in the 15th century were important in sparking the new linguistic studies of the Renaissance, in newly created
1716:
1695:, as well as several private residences. The musical era of the Italian Renaissance featured composers such as
1404:(who sailed for Spain) and laid the foundation for European dominance of the Americas. Other explorers include
1357:
1124:
1014:
669:
5218:"Mathematics – Rome Reborn: The Vatican Library & Renaissance Culture | Exhibitions – Library of Congress"
8247:
7905:
7736:
7623:
7154:
7149:
6586:
6576:
6346:
6302:
6260:
3435:, the illusion of three-dimensional space and a realistic emotional context – inspired other artists such as
3400:
3195:
2729:
notes two major studies in this area that have found that the data do not clearly demonstrate an increase in
2543:
2262:
1353:
919:
861:
856:
840:
2953:
2741:, to reduce the importance of the Renaissance in human history. These historians tend to think in terms of "
2621:. Smaller courts brought Renaissance patronage to lesser cities, which developed their characteristic arts:
1907:
in Florence and Venice. Humanist scholars searched monastic libraries for ancient manuscripts and recovered
8187:
7664:
7603:
7588:
7440:
7301:
6754:
6402:
6378:
6292:
6282:
6115:
3396:
2508:
2448:, built by the ever prospering merchant class. In 1298, one of the leading banking families of Europe, the
2087:
1892:
1604:
1345:
1294:, which provided humanist scholars with new texts. Finally the Renaissance had a significant effect on the
1049:
982:
335:
4174:
4146:
Engineering and the Liberal Arts: A Technologist's Guide to History, Literature, Philosophy, Art and Music
1421:
8008:
7726:
7572:
7354:
7264:
7164:
7050:
7018:
6703:
6581:
6133:
3361:
that later flourished in Northern Europe. Bodies were also stolen from gallows and examined by many like
2820:
2512:
2048:
between England and France disrupted trade throughout northwest Europe, most notably when, in 1345, King
2032:
The 14th century saw a series of catastrophes that caused the European economy to go into recession. The
1095:
936:
17:
4561:
3443:
and Leonardo da Vinci. He was not the only Medieval artist to develop these ideas, however; the artists
3123:, and scholarship, a fourth influence on Renaissance literature was politics. The political philosopher
2859:
2570:
2452:, were bankrupted and so the city of Siena lost her status as the banking centre of Europe to Florence.
1227:
in 1550, but the concept became widespread only in the 19th century, after the work of scholars such as
8063:
7691:
7511:
7418:
7391:
7326:
7200:
6734:
6660:
6439:
6199:
5035:"The Classical Ideal of Male Beauty in Renaissance Italy: A Note on the Afterlife of Virgil's Euryalus"
4291:
4019:
3732:. The beginning of the late Renaissance in 1550 was marked by the development of a new column order by
3560:
2835:
Under the suppression of the Catholic Church and the ravages of war, humanism became "akin to heresy".
2176:; in the Middle Ages these sorts of texts were only studied by Byzantine scholars. Some argue that the
2131:
to provide relief would contribute to a decline of church influence. Additionally, the collapse of the
1210:
1201:
in Italian) means "rebirth", and defines the period as one of cultural revival and renewed interest in
1029:
988:
2503:
in an attempt to unify the Eastern and Western Churches. This brought books and, especially after the
8093:
7859:
7782:
7746:
6764:
6729:
6724:
3896:
3531:
3513:
2052:
repudiated his debts, contributing to the collapse of the two largest Florentine banks, those of the
1969:
1445:
1117:
1059:
1024:
1019:
547:
522:
314:
3238:. As the Greek works were acquired, manuscripts found, libraries and museums formed, the age of the
2838:
Equally important was the end of stability with a series of foreign invasions of Italy known as the
8227:
8108:
8098:
8078:
8048:
8003:
7701:
7543:
7475:
7445:
7425:
7306:
6982:
6947:
6744:
6220:
4029:
2609:
and rapidly transformed that still medieval city into a major centre of art and learning that drew
2195:
Another popular explanation for the Italian Renaissance is the thesis, first advanced by historian
1660:
1543:
1039:
774:
632:
361:
269:
3641:
In Florence, the Renaissance style was introduced with a revolutionary but incomplete monument by
1960:
expanded greatly during this period and grew in power to become de facto fully independent of the
8212:
7988:
7751:
7608:
7578:
7553:
7470:
7430:
7369:
7268:
7033:
7003:
6634:
6617:
6526:
6444:
5588:
4967:
3900:
3806:
3725:
3603:
3539:
3465:
2863:
2807:
2726:
2638:
1981:
1728:
1704:
1684:
1377:
1319:
932:
804:
721:
467:
80:
5493:
5448:
3645:. Some of the earliest buildings showing Renaissance characteristics are Filippo Brunelleschi's
3378:
the 16th and early 17th centuries. Symbolic algebra was established by the French mathematician
7686:
7674:
7450:
7435:
7127:
6769:
6542:
6397:
6373:
6336:
6245:
5622:
Alexander Raunch "Painting of the High Renaissance and Mannerism in Rome and Central Italy" in
4792:
4446:
Jensen 1992, p. 97; see also Andrew B. Appleby's "Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age."
3721:
3677:
3642:
3578:
3318:
3276:
2825:
2738:
2610:
2504:
2387:
2288:
2199:, that states that the primary impetus of the early Renaissance was the long-running series of
2144:
1900:
1566:
1538:
1452:
1429:
1405:
1373:
1365:
1331:
1064:
457:
411:
401:
386:
302:
257:
4543:
Baron, Hans. "The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance". Princeton University Press, 1966.
4077:
3976:
during medieval times was morphed into Danse Macabre after the Black Death swept over Europe.
3791:." From the early 15th century to the middle of the 16th century, the centre of innovation in
3582:
are the masterpieces of the period and among the most widely known works of art in the world.
3124:
2990:
and Ancient Greece. This is not to say that no religious works were published in this period:
2957:
2676:
in 1458. As the papacy fell under the control of wealthy families, such as the Medici and the
2040:
began. This climate change saw agricultural output decline significantly, leading to repeated
1548:
7993:
7920:
7900:
7814:
7763:
7521:
7501:
7311:
6905:
6873:
6759:
6739:
6653:
6612:
6521:
6466:
6390:
6297:
4747:
4724:
4718:
4690:
4684:
4603:
4597:
4231:
4064:(1667–1745), an even longer period. See Rosalie L. Colie quoted in Hageman, Elizabeth H., in
3980:
3358:
2811:
2776:
2547:
2527:
2496:
2270:
2208:
2128:
2106:
lived, and the first stirrings of Renaissance art were to be seen, notably in the realism of
2049:
2045:
1973:
1668:
1640:
1597:
1433:
1323:
1054:
1034:
956:
593:
452:
296:
265:
139:
94:
5312:
4053:
2713:
had never been prominent in Northern Italy, and most peasants worked on private farms or as
8237:
8202:
7844:
7659:
7548:
7526:
7180:
7078:
6962:
6830:
6622:
6481:
6471:
6461:
6407:
6314:
6164:
3999:
3895:
period originated in northern Italy in the last few decades of the century. In Venice, the
3658:
3572:
3501:
3326:
3218:
3207:
3166:
3135:
2935:
2851:
2758:
2654:
2488:
2480:
2460:
2403:
2236:
2033:
1724:
1664:
1644:
1500:
1401:
1389:
1206:
872:
663:
587:
515:
472:
416:
381:
341:
261:
115:
2913:
2258:
2007:
which had broken from the control by bishops and local counts. In much of the region, the
8:
8128:
8118:
8073:
7839:
7804:
7799:
7516:
7073:
6993:
6547:
6489:
6363:
6204:
5679:; Harry N. Abrams Incorporated, New York, 1985, p. 601; Wundrum p. 147; Marilyn Stokstad
5172:"Humanist Culture and Renaissance Mathematics: The Italian Libraries of the Quattrocento"
4115:
3904:
3776:
3729:
3470:
3404:
3379:
3334:
3120:
3113:
3084:
3080:
2844:
2799:
2742:
2646:
2597:. The Tuscan culture soon became the model for all the states of Northern Italy, and the
2500:
2350:
2302:
2293:
2177:
2132:
1993:
1957:
1788:
1688:
1575:
1525:
1437:
1327:
1255:
1251:
1202:
834:
799:
701:
462:
432:
310:
179:
4877:
History of early Renaissance Italy: From the mid-thirteenth to the mid-fifteenth century
4640:
2721:
in the later Renaissance as the urban elites turned themselves into landed aristocrats.
2415:
2160:(normally in translation), but Greek literary, oratorical and historical works (such as
8103:
8088:
8068:
7925:
7866:
7819:
7741:
7598:
7568:
7558:
7533:
7506:
7413:
7406:
7342:
7098:
7093:
6810:
6552:
6499:
6494:
6454:
6319:
6192:
5872:
5738:
5414:
5199:
5125:
5117:
5070:
5062:
4376:
3881:
3877:
3810:
3698:
over tall and imposing spires, doing away with the Gothic style of the predating ages.
3330:
3129:
3091:
3057:
3044:
2947:
2157:
1835:
1712:
1680:
1505:
1393:
1307:
795:
735:
442:
437:
238:
5781:
8053:
8043:
7915:
7829:
7794:
7721:
7711:
7489:
7359:
7273:
7103:
7083:
7057:
7045:
6840:
6835:
6820:
6815:
6800:
6509:
6504:
6449:
6368:
6358:
6331:
6309:
6225:
6085:
6070:
6031:
5980:
5966:
5952:
5921:
5879:
5856:
5742:
5497:
5452:
5394:
5361:
5318:
5291:
5259:
5191:
5150:
5129:
5109:
5074:
5054:
4997:
4915:
4890:
4880:
4800:
4728:
4694:
4607:
4569:
4544:
4528:
4409:
4368:
4327:
4150:
4069:
3869:
3757:
3490:
3481:
3357:
made contributions to scientific thought and experimentation, paving the way for the
3076:
2996:
2901:
2855:
2650:
2574:
2519:
2493:
2436:
Until the late 14th century, prior to the Medici, Florence's leading family were the
2391:
2338:
2204:
1965:
1961:
1839:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1652:
1612:
1608:
1361:
1263:
1259:
940:
750:
582:
498:
396:
391:
366:
273:
252:
119:
98:
55:
5542:
4759:
4395:
3694:
capitals on the uppermost floor. Soon, Renaissance architects favoured grand, large
3508:
2858:, who left for France in 1516, but teams of lesser artists invited to transform the
1561:, composed, in humanistic style, chiefly of parallel ancient and modern examples of
8123:
7945:
7895:
7876:
7871:
7824:
7731:
7669:
7649:
7637:
7593:
7396:
7376:
7364:
7227:
7108:
6825:
6688:
6680:
6607:
6182:
5892:
5814:
5728:
5489:
5444:
5386:
5351:
5251:
5183:
5101:
5046:
4401:
4360:
4319:
4209:
3940:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3814:
3709:
3691:
3670:
3662:
3595:
3444:
3362:
3231:
3109:
2939:
2897:
2824:
banned a wide array of Renaissance works of literature, which marks the end of the
2662:
2658:
2630:
2602:
2555:
2536:
2523:
2437:
2224:
2153:
2110:. Paradoxically, some of these disasters would help establish the Renaissance. The
2078:
2004:
1953:
1831:
1753:
1708:
1510:
1441:
1409:
1397:
1232:
1162:
1157:
1149:
556:
503:
493:
242:
232:
146:
71:
7195:
5518:
4397:
Money and the Church in Medieval Europe, 1000–1200: Practice, Morality and Thought
3931:, was to be the final statement of the polyphonic vocal music of the Renaissance.
