366:. He remained in that position till 1919. As an exception, he was allowed to stay in Riga where he had better research possibilities, but he was traveling, almost every week, by train, to St. Petersburg for the academy meetings and guidance of research. In the period 1911–1915, Walden published 14 articles in the "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences" on electrochemistry of nonaqueous solutions. In particular, in 1914 he synthesized the first room-temperature
350:
42:
358:
helped the alumni in obtaining positions in Russia. These reforms resulted in another and rather unusual collaboration of Walden with
Ostwald: Walden was rebuilding the Chemistry Department and Ostwald sent him the blueprints of the chemical laboratories in Leipzig as an example. In May 1910, Walden was elected a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences and in 1911 was invited to
357:
1896 brought reforms to the Riga
Technical University. Whereas previously, all teaching was conducted in German and Walden was the only professor giving some courses in Russian, from then on, Russian became the official language. This change allowed receiving subsidies from the Russian government and
431:
where he worked until retirement in 1934. In 1924 he was invited back to Riga, where he gave a series of lectures. He was offered leading positions in chemistry in Riga and in St. Petersburg, but declined. Despite his emigration, Walden retained his popularity in Russia, and in 1927 he was appointed
426:
After 1915, due to the difficulties caused by the World War I, political unrest in Russia and then
October Revolution, Walden had reduced his research activity and focused on teaching and administrative work, taking numerous leading positions in science. Due to the political unrest in Latvia, Walden
345:
Walden was also credited as a talented chemistry lecturer. In his memoirs, he wrote: "My audience usually was crowded and the feedback of sympathetic listeners gave me strength ... my lectures I was giving spontaneously, to bring freshness to the subject ... I never considered teaching as a burden".
297:
Under his guidance, Walden began compiling "Handbook of
Stereochemistry" which was published in 1894. In preparation of this handbook, Walden had to perform numerous chemical syntheses and characterizations which resulted in 57 journal papers on stereochemistry alone, published between 1889 and 1900
317:
phenomena in sedimentary layers and in
September 1894 became professor of analytical and physical chemistry at the Riga Technical University. He worked there until 1911 and during 1902–1905 was rector of the university. In 1895, Walden made his most remarkable discovery which was later named
273:
and became seriously interested in chemistry. In 1886, he published his first scientific study on the color evaluation of the reactions of nitric and nitrous acid with various reagents and establishing the limits of sensitivity of the color method to detection of nitric acid.
298:
in
Russian and foreign journals 57 articles on the stereochemistry. He also continued his research in the field of physical chemistry, establishing in 1889 that the ionizing power of non-aqueous solvent is directly proportional to the dielectric constant.
337:
of nonaqueous solutions. In 1902, he proposed a theory of autodissociation of inorganic and organic solvents. In 1905, he found a relationship between the maximum molecular conductivity and viscosity of the medium and in 1906, coined the term
285:
1909) which greatly influenced his development as a scientist. Their first work together was published in 1887 and was devoted to the dependence of the electrical conductivity of aqueous solutions of salts on their molecular weight.
456:
In his last years, Walden focused on history of chemistry and collected a unique library of over 10,000 volumes. The library and his house were destroyed when the
British bombed Rostock in 1942. Walden moved to Berlin and then to
305:
and in
September 1891 defended there a master thesis on the affinity values of certain organic acids. Ostwald suggested that he stay in Leipzig as a private lecturer, but Walden declined, hoping for a better career in Riga.
954:
503:
Paul Walden (1863–1957): the man behind the Walden inversion, the Walden rule, the
Ostwald-Walden-Bredig rule and Ionic liquids. 2019. ChemTexts. 5/1. G. Boeck. doi: 10.1007/s40828-019-0080-9.
342:". Together with his work on stereochemistry, these results brought him to prominence; in particular, he was considered a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1913 and 1914.
