551:
only paid out a total of 25,600 francs in the period between his arrival in
Switzerland in May 1915 and the February Revolution of 1917. Parvus did little in Switzerland, Alfred Erich Senn concludes. Austrian intelligence thought Parvus gave money to Russian emigres' newspapers in Paris. However, in the beginning of 1915 the sources of funding became clearer to Lenin and the other Paris emigrés, whereupon they rejected further support. Harold Shukman concluded, "funds were plainly not flowing into Lenin's hands"
287:, who had queried Marx's prediction that the collapse of capitalism was inevitable, and advocated a non-violent reforms as the route to socialism. Giving his series the title 'Bernstein's Overthrow of Socialism', he attacked Bernstein in personal terms, as someone who had deserted Marxism. He was in a minority within the SDP, most of whose leaders were shocked by his intemperate language, but he was backed by Rosa Luxemburg, and the leading Russian Marxist,
419:
42:
347:, beginning in February 1904, in which he forecast the decline of the nation state as capitalist competition made states more interdependent, that there would be a series of wars as states fought, and that there would be a political upheaval in Russia that would 'shake the bourgeois world.' for survival.
558:
in May 1915 and agreed to collaboration through their organizations, though Lenin remained very careful never to get associated with Parvus in public. There is no certain proof that they ever met face to face again, although there are indications that such a meeting may well have occurred on 13 April
370:
to stay at Parvus's home in Munich, and showed him the manuscript of a pamphlet, to which Parvus added a preface, in which
Trotsky developed Parvus's ideas, adding the possibility that revolution in Russia could bring a "workers' government" to power, contrary to the standard Marxist view that Russia
624:
During his lifetime, Alexander Parvus' reputation among his revolutionary peers suffered as a result of the Maxim Gorky affair (see above) and the fact that he was in effect a German government agent. At the same time both his business skills and revolutionary ideas were appreciated and relied upon
550:
Some accuse Parvus of having funded Lenin while in
Switzerland. Other authors, however, are skeptical. Scharlau and Zeman conclude in their biography of Parvus that there was no cooperation between the two, declaring that "Lenin refused the German offer of aid." Parvus's bank account shows that he
562:
Parvus assiduously worked at keeping Lenin's confidence. However, Lenin kept him at arm's length to disguise the changing roles of both men, Parvus' involvement with German intelligence and his own liaisons with his old ally, who was not respected any more among the socialists after his years in
379:
Parvus was unquestionably one of the most important of the
Marxists at the turn of the century. He used the Marxian methods skilfully, was possessed of a wide vision, and kept a keen eye on everything of importance in world events. This, coupled with his fearless thinking and his virile muscular
656:
Although the Soviet authorities refused to allow Parvus to return to Russia, both his surviving sons, Yevgeny Gnedin and Leon
Helfand, were allowed to settle in the USSR, and became Soviet diplomats. Yevgeny Gnedin was head of the press department at the
1199:(in Swedish), 1985, Bonnier Fakta, Stockholm; we know that Parvus sent a number of messages to Lenin that day and tried to coax a meeting, and some sources suggest that such an encounter did in fact happen before Lenin went north and home
380:
style, made him a remarkable writer. ... And yet there was always something made and unreliable about Parvus. In addition to all his other ambitions, this revolutionary was torn by an amazing desire to get rich.
653:, and had arrived in Warsaw, destitute. One of his wives, Tatiana Berman, was born in Odessa in 1868 and died there in 1917, aged 49. Their son, Yevgeny (Gnedin), was born in Dresden in 1898.
1020:
575:, a strategy made feasible by the weak and overburdened fiscal and customs offices in Scandinavia, which were inadequate for the booming black market in these countries during the war.
171:). Although little is known of Israel's early childhood, the Gelfand family belonged to the lower-middle class, with his father working as an artisan of some sort — perhaps as a
534:: the paralyzing of Russia via general strike, financed by the German government (which, at the time, was at war with Russia and its allies). Von Wangenheim sent Parvus to
633:'s era and sometimes had anti-semitic overtones to it. In Germany however he was considered favorably. His name is often used in modern political debates in Russia.