3701:
In Mantua, Alberti ushered in the new antique style, though his culminating work,
3535:
was the first free-standing bronze nude created in Europe since the Roman Empire.
1537:
made extensive translations from both Latin and Greek. In the early 16th century,
8033:
8023:
8018:
8013:
7910:
7834:
7696:
7215:
7113:
6998:
6898:
6805:
6277:
6119:
5836:
The Fruit of Liberty: Political Culture in the Florentine Renaissance, 1480–1550.
5255:
5217:
5144:
4909:
4467:
3792:
3787:. Overall, the musical style of the period is sometimes labelled as the "Italian
3733:
3717:
3630:
3354:
2991:
2918:
2909:
2730:
2718:
2697:
2669:
2464:
2431:
2099:
2083:
2008:
1989:
1933:
1884:
1867:
1842:. The main trade routes from the east passed through the Byzantine Empire or the
1676:
1672:
1648:
1570:
1534:
1515:
1456:
1425:
1279:
976:
779:
371:
90:
5918:
The Science of Leonardo. Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance.
5797:
4286:
3903:, and associated instrumental music, moved north into Germany; in Florence, the
3626:
2017:
1282:
and in control of the trade routes with the east since its participation in the
8166:
8113:
8083:
8028:
7935:
7809:
7756:
7716:
7386:
7381:
7232:
7132:
7088:
7040:
6988:
6942:
6910:
6868:
6845:
5942:
5380:
5243:
4364:
4061:
3988:
3928:
3920:
3873:
3780:
3771:
3474:
3239:
2979:
2786:
2685:
2681:
2598:
2419:
2366:
2284:
2220:
2185:
2116:
2091:
2061:
2037:
1866:
Valley. From France, Germany, and the Low Countries, through the medium of the
1827:
1784:
1772:
1720:
1592:
1584:
1520:
1311:
1291:
1228:
1214:
1178:
907:
711:
691:
626:
5390:
3803:
style with them, influencing many native Italian composers during their stay.
3451:
both influenced Giotto's use of statuesque figures and expressive storylines.
3329:
often favoured human-centred subjects like politics and history over study of
3325:
democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. Although
2297:
at Rimini is one of the first entirely classical buildings of the Renaissance.
1565:. Historians of the period include Machiavelli himself, his friend and critic
37:
8181:
8038:
7679:
7249:
6937:
6915:
6774:
6027:
Leonardo da Vinci: Anatomical Drawings from the Royal Library, Windsor Castle
5365:
5195:
5113:
5058:
4894:
4573:
4372:
4007:
3969:
3892:
3865:
3849:
3796:
3384:
3346:
3306:
2971:
2927:
2874:
2829:
2771:
2680:, the spirit of Renaissance art and philosophy came to dominate the Vatican.
2601:
came to predominate throughout the region, especially in literature. In 1447
2532:
2410:
2301:
Northern Italy and upper Central Italy were divided into a number of warring
1871:
1736:
1461:
1381:
1243:
1069:
620:
599:
224:
6082:
The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento.
5250:, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, New York: Springer, pp. 125–131,
3840:. By far the most famous composer of church music in 16th-century Italy was
2585:
Renaissance ideals first spread from Florence to the neighbouring states of
8156:
7963:
7768:
7538:
7142:
7008:
6957:
6932:
6069:
Renaissance and Baroque Studies and Texts 21, Peter Lang Publishing, 1998,
4760:"Pazzi conspiracy | Renaissance, Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici | Britannica"
4313:
3845:
3833:
3829:
3763:
3686:
3650:
3599:
3440:
3420:
3101:
3001:
2987:
2931:
2839:
2714:
2689:
2673:
2253:
2200:
2173:
2136:
2053:
1780:
1768:
1700:
1636:
1616:
1580:
1385:
1295:
1170:
1166:
1107:
828:
657:
613:
282:
151:
4405:
4323:
2394:. Peace with France ended when Charles VIII invaded Italy to take Naples.
8058:
7998:
7968:
7321:
6952:
6250:
6172:
6156:
5717:"On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy"
5340:"On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy"
5050:
3965:
3960:
3948:
3944:
3737:
3681:
3674:
3550:
3525:
In sculpture, the Florentine artist Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, or
3314:
3302:
3282:
2684:
continued Nicholas' work, most famously ordering the construction of the
2484:
2449:
2382:
2354:
2275:
2165:
2111:
2065:
2064:
began to expand throughout the region. Most devastating, though, was the
1588:
1490:
1486:
1182:
1174:
969:
882:
637:
327:
306:
209:
200:
104:
65:
5933:
On Architectural Practice and Arithmetic Abilities in Renaissance Italy.
5121:
5066:
5034:
4380:
4348:
1455:
usually begin with the three great Italian writers of the 14th century:
7316:
6925:
5203:
5171:
4461:"Duration of Urban Mortality for the 14th-Century Black Death Epidemic"
3973:
3485:
3432:
3342:
3247:
3171:
3141:
3067:
3062:
2962:
2810:" in the centre of Florence. With the Medici returned to power, now as
2445:
2346:
2196:
2169:
1859:
1843:
1557:
1471:
1413:
1315:
1287:
1267:
962:
228:
216:
204:
109:
5852:
Painters of Reality: The Legacy of Leonardo and Caravaggio in Lombardy
5089:
3083:
established the sonnet form in that country, where it was employed by
3075:
dedicated to his unrequited love Laura. He was the foremost writer of
1290:
between 1271 and 1295. Thus Italy renewed contact with the remains of
6187:
5999:
5105:
3916:
3800:
3566:
3526:
3518:
3350:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3251:
3223:
3096:
3052:
3029:
2803:
2754:
2710:
2692:
were forged into a centralized power by a series of "warrior popes".
2441:
2228:
2181:
2044:, exacerbated by the rapid population growth of the earlier era. The
2016:
monarchy and having their lands confiscated, as famously occurred to
1992:. Florence became the centre of this financial industry and the gold
1985:
1912:
1747:
1624:
1530:
1481:
1476:
1417:
1186:
649:
643:
295:
Italian universities play a significant role in the beginning of the
286:
135:
50:
5818:
5242:
Anglin, W. S.; Lambek, J. (1995), Anglin, W. S.; Lambek, J. (eds.),
5187:
1262:, rose to economic and political prominence by providing credit for
7973:
7958:
7953:
7854:
6888:
6883:
5624:
The Italian Renaissance: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting, Drawing
4057:
4003:
3979:
Recent historians who take a more revisionist perspective, such as
3788:
3767:
3666:
3591:
3587:
3459:
3436:
3322:
3203:
3187:
3175:
3145:, which has become so well known in modern societies that the word
3005:
2983:
2967:
2578:
2232:
2103:
1863:
1819:
1732:
1632:
1495:
1466:
1303:
1283:
1247:
845:
277:
248:
189:
169:
165:
61:
5733:
5716:
5356:
5339:
2950:
had been taking place decades before the Renaissance truly began.
2127:. The horrors of the Black Death and the seeming inability of the
1562:
6920:
6645:
3784:
3555:
3544:
3448:
3409:
3310:
3298:
3255:
3094:, became a major author in his own right. His major work was the
3021:
2782:
2622:
2586:
2472:
2322:
2124:
2120:
2057:
1977:
1917:
1908:
1904:
1787:
was created in southern France as a consequence of pressure from
1620:
1344:
The Italian Renaissance has a reputation for its achievements in
1271:
1239:
1173:. The period is known for the initial development of the broader
346:
290:
220:
5683:, Third Edition, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey, 2008. p.659
3915:, which itself first appeared around 1600; and the avant-garde,
3880:
at the end of the era. Italy was also a centre of innovation in
1396:
served under the auspices of European monarchs, ushering in the
1193:, beginning around 1250, is typically accepted. The French word
7613:
6109:
4483:
Lopez, Robert Sabatino. "Hard Times and Investment in Culture."
3924:
3908:
3885:
3741:
3455:
3428:
3263:
and deduction were seen as secondary to intuition and emotion.
3183:
3072:
3025:
3017:
3013:
2943:
2677:
2642:
2634:
2626:
2614:
2362:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2280:
2266:
2140:
2107:
2071:
2041:
2000:
1875:
1855:
1823:
1792:
1764:
1692:
1656:
1628:
1275:
1224:
Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
241:
serve under the auspices of European monarchs, ushering in the
75:
6125:
4068:, p. 190, 1996, ed. Helen Wilcox, Cambridge University Press,
2767:
2696:
influence and could charge great fees. A flourishing trade in
2098:
It was during this period of instability that authors such as
6893:
6676:
3912:
3837:
3477:
appear to push the figure of Christ into the viewer's space.
3427:
In painting, the Late Medieval painter Giotto di Bondone, or
3366:
3260:
3214:
3191:
3153:
remains a relevant and influential work of literature today.
3048:
3037:
3033:
3004:
remained a major influence for artists and authors, with the
2905:
2606:
2594:
2590:
2551:
2492:
capital of Europe and thereby obtained vast riches. In 1439,
2374:
2370:
2358:
2342:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2279:, following the tradition of his family. He was hired by the
2161:
2021:
1879:
1847:
1611:
and sculpture for centuries afterwards, with artists such as
127:
6053:
Languages and Cross-Cultural Exchanges in Renaissance Italy.
4673:. Artibus et Historiae, Volume 22, Edit 44, 2001. pp. 23–29.
2814:, the counter-movement in the church continued. In 1542 the
2060:. In the east, war was also disrupting trade routes, as the
7401:
6878:
4210:"Quarta crociata: conquista e saccheggio di Costantinopoli"
4197:
Storia istituzionale e politica della Sicilia. Un compendio
3713:
3695:
2688:. The popes also became increasingly secular rulers as the
2649:, who conquered Naples in 1443 and encouraged artists like
2310:
1851:
1776:
1299:
87:, the most renowned work of architecture of the Renaissance
84:
5549:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art (October 2006).
4501:
Europe in the second millenium: a hegemony achieved? p. 58
3888:, the earliest forms of which came into use in the 1550s.
3558:, and Michelangelo and their images, including Leonardo's
2554:
family in an attempt to assassinate Lorenzo. Although the
1485:). Famous vernacular poets of the Renaissance include the
5637:
History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
5563:
History of Italian Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
3740:
columns that were two or more stories tall decorated the
3705:, was not begun until 1472, after the architect's death.
2748:
5472:
Painting in the Age of Giotto: A Historical Reevaluation
5090:"The Renaissance of Marriage in Fifteenth-Century Italy"
4199:. Amazon. Palermo. 2019. pp. 177–190, ISBN 9781091175242
2916:. The 1250s saw a major change in Italian poetry as the
2645:, the Renaissance was ushered in under the patronage of
2219:
the most important figure in crafting this ideology was
5813:
103, no. 3 (1998): 677–704. Accessed October 19, 2020.
5557:
5555:
5088:
Strocchia, Sharon T.; D'Elia, Anthony F. (2006-07-01).
