732:, in an address to the Athenian people, said that the statue could be used as a gold reserve if that was necessary to preserve Athens, stressing that it "contained forty talents of pure gold and it was all removable", but adding that the gold would afterward have to be restored. The Athenian statesman thus implies that the metal, obtained from contemporary coinage, could be used again if absolutely necessary without any impiety. According to Aristotle, the building also contained golden figures that he described as "Victories". The classicist Harris Rackham noted that eight of those figures were melted down for coinage during the Peloponnesian War. Other Greek writers have claimed that treasures such as Persian swords were also stored inside the temple. Some scholars, therefore, argue that the Parthenon should be viewed as a grand setting for a monumental votive statue rather than as a cult site.
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872:, to assert that there existed a distinct substructure to the original Parthenon, called Parthenon I by Dörpfeld, not immediately below the present edifice as previously assumed. Dörpfeld's observation was that the three steps of the first Parthenon consisted of two steps of Poros limestone, the same as the foundations, and a top step of Karrha limestone that was covered by the lowest step of the Periclean Parthenon. This platform was smaller and slightly to the north of the final Parthenon, indicating that it was built for a different building, now completely covered over. This picture was somewhat complicated by the publication of the final report on the 1885–1890 excavations, indicating that the substructure was contemporary with the Kimonian walls, and implying a later date for the first temple.
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other classical Greek temples, it has a slight parabolic upward curvature intended to shed rainwater and reinforce the building against earthquakes. The columns might therefore be supposed to lean outward, but they actually lean slightly inward so that if they carried on, they would meet almost exactly 2,400 metres (1.5 mi) above the centre of the
Parthenon. Since they are all the same height, the curvature of the outer stylobate edge is transmitted to the
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by creating their own curves, thus negating this effect and allowing the temple to be seen as they intended. It is also suggested that it was to enliven what might have appeared an inert mass in the case of a building without curves. But the comparison ought to be, according to
Smithsonian historian Evan Hadingham, with the Parthenon's more obviously curved predecessors than with a notional rectilinear temple.
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1880:...three of the sanctuary's four walls nearly collapsed and three-fifths of the sculptures from the frieze fell. Nothing of the roof apparently remained in place. Six columns from the south side fell, eight from the north, as well as whatever remained from the eastern porch, except for one column. The columns brought down with them the enormous marble architraves, triglyphs, and metopes.
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1250:, 14 each on the east and west sides, 32 each on the north and south sides. They were carved in high relief, a practice employed until then only in treasuries (buildings used to keep votive gifts to the gods). According to the building records, the metope sculptures date to the years 446–440. The metopes of the east side of the Parthenon, above the main entrance, depict the
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the museum to do so (which would require legislation). Talks between senior representatives from Greek and
British cultural ministries and their legal advisors took place in London on 4 May 2007. These were the first serious negotiations for several years, and there were hopes that the two sides might move a step closer to a resolution.
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Once the Turks had recaptured the
Acropolis, they used some of the rubble produced by this explosion to erect a smaller mosque within the shell of the ruined Parthenon. For the next century and a half, parts of the remaining structure were looted for building material and especially valuable objects.
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offers a mythological interpretation for the frieze, one that is in harmony with the rest of the temple's sculptural programme which shows
Athenian genealogy through a series of succession myths set in the remote past. She identifies the central panel above the door of the Parthenon as the pre-battle
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Other craftsmen were necessary for the building of the
Parthenon, specifically carpenters and metalworkers. Unskilled labourers also had key roles in the building of the Parthenon. They loaded and unloaded the marble blocks and moved the blocks from place to place. In order to complete a project like
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expressed marvel at the
Parthenon's sculptures and figuratively described the building as "like some impregnable fortress not made by human agency". He composed a poetic supplication stating that, as "a work less of human hands than of Heaven itself, should remain standing for all time". The French
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The east pediment originally contained 10 to 12 sculptures depicting the Birth of Athena. Most of those pieces were removed and lost during renovations in either the eighth or the twelfth century. Only two corners remain today with figures depicting the passage of time over the course of a full day.