449:(and approximately 25% to Gorky himself). Parvus' failure to pay (despite the fact that the play had over 500 showings) caused him to be accused of stealing 130,000
245:. Gelfand would remain at the university for the next three years, graduating with a doctorate degree in July 1891. Gelfand's professors were largely hostile to his
489:—Enver, Talat and Cemal—and Finance Minister Djavid Bey. His firm dealt with the deliveries of foodstuffs for the Ottoman army and he was a business partner of the
256:
Gelfand chose not to pursue an academic career but rather sought to begin a political career which would both provide him financial support and serve the cause of
1563:
1548:
582:'s Government in preparation for a trial scheduled for October (November) 1917 was recently reexamined and found to be either inconclusive or outright forgery. (
554:
Parvus placed his bets on Lenin, as the latter was not only a radical but willing to accept the sponsorship of the Tsar's wartime enemy, Germany. The two met in
530:
who was known to be partial to establishing revolutionary fifth columns among the allies. Consequently, Parvus offered his plan via Baron von
Wangenheim to the
249:
approach to economics, however, and difficulty in his oral examination resulted in a rider being attached to the degree which rendered it the equivalent of a
1028:
230:
as well as the revolutionary literature of the day. He returned to Russia briefly the following year but he became the subject of official scrutiny by the
124:
1224:
457:
convinced Gorky to keep the quarrel inside the party's own court. Eventually, Parvus paid back Gorky, but his reputation in party circles was damaged.
641:
Parvus left no documents after his death and all of his savings disappeared. He was married at least three times. In 1906, Rosa
Luxemburg wrote
318:
for the first time, in Munich, each admiring the other's theoretical works. Parvus encouraged Lenin to begin publishing his revolutionary paper
194:
in Odessa and received private tutoring in the humanities. He also read widely on his own, including material by the iconic
Ukrainian poet
578:
It is still debated whether the money with which this financial network operated was actually of German origin. The evidence published by
250:
1598:
658:
563:
Turkey and after becoming a millionaire entrepreneur. German intelligence set up Parvus' financial network via offshore operations in
1578:
1558:
1588:
446:
371:
would need to go through a phase after the overthrow of the monarchy in which was exercised by a government controlled by the
283:
From 28 January to 6 March 1898, Parvus used his newspaper to run a series of polemical articles attacking the German
Marxist
677:, and wrote memoirs "Catastrophe and Rebirth" and in "Exit from the Labyrinth" describing his experience. He died in 1983.
1538:
1508:
595:
responded to allegations that Lenin had colluded with Parvus or German intelligence in his return to St
Petersburg in his
571:. A large part of the transactions of these companies were genuine, but those served to bury the transfer of money to the
375:. This was known as the theory of Permanent Revolution. Trotsky later acknowledged Parvus's influence over him. He wrote:
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990:
269:
135:
1403:
1254:
597:
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Parvus' attempts to become a German citizen proved fruitless. He once commented in a letter to his German friend
260:. Alienated from the backwardness of agrarian Russia and the limited political horizons there, Gelfand moved to
1533:
1221:
473:, where he lived for five years. There he set up an arms trading company which profited handsomely during the
179:. When Israel was a small boy, a fire damaged the family's home in Berazino, prompting a move to the city of
391:
In October 1905, Parvus returned to St Petersburg, where he helped Trotsky take control of the daily paper,
1126:Подготовка массовой политической забастовки в России (A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia)
645:
saying: "Wife number three is here in St Petersburg" - just after his second wife had fled an anti-semitic
629:
in Russia for obvious political reasons his role was denied and he himself vilified. This continued during
527:
1504:
234:
and was forced to leave the country again for his safety. He would remain abroad for more than a decade.
1448:
Karaömerlıoğlu, M. Asim (November 2004). "Helphand-Parvus and His Impact on Turkish Intellectual Life".
661:, at the time of his arrest on 11 May 1939, which coincided with the dismissal of the foreign minister,
1593:
1573:
1568:
722:
203:
1085:
Schurer, Heinz (October 1959). "Alexander Helphand-Parvus—Russian Revolutionary and German Patriot".
430:(right) in prison. Seemingly a composite photograph, as shown by the peculiar ghostly hand at right.