3061:, but is today remembered for his works in the Italian
1541:
laid out his vision of the ideal gentleman and lady in
1392:
from the late 15th century. Italian explorers from the
27:
Italian cultural movement from the 14th to 17th century
5911:
The Italian Renaissance: Culture and Society in Italy.
4562:"11.07.23, Tognetti, ed., Firenze e Pisa Dopo Il 1406"
1266:
and by laying down the groundwork for developments in
5703:
Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance and Mannerist Art
3008:
coming into their own as a second primary influence.
6048:
Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1970.
6004:
The Italian Renaissance in Its Historical Background
5992:
Hagopian, Viola L. "Italy", in Stanley Sadie (ed.).
5552:
7160:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
5782:
https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clhist_bks/3
5677:
A History of Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture
5087:
2172:) were not studied in either the Latin or medieval
5871:
5337:
4263:"How the Church Dominated Life in the Middle Ages"
4050:The Cambridge History of Seventeenth-Century Music
3206:is as the founder of a new method of scholarship,
2978:With the printing of books initiated in Venice by
1748:Northern and Central Italy in the Late Middle Ages
1663:had a similar Europe-wide impact, as practised by
5626:, Konemann, Cologne, 1995. p. 308; Wundrum p. 147
4162:Truly we can say that the Renaissance had ended.
1996:became the main currency of international trade.
1795:had for some time been under foreign domination,
8179:
5994:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
4942:Civilization: A New History of the Western World
4911:Civilization: A New History of the Western World
4394:Gasper, Giles E. M.; Gullbekk, Svein H. (2016).
4090:The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries
3712:, as we call the style today, was introduced to
2287:(unsuccessfully) in 1465, and was the patron of
1862:profited from the rich agricultural land of the
1803:. Sicily had prospered for 150 years during the
1448:in 1648, as marking the end of the Renaissance.
5609:Manfred Wundrum "Renaissance and Mannerism" in
5039:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
3548:(softening the transition between colours) and
3079:, and translations of his work into English by
6006:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
5935:Architectural Histories, vol. 3, no. 1, 2015 (
5845:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966.
5757:"The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy"
4393:
4347:Cossar, Roisin (2002). Miller, Maureen (ed.).
3012:own works. Among the most emulated Romans are
2850:While the Italian Renaissance was fading, the
2247:
2027:
285:lead to significant changes in the history of
6661:
6141:
6105:Victoria and Albert Museum: Renaissance House
5798:http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.02003.0001.001
5796:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1955.
5310:
2934:) came into its own, pioneered by poets like
2518:Florence remained a republic until 1532 (see
1607:exercised a dominant influence on subsequent
1125:
523:
6030:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
6023:
5913:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999.
5898:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
5878:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5855:. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
5574:Rollyson, Carl Rollyson. 2018. "Donatello".
5241:
4957:, Volume 61, No. 1, March 1979. pp. 134–136.
4353:Method & Theory in the Study of Religion
4105:"Modern Capitalism Its Origin and Evolution"
3953:The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy
2511:school of thought, which was the subject of
2425:
1911:and other Latin authors. The rediscovery of
1815:, but had declined by the Late Middle Ages.
4504:
3000:reflects a distinctly medieval world view.
2369:annexed a number of nearby areas including
276:have a profound impact on the evolution of
6668:
6654:
6148:
6134:
6051:Petrocchi, Alessandra & Joshua Brown.
6046:The Three Ages of the Italian Renaissance.
5776:Lehfeldt, Elizabeth A. "The Black Death",
5714:
5378:
5304:
4712:
4710:
4495:
4486:
4349:"Christianity and Power in Medieval Italy"
4066:Women and Literature in Britain, 1500–1700
4052:(2005), p. 4, Cambridge University Press,
3770:(music of the 14th century) with the late
3724:(1502) and his original centrally planned
2188:, whose conquests led to the migration of
1416:(for England). Italian scientists such as
1132:
1118:
530:
516:
36:
6024:Keele, Kenneth D.; Roberts, Jane (1983).
5869:
5848:
5732:
5589:"Il David di Donatello – Lettura d'opera"
5494:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t054828
5449:10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t032431
5355:
5338:Ceriani Sebregondi, Giulia (2015-06-09).
4525:History of Libraries in the Western World
3775:techniques. The principal forms were the
3390:
3266:
1742:
1719:, thinkers such as Galileo, Machiavelli,
1529:). 15th-century writers such as the poet
1326:between competing colonial powers and in
6100:The High Renaissance in Florence – video
5996:London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.
5516:
5488:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press.
5439:Gilbert, Creighton E. (2003), "Giotto",
5419:National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C
4795:Michelangelo: Mysteries of Medici Chapel
3959:Elizabeth Lehfeldt (2005) points to the
3805:
3625:
3507:
3408:
3170:
2952:
2885:
2766:
2569:
2522:), traditionally marking the end of the
2454:
2257:
2077:
1901:Ottoman conquest of the Byzantine Empire
8198:17th-century disestablishments in Italy
5561:Frederick Hartt, and David G. Wilkins,
5438:
4907:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4716:
4707:
4682:
4595:
4559:
4142:
2870:and thence throughout Northern Europe.
2542:Cosimo was succeeded by his sickly son
1923:
1807:and later for two centuries during the
14:
8180:
5794:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
5635:Frederick Hartt and David G. Wilkins,
5032:
4874:
4517:
4346:
4311:
3985:The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century
2986:and towards the pre-Christian eras of
2816:Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition
2749:The waning of the Renaissance in Italy
1899:who migrated during and following the
1775:were generally poorer than the North.
1274:. Renaissance culture later spread to
6649:
6129:
5576:Salem Press Biographical Encyclopedia
5543:Northern Italian Renaissance Painting
5028:
5026:
4527:, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999,
4459:Olea, Ricardo A, Christakos, George,
4448:Journal of Interdisciplinary History.
3637:in San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, 1502
3273:History of science in the Renaissance
3213:Petrarch encouraged the study of the
2818:was formed and a few years later the
1947:
1779:was a city of ancient ruins, and the
1555:('the effectual truth of things') in
1400:. The most famous voyage was that of
1156:
93:, Tuscan scientist and father of the
8193:14th-century establishments in Italy
7206:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
5483:
5287:The Scientific Renaissance 1450–1630
5283:
5169:
5146:The Scientific Renaissance 1450–1630
5142:
4994:The Story of the Italian Renaissance
4809:
4630:, Chapter 7, p. 37, Volume II, 2005.
4492:The Connoisseur – Volume 219, p. 128
3864:, in the middle of the century, and
3622:History of Italian Renaissance domes
2717:. Some scholars see a trend towards
2036:was ending as the transition to the
1318:, who frequently became involved in
1213:. The Italian Renaissance historian
6060:History of Early Renaissance Italy.
5715:Sebregondi, Giulia Ceriani (2015).
5331:
4991:
4175:"Filippo IV il Bello re di Francia"
4025:Italian Renaissance interior design
3927:and elsewhere through the music of
3844:, the most prominent member of the
3722:Tempietto at San Pietro in Montorio
3469:fresco in the Florentine church of
2703:
2143:to rise to prominence in Florence.
1181:and marked the transition from the
24:
6675:
6084:Cambridge University Press, 2015 (
5484:Wohl, Hellmut (2003). "Masaccio".
5023:
1551:rejected the ideal with an eye on
25:
8274:
6178:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
6111:The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli
6093:
5963:The Flowering of the Renaissance.
5874:Art and love in Renaissance Italy
5666:Wundrum p. 147; Hartt and Wilkins
5657:Wundrum p. 148; Hartt and Wilkins
5547:Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History
4312:Miller, Maureen C. (2002-01-01).
3934:
3766:typically group the music of the
2619:Venetian Renaissance architecture
2558:failed, Lorenzo's young brother,
2139:banks would open the way for the
1583:, founded in 1494 by the printer
8162:
8161:
8150:
5244:"Mathematics in the Renaissance"
4793:Peter Barenboim, Sergey Shiyan,
4560:Beattie, Blake R. (2011-07-01).
3616:Italian Renaissance architecture
2763:Renaissance in the Low Countries
2418:(1395–1469) travelled as far as
2414:adventurers and traders such as
1930:fall of the Western Roman Empire
1697:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
1205:after the centuries during what
1101:
566:
334:
7891:Orders, decorations, and medals
6155:
5838:Harvard University Press, 2013.
5803:
5786:
5770:
5749:
5708:
5695:
5686:
5669:
5660:
5651:
5642:
5629:
5616:
5603:
5591:(in Italian). 11 September 2014
5581:
5568:
5535:
5510:
5477:
5464:
5432:
5407:
5372:
5277:
5235:
5210:
5163:
5136:
5081:
5010:
4985:
4960:
4947:
4934:
4901:
4868:
4859:
4850:
4841:
4832:
4823:
4786:
4777:
4752:
4741:
4676:
4663:
4654:
4633:
4620:
4589:
4580:
4553:
4537:
4477:
4453:
4440:
4431:
4422:
4387:
4340:
4305:
4279:
4255:
4114:. Batoche Books. Archived from
4102:
3860:, at the beginning of the age,
3609:
1893:recovery of lost Greek classics
1553:la verità effettuale della cosa
247:Rediscovery and restoration of
5811:The American Historical Review
5517:Zucker, Steven; Harris, Beth.
4246:
4224:
4202:
4189:
4167:
4136:
4095:
4082:
4042:
3998:ages was first referred to by
3372:
3321:in 1453, and the invention of
2892:Italian Renaissance literature
2475:were the Medicis, first under
2242:
1767:, the former heartland of the
1587:, active in Venice, developed
1533:and the Platonist philosopher
1286:and following the journeys of
670:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
13:
1:
6020:195 (2007), pp. 241–268.
5827:
5094:The Sixteenth Century Journal
4914:. Random House. p. 183.
3911:, the important precursor to
3818:
3401:Italian Renaissance sculpture
3285:, great advances occurred in
3196:Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla
3180:Cycle of Famous Men and Women
3160:
2156:in Western Europe and in the
1932:in the fifth century AD, the
1834:as a commercial rival to the
1830:had done much to destroy the
1822:had built trade links to the
1757:
1335:
780:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
212:spreads to the rest of Europe
122:explorer and colonizer whose
6379:Platonism in the Renaissance
6283:Early Netherlandish painting
5931:Ceriani Sebregondi, Giulia.
5382:Encyclopaedia of Mathematics
5379:Hazewinkel, M., ed. (1989).
5256:10.1007/978-1-4612-0803-7_25
5170:Rose, Paul Lawrence (1973).
4723:. Stonehenge Press. p.
4689:. Stonehenge Press. p.
4602:. Stonehenge Press. p.
4318:. Cornell University Press.
3669:follow the superposition of
3397:Italian Renaissance painting
2970:. Detail from a portrait by
2505:fall of the Byzantine Empire
2483:. The Medici controlled the
2471:The main challengers of the
2444:were becoming surrounded by
841:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
231:: beginning of the European
7:
8223:Italian Renaissance gardens
7931:Water supply and sanitation
7355:Italian geographical region
7223:Monarchy and the World Wars
7165:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
7051:War of the Sicilian Vespers
6704:Timeline of Italian history
5949:The Florentine Renaissance.
5611:Masterpieces of Western Art
5443:, Oxford University Press,
4212:(in Italian). 13 April 2019
4143:Florman, Samuel C. (2015).
4013:
3832:during the period were the
3087:and countless other poets.
2960:(1469–1527), the author of
2821:Index Librorum Prohibitorum
2515:established by the Medici.
