773:
529:
304:
437:
423:
36:
407:
391:
343:
375:
359:
311:
327:
720:(1911) he wrote: "I can hardly believe that the revolution was favourable to Chile's interests, and I daresay that is a rather ugly page in the history of a so-called democratic people. Men who knew Patagonia before and now say that the "star of Ultima Esperanza sank when the all-mighty company became its master."
739:
in 1914 and the establishment of customs in Punta Arenas. From 1912 until 1922, a powerful multinational labor movement originated in Punta Arenas and expanded throughout southern
Patagonia, confronting the powerful coalition of Argentinean and Chilean authorities and foreign landowners. It did face
702:
When the auctions finished in
September 1906, three companies owned by a total of 18 individuals owned most of the land suitable for sheep farming around the Strait. Many of the early sheep farming pioneers were not able to continue in business as owners, but some did. The concentration of land in a
599:
he bought 300 sheep and back in Chile he sold them to Henry
Reynard. By 1878, this first sheep-raising experiment was considered a success and it created a huge demand for land among individuals who attempted to establish their own sheep-raising businesses. Strong networks of racialized corruption
667:
and
Santiago that had come to realize how profitable sheep raising in Magallanes was. Chilean and foreign entrepreneurs that had leased the lands sought to be able to purchase the land directly from the state but were unsuccessful in their attempts. The first actions begun on March 20, 1903.
707:
structure. This increased concentration of land ownership faced criticism from authors like
Lautaro Navarro who in 1908 wrote "...what was appropriate for the Territory was subivision as means to increase the population and give land access to small capitalists who whished to establish
559:. Early sheep herding activity in the Chilean colony was very modest. The first men to realize the potential for large-scale sheep herding in the lands around the Strait of Magellan were a group of British immigrants that settled in
760:. After recognising the concentrated land tenure as a cause of social tensions, Chilean authorities begun in the 1930s efforts to redistribute land and diversify the economy. Finally, in the 1950s, oil began to be extracted from
619:
travelled to the
Falkland Islands where he promised cheap rental of land for any farmer that moved in to the scarcely populated territory. A group of five settlers who arrived this way, Henry Jamieson,
181:
688:
At the auction there were wild scenes, enormous bids were made, and lots were sold at prices ten times their true value. The result was that most of the purchasers could not pay at the proper time
663:
When most of the land leases around the Strait of
Magellan expired around 1902, the Chilean government decided to auction the lands. This was possibly due to pressure from commercial interests in
636:
for hundreds of kilometers until reaching their land grants in the territory of Santa Cruz. As movement of livestock of this magnitude was unheard of the region the feat was later baptised as
961:
Haberzettl, Torsten; Wille, Michael; Fey, Michael; Janssen, Stephanie; Lücke, Andreas; Mayr, Christoph; Ohlendorf, Christian; Schäbitz, Frank; Schleser, Gerhard H.; Zolistchka, Bernd (2006).
197:
862:
lo que convenĂa al
Territorio era la subdivisiĂłn como medio de aumentar su poblaciĂłn i dar asĂ acceso a tantos pequeños capitalistas que querĂan establecer estancias en campos propios.
752:
had dropped significantly provoking an economic crisis in the sheep-breeding
Argentine Patagonia. The sheep farming economy came to face increased social unrest, such as the events of
641:
1152:
684:
In a few days' time half a dozen companies had been formed with big capitals, and in order to save their homes the colonists formed themselves into one company, the
113:
723:
Interesting article in
Berkshire History Society about the Waldron and Payne families of Lambourn and Peasemore House who were some of the early western settlers
616:
600:
strengthened the British control on lands, commerce and political influence and favored the displacement of indigenous peoples in the continental area and the
651:
where in 1893 that the first estancia was established. Attempts to establish a cattle farming business by entrepreneur Daniel Cruz RamĂrez around 1899 in
624:, William Saunders, Mac Clain and George Mac George set up a plan to quickly set up large sheep farms. These men went in 1888 to Buenos Aires and then to
1103:
287:
523:
50:
1388:
628:
where they purchased thousands of sheep, horses and supplies. All sheep, herders, horses and supplies gathered at the Argentine outpost of
671:
Sheep farms around Ăšltima Esperanza Sound was initially unaffected by the auctions but on 15 March 1905, these lands too were auctioned.