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A big project like the
Parthenon attracted stonemasons from far and wide who travelled to Athens to assist in the project. Slaves and foreigners worked together with the Athenian citizens in the building of the Parthenon, doing the same jobs for the same pay. Temple building was a specialized craft,
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in 1842: the first photograph of the
Acropolis. The area became a historical precinct controlled by the Greek government. In the later 19th century, the Parthenon was widely considered by Americans and Europeans to be the pinnacle of human architectural achievement, and became a popular destination
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Accounts written at the time conflict over whether this destruction was deliberate or accidental; one such account, written by the German officer
Sobievolski, states that a Turkish deserter revealed to Morosini the use to which the Turks had put the Parthenon; expecting that the Venetians would not
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in 1674 visited the Acropolis and sketched the Parthenon's sculptural decorations. Early in 1687, an engineer named Plantier sketched the Parthenon for the Frenchman Graviers d'Ortières. These depictions, particularly Carrey's, provide important, and sometimes the only, evidence of the condition of
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lines appear to bow, or curve outward, when intersected by converging lines. In this case, the ceiling and floor of the temple may seem to bow in the presence of the surrounding angles of the building. Striving for perfection, the designers may have added these curves, compensating for the illusion
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of the columns". Entasis refers to the slight swelling, of 4 centimetres (1.6 in), in the center of the columns to counteract the appearance of columns having a waist, as the swelling makes them look straight from a distance. The stylobate is the platform on which the columns stand. As in many
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in Athens. A few can still be seen on the building itself. The Greek government has campaigned since 1983 for the British Museum to return the sculptures to Greece. The British Museum has consistently refused to return the sculptures, and successive British governments have been unwilling to force
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Measured at the stylobate, the dimensions of the base of the Parthenon are 69.5 by 30.9 metres (228 by 101 ft). The cella was 29.8 metres long by 19.2 metres wide (97.8 × 63.0 ft). On the exterior, the Doric columns measure 1.9 metres (6.2 ft) in diameter and are
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in low relief around the cella and across the lintels of the inner columns, in contrast, reflects the Ionic order. Architectural historian John R. Senseney suggests that this unexpected switch between orders was due to an aesthetic choice on the part of builders during construction, and was likely
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was the first after antiquity to describe the Parthenon, of which he had read many times in ancient texts. Thanks to him, Western Europe was able to have the first design of the monument, which Ciriaco called "temple of the goddess Athena", unlike previous travellers, who had called it "church of
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An organized effort to preserve and restore buildings on the Acropolis began in 1975, when the Greek government established the Committee for the Conservation of the Acropolis Monuments (ESMA). That group of interdisciplinary specialist scholars oversees the academic understanding of the site to
546:"the temple"). Douglas Frame writes that the name "Parthenon" was a nickname related to the statue of Athena Parthenos, and only appeared a century after construction. He contends that "Athena's temple was never officially called the Parthenon and she herself most likely never had the cult title
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was not fully developed; the careless digging and refilling of the site led to a loss of much valuable information. An attempt to make sense of the potsherds found on the Acropolis came with the two-volume study by Graef and Langlotz published in 1925–1933. This inspired American archaeologist
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and his Thracian army. The great procession marching toward the east end of the Parthenon shows the post-battle thanksgiving sacrifice of cattle and sheep, honey and water, followed by the triumphant army of Erechtheus returning from their victory. This represents the first Panathenaia set in
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to give limiting dates for the temple platform and the five walls hidden under the re-terracing of the Acropolis. Dinsmoor concluded that the latest possible date for Parthenon I was no earlier than 495 BC, contradicting the early date given by Dörpfeld. He denied that there were two
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for the sole purpose of worshipping at the Parthenon. In medieval Greek accounts it is called the Temple of Theotokos Atheniotissa and often indirectly referred to as famous without explaining exactly which temple they were referring to, thus establishing that it was indeed well known.