2248:International relationships
2028:Fourteenth-century collapse
1846:and onward to the ports of
1735:, thus rejecting dogma and
1246:and centred in the city of
1177:culture that spread across
237:Explorers from the Italian
10:
8279:
7850:Inventions and discoveries
7260:Fall of the Fascist regime
7243:Fourth War of Independence
7201:Expedition of the Thousand
7191:Second War of Independence
6288:Dutch and Flemish painting
6231:Central and Eastern Europe
6200:Outline of the Renaissance
5578:. Accessed 8 January 2019.
5176:Studies in the Renaissance
4365:10.1163/157006802320909783
4292:World History Encyclopedia
4020:Italian Renaissance garden
3755:
3619:
3613:
3394:
3270:
3164:
2889:
2880:
2752:
2657:and writers like the poet
2479:, and later under his son
2429:
2305:, the most powerful being
2273:. Malatesta was a capable
2251:
1897:refugee Byzantine scholars
1679:. Their works include the
8208:Cultural history of Italy
8146:
7944:
7790:
7781:
7645:
7636:
7624:Security and intelligence
7497:
7488:
7350:
7341:
7284:
7211:Third War of Independence
7186:First War of Independence
7173:
7066:
6975:
6856:
6793:
6712:
6696:
6687:
6600:
6567:
6535:
6480:
6425:
6416:
6213:
6163:
5391:10.1007/978-94-009-5997-2
5317:. Capstone. pp. 9–.
5284:Hall, Marie Boas (1994).
5143:Hall, Marie Boas (1994).
4875:Pullan, Brian S. (1973).
4717:Bernier, Olivier (1983).
4683:Bernier, Olivier (1983).
4596:Bernier, Olivier (1983).
4510:Encyclopædia Britannica,
4400:(0 ed.). Routledge.
3828:The predominant forms of
3127:'s most famous works are
3119:Aside from Christianity,
2661:and the humanist scholar
2565:
2426:Florence under the Medici
2123:, merchants, and skilled
2088:Cristofano dell'Altissimo
1970:double-entry book-keeping
1791:of France. In the south,
1446:European wars of religion
1436:, and foreigners such as
1238:The Renaissance began in
684:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
315:European wars of religion
195:
185:
175:
161:
138:, Posthumous portrait by
35:
8233:Renaissance architecture
8218:Landscape design history
7302:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
7297:Institutional referendum
6055:Turnhout: Brepols, 2023.
6044:Lopez, Robert Sabatino.
5778:History Department Books
5519:"Masaccio, Holy Trinity"
4035:
4030:Renaissance illumination
3751:
2860:Château de Fontainebleau
2164:, the Greek dramatists,
1661:Renaissance architecture
1544:The Book of the Courtier
1432:played key roles in the
775:Italy in the Middle Ages
633:Roman expansion in Italy
7825:Emigration and diaspora
7034:Guelphs and Ghibellines
7019:the Sardinian Judicates
5916:Capra, Fritjof (2008).
5870:Bayer, A., ed. (2008).
5834:Baker, Nicholas Scott.
5721:Architectural Histories
5470:Hayden B. J. Maginnis,
5344:Architectural Histories
5290:. Courier Corporation.
5149:. Courier Corporation.
4908:Osborne, Roger (2008).
4720:The Renaissance Princes
4686:The Renaissance Princes
4628:The Italian Renaissance
4599:The Renaissance Princes
4232:"Genova, Repubblica di"
3369:who dissected animals.
3071:, a collection of love
2864:School of Fontainebleau
2808:Bonfire of the Vanities
2639:Federico da Montefeltro
1982:foreign exchange market
1980:system, a systematized
1605:Italian Renaissance art
1158:[rinaʃʃiˈmento]
983:European migrant crisis
933:Italian Social Republic
848:Italy (1801–1814)
805:Guelphs and Ghibellines
7707:Science and technology
7655:Italian regions by GDP
7456:Marine protected areas
7128:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
5613:, Tashen, 2007. p. 147
5311:Nicola Barber (2012).
5248:The Heritage of Thales
4879:. London: Allen Lane.
3825:
3643:Leone Battista Alberti
3638:
3579:Sistine Chapel Ceiling
3522:
3424:
3391:Painting and sculpture
3319:Fall of Constantinople
3277:Renaissance technology
3267:Science and technology
3236:I go to awake the dead
3199:
2975:
2826:illuminated manuscript
2812:Grand Dukes of Tuscany
2795:
2739:historical materialism
2611:Leone Battista Alberti
2582:
2468:
2298:
2289:Leone Battista Alberti
2145:Roberto Sabatino Lopez
2095:
1743:Origins and background
1567:Francesco Guicciardini
1539:Baldassare Castiglione
1453:Renaissance literature
1406:Giovanni da Verrazzano
1332:Protestant Reformation
1153:
666:(286 AD–476 AD)
596:(12th–6th c. BC)
590:(18th–3rd c. BC)
258:Renaissance literature
8263:16th century in Italy
8258:15th century in Italy
8253:14th century in Italy
8243:Architectural history
7906:Public administration
7014:the Holy Roman Empire
6613:Medieval renaissances
6391:Scientific Revolution
5033:Hudson, Hugh (2013).
5018:"Niccolo Machiavelli"
4992:Art, Suzanne (2014).
4968:"Italian Renaissance"
4797:, SLOVO, Moscow, 2006
4641:"History of Florence"
4406:10.4324/9781315595993
4324:10.7591/9781501728204
4287:"The Medieval Church"
3809:
3680:on the ground floor,
3647:church of San Lorenzo
3629:
3511:
3458:of Florentine artist
3412:
3359:scientific revolution
3174:
3104:over ten nights. The
3090:Petrarch's disciple,
2956:
2886:Literature and poetry
2777:Adoration of the Magi
2770:
2753:Further information:
2573:
2497:John VIII Palaiologos
2458:
2283:to fight against the
2271:Piero della Francesca
2265:(1417–1468), lord of
2261:
2209:Giangaleazzo Visconti
2081:
2050:Edward III of England
1974:joint stock companies
1920:, of whom they read.
1711:through figures like
1669:Leon Battista Alberti
1641:Piero della Francesca
1434:Scientific Revolution
1302:, largely rebuilt by
1292:ancient Greek culture
1254:, one of the several
1207:Renaissance humanists
926:Italy in World War II
629:(509 BC–27 BC)
623:(753 BC–509 BC)
602:(8th–3rd c. BC)
594:Etruscan civilization
297:Scientific Revolution
140:Sebastiano del Piombo
132:European colonization
8248:Environmental design
8134:World Heritage Sites
7589:Council of Ministers
7327:Coronavirus pandemic
6725:Currency and coinage
6482:Northern Renaissance
6065:Raffini, Christine.
5792:Haskins, Charles H.
5314:Renaissance Medicine
5051:10.1086/JWCI24395521
4856:Jensen 1992, p. 104.
4838:Jensen 1992, p. 105.
4112:University of Rennes
3923:, which migrated to
3726:St. Peter's Basilica
3659:Renaissance humanism
3602:and Raphael's pupil
3573:The School of Athens
3219:Pico della Mirandola
3208:Renaissance humanism
3167:Renaissance humanism
3136:Florentine Histories
3028:. Among the Greeks,
2852:Northern Renaissance
2759:Northern Renaissance
2655:Antonello da Messina
2404:Venetian Renaissance
2184:was linked with the
2034:Medieval Warm Period
1958:city-states of Italy
1924:Religious background
1895:brought to Italy by
1813:Hohenstaufen Kingdom
1789:King Philip the Fair
1725:Pico della Mirandola
1685:St. Peter's Basilica
1645:Domenico Ghirlandaio
1501:Matteo Maria Boiardo
1402:Christopher Columbus
1390:Northern Renaissance
1324:arbitrating disputes
1280:Mediterranean empire
1020:Currency and coinage
959:(1970s–1980s)
914:Italy in World War I
825:(14th–16th c.)
660:(27 BC–286 AD)
588:Nuragic civilization
342:The School of Athens
199:Transition from the
116:Christopher Columbus
81:St. Peter's Basilica
64:, birthplace of the
8188:Italian Renaissance
7665:Automotive industry
7604:Metropolitan cities
7150:Early Modern period
7123:Kingdom of Sardinia
7074:Italian city-states
6435:Bergamo and Brescia
6427:Italian Renaissance
6205:Renaissance studies
6062:London: Lane, 1973.
6011:Renaissance Europe.
4865:Burke 1999, p. 255.
4847:Burke 1999, p. 246.
4829:Burke 1999, p. 256.
4820:Burke 1999, p. 271.
4643:. Aboutflorence.com
4586:Jensen 1992, p. 64.
4566:The Medieval Review
4315:The Bishop's Palace
3947:. By promoting the
3905:Florentine Camerata
3899:productions of the
3730:Giacomo della Porta
3576:and Michelangelo's
3471:Santa Maria Novella
3405:Florentine painting
3335:applied mathematics
3125:Niccolò Machiavelli
3121:classical antiquity
3114:William Shakespeare
3085:William Shakespeare
2958:Niccolò Machiavelli
2946:, major changes in
2926:, which emphasized
2800:Girolamo Savonarola
2743:Early Modern Europe
2501:council in Florence
2477:Giovanni de' Medici
2351:Holy Roman Emperors
2294:Tempio Malatestiano
2178:Timurid Renaissance
2094:Florence, 1552–1568
1976:, an international
1689:Tempio Malatestiano
1576:The Reason of State
1549:Niccolò Machiavelli
1526:Jerusalem Delivered
1252:Florentine Republic
1221:("rebirth") in his
1203:classical antiquity
1146:Italian Renaissance
823:Italian Renaissance
800:Italian city-states
311:Counter-Reformation
253:Greco-Roman culture
180:Italian city-states
95:experimental method
32:
31:Italian Renaissance
7727:Telecommunications
7094:Maritime republics
6553:Spanish Golden Age
6193:Northern Mannerism
6118:2017-05-01 at the
6018:Past & Present
6009:Jensen, De Lamar.
5849:Bayer, A. (2004).
4783:Jensen 1992, p. 80
4764:www.britannica.com
4748:Lorenzo de' Medici
4626:Kenneth Bartlett,
4466:2008-12-06 at the
4428:Burke 1999, p. 232
4252:Jensen 1992, p. 95
3882:instrumental music
3878:Claudio Monteverdi
3826:
3811:Claudio Monteverdi
3653:. The interior of
3639:
3540:linear perspective
3523:
3496:The Birth of Venus
3425:
3331:natural philosophy
3246:While concern for
3200:
3130:Discourses on Livy
3092:Giovanni Boccaccio
3077:Petrarchan sonnets
3045:Francesco Petrarch
2976:
2948:Italian literature
2796:
2583:
2528:Lorenzo de' Medici
2469:
2299:
2263:Pandolfo Malatesta
2158:Islamic Golden Age
2096:
2046:Hundred Years' War
1948:Thirteenth century
1761: 1300 onward
1713:Claudio Monteverdi
1681:Florence Cathedral
1598:commedia dell'arte
1506:Orlando Innamorato
1451:Accounts of proto-
1394:maritime republics
1197:(corresponding to
1161:) was a period in
796:Maritime republics
782:(6th–8th c.)