489:
towards meat export. Besides altering the demographic and economic outlook of Southern Patagonia the sheep farming boom also changed the
303:
735:
During the 1910s, the economy of Magallanes faced several challenges such as the decline in sea traffic as a result of the opening of
1309:
143:
131:
1393:
1199:
672:
612:
All the best sheep-herding areas along the Strait had been leased or reserved by 1884. At this point the governor of the Argentine
535:
sheep ranch in 1942. That was the region's primary activity at that time, but that has been affected by the decline in the global
280:
1240:
The Wilds of Patagonia: A Narrative of the Swedish Expedition to Patagonia Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Island in 1907–1909
1408:
1175:
1123:
1413:
1037:
792:
The sheep farming boom altered not only the demographic and economic outlook of Southern Patagonia, but also changed the
273:
1104:"Sheep Sovereignties: The Colonization of the Falkland Islands/Malvinas, Patagonia, and Tierra del Fuego, 1830s–1910s"
566:
The first successful attempt at sheep farming in the Straits of Magellan is credited to the Englishman Henry Reynard (
1261:
1070:
938:
591:
207:
70:
1418:
452:
1362:
613:
477:
one of the world's foremost sheep farming areas. The sheep farming boom attracted thousands of immigrants from
1071:"La participación de capitales británicos en el desarrollo económico del territorio de Magallanes (1880–1920)"
632:
from where they departed south on September 8. The herders followed a route along the coast similar to modern
1403:
902:
757:
633:
259:
629:
349:
254:
1168:
SoberanĂas Fronterizas. Estados y capital en la colonizaciĂłn de Patagonia (Argentina y Chile, 1830–1922)
963:"Environmental change and fire history of southern Patagonia (Argentina) during the last five centuries"
962:
365:
153:
1243:
764:
in the Strait of Magellan, effectively ending the dependence on sheep farming for the local economy.
397:
163:
98:
22:
772:
652:
648:
443:
1398:
970:
930:
35:
621:
579:
1115:
838:
712:
in their own lands". With particular reference to the Ăšltima Esperanza area Swedish explorer
676:
575:
528:
466:
413:
625:
478:
601:
716:
was also critical of the auctions and the resulting changes in land property, in his book
8:
1007:
815:. The Strait of Magellan and the Atlantic coast were covered by natural grasslands so no
552:
202:
108:
103:
75:
481:
and Europe to southern Patagonia. Early sheep farming in Patagonia was oriented towards
892:
828:
556:
138:
118:
675:
became the main landowner in the area establishing its local estancia headquarters in
1171:
1119:
934:
922:
843:
753:
741:
1328:
1280:
1323:
1275:
1111:
979:
777:
724:
583:
567:
563:
in the 1870s, following its development in the islas Malvinas or Falkland islands.
532:
248:
1366:
1235:
983:
897:
713:
694:
80:
647:
In Chile, sheep farming expanded from the Strait of Magellan to the area around
1257:
1144:
1066:
833:
804:
242:
514:
Sociedad Explotadora de Magallanes possessed more than 200,000 sheep by 1901.
1382:
816:
781:
508:
462:
212:
664:
333:
785:
761:
736:
596:
560:
486:
381:
317:
230:
55:
1204:
578:. These sheep were brought to the Straits of Magellan by Chilean governor
808:
745:
704:
544:
236:
1314:
1266:
1075:
925:; Silva G., Osvaldo; Silva V., Fernando; Estelle M., Patricio (1995) .