1543:
411:, Parvus escaped and emigrated to Germany, where he published a book about his experiences called
1343:
404:
359:
1419:
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on 12 December 1924. His body was cremated and interred in a Berlin cemetery. After his death,
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17:
567:, setting up relays for German money to get to Russia via fake financial transactions between
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to Rosa Luxemburg. In Munich, he founded the publishing house that introduced the work of
8:
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238:
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191:
771:
The Merchant of Revolution: The Life of Alexander Israel Helphand (Parvus), 1867-1924.
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713:
439:
Before he left for Russia, Parvus struck a deal with Maxim Gorky to produce his play
242:
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1123:
445:. According to the agreement, the majority of the play's proceeds were to go to the
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1157:
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450:
441:
355:
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that "I am seeking a government where one can inexpensively acquire a fatherland."
288:
284:
227:
195:
1148:
Senn, Alfred Erich (1976). "The Myth of German Money during the First World War".
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where the latter arrived on the 6 March 1915 and presented a 20-page plan titled
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at war time gave basis to the theory that Alexander Parvus was also a British
1517:
1232:
The Bolsheviks' "German Gold" Revisited: An Inquiry into the 1917 Accusations
686:
630:
403:(The Start). Arrested in April 1906, he was visited by Rosa Luxemburg in the
396:
1056:Березовский – между Азефом и Парвусом (Berezovsky – between Azef and Parvus)
1398:. London: (Introduction to 'This I cannot Forget' by Anna Larina) Pandora.
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by Russian and German revolutionaries and Ottoman's Young Turks. After the
592:
486:
485:, their daily newspaper. He worked closely with the triumvirs known as the
423:
363:
938:
921:
388:" within the social democratic movement in the period leading up to 1917.
696:
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206:, which led the young Gelfand to begin to question the legitimacy of the
237:
Returning to Switzerland, in the autumn of 1888 Gelfand enrolled at the
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665:. He refused to confess, despite being tortured by the police chief,
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wrote in his memoir: "This man possessed the ablest brains of the
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231:
226:. It was there that Gelfand was first exposed to the writings of
184:
168:
128:
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In 1886, the 19-year-old Gelfand first travelled from Russia to
1021:""Helphand-Parvus and his impact on Turkish intellectual life""
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933:
L. Shub, "Kupets revoliutsii" (Merchant of the Revolution),
555:
119:(8 September 1867 – 12 December 1924) and sometimes called
1197:
Ryska posten: de ryska revolutionärerna i Norden 1906-1917
27:
Marxist theoretician, publicist and controversial activist
1273:
Der Spiegel churns out old lies on the October Revolution
983:
Witnesses to Permanent Revolution: The Documentary Record
422:
Alexander Parvus (left) with the Russian revolutionaries
272:
and took over the editorship of the socialist newspaper
1371:"Письмо Е.Гнедина в Президиум ЦК КПСС. 16 июля 1953 г."
477:. He became the financial and political advisor of the
294:
On 25 September 1898, Parvus and his assistant editor,
707:(1984). In 1988 Parvus was portrayed by English actor
1487:
The Sealed Train: Journey to Revolution, Lenin – 1917
540:
A preparation of massive political strikes in Russia
384:There were broad discussions on the questions of "
187:), the hometown of Israel's paternal grandfather.
970:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin. p. 172.
703:played the title role in the West German TV film
1515:
134:, publicist, and controversial activist in the
1564:Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians
1549:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members
1447:
1018:
1012:
1247:Lenin als Kontrahent von Parvus im Jahr 1917.
773:London: Oxford University Press, 1965; pg. 8.
735:about the struggles and intelligence of the
717:. A fictionalized version of him as a German
559:1917, during Lenin's stop-over in Stockholm.
526:, Parvus became close with German ambassador
413:In the Russian Bastille during the Revolution
334:
1420:"Evgeny Alexandrovich Gnedin public profile"
1314:Berlin, Verlag für Sozialwissenschaft, 1925
1047:
1045:
875:
873:
846:
844:
354:, when troops fired on a peaceful crowd in
1501:Newspaper clippings about Alexander Parvus
1115:
1080:
1078:
1051:
886:
742:in keeping the declining empire together.
40:
1042:
974:
950:
870:
841:
659:People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs
1344:"Tatiana Naumovna Berman public profile"
1301:
1215:
1027:. Middle Eastern Studies. Archived from
980:
941:," Khronos, Accessed September 27, 2009.