582:", not due to its size but because of its beauty and fine proportions. The first instance in which Parthenon definitely refers to the entire building comes from the fourth century BC orator Demosthenes. In the 4th century BC and later, the building was referred to as the
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states that it may have referred to the "unmarried women's apartments" in a house, but that in the Parthenon it seems to have been used for a particular room of the temple. There is some debate as to which room that was. The lexicon states that this room was the western
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pins that were completely coated in lead, which protected the iron from corrosion. Stabilizing pins added in the 19th century were not so coated, and corroded. Since the corrosion product (rust) is expansive, the expansion caused further damage by cracking the marble.
992:. If the marble blocks were not up to standard, the architects would reject them. The marble was worked with iron tools – picks, points, punches, chisels, and drills. The quarrymen would hold their tools against the marble block and firmly tap the surface of the rock.
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The supporters of Athena are extensively illustrated at the back of the left chariot, while the defenders of Poseidon are shown trailing behind the right chariot. It is believed that the corners of the pediment are filled by Athenian water deities, such as the
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and dedicated in 439 or 438 BC. The appearance of this is known from other images. The decorative stonework was originally highly coloured. The temple was dedicated to Athena at that time, though construction continued until almost the beginning of the
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The Parthenon was built primarily by men who knew how to work marble. These quarrymen had exceptional skills and were able to cut the blocks of marble to very specific measurements. The quarrymen also knew how to avoid the faults, which were numerous in the
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517:. Christopher Pelling asserts that the name "Parthenon" means the "temple of the virgin goddess", referring to the cult of Athena Parthenos that was associated with the temple. It has also been suggested that the name of the temple alludes to the maidens (
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A crane was installed for moving marble blocks; the crane was designed to fold away beneath the roofline when not in use. In some cases, prior re-constructions were found to be incorrect. These were dismantled, and a careful process of restoration began.
472:, which, although he had the permission of the then Ottoman government, has subsequently become controversial. Since 1975, numerous large-scale restoration projects have been undertaken to preserve remaining artifacts and ensure its structural integrity.
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target a building of such historic importance. Morosini was said to have responded by directing his artillery to aim at the Parthenon. Subsequently, Morosini sought to loot sculptures from the ruin and caused further damage in the process. Sculptures of
1510:. This belief emerges from the fluid character of the sculptures' body position which represents the effort of the artist to give the impression of a flowing river. Next to the left river god, there are the sculptures of the mythical king of Athens (
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daily, the archaeologists claimed the metopes had been placed there in the 18th century when the Acropolis wall was being repaired. The experts discovered the metopes while processing 2,250 photos with modern photographic methods, as the white
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Every statue on the west pediment has a fully completed back, which would have been impossible to see when the sculpture was on the temple; this indicates that the sculptors put great effort into accurately portraying the human body.
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In 2019, Greece's Central Archaeological Council approved a restoration of the interior cella's north wall (along with parts of others). The project will reinstate as many as 360 ancient stones, and install 90 new pieces of
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The Parthenon has been described as "the culmination of the development of the Doric order". The Doric columns, for example, have simple capitals, fluted shafts, and no bases. Above the architrave of the entablature is a
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have doubted or rejected Connelly's thesis, an increasing number of historians, archaeologists, and classical scholars support her work. They include: J.J. Pollitt, Brunilde Ridgway, Nigel Spivey, Caroline Alexander, and
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is on the right. The horses of Helios's chariot are shown with livid expressions as they ascend into the sky at the start of the day. Selene's horses struggle to stay on the pediment scene as the day comes to an end.
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after 468. Hill claimed that the Karrha limestone step Dörpfeld thought was the highest of Parthenon I was the lowest of the three steps of Parthenon II, whose stylobate dimensions Hill calculated at 23.51 by 66.888
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and roof above: "All follow the rule of being built to delicate curves", Gorham Stevens observed when pointing out that, in addition, the west front was built at a slightly higher level than that of the east front.
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1907:; at that time, the Venetians had considered blowing up what remained of the Parthenon along with the rest of the