921:
158:
65:
1357:
800:
796:
540:
493:
470:
1310:"Remates de tierras fiscales en el territorio de Magallanes (1903)"
709:
587:
500:
60:
812:
793:
490:
740:
a strong repression between 1918 and 1922, culminating in the
474:
187:
27:
1262:"El fallido intento colonizador en Muñoz Gamero (1969–1971)"
1200:"RincĂłn gaucho. Un arreo que extendiĂł la frontera ganadera"
749:
536:
482:
16:
19th- and 20th-century South American agricultural movement
1312:[Auction of fiscal lands in Magallan Territory].
960:
485:
production but changed over time with the development of
503:
system. Each of these estancias was administered from a
507:(a central complex of buildings) where administrators,
1108:
Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History
456:
Location of some localities mentioned in the article.
703:few properties gave land tenure in Magallanes as a
655:failed given the humid climate and swampy terrain.
582:who travelled specifically for that purpose to the
1002:
1000:
1359:Los Sucesos de la Patagonia, La Patagonia rebelde
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
499:Sheep farming in Patagonia was carried out in an
1380:
811:, and sheep might also have caused considerable
725:https://berksfhs.org/sheep-farming-in-patagonia/
658:
607:
1256:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
997:
893:"La economĂa ovejera en Magallanes (1876–1930)"
1101:
1065:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
876:
524:Chilean colonization of the Strait of Magellan
436:
1307:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
281:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1219:
1137:
915:
727:They founded "The Patagonian Wool Company".
1250:
1044:
819:occurred during the introduction of sheep.
1234:
1184:
1170:. Valdivia: Universidad Austral de Chile.
288:
274:
1327:
1294:
1279:
1165:
1031:
555:to assert sovereignty over the strategic
1143:
956:
954:
952:
950:
771:
673:Sociedad Explotadora de Tierra del Fuego
527:
422:
551:In 1843, Chile established a colony in
461:In late 19th and early 20th centuries,
1381:
1347:(2nd ed.). Buenos Aires: Galerna.
1197:
1116:10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.351
1102:Harambour-Ross, Alberto (2016-09-29),
406:
390:
1342:
947:
686:United Estancias of Ultima Esperanza.
342:
767:
697:about the auctions on 15 March 1905.
374:
358:
310:
191:(Production Development Corporation)
1389:History of agriculture in Argentina
1149:Historia del Estrecho de Magallanes
1038:Sociedad Nacional de la Agricultura
756:, and addition to competition from
744:. In 1920, in the aftermath of the
13:
730:
326:
14:
1430:
1008:"EconomĂa ganadera en Magallanes"
182:Copper mining during World War II
1308:Sasso Fuentes, Marcello (2006).
435:
421:
405:
389:
373:
357:
341:
325:
309:
302:
34:
1394:History of agriculture in Chile
1351:
1336:
1329:10.4067/S0718-22442006000100010
1281:10.4067/S0718-22442006000200012
1151:(in Spanish), Santiago, Chile:
856:
799:. Research suggests that sheep
640:or The Great Herding by writer
469:making the southern regions of
1198:Guzmán, Yuyú (March 3, 2007).
1159:
1095:
1025:
574:) who raised sheep in 1877 on
517:
1:
869:
659:Chilean auctions of 1903–1906
608:Beyond the Strait of Magellan
1409:History of Magallanes Region
984:10.1016/j.quaint.2006.05.029
903:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
642:José Salvador Borerro Rivera
7:
1032:Schneider, Teodoro (1904),
822:
10:
1435:
1414:Sheep farming in Argentina
521:
154:Tierra del Fuego gold rush
776:Natural grasslands along
758:New Zealand sheep farmers
1036:(in Spanish), Santiago:
971:Quaternary International
849:
487:industrial refrigerators
144:"Oreros" and "Papeleros"
1343:Bayer, Osvaldo (1994).
1034:La agricultura en Chile
931:Editorial Universitaria
614:territory of Santa Cruz
1419:Sheep farming in Chile
789:
718:The Wilds of Patagonia
700:
653:Muñoz Gamero Peninsula
649:Ăšltima Esperanza Sound
571:
548:
444:Ăšltima Esperanza Sound
208:Copper nationalization
198:UN Economic Commission
1166:Harambour, A (2019).