736:Carolingian Empire
301:Increase of papal
239:maritime republics
43:Clockwise from top
30:
8175:
8174:
8142:
8141:
7777:
7776:
7712:Southern question
7632:
7631:
7564:Political parties
7512:Foreign relations
7484:
7483:
7337:
7336:
7058:Kingdom of Naples
7046:Kingdom of Sicily
6643:
6642:
6563:
6562:
6536:Iberian peninsula
6303:Italian sculpture
6080:Ruggiero, Guido.
6058:Pullan, Brian S.
5926:978-0-385-51390-6
5893:Burckhardt, Jacob
5701:Jane Turner, ed.
5675:Frederick Hartt,
5486:Oxford Art Online
5441:Oxford Art Online
5400:978-94-009-5999-6
5324:978-1-4109-4644-7
5297:978-0-486-28115-5
5265:978-1-4612-0803-7
5156:978-0-486-28115-5
5003:978-1-938026-79-9
4944:Pegasus, NY, 2006
4886:978-0-7139-0304-1
4437:Burke 1999, p. 93
4415:978-1-315-59599-3
4333:978-1-5017-2820-4
3870:Philippe de Monte
3777:Trecento madrigal
3758:Renaissance music
3416:The Last Judgment
3065:, especially the
2997:The Divine Comedy
2966:and prototypical
2936:Guittone d'Arezzo
2902:literary language
2856:Leonardo da Vinci
2651:Francesco Laurana
2605:came to power in
2575:Leonardo da Vinci
2520:Duchy of Florence
2494:Byzantine Emperor
2481:Cosimo de' Medici
2461:Cosimo de' Medici
2392:Kingdom of Naples
2339:Holy Roman Empire
2213:siege of Florence
1966:Kingdom of Naples
1964:; apart from the
1962:Holy Roman Empire
1805:Emirate of Sicily
1687:in Rome, and the
1613:Leonardo da Vinci
1609:European painting
1412:(for Spain), and
1308:Renaissance popes
1278:, the heart of a
1264:European monarchs
1191:Proto-Renaissance
1142:
1141:
989:COVID-19 pandemic
985:(2014–2016)
979:(2007–2009)
973:(1992–2001)
965:(1986–1992)
943:(1943–1945)
941:Italian Civil War
928:(1940–1945)
922:(1922–1943)
916:(1914–1918)
910:(1882–1960)
904:(1861–1946)
876:(1815–1871)
837:(1545–1648)
831:(1494–1559)
792:in southern Italy
760:
759:
751:Holy Roman Empire
583:Prehistoric Italy
540:
539:
499:Continuity thesis
486:History and study
322:
321:
99:Justus Sustermans
56:Leonardo da Vinci
16:(Redirected from
8270:
8165:
8164:
8157:Italy portal
8154:
8153:
8094:National symbols
7788:
7787:
7643:
7642:
7495:
7494:
7348:
7347:
7228:Kingdom of Italy
7155:Napoleonic Italy
6694:
6693:
6670:
6663:
6656:
6647:
6646:
6608:Cloak and dagger
6423:
6422:
6293:Italian painting
6183:High Renaissance
6150:
6143:
6136:
6127:
6126:
6041:
5977:The Renaissance.
5889:
5877:
5866:
5821:
5807:
5801:
5790:
5784:
5774:
5768:
5767:
5765:
5763:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5736:
5712:
5706:
5699:
5693:
5692:Stokstad, p. 659
5690:
5684:
5673:
5667:
5664:
5658:
5655:
5649:
5646:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5620:
5614:
5607:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5585:
5579:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5550:
5541:Bayer, Andrea. "
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5462:
5461:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5427:
5425:
5411:
5405:
5404:
5376:
5370:
5369:
5359:
5335:
5329:
5328:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5281:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5214:
5208:
5207:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5106:10.2307/20477906
5085:
5079:
5078:
5030:
5021:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4980:
4979:
4964:
4958:
4955:The Art Bulletin
4951:
4945:
4940:Osborne, Roger,
4938:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4905:
4899:
4898:
4872:
4866:
4863:
4857:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4807:
4790:
4784:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4756:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4738:
4714:
4705:
4704:
4680:
4674:
4667:
4661:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4648:
4637:
4631:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4557:
4551:
4541:
4535:
4523:Har, Michael H.
4521:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4493:
4490:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4457:
4451:
4444:
4438:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4420:
4419:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4359:(3/4): 415–419.
4344:
4338:
4337:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4206:
4200:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4126:
4120:
4109:
4099:
4093:
4086:
4080:
4046:
3941:Jacob Burckhardt
3862:Cipriano de Rore
3858:Jacques Arcadelt
3852:of the era, the
3823:
3820:
3815:Bernardo Strozzi
3710:High Renaissance
3684:capitals on the
3671:classical orders
3663:Palazzo Rucellai
3596:Rosso Fiorentino
3445:Pietro Cavallini
3363:Andreas Vesalius
3232:Cyriac of Ancona
3198:(ca. 1423–1457).
3110:Geoffrey Chaucer
2942:. Especially in
2940:Guido Guinizelli
2898:Italian language
2704:Wider population
2663:Angelo Poliziano
2659:Jacopo Sannazaro
2603:Francesco Sforza
2556:Pazzi conspiracy
2544:Piero de' Medici
2537:Francesco Sforza
2524:High Renaissance
2438:House of Albizzi
2416:Niccolò Da Conti
2390:'s claim to the
2154:High Middle Ages
1954:Hanseatic League
1832:Byzantine Empire
1801:then the Normans
1762:
1759:
1754:Late Middle Ages
1715:in Florence. In
1511:Ludovico Ariosto
1410:Amerigo Vespucci
1398:Age of Discovery
1340:
1337:
1334:, which started
1320:Italian politics
1233:Jacob Burckhardt
1209:labelled as the
1160:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1108:Italy portal
1106:
1105:
1104:
835:Catholic revival
688:
687:
570:
560:
542:
541:
532:
525:
518:
504:High Renaissance
494:Age of Discovery
338:
324:
323:
283:Renaissance wars
243:Age of Discovery
233:Great Divergence
147:Creation of Adam
40:
33:
29:
21:
8278:
8277:
8273:
8272:
8271:
8269:
8268:
8267:
8228:Renaissance art
8178:
8177:
8176:
8171:
8151:
8138:
8109:Public holidays
7940:
7886:Life expectancy
7773:
7628:
7544:Law enforcement
7480:
7333:
7280:
7269:Social Republic
7233:Colonial Empire
7216:Capture of Rome
7169:
7062:
6971:
6864:Ancient peoples
6852:
6789:
6750:Historic states
6708:
6683:
6674:
6644:
6639:
6596:
6559:
6531:
6476:
6412:
6325:Northern Europe
6209:
6159:
6154:
6120:Wayback Machine
6096:
6091:
6038:
5943:Cronin, Vincent
5886:
5863:
5830:
5825:
5824:
5819:10.2307/2650568
5808:
5804:
5791:
5787:
5775:
5771:
5761:
5759:
5755:
5754:
5750:
5713:
5709:
5700:
5696:
5691:
5687:
5674:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5656:
5652:
5647:
5643:
5634:
5630:
5621:
5617:
5608:
5604:
5594:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5582:
5573:
5569:
5560:
5553:
5540:
5536:
5527:
5525:
5515:
5511:
5504:
5482:
5478:
5469:
5465:
5459:
5437:
5433:
5423:
5421:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5401:
5377:
5373:
5336:
5332:
5325:
5309:
5305:
5298:
5282:
5278:
5270:
5268:
5266:
5240:
5236:
5227:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5188:10.2307/2857013
5168:
5164:
5157:
5141:
5137:
5086:
5082:
5031:
5024:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4990:
4986:
4977:
4975:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4952:
4948:
4939:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4922:
4906:
4902:
4887:
4873:
4869:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4837:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4810:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4778:
4769:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4681:
4677:
4669:Crum, Roger J.
4668:
4664:
4660:Strathern, p 18
4659:
4655:
4646:
4644:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4625:
4621:
4614:
4594:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4558:
4554:
4542:
4538:
4522:
4518:
4509:
4505:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4482:
4478:
4468:Wayback Machine
4458:
4454:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4432:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4392:
4388:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4310:
4306:
4297:
4295:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4271:
4269:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4247:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4208:
4207:
4203:
4195:Massimo Costa.
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4157:
4141:
4137:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4107:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4083:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4016:
3981:Charles Haskins
3937:
3901:Venetian School
3821:
3793:religious music
3760:
3754:
3734:Andrea Palladio
3718:Donato Bramante
3624:
3618:
3612:
3561:The Last Supper
3407:
3395:Main articles:
3393:
3375:
3279:
3271:Main articles:
3269:
3169:
3163:
2992:Dante Alighieri
2968:Renaissance man
2924:Sweet New Style
2919:Dolce Stil Novo
2894:
2888:
2883:
2765:
2751:
2731:social mobility
2719:refeudalization
2706:
2698:Renaissance art
2670:Pope Nicholas V
2579:Renaissance Man
2568:
2467:(ca. 1518–1520)
2465:Jacopo Pontormo
2434:
2432:House of Medici
2428:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2084:Dante Alighieri
2030:
2009:landed nobility
1990:government debt
1950:
1934:Catholic Church
1926:
1885:Arte della Lana
1868:Champagne fairs
1760:
1750:
1745:
1705:Venetian School
1673:Andrea Palladio
1593:pocket editions
1571:Giovanni Botero
1535:Marsilio Ficino
1516:Orlando Furioso
1457:Dante Alighieri
1338:
1163:Italian history
1138:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1045:Historic states
1009:
1001:
1000:
977:Great Recession
908:Colonial Empire
897:
889:
888:
887:
868:
818:
810:
809:
770:
762:
761:
685:
677:
676:
616:
606:
605:
578:
558:
551:
536:
473:Northern Europe
349:
345:(1509–1511) by
215:Development of
190:Italian society
157:
156:
91:Galileo Galilei
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8276:
8266:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8230:
8225:
8220:
8215:
8213:Design history
8210:
8205:
8200:
8195:
8190:
8173:
8172:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8139:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8086:
8081:
8076:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7976:
7971:
7966:
7961:
7956:
7950:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7939:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7882:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7864:
7863:
7862:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7791:
7785:
7779:
7778:
7775:
7774:
7772:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7754:
7749:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7717:Stock exchange
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7619:Municipalities
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7579:Prime Minister
7576:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7498:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7479:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7466:Regional parks
7463:
7461:National parks
7458:
7453:
7448:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7422:
7421:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7373:
7372:
7370:Climate change
7362:
7357:
7351:
7345:
7339:
7338:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7281:
7279:
7278:
7277:
7276:
7271:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7230:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7177:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7135:
7133:Duchy of Savoy
7130:
7125:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7070:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7054:
7053:
7043:
7041:Lombard League
7038:
7037:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6972:
6970:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6966:
6965:
6963:Western Empire
6955:
6950:
6948:Roman conquest
6945:
6940:
6930:
6929:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6869:Italic peoples
6860:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6700:
6698:
6691:
6685:
6684:
6673:
6672:
6665:
6658:
6650:
6641:
6640:
6638:
6637:
6632:
6631:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6610:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6556:
6555:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6431:
6429:
6420:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6383:
6382:
6381:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6355:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6334:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6312:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6290:
6285:
6275:
6274:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6217:
6215:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6160:
6153:
6152:
6145:
6138:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6107:
6102:
6095:
6094:External links
6092:
6090:
6089:
6078:
6063:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6036:
6021:
6014:
6007:
5997:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5974:
5960:
5940:
5929:
5914:
5909:Burke, Peter.