924:," Khronos, Accessed September 27, 2009.
417:
343:, Parvus wrote a series of articles for
151:Israel Lazarevich Gelfand was born to a
125:the literature on the Russian Revolution
1484:
1285:
1236:
1084:
1075:
1060:(in Russian). Деловая газета «Взгляд».
981:Day, Richard B.; Gaido, Daniel (2011).
968:My Life: An Attempt at an Autobiography
965:
910:. London: Oxford U.P. pp. 147–155.
545:
276:. He enlisted the German revolutionary
14:
1516:
1121:
1019:Karaömerlioglu, Asim (November 2004).
955:. London: Oxford U.P. pp. 103–04.
937:, vol. 87 (1967), page 296. Cited in "
1393:
1064:from the original on 31 December 2006
1052:Галковский, Дмитрий (June 22, 2005).
905:
680:
517:
434:
1249:Schkeuditz : GNN-Verlag, 1997.
1147:
953:The Prophet Armed, Trotsky:1879-1921
1122:Парвус, Александр (February 1915).
939:Александр Парвус (Израиль Гельфанд)
922:Александр Парвус (Израиль Гельфанд)
725:is portrayed by the Armenian Actor
512:
407:Sentenced to three years' exile in
24:
1441:
1368:
695:, covering the history of the pre-
685:He was portrayed by English actor
460:
155:family on 8 September 1867 in the
136:Social Democratic Party of Germany
25:
1615:
1599:Expatriates in the Ottoman Empire
1494:
1396:The Afterlife of Nikolai Bukharin
1327:
1312:Parvus: Ein Blatt der Erinnerung.
598:History of the Russian Revolution
395:, and cofounded with Trotsky and
1579:People of the Russian Revolution
1288:"The Month of the Great Slander"
1184:Lenin and the Russian Revolution
769:Z.A.B. Zeman and W.B. Scharlau,
497:, and of the famous arms dealer
481:. In 1912 he was made editor of
465:Soon afterwards Parvus moved to
314:to Germany. In 1900, Parvus met
213:
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1362:
1336:
1321:
1279:
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1202:
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1141:
1009:, Milan, Garzanti, 1988, p. 117
999:
959:
944:
927:
899:
453:. Gorky threatened to sue, but
447:Russian Social Democratic Party
183:, Russian Empire, (present-day
1559:People from the Russian Empire
857:
828:
815:
802:
789:
776:
763:
729:in the 2017 Turkish TV series
13:
1:
1589:World War I spies for Germany
1025:Vol. 40, No. 6, pages 145-165
202:, and the political satirist
146:
757:
689:in the 1974 BBC mini-series
528:Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim
141:
7:
1539:People from Igumensky Uyezd
1505:20th Century Press Archives
1462:10.1080/0026320042000282928
894:The Merchant of Revolution,
881:The Merchant of Revolution,
865:The Merchant of Revolution,
852:The Merchant of Revolution,
836:The Merchant of Revolution,
823:The Merchant of Revolution,
810:The Merchant of Revolution,
797:The Merchant of Revolution,
784:The Merchant of Revolution,
745:
673:. He survived years in the
10:
1620:
1394:Cohen, Stephen F. (1993).
542:to the German government.
339:After the outbreak of the
335:Russian Revolution of 1905
308:Sächsische Arbeiterzeitung
274:Sächsische Arbeiterzeitung
204:Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin
1485:Pearson, Michael (1975).
1259:The question about Parvus
1162:10.1080/09668137608411043
951:Deutscher, Isaac (1954).
636:
117:Israel Lazarevich Gelfand
102:
80:
56:Israel Lazarevich Gelfand
51:
39:
32:
1186:, Putnam Pub Group, 1967
908:Rosa Luxemburg, volume 1
604:
113:Alexander Lvovich Parvus
46:Alexander Parvus in 1905
405:Peter and Paul Fortress
360:1905 Russian Revolution
270:Social Democratic Party
1450:Middle Eastern Studies
1374:Исторические Материалы
1286:Trotsky, Leon (1930).
966:Trotsky, Leon (1975).