1067:Martinic Beros, Mateo
923:Villalobos R., Sergio
839:New Zealand wool boom
775:
681:
604:in Tierra del Fuego.
539:market as much as by
531:
467:Patagonian grasslands
1404:History of Patagonia
1345:La Patagonia rebelde
465:expanded across the
453:class=notpageimage|
225:Return of liberalism
817:clearing of forests
617:Carlos MarĂa Moyano
580:Diego Dublé Almeyda
553:Brunswick Peninsula
511:and workers lived.
1365:2011-10-27 at the
1246:, pp. 270–271
829:Amazon rubber boom
803:might have caused
790:
557:Strait of Magellan
549:
260:2004 energy crisis
149:Sheep-farming boom
132:Saltpetre Republic
1369:By Johana Farjat
1177:978-956-390-091-0
1125:978-0-19-936643-9
927:Historia de Chile
844:Patagonia rebelde
784:, 70 km north of
768:Ecological impact
754:Patagonia Rebelde
742:Patagonia rebelde
298:
297:
114:Early coal mining
99:Independence debt
1426:
1373:
1372:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1305:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1236:Skottsberg, Carl
1232:
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1216:
1214:
1212:
1195:
1182:
1181:
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1041:
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1004:
995:
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992:
990:
967:
958:
945:
944:
919:
913:
912:
911:
909:
889:
863:
860:
807:of lagoons like
778:Chile Route Y-50
698:
634:National Route 3
602:selknam genocide
584:Falkland Islands
533:Tierra del Fuego
439:
438:
429:Falkland Islands
425:
424:
409:
408:
393:
392:
377:
376:
361:
360:
345:
344:
329:
328:
313:
312:
306:
290:
283:
276:
249:Miracle of Chile
192:
164:Great Depression
76:Century of wheat
38:
23:Economic history
19:
18:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1399:Commodity booms
1379:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1367:Wayback Machine
1356:
1352:
1341:
1337:
1306:
1295:
1286:
1284:
1258:Martinic, Mateo
1255:
1251:
1233:
1220:
1210:
1208:
1196:
1185:
1178:
1164:
1160:
1145:Martinic, Mateo
1142:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1064:
1045:
1030:
1026:
1017:
1015:
1012:Memoria Chilena
1006:
1005:
998:
988:
986:
965:
959:
948:
941:
933:. p. 625.
920:
916:
907:
905:
898:Memoria Chilena
891:
890:
877:
872:
867:
866:
861:
857:
852:
825:
770:
748:, the price of
746:First World War
733:
731:End of the boom
714:Carl Skottsberg
699:
695:Carl Skottsberg
693:
661:
610:
572:Enrique Reynard
526:
520:
459:
458:
457:
455:
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314:
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265:
264:
226:
218:
217:
194:
190:
189:
177:
176:Internal growth
169:
168:
134:
124:
123:
119:Long Depression
94:
86:
85:
81:Bourbon reforms
51:Colonial mining
46:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1375:
1374:
1350:
1335:
1322:(1): 157–160.
1318:(in Spanish).
1293:
1274:(2): 119–124.
1249:
1218:
1183:
1176:
1158:
1136:
1124:
1094:
1079:(in Spanish).