5907:
5890:
5884:
5867:
5861:
5846:
5839:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5802:
5785:
5769:
5748:
5707:
5694:
5685:
5668:
5659:
5650:
5641:
5628:
5615:
5602:
5580:
5567:
5551:
5534:
5509:
5502:
5476:
5463:
5457:
5431:
5406:
5399:
5371:
5330:
5323:
5303:
5296:
5276:
5264:
5234:
5209:
5162:
5155:
5135:
5080:
5022:
5009:
5002:
4984:
4974:. 17 July 2020
4959:
4946:
4933:
4920:
4900:
4885:
4867:
4858:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4808:
4785:
4776:
4751:
4740:
4733:
4706:
4699:
4675:
4662:
4653:
4632:
4619:
4612:
4588:
4579:
4552:
4536:
4516:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4476:
4452:
4450:Vol. 10 No. 4.
4439:
4430:
4421:
4414:
4386:
4339:
4332:
4304:
4278:
4254:
4245:
4223:
4201:
4188:
4166:
4155:
4135:
4094:
4081:
4076:, 0521467772,
4062:Jonathan Swift
4040:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4015:
4012:
3989:Latin language
3936:
3935:Historiography
3933:
3929:Carlo Gesualdo
3921:Ferrara school
3874:Carlo Gesualdo
3756:Main article:
3753:
3750:
3614:Main article:
3611:
3608:
3475:foreshortening
3392:
3389:
3380:François Viete
3374:
3371:
3268:
3265:
3240:printing press
3165:Main article:
3162:
3159:
3051:, notably the
2980:Aldus Manutius
2890:Main article:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2828:together with
2787:Queen of Sheba
2785:Adored by the
2750:
2747:
2705:
2702:
2686:Sistine Chapel
2682:Pope Sixtus IV
2599:Tuscan dialect
2567:
2564:
2473:Albizzi family
2430:Main article:
2427:
2424:
2420:Southeast Asia
2367:Duchy of Milan
2252:Main article:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2221:Leonardo Bruni
2190:Greek scholars
2186:Ottoman Empire
2092:Uffizi Gallery
2062:Ottoman Empire
2038:Little Ice Age
2029:
2026:
2005:urban communes
1949:
1946:
1925:
1922:
1828:Fourth Crusade
1809:Norman Kingdom
1785:Avignon Papacy
1773:southern Italy
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1721:Giordano Bruno
1709:birth of opera
1703:and later the
1521:Torquato Tasso
1408:(for France),
1229:Jules Michelet
1217:used the term
1215:Giorgio Vasari
1179:Western Europe
1171:16th centuries
1140:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
997:
996:
986:
980:
974:
966:
954:
944:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
886:
885:
879:
878:
877:
867:
866:
865:
864:
859:
851:
850:
849:
843:
838:
832:
826:
819:
816:
815:
812:
811:
808:
807:
802:
793:
783:
777:
771:
768:
767:
764:
763:
758:
757:
756:962–1801
754:
743:
742:
739:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
686:
683:
682:
679:
678:
675:
674:
673:
672:
664:Western Empire
661:
655:
654:
653:
640:
635:
624:
617:
612:
611:
608:
607:
604:
603:
597:
591:
585:
579:
576:
575:
572:
571:
563:
562:
553:
552:
545:
538:
537:
535:
534:
527:
520:
512:
509:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
488:
487:
483:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
435:
427:
426:
422:
421:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:Greek scholars
374:
369:
364:
356:
355:
351:
350:
339:
331:
330:
320:
319:
318:
317:
303:temporal power
299:
293:
280:
255:
245:
235:
213:
197:
193:
192:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
163:
159:
158:
155:
154:
143:
130:initiated the
113:
102:
97:, Portrait by
88:
78:
68:
58:
46:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8275:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8254:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8224:
8221:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
8194:
8191:
8189:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8168:
8160:
8158:
8149:
8148:
8145:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8100:
8097:
8095:
8092:
8090:
8087:
8085:
8082:
8080:
8077:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7947:
7943:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7792:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7744:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7635:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7577:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7487:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7420:
7417:
7416:
7415:
7412:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7394:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7340:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7312:Years of Lead
7310:
7308:
7307:Economic Boom
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7294:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7283:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7250:Fascist Italy
7248:
7244:
7241:
7240:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7196:Niçard exodus
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7182:
7179:
7178:
7176:
7172:
7166:
7163:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7144:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7096:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7052:
7049:
7048:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6984:
6981:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6916:Magna Graecia
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6861:
6859:
6855:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6803:
6802:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6792:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6666:
6664:
6659:
6657:
6652:
6651:
6648:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6570:
6566:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6538:
6534:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6517:Low Countries
6515:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6479:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6380:
6377:
6376:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6276:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6241:Italian domes
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6097:
6087:
6086:online review
6083:
6079:
6076:
6075:0-8204-3023-4
6072:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6043:
6039:
6037:0-87099-362-3
6033:
6029:
6028:
6022:
6019:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5985:0-00-215411-0
5982:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5971:0-7126-9884-1
5968:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5957:0-00-211262-0
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5915:
5912:
5908:
5905:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5885:9780300124118
5881:
5876:
5875:
5868:
5864:
5862:9781588391162
5858:
5854:
5853:
5847:
5844:
5841:Baron, Hans.
5840:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5806:
5799:
5795:
5789:
5783:
5779:
5773:
5758:
5752:
5744:
5740:
5735:
5734:10.5334/AH.CN
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5689:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5663:
5654:
5648:Raunch p. 309
5645:
5638:
5632:
5625:
5619:
5612:
5606:
5590:
5584:
5577:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5524:
5520:
5513:
5505:
5503:9781884446054
5499:
5495:
5491:
5487:
5480:
5473:
5467:
5460:
5458:9781884446054
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5420:
5416:
5410:
5402:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5375:
5367:
5363:
5358:
5357:10.5334/ah.cn
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5334:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5280:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5238:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5139:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5084:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5036:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5013:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4988:
4973:
4969:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4943:
4937:
4923:
4921:9780099526063
4917:
4913:
4912:
4904:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4882:
4878:
4871:
4862:
4853:
4844:
4835:
4826:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4806:
4805:5-85050-825-2
4802:
4798:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4765:
4761:
4755:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4721:
4713:
4711:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4687:
4679:
4672:
4666:
4657:
4642:
4636:
4629:
4623:
4615:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4592:
4583:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4556:
4550:
4549:0-691-00752-7
4546:
4540:
4534:
4533:0-8108-3724-2
4530:
4526:
4520:
4514:, 2008, O.Ed.
4513:
4507:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4473:
4472:Human Biology
4469:
4465:
4462:
4456:
4449:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4308:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4282:
4268:
4264:
4258:
4249:
4233:
4227:
4211:
4205:
4198:
4192:
4176:
4170:
4163:
4158:
4156:9781466884991
4152:
4149:. Macmillan.
4148:
4147:
4139:
4132:
4121:on 2013-10-07
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4079:
4075:
4074:9780521467773
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4056:. Or between
4055:
4051:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:Danse Macabre
3967:
3962:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3919:style of the
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:Luca Marenzio
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3797:Low Countries
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:musicologists
3759:
3749:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3704:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3655:Santo Spirito
3652:
3648:
3644:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3623:
3617:
3607:
3605:
3604:Giulio Romano
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3580:
3575:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3562:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3483:
3482:illusionistic
3478:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3386:
3385:Regiomontanus
3381:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3347:Francis Bacon
3344:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3307:manufacturing
3304:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:Machiavellian
3144:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2988:Imperial Rome
2985:
2981:
2973:
2972:Santi di Tito
2969:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2878:
2876:
2875:Vasco da Gama
2871:
2869:
2868:Low Countries
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2830:Giulio Clovio
2827:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2793:
2792:Farnese Hours
2789:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2772:Giulio Clovio
2769:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2716:
2715:sharecroppers
2712:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:Peace of Lodi
2529:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2411:Peace of Lodi
2407:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2174:Muslim worlds
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:workers, the
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1755:
1740:
1738:
1737:scholasticism
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1462:Divine Comedy
1458:
1454:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1382:Peace of Lodi
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:Central Italy
1241:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1005:
1004:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
971:
967:
964:
961:
960:
958:
957:Years of Lead
955:
952:
948:
945:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
899:
893:
892:
884:
881:
880:
875:
874:
870:
869:
863:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
852:
847:
844:
842:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
820:
814:
813:
806:
803:
801:
797:
794:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
766:
765:
755:
752:
748:
745:
744:
741:774–962
740:
737:
733:
730:
729:
726:568–774
725:
723:
720:
719:
716:435–534
715:
713:
710:
709:
706:493–553
705:
703:
700:
699:
696:476–493
695:
693:
690:
689:
681:
680:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
659:
656:
652:
651:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
615:
610:
609:
601:
600:Magna Graecia
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
580:
574:
573:
569:
565:
564:
561:
555:
554:
549:
544:
543:
533:
528:
526:
521:
519:
514:
513:
511:
510:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
490:
489:
485:
484:
479:
478:Low Countries
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
424:
423:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
357:
353:
352:
348:
344:
343:
337:
333:
332:
329:
326:
325:
316:
312:
308:
305:leads to the
304:
300:
298:
294:
292:
288:
284:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
256:
254:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
234:
230:
226:
225:merchantilism
222:
218:
214:
211:
208:
207:
206:
202:
198:
194:
191:
188:
184:
181:
178:
174:
171:
167:
164:
160:
153:
149:
148:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
114:
112:
111:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
77:
73:
72:Doge's palace
69:
67:
63:
59:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
44:
39:
34:
19:
7994:Architecture
7964:Quattrocento
7921:Social class
7901:Prostitution
7815:Demographics
7737:Trade unions
7680:Central Bank
7522:Human rights
7502:Constitution
7285:Contemporary
7255:World War II
7143:Italian Wars
7137:
7067:Early modern
7009:Papal States
6987:Italy under
6933:Ancient Rome
6628:12th century
6426:
6221:Architecture
6110:
6081:
6066:
6059:
6052:
6045:
6026:
6017:
6010:
6003:
5993:
5976:
5962:
5948:
5932:
5917:
5910:
5896:
5873:
5851:
5842:
5835:
5810:
5805:
5793:
5788:
5777:
5772:
5760:. Retrieved
5751:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5702:
5697:
5688:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5662:
5653:
5644:
5636:
5631:
5623:
5618:
5610:
5605:
5593:. Retrieved
5583:
5575:
5570:
5562:
5546:
5537:
5526:. Retrieved
5523:Smarthistory
5522:
5512:
5485:
5479:
5471:
5466:
5440:
5434:
5422:. Retrieved
5418:
5409:
5381:
5374:
5347:
5343:
5333:
5313:
5306:
5286:
5279:
5269:, retrieved
5247:
5237:
5226:. Retrieved
5224:. 1993-01-08
5221:
5212:
5179:
5175:
5165:
5145:
5138:
5097:
5093:
5083:
5042:
5038:
5012:
4993:
4987:
4976:. Retrieved
4971:
4962:
4954:
4949:
4941:
4936:
4925:. Retrieved
4910:
4903:
4876:
4870:
4861:
4852:
4843:
4834:
4825:
4794:
4788:
4779:
4768:. Retrieved
4766:. 2023-12-19
4763:
4754:
4743:
4719:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4656:
4645:. Retrieved
4635:
4627:
4622:
4598:
4591:
4582:
4565:
4555:
4539:
4524:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4497:
4488:
4479:
4471:
4455:
4447:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4396:
4389:
4356:
4352:
4342:
4314:
4307:
4296:. Retrieved
4290:
4281:
4270:. Retrieved
4266:
4257:
4248:
4236:. Retrieved
4234:(in Italian)
4226:
4214:. Retrieved
4204:
4196:
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4177:(in Italian)
4169:
4160:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4123:. Retrieved
4116:the original
4111:
4103:Sée, Henri.