721:mastermind behind the
705:Ein Mann namens Parvus
431:
382:
1534:People from Byerazino
1276:Retrieved 2015-08-07.
501:. Arms dealings with
421:
377:
306:, handing control of
232:tsarist secret police
1489:. London: Macmillan.
1245:Pößneck, Ehrenfried
1212:, London, 1975, ch.4
1130:(in Russian). ХРОНОС
1005:Pietro Zveteremich,
906:Nettl, J.P. (1966).
892:Zeman and Scharlau,
879:Zeman and Scharlau,
863:Zeman and Scharlau,
850:Zeman and Scharlau,
834:Zeman and Scharlau,
821:Zeman and Scharlau,
808:Zeman and Scharlau,
795:Zeman and Scharlau,
782:Zeman and Scharlau,
732:Payitaht: Abdülhamid
619:Second International
546:Copenhagen operation
532:German General Staff
386:permanent revolution
200:Nikolai Mikhailovsky
985:. Haymarket Books.
569:front organizations
298:were expelled from
241:, where he studied
239:University of Basel
1426:. 29 November 1898
1227:2006-10-30 at the
681:In popular culture
627:October Revolution
580:Alexander Kerensky
518:Russian Revolution
507:intelligence asset
435:Maxim Gorky affair
432:
358:, setting off the
341:Russo-Japanese War
329:Wilhelm Liebknecht
296:Julian Marchlewski
280:as a contributor.
251:third class degree
167:, (in present-day
1594:Bolshevik finance
1574:Marxist theorists
1569:Jewish socialists
1208:Michael Pearson,
1195:Hans Björkegren,
714:Lenin...The Train
451:German gold marks
302:, and settled in
243:political economy
198:, the journalist
190:Gelfand attended
153:Lithuanian Jewish
110:
109:
16:(Redirected from
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1308:Haenisch, Konrad
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701:Günter Lamprecht
669:and his deputy,
586:Sisson Documents
513:Soviet relations
442:The Lower Depths
356:Saint Petersburg
289:Georgi Plekhanov
285:Eduard Bernstein
228:Alexander Herzen
196:Taras Shevchenko
87:
84:12 December 1924
66:8 September 1867
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34:Alexander Parvus
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1229:Wayback Machine
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727:Kevork Malikyan
723:new world order
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667:Lavrentiy Beria
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615:Konrad Haenisch
609:Parvus died in
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503:Vickers Limited
495:Vickers Limited
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461:Istanbul period
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393:Russkaya Gazeta
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1495:External links
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1150:Soviet Studies
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1101:10.2307/126174
1095:(4): 313–331.
1088:Russian Review
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827:
825:pp. 11 and 16.
814:
801:
788:
775:
761:
759:
756:
755:
754:
752:Yakov Ganetsky
747:
744:
692:Fall of Eagles
682:
679:
671:Bogdan Kobulov
663:Maxim Litvinov
638:
635:
606:
603:
547:
544:
519:
516:
514:
511:
471:Ottoman Empire
462:
459:
455:Rosa Luxemburg
436:
433:
366:came with his
350:Shortly after
336:
333:
316:Vladimir Lenin
278:Rosa Luxemburg
215:
212:
208:Tsarist Empire
165:Russian Empire
148:
145:
143:
140:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
90:
88:(aged 57)
82:
78:
77:
74:Russian Empire
68:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1405:0-393-03025-3
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1031:on 2013-01-28
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988:
984:
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935:Novyi zhurnal
930:
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902:
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724:
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715:
710:
706:
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698:
694:
693:
688:
687:Michael Gough
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
634:
632:
631:Joseph Stalin
628:
622:
620:
616:
612:
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581:
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560:
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541:
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533:
529:
525:
510:
508:
504:
500:
499:Basil Zaharov
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
429:
426:(centre) and
425:
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398:
397:Julius Martov
394:
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365:
361:
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352:Bloody Sunday
348:
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322:
317:
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309:
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297:
292:
290:
286:
281:
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271:
268:, joined the
267:
263:
259:
254:
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248:
244:
240:
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229:
225:
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214:Revolutionary
211:
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139:
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105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
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54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1584:Arms traders
1486:
1453:
1449:
1428:. Retrieved
1423:
1414:
1395:
1389:
1377:. Retrieved
1373:
1364:
1352:. Retrieved
1347:
1338:
1329:
1323:
1311:
1303:
1291:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1266:
1257:; D. Stove,
1246:
1238:
1231:
1217:
1209:
1204:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1156:(1): 83–90.