949:
294:
In 1888, Walden graduated from the university with a degree in chemical engineering and continued working at the
Chemistry Department as an assistant to professor C. Bischof.
254:, Latvia) in a large Latvian peasant family. At the age of four, he lost his father and later his mother. Thanks to financial support from his two older brothers who lived in
964:
322:, namely that various stereoisomers can be obtained from the same compound via certain exchange reactions involving hydrogen. This topic became the basis for his
959:
879:
939:
944:
924:
588:, Izv. Acad. Science of Latvia. SSR, 1987, No. 9; Stradynja JP, Solovyov YI Pavel Ivanovich (Paul) Walden: 1863-1957. Moscow, 1988. (in Russian)
662:
277:
In April 1887, Walden became an active member of the Russian Physico-chemical Society. During this time, Walden started his collaboration with
227:
432:
as a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Later, he also became a member of the Swedish (1928) and Finnish (1932) Academies.
904:
869:
934:
889:
262:
in the military) Walden managed to complete his education – first graduated with honors from the district school in the town of
909:
969:
899:
527:
919:
466:
134:
929:
874:
612:
554:
440:
Walden's daughter, Antonina Anna Walden (1899–1983), was a music teacher who married Finnish translator and essayist
327:
461:, where he became a visiting professor of the history of chemistry at the local university. He met the end of
470:
974:
884:
643:
707:
A. G. Morachevskii (2003). "Academician Pavel Ivanovich Walden (on 140th Anniversary of His Birthday)".
894:
640:
270:
120:
282:
251:
914:
476:
Walden survived on a modest pension arranged by German chemists, giving occasional lectures in
148:
602:
544:
517:
428:
371:
302:
239:
168:
138:
864:
859:
826:
785:
745:
689:
P. Walden (1914). "Molecular weights and electrical conductivity of several fused salts".
8:
66:
830:
789:
776:(1953). "Paul von Walden, dem Nestor der Chemie, zum 90. Geburtstage am 26. Juli 1953".
749:
801:
761:
724:
427:
had immigrated to Germany. He was appointed as professor of inorganic chemistry at the
310:
728:
608:
550:
523:
458:
441:
363:
805:
765:
834:
793:
753:
716:
671:
585:
359:
334:
319:
231:
192:
184:
130:
773:
301:
During the summer vacations of 1890 and 1891, Walden was visiting Ostwald at the
278:
223:
200:
736:
Paul Walden (1950). "Aus den Erinnerungen eines alten chemischen Zeitgenossen".
208:
70:
20:
720:
853:
839:
814:
675:
420:
74:
485:
462:
445:
367:
323:
235:
101:
97:
477:
349:
797:
757:
259:
362:
to lead the Chemical Laboratories of the academy founded in 1748, by
339:
250:
Walden was born in Rozulas in the Russian Empire (now Stalbe parish,
24:
657:
488:
in 1957, at the age of 93. His memoirs were published only in 1974.
212:
263:
314:
219:
216:
480:
and writing memoirs. In 1949, he published his best-known book,
78:
309:
In the summer of 1892 he was appointed assistant professor of
41:
266:(1876), and then from the Riga Technical High School (1882).
955:
Full Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917–1925)
255:
226:
and history of chemistry. In particular, he discovered the
19:
For the member of the Oregon House of Representatives, see
950:
Full members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
658:"Ueber die gegenseitige Umwandlung optischer Antipoden"
230:, he invented the stereochemical reaction known as
706:
469:, cut off from Rostock University, located in the
604:Biographical encyclopedia of scientists, Volume 1
542:
965:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
851:
444:. Their son was the Finnish poet and translator
772:
663:Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft
473:, and thus left without any source of income.
600:
960:Full Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
880:Baltic-German people from the Russian Empire
313:. A year later he defended his doctorate on
258:(one was a merchant and another served as a
940:Academic staff of Riga Technical University
735:
515:
245:
234:and synthesized the first room-temperature
945:Academic staff of the University of Latvia
812:
586:New Materials for a Biography of P. Walden
549:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 82.