1043:
1024:
996:
946:
939:
914:
901:(in Spanish),
874:
873:
871:
868:
865:
864:
854:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
841:
836:
834:Argentine beef
831:
824:
821:
805:eutrophication
769:
766:
732:
729:
691:
677:Cerro Castillo
660:
657:
609:
606:
519:
516:
451:
450:
442:
441:
434:
433:
428:
427:
420:
419:
414:Cerro Castillo
412:
411:
404:
403:
398:Puerto Stanley
396:
395:
388:
387:
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379:
372:
371:
364:
363:
356:
355:
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111:
106:
101:
95:
93:Early republic
92:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:
78:
73:
71:Alerce logging
68:
63:
58:
53:
47:
44:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1302:
1300:
1298:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1245:
1244:Edward Arnold
1241:
1237:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
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1173:
1169:
1162:
1155:, p. 146
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1001:
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955:
953:
951:
942:
940:956-11-1163-2
936:
932:
928:
924:
918:
904:
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882:
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845:
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840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
826:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
787:
783:
782:Riesco Island
779:
774:
765:
763:
762:oil platforms
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
728:
726:
721:
719:
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690:
689:
685:
680:
678:
674:
669:
666:
656:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
638:El Gran Arreo
635:
631:
630:FortĂn Conesa
627:
623:
622:John Hamilton
618:
615:
605:
603:
598:
594:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
576:Isabel Island
573:
569:
564:
562:
558:
554:
546:
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538:
534:
530:
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512:
510:
506:
505:casco central
502:
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484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:sheep farming
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383:
367:
351:
350:FortĂn Conesa
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214:
213:Vuskovic plan
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142:
140:
139:Saltpetre War
137:
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57:
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52:
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42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
26:
21:
20:
1371:(in Spanish)
1358:
1353:
1344:
1338:
1319:
1313:
1285:. Retrieved
1271:
1265:
1252:
1239:
1209:. Retrieved
1203:
1167:
1161:
1153:Andrés Bello
1148:
1139:
1129:, retrieved
1107:
1097:
1085:. Retrieved
1080:
1074:
1040:, p. 80
1033:
1027:
1016:, retrieved
1014:(in Spanish)
1011:
987:. Retrieved
975:
969:
926:
917:
906:, retrieved
896:
858:
791:
786:Punta Arenas
737:Panama Canal
734:
722:
717:
701:
687:
683:
682:
670:
662:
646:
637:
611:
597:Port Stanley
595:in 1876. In
590:
565:
561:Punta Arenas
550:
513:
504:
498:
460:
382:Punta Arenas
366:RĂo Gallegos
318:Buenos Aires
255:Asian crisis
235:
231:Chicago Boys
148:
56:Real Situado
45:Colonial era
1211:January 20,
1087:25 December
989:25 December
809:Potrok Aike
705:latifundium
547:extraction.
518:Development
243:1982 crisis
237:El ladrillo
203:Land reform
109:Wheat cycle
104:Silver rush
1383:Categories
1315:Magallania
1287:2007-01-27
1267:Magallania
1242:, London:
1131:2023-11-21
1076:Magallania
870:References
665:ValparaĂso
522:See also:
334:ValparaĂso
159:Meat riots
66:Encomienda
1205:La NaciĂłn
1083:: 299–321
978:: 72–82.
801:excrement
797:ecosystem
710:estancias
626:RĂo Negro
592:Chacabuco
541:petroleum
494:ecosystem
471:Argentina
1363:Archived
1260:(2006).
1238:(1911),
1147:(1977),
1069:(2002).
1018:June 30,
908:June 30,
823:See also
692:—
588:corvette
501:estancia
61:Hacienda
813:erosion
586:in the
568:Spanish
509:foremen
1174:
1122:
937:
794:steppe
491:steppe
479:Chiloé
966:(PDF)
850:Notes
780:near
475:Chile
188:CORFO
28:Chile
1213:2021
1172:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1089:2013
1020:2013
991:2013
935:ISBN
910:2013
750:wool
543:and
537:wool
483:wool
473:and
1324:doi
1276:doi
1112:doi
980:doi
976:158
545:gas
1385::
1320:34
1296:^
1272:34
1270:.
1264:.
1221:^
1202:.
1186:^
1118:,
1110:,
1106:,
1081:35
1073:.
1046:^
1010:,
999:^
974:.
968:.
949:^
929:.
895:,
878:^
679:.
644:.
570::
496:.
25:of
1332:.
1326::
1290:.
1278::
1215:.
1180:.
1114::
1091:.
993:.
982::
943:.
788:.
289:e
282:t
275:v
251:"
247:"
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