4097:
4089:
4084:
4078:Google Books
4065:
4054:Google Books
4049:
4044:
3995:
3993:
3984:
3978:
3958:
3952:
3938:
3890:
3850:secular form
3846:Roman School
3830:sacred music
3827:
3761:
3746:
3707:
3700:
3687:piano nobile
3685:
3654:
3651:Pazzi Chapel
3640:
3634:
3610:Architecture
3600:Parmigianino
3584:
3577:
3571:
3570:, Raphael's
3565:
3559:
3549:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3512:
3500:
3494:
3479:
3466:Holy Trinity
3464:
3453:
3441:Michelangelo
3426:
3421:Michelangelo
3414:
3376:
3339:
3280:
3252:Aristotelian
3245:
3235:
3227:
3212:
3202:One role of
3201:
3179:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3140:
3139:and finally
3134:
3128:
3118:
3105:
3102:black plague
3095:
3089:
3081:Thomas Wyatt
3066:
3056:
3042:
3010:
3002:Christianity
2995:
2977:
2961:
2932:courtly love
2930:rather than
2923:
2917:
2900:was not the
2895:
2872:
2862:created the
2849:
2845:sacking Rome
2840:Italian Wars
2837:
2834:
2819:
2797:
2791:
2781:
2775:
2735:
2723:
2707:
2694:
2690:Papal States
2674:Pope Pius II
2667:
2584:
2541:
2517:
2470:
2459:Portrait of
2435:
2408:
2399:
2396:
2388:Charles VIII
2381:
2379:
2365:, while the
2309:, Florence,
2300:
2292:
2274:
2254:Italian Wars
2237:Brunelleschi
2217:
2194:
2150:
2097:
2082:Portrait of
2070:
2031:
2018:Jacques Cœur
2014:
1998:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1927:
1890:
1883:
1817:
1797:by the Arabs
1781:Papal States
1769:Roman Empire
1751:
1701:Roman School
1665:Brunelleschi
1637:Fra Angelico
1617:Michelangelo
1603:
1596:
1585:Aldo Manuzio
1581:Aldine Press
1574:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1524:
1514:
1504:
1494:
1480:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1386:Italian Wars
1350:architecture
1343:
1296:Papal States
1237:
1222:
1218:
1199:rinascimento
1198:
1194:
1165:between the
1154:Rinascimento
1145:
1143:
1094:
1084:
992:
991:(2020–
968:
950:
949:(1946–
873:Risorgimento
871:
829:Italian Wars
822:
817:Early modern
648:
642:
614:Ancient Rome
447:
362:Architecture
340:
270:architecture
186:Participants
170:17th century
166:14th century
152:Michelangelo
145:
108:
107:, author of
49:
42:
8238:Art history
8203:Renaissance
8059:Italophilia
8019:Coat of arm
7969:Cinquecento
7845:Immigration
7795:Aristocracy
7660:Agriculture
7554:Nationality
7527:LGBT rights
7441:Earthquakes
7322:Mani pulite
7238:World War I
7181:Unification
7174:Late modern
7138:Renaissance
6983:Middle Ages
6976:Middle Ages
6953:Roman Italy
6720:Citizenship
6635:Reenactment
6618:Carolingian
6251:Plateresque
6173:Renaissance
6157:Renaissance
5920:Doubleday,
5762:18 December
5681:Art History
5595:18 December
5222:www.loc.gov
5045:: 263–268.
4996:. Wayside.
4512:Renaissance
4267:History Hit
4238:21 December
4216:21 December
4181:21 December
4088:Burke, P.,
3966:Reformation
3961:Black Death
3949:Renaissance
3945:Middle Ages
3917:manneristic
3822: 1630
3795:was in the
3738:Giant order
3703:Sant'Andrea
3665:. Here the
3551:chiaroscuro
3423:, 1536–1541
3373:Mathematics
3315:engineering
3303:mathematics
3283:Renaissance
3281:During the
3178:, from the
2509:Neoplatonic
2499:attended a
2485:Medici bank
2450:Bonsignoris
2383:condottieri
2355:mercenaries
2347:Ghibellines
2303:city-states
2276:condottiere
2243:Development
2166:Demosthenes
2112:Black Death
2075:, in 1378.
2066:Black Death
1860:city-states
1727:emphasized
1589:Italic type
1491:Luigi Pulci
1378:exploration
1339: 1517
1256:city-states
1211:"Dark Ages"
1195:renaissance
1183:Middle Ages
1175:Renaissance
1015:Citizenship
970:Mani pulite
883:Young Italy
702:Ostrogothic
638:Roman Italy
557:History of
328:Renaissance
307:Reformation
210:Renaissance
201:Middle Ages
105:Machiavelli
66:Renaissance
18:Pax Italica
8182:Categories
8129:Traditions
8119:Television
8104:Philosophy
8069:Literature
8009:Cathedrals
7979:Settecento
7840:Healthcare
7805:Corruption
7800:Censorship
7559:Parliament
7517:Government
7317:Maxi Trial
7265:Resistance
6994:Ostrogoths
6926:Messapians
6811:Villanovan
6801:Prehistory
6794:Prehistory
6592:Structures
6398:Technology
6374:Philosophy
6337:Literature
6256:Portuguese
6000:Hay, Denys
5828:References
5780:3 (2005).
5528:2019-01-07
5271:2021-04-09
5228:2021-04-09
5182:: 46–105.
5100:(2): 526.
4978:2020-11-13
4927:2013-11-25
4770:2024-01-11
4734:0867060859
4700:0867060859
4647:2009-05-26
4613:0867060859
4298:2020-10-16
4272:2020-10-16
3974:Gothic art
3907:developed
3897:polychoral
3842:Palestrina
3801:polyphonic
3783:, and the
3692:Corinthian
3620:See also:
3493:, notably
3491:Botticelli
3486:secularism
3433:classicism
3413:Detail of
3343:Copernicus
3248:philosophy
3194:. Artist:
3161:Philosophy
3151:The Prince
3142:The Prince
3068:Canzoniere
3063:vernacular
2963:The Prince
2629:under the
2577:, Italian
2513:an academy
2446:townhouses
2400:terrafirma
2197:Hans Baron
2170:Thucydides
1928:After the
1844:Arab lands
1826:, and the
1729:naturalism
1717:philosophy
1707:, and the
1659:. Italian
1653:Botticelli
1558:The Prince
1472:Canzoniere
1438:Copernicus
1430:Torricelli
1414:John Cabot
1374:technology
1366:philosophy
1358:literature
1310:, such as
1288:Marco Polo
1268:capitalism
963:Maxi Trial
846:Napoleonic
412:Technology
402:Philosophy
387:Literature
229:accounting
217:capitalism
205:modern era
110:The Prince
60:A view of
8089:Mythology
8064:Libraries
7984:Ottocento
7926:Terrorism
7867:Languages
7820:Education
7742:Transport
7692:Companies
7599:Provinces
7569:President
7534:Judiciary
7507:Elections
7419:Volcanoes
7414:Volcanism
7407:Apennines
7392:Mountains
7360:Peninsula
7343:Geography
7274:Civil War
6999:Byzantium
6906:Etruscans
6841:Canegrate
6836:Golasecca
6821:Rinaldone
6816:Terramare
6806:Neolithic
6587:Humanists
6577:Composers
6418:By region
6298:Sculpture
6246:Palladian
6188:Mannerism
5743:146606446
5424:5 January
5366:2050-5833
5196:0081-8658
5130:165631005
5114:0361-0160
5075:190242716
5059:0075-4390
4895:613989155
4574:1096-746X
4373:0943-3058
4125:29 August
4000:humanists
3667:pilasters
3635:Tempietto
3567:Mona Lisa
3527:Donatello
3519:Donatello
3502:Primavera
3351:Descartes
3327:humanists
3295:chemistry
3291:astronomy
3287:geography
3256:Ptolemaic
3224:libraries
3106:Decameron
3097:Decameron
3053:Punic War
3030:Aristotle
2914:Provençal
2804:Mannerism
2790:from the
2755:Mannerism
2711:feudalism
2647:Alfonso I
2281:Venetians
2229:Donatello
2182:Samarkand
1986:insurance
1913:Vitruvius
1905:academies
1836:Venetians
1625:Donatello
1531:Poliziano
1482:Decameron
1477:Boccaccio
1422:Tartaglia
1418:Falloppio
1354:sculpture
1312:Julius II
1260:peninsula
1219:rinascita
1187:modernity
937:Partisans
692:Odoacer's
650:Optimates
644:Populares
372:Fine arts
287:diplomacy
266:sculpture
136:New World
51:Mona Lisa
8167:Category
8054:Internet
8044:Folklore
7974:Seicento
7959:Trecento
7954:Duecento
7916:Religion
7877:Regional
7855:Italians
7830:Gambling
7722:Taxation
7549:Military
7490:Politics
7292:Republic
7079:Florence
7004:Lombards
6943:Republic
6889:Samnites
6884:Picentes
6826:Apennine
6785:Railways
6765:Military
6713:By topic
6697:Overview
6681:articles
6623:Ottonian
6543:Portugal
6527:Scotland
6445:Lombardy
6440:Florence
6364:Medicine
6315:Humanism
6271:Venetian
6214:By field
6116:Archived
5415:"Giotto"
5122:20477906
5067:24395521
4464:Archived
4381:23550005
4101:Compre:
4058:Petrarch
4014:See also
4004:Petrarch
4002:such as
3854:madrigal
3836:and the
3789:ars nova
3772:medieval
3768:Trecento
3678:capitals
3649:and the
3631:Bramante
3592:Bronzino
3588:Pontormo
3460:Masaccio
3437:Masaccio
3323:printing
3204:Petrarch
3188:Florence
3176:Petrarch
3006:classics
2984:theology
2928:Platonic
2709:Classic
2589:such as
2560:Giuliano
2489:Signoria
2406:opened.
2291:, whose
2233:Masolino
2225:Ghiberti
2207:family.