40:
838:
688:
655:
925:Saint Petersburg State University alumni
348:
333:After that, Walden became interested in
207:; 26 July 1863 – 22 January 1957) was a
269:In December 1882, he enrolled into the
852:
709:Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
596:
594:
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
546:Chemical thermodynamics for industry
511:
509:
289:
584:Volkov VA, Raskin NM, Stradynja JP
13:
700:
519:Ionic Liquids in Chemical Analysis
14:
986:
905:Inventors from the Russian Empire
682:
621:
591:
563:
506:
326:thesis defended in March 1899 at
935:Riga Technical University alumni
890:Chemists from the Russian Empire
815:"Paul Walden zum 70. Geburtstag"
435:
23:. For the Jersey musician, see
870:People from Cēsis Municipality
649:
536:
497:
1:
910:20th-century German inventors
491:
451:
970:Latvian emigrants to Germany
900:20th-century German chemists
522:. CRC Press. p. xxvii.
7:
920:19th-century Latvian people
16:Russian chemist (1863–1957)
10:
991:
607:. CRC Press. p. 921.
543:Trevor M. Letcher (2004).
18:
930:Leipzig University alumni
641:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
328:St. Petersburg University
271:Riga Technical University
196:
174:
164:
157:
144:
126:
121:Riga Technical University
116:
108:
86:
51:
39:
32:
875:People from Kreis Wolmar
840:10.1002/ange.19330463002
691:Bull. Russian Acad. Sci.
676:10.1002/cber.18960290127
283:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
246:Early life and education
721:10.1023/A:1026399420965
644:ВАЛЬДЕН (Walden), Пауль
601:John Daintith (1994).
467:French Occupation Zone
354:
222:known for his work in
204:
197:Павел Иванович Вальден
188:
149:Gmelin-Beilstein Medal
429:University of Rostock
372:ethylammonium nitrate
353:Ethylammonium nitrate
352:
303:University of Leipzig
252:Pārgauja municipality
240:ethylammonium nitrate
169:University of Rostock
139:Ethylammonium nitrate
516:Mihkel Koel (2008).
482:History of Chemistry
831:1933AngCh..46..497G
813:P. Günther (1933).
790:1953NW.....40..373L
778:Naturwissenschaften
750:1950NW.....37...73W
738:Naturwissenschaften
67:Livonia Governorate
975:Russian scientists
885:Latvian scientists
798:10.1007/BF00589294
758:10.1007/BF00631950
656:P. Walden (1896).
355:
311:physical chemistry
819:Angewandte Chemie
529:978-1-4200-4646-5
459:Frankfurt am Main
442:Juho August Hollo
364:Mikhail Lomonosov
290:Work in chemistry
178:
177:
159:Scientific career
982:
895:Latvian chemists
844:
842:
809:
769:
732:
715:(7): 1186–1190.
695:
694:
686:
680:
679:
653:
647:
638:
619:
618:
598:
589:
582:
561:
560:
540:
534:
533:
513:
504:
501:
418:
417:
416:
406:
405:
404:
394:
393:
392:
384:
383:
360:Saint Petersburg
335:electrochemistry
320:Walden inversion
232:Walden inversion
198:
153:
131:Walden inversion
93:
61:
59:
44:
30:
29:
990:
989:
985:
984:
983:
981:
980:
979:
850:
849:
825:(30): 497–498.
784:(14): 373–374.
774:Georg Lockemann
703:
701:Further reading
698:
687:
683:
654:
650:
639:
622:
615:
599:
592:
583:
564:
557:
541:
537:
530:
514:
507:
502:
498:
494:
454:
438:
423:of 12 °C.