1153:
1149:
1143:
1132:. Retrieved
1125:
1117:
1092:
1086:
1066:. Retrieved
1055:
1033:. Retrieved
1029:the original
1024:
1014:
1006:
1001:
982:
976:
967:
961:
952:
946:
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929:
916:
907:
901:
893:
888:
880:
864:
859:
851:
835:
830:
822:
817:
809:
804:
796:
791:
783:
778:
770:
765:
730:
712:
711:in the film
709:Timothy West
704:
690:
684:
655:
643:Karl Kautsky
640:
623:
608:
596:
593:Leon Trotsky
591:
583:
577:
561:
553:
549:
539:
521:
493:concern, of
487:Three Pashas
482:
464:
440:
438:
424:Leon Trotsky
412:
400:
392:
390:
383:
378:
364:Leon Trotsky
362:, the young
349:
344:
338:
326:
319:
307:
293:
282:
273:
255:
236:
217:
189:
150:
132:theoretician
120:
116:
112:
111:
86:(1924-12-12)
1604:Young Turks
1529:1924 deaths
1524:1867 births
1316:(in German)
1243:(in German)
697:World War I
479:Young Turks
428:Leo Deutsch
373:Bourgeoisie
312:Maxim Gorky
224:Switzerland
103:Nationality
1554:Mensheviks
1518:Categories
1134:2006-12-17
1068:2006-12-17
1035:2006-12-17
812:pp. 10-11.
573:Bolsheviks
565:Copenhagen
483:Turk Yurdu
475:Balkan War
399:the daily
177:blacksmith
147:Early life
62:1867-09-08
1478:220377996
758:Footnotes
584:See also
522:While in
258:socialism
192:gymnasium
173:locksmith
142:Biography
1225:Archived
1062:Archived
746:See also
699:period.
467:Istanbul
175:or as a
161:Berazino
127:, was a
121:Helphand
70:Berazino
1507:of the
1503:in the
1470:4289957
1430:11 July
1379:11 July
1354:11 July
1328:Nettl.
1293:26 July
1261:(1991).
896:pg. 19.
883:pg. 18.
867:pg. 16.
854:pg. 14.
838:pg. 12.
799:pg. 10.
737:Ottoman
719:Zionist
469:in the
409:Siberia
401:Nachalo
266:Germany
262:Dresden
247:Marxist
185:Ukraine
169:Belarus
163:in the
129:Marxist
115:, born
106:Russian
1476:
1468:
1402:
1350:. 1868
1253:
1170:150283
1168:
1109:126174
1107:
989:
786:pg. 9.
740:Sultan
651:Odessa
647:Pogrom
637:Family
611:Berlin
536:Berlin
524:Turkey
304:Munich
300:Saxony
181:Odessa
157:shtetl
92:Berlin
18:Parvus
1474:S2CID
1466:JSTOR
1166:JSTOR
1105:JSTOR
675:Gulag
605:Death
491:Krupp
345:Iskra
321:Iskra
264:, in
220:Basel
1432:2022
1424:GENi
1400:ISBN
1381:2022
1356:2022
1348:GENi
1295:2023
1251:ISBN
987:ISBN
556:Bern
368:wife
81:Died
52:Born
1509:ZBW
1458:doi
1158:doi
1097:doi
649:in
621:".
159:of
123:in
1520::
1472:.
1464:.
1454:40
1452:.
1422:.
1346:.
1310::
1164:.
1154:28
1152:.
1103:.
1093:18
1091:.
1077:^
1044:^
1023:.
872:^
843:^
601:.
589:)
509:.
415:.
324:.
291:.
253:.
222:,
210:.
138:.
94:,
72:,
1480:.
1460::
1434:.
1408:.
1383:.
1358:.
1318:.
1297:.
1172:.
1160::
1137:.
1128:"
1124:"
1111:.
1099::
1071:.
1058:"
1054:"
1038:.
995:.
920:"
64:)
60:(
20:)
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