2205:Visconti
2125:artisans
2104:Petrarch
1838:and the
1820:Crusades
1811:and the
1733:humanism
1677:Bramante
1649:Perugino
1633:Masaccio
1547:, while
1496:Morgante
1489:authors
1467:Petrarch
1442:Vesalius
1346:painting
1328:opposing
1304:humanist
1284:Crusades
1248:Florence
1096:Timeline
1060:Military
1008:By topic
947:Republic
931:Fascist
902:Monarchy
857:Republic
769:Medieval
747:Germanic
732:Frankish
627:Republic
548:a series
546:Part of
468:Scotland
458:Portugal
382:Humanism
313:and the
278:the arts
262:painting
249:humanism
176:Location
62:Florence
8124:Theatre
8099:Palaces
8079:Museums
8049:Gardens
8034:Fashion
8024:Cuisine
8004:Castles
7946:Culture
7896:Poverty
7872:Italian
7783:Society
7764:Welfare
7732:Tourism
7702:Exports
7670:Banking
7650:Economy
7638:Economy
7594:Regions
7476:Valleys
7446:Islands
7426:Beaches
7397:Prealps
7377:Geology
7365:Climate
7029:Normans
6989:Odoacer
6938:Kingdom
6921:Ligures
6857:Ancient
6831:Nuragic
6780:Postage
6755:Judaism
6745:Genetic
6735:Fashion
6730:Economy
6689:History
6601:Related
6582:Figures
6500:Germany
6490:England
6408:Warfare
6403:Theatre
6386:Science
6352:Spanish
6266:Spanish
6165:General
5639:, 2003.
5204:2857013
4972:HISTORY
3893:Baroque
3785:ballata
3742:facades
3673:, with
3556:Raphael
3545:sfumato
3521:, 1440s
3456:frescos
3449:Cimabue
3355:Galileo
3311:anatomy
3299:physics
3230:, said
3073:sonnets
3022:Sallust
2881:Culture
2783:Solomon
2678:Borgias
2631:Gonzaga
2623:Ferrara
2587:Tuscany
2548:Lorenzo
2442:palazzi
2402:as the
2323:Ferrara
2137:Peruzzi
2121:bankers
2058:Peruzzi
2042:famines
1978:banking
1918:Apelles
1909:Tacitus
1840:Genoese
1752:By the
1621:Raphael
1579:). The
1519:), and
1475:), and
1426:Galileo
1370:science
1298:and on
1272:banking
1270:and in
1258:of the
1240:Tuscany
1150:Italian
1080:Railway
1075:Postage
1050:Judaism
1040:Genetic
1030:Fashion
1025:Economy
993:present
951:present
920:Fascism
862:Kingdom
790:Normans
722:Lombard
621:Kingdom
443:Germany
433:England
425:Regions
417:Warfare
407:Science
354:Aspects
347:Raphael
291:warfare
251:and of
221:banking
203:to the
196:Outcome
134:of the
124:voyages
120:Genoese
8155:
8029:Design
8014:Cinema
7989:Anthem
7911:Racism
7860:People
7835:Health
7697:Energy
7687:Brands
7614:Comune
7609:Cities
7471:Rivers
7431:Canals
7114:Amalfi
7099:Venice
6958:Empire
6899:Veneti
6874:Latins
6846:Latial
6679:
6522:Poland
6505:Saxony
6495:France
6472:Venice
6467:Urbino
6462:Sicily
6455:Papacy
6347:French
6320:France
6261:Purism
6236:French
6073:
6034:
5983:
5979:1992,
5969:
5965:1969,
5955:
5951:1967,
5937:online
5924:
5904:online
5902:1878 (
5882:
5859:
5741:
5705:(2000)
5565:(2003)
5545:". In
5500:
5474:(1997)
5455:
5397:
5364:
5321:
5294:
5262:
5202:
5194:
5153:
5128:
5120:
5112:
5073:
5065:
5057:
5000:
4918:
4893:
4883:
4803:
4731:
4697:
4610:
4572:
4547:
4531:
4412:
4379:
4371:
4330:
4153:
4092:(1998)
4072:
4008:Biondo
3996:middle
3925:Naples
3909:monody
3886:violin
3876:, and
3781:caccia
3779:, the
3429:Giotto
3403:, and
3353:, and
3184:Uffizi
3058:Africa
3036:, and
3026:Virgil
3024:, and
3018:Horace
3014:Cicero
2944:poetry
2910:French
2794:, 1546
2761:, and
2643:Naples
2637:under
2635:Urbino
2633:, and
2627:Mantua
2615:Venice
2581:, 1512
2566:Spread
2363:Verona
2343:Guelfs
2335:Venice
2331:Verona
2327:Mantua
2267:Rimini
2235:, and
2141:Medici
2129:Church
2117:plague
2108:Giotto
2072:ciompi
2001:feudal
1994:florin
1988:, and
1882:, the
1876:Cyprus
1872:Baltic
1856:Venice
1854:, and
1824:Levant
1793:Sicily
1771:, and
1765:Latium
1699:, the
1693:Rimini
1675:, and
1657:Titian
1655:, and
1629:Giotto
1376:, and
1276:Venice
1250:. The
896:Modern
712:Vandal
658:Empire
550:on the
453:Poland
438:France
309:, the
142:, 1519
101:, 1636
76:Venice
8114:Sport
8084:Music
8074:Media
7936:Women
7810:Crime
7675:Banks
7451:Lakes
7436:Caves
7387:Flora
7382:Fauna
7104:Genoa
7089:Milan
7084:Siena
7024:Arabs
6911:Celts
6894:Umbri
6770:Music
6740:Flags
6677:Italy
6569:Lists
6548:Spain
6510:Weser
6369:Music
6359:Magic
6342:Dutch
6332:Latin
6310:Dance
6226:Brick
6013:1992.
5739:S2CID
5350:(1).
5200:JSTOR
5126:S2CID
5118:JSTOR
5071:S2CID
5063:JSTOR
4377:JSTOR
4119:(PDF)
4108:(PDF)
4036:Notes
3913:opera
3838:motet
3752:Music
3716:with
3696:domes
3682:Ionic
3675:Doric
3532:David
3514:David
3367:Galen
3261:logic
3215:Latin
3192:Italy
3055:epic
3049:Latin
3038:Plato
3034:Homer
2912:, or
2906:Latin
2727:Burke
2641:. In
2607:Milan
2595:Lucca
2591:Siena
2552:Pazzi
2535:with
2375:Parma
2371:Pavia
2359:Padua
2319:Genoa
2315:Siena
2307:Milan
2285:Turks
2269:, by
2162:Homer
2133:Bardi
2100:Dante
2054:Bardi
2022:usury
1880:guild
1848:Genoa
1563:virtù
1362:music
1322:, in
1316:Leo X
1065:Music
1035:Flags
786:Islam
577:Early
559:Italy
463:Spain
448:Italy
397:Music
392:Magic
367:Dance
274:music
128:Spain
8039:Flag
7769:Wine
7757:road
7752:rail
7583:List
7573:List
7402:Alps
7267:and
7109:Pisa
6879:Osci
6775:Name
6760:LGBT
6450:Rome
6071:ISBN
6032:ISBN
5981:ISBN
5967:ISBN
5953:ISBN
5922:ISBN
5880:ISBN
5857:ISBN
5764:2021
5597:2021
5498:ISBN
5453:ISBN
5426:2019
5395:ISBN
5362:ISSN
5319:ISBN
5292:ISBN
5260:ISBN
5192:ISSN
5151:ISBN
5110:ISSN
5055:ISSN
4998:ISBN
4916:ISBN
4891:OCLC
4881:ISBN
4801:ISBN
4729:ISBN
4695:ISBN
4608:ISBN
4570:ISSN
4545:ISBN
4529:ISBN
4410:ISBN
4369:ISSN
4328:ISBN
4240:2021
4218:2021
4183:2021
4151:ISBN
4127:2013
4070:ISBN
4060:and
4006:and
3834:mass
3714:Rome
3708:The
3690:and
3564:and
3499:and
3454:The
3447:and
3313:and
3275:and
3254:and
3228:I go
3112:and
2938:and
2780:and
2653:and
2593:and
2373:and
2361:and
2345:and
2333:and
2311:Pisa
2201:wars
2168:and
2135:and
2102:and
2056:and
1852:Pisa
1799:and
1777:Rome
1731:and
1723:and
1591:and
1569:and
1487:epic
1440:and
1428:and
1330:the
1314:and
1306:and
1300:Rome
1231:and
1169:and
1167:14th
1144:The
1070:Name
1055:LGBT
939:and
798:and
788:and
647:and
289:and
272:and
227:and
162:Date
126:for
85:Rome
70:The
7999:Art
7747:air
7539:Law
6278:Art
5815:doi
5729:doi
5490:doi
5445:doi
5387:doi
5352:doi
5252:doi
5184:doi
5102:doi
5047:doi
4402:doi
4361:doi
4320:doi
3813:by
3720:'s
3633:'s
3517:by
3419:by
3333:or
2994:'s
2463:by
2180:in
2086:by
1763:),
1691:in
1509:),
1499:),
1465:),
1242:in
1185:to
150:by
83:in
74:in
54:by
8184::
6114:.
6088:).
6002:.
5945::
5939:).
5906:).
5895:.
5737:.
5727:.
5723:.
5719:.
5554:^
5521:.
5496:.
5451:,
5417:.
5393:.
5385:.
5360:.
5346:.
5342:.
5258:,
5246:,
5220:.
5198:.
5190:.
5180:20
5178:.
5174:.
5124:.
5116:.
5108:.
5098:37
5096:.
5092:.
5069:.
5061:.
5053:.
5043:76
5041:.
5037:.
5025:^
4970:.
4889:.
4811:^
4799:.
4762:.
4727:.
4725:13
4709:^
4693:.
4691:14
4606:.
4604:15
4568:.
4564:.
4470:,
4408:.
4375:.
4367:.
4357:14
4355:.
4351:.
4326:.
4289:.
4265:.
4159:.
4129:.
4110:.
3872:,
3868:,
3819:c.
3744:.
3736:.
3606:.
3598:,
3594:,
3590:,
3439:,
3399:,
3349:,
3345:,
3309:,
3305:,
3301:,
3297:,
3293:,
3289:,
3234:,
3210:.
3190:,
3186:,
3133:,
3116:.
3032:,
3020:,
3016:,
2908:,
2774:,
2757:,
2665:.
2625:,
2613:.
2377:.
2329:,
2325:,
2321:,
2317:,
2313:,
2231:,
2227:,
2090:,
1984:,
1972:,
1864:Po
1850:,
1758:c.
1739:.
1683:,
1671:,
1667:,
1651:,
1647:,
1643:,
1639:,
1635:,
1631:,
1627:,
1623:,
1619:,
1615:,
1601:.
1424:,
1420:,
1372:,
1368:,
1364:,
1360:,
1356:,
1352:,
1348:,
1341:.
1336:c.
1235:.
1152::
935:,
268:,
264:,
260:,
223:,
219:,
168:–
118:,
45::
7585:)
7581:(
7575:)
7571:(
6669:e
6662:t
6655:v
6149:e
6142:t
6135:v
6122:.
6077:.
6040:.
5987:.
5973:.
5959:.
5928:.
5900:.
5888:.
5865:.
5817::
5800:.
5766:.
5745:.
5731::
5725:3
5599:.
5531:.
5506:.
5492::
5447::
5428:.
5403:.
5389::
5368:.
5354::
5348:3
5327:.
5300:.
5254::
5231:.
5206:.
5186::
5159:.
5132:.
5104::
5077:.
5049::
5006:.
4981:.
4930:.
4897:.
4773:.
4737:.
4703:.
4650:.
4616:.
4576:.
4418:.
4404::
4383:.
4363::
4336:.
4322::
4301:.
4275:.
4242:.
4220:.
4185:.
3824:)
3817:(
2974:.
2922:(
1756:(
1573:(
1523:(
1513:(
1503:(
1493:(
1479:(
1469:(
1459:(
1148:(
1133:e
1126:t
1119:v
995:)
953:)
753:)
749:(
738:)
734:(
531:e
524:t
517:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.