415:
412:
411:
410:
408:
403:
400:
399:
398:
396:
391:
388:
387:
386:
382:
379:
378:
377:
375:
292:
279:Wilhelm Ostwald
248:
224:stereochemistry
205:Paul von Walden
151:
137:
133:
117:Alma mater
104:
95:
91:
90:22 January 1957
82:
63:
57:
55:
47:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
988:
978:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
915:Stereochemists
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
846:
845:
810:
770:
733:
702:
699:
697:
696:
681:
670:(1): 133–138.
648:
620:
613:
590:
562:
555:
535:
528:
505:
495:
493:
490:
453:
450:
437:
434:
413:
401:
389:
380:
291:
288:
247:
244:
176:
175:
172:
171:
166:
162:
161:
155:
154:
146:
142:
141:
128:
127:Known for
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
96:
94:(aged 93)
88:
84:
83:
71:Russian Empire
64:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
21:Paul E. Walden
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
987:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
855:
848:
841:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
705:
704:
692:
685:
677:
673:
669:
665:
664:
659:
652:
645:
642:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
627:
625:
616:
614:0-7503-0287-9
610:
606:
605:
597:
595:
587:
581:
579:
577:
575:
573:
571:
569:
567:
558:
556:0-85404-591-0
552:
548:
547:
539:
531:
525:
521:
520:
512:
510:
500:
496:
489:
487:
484:. He died in
483:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
449:
447:
443:
436:Personal life
433:
430:
424:
422:
421:melting point
373:
369:
365:
361:
351:
347:
343:
341:
336:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
312:
307:
304:
299:
295:
287:
284:
280:
275:
272:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
194:
190:
189:Pauls Valdens
186:
182:
173:
170:
167:
163:
160:
156:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
135:Walden's rule
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
89:
85:
80:
76:
75:Stalbe parish
73:(now Pīpēni,
72:
68:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
26:
22:
847:
822:
818:
781:
777:
744:(4): 73–81.
741:
737:
712:
708:
690:
684:
667:
661:
651:
646:(in Russian)
603:
545:
538:
518:
499:
486:Gammertingen
481:
475:
463:World War II
455:
446:Anselm Hollo
439:
425:
368:ionic liquid
356:
344:
332:
324:habilitation
308:
300:
296:
293:
276:
268:
249:
236:ionic liquid
180:
179:
165:Institutions
158:
102:West Germany
98:Gammertingen
92:(1957-01-22)
62:26 July 1863
865:1957 deaths
860:1863 births
471:Soviet Zone
228:Walden rule
181:Paul Walden
109:Nationality
46:Paul Walden
34:Paul Walden
854:Categories
693:: 405–422.
492:References
452:Late years
260:lieutenant
58:1863-07-26
729:195239995
419:with the
370:, namely
340:solvation
65:Rozulas,
25:Guru Josh
806:44707797
766:32190696
478:Tübingen
827:Bibcode
786:Bibcode
746:Bibcode
465:in the
315:osmotic
220:chemist
213:Latvian
209:Russian
193:Russian
185:Latvian
804:
764:
727:
611:
553:
526:
217:German
201:German
152:(1954)
145:Awards
112:German
79:Latvia
802:S2CID
762:S2CID
725:S2CID
264:Cēsis
609:ISBN
551:ISBN
524:ISBN
256:Riga
215:and
87:Died
52:Born
835:doi
794:doi
754:doi
717:doi
672:doi
856::
833:.
823:46
821:.
817:.
800:.
792:.
782:40
780:.
760:.
752:.
742:37
740:.
723:.
713:76
711:.
668:29
666:.
660:.
623:^
593:^
565:^
508:^
448:.
409:NO
397:NH
330:.
242:.
238:,
211:,
203::
199:;
195::
191:;
187::
100:,
77:,
69:,
843:.
837::
829::
808:.
796::
788::
768:.
756::
748::
731:.
719::
678:.
674::
617:.
559:.
532:.
414:3
407:·
402:3
395:)
390:5
385:H
381:2
376:C
374:(
338:"
281:(
183:(
81:)
60:)
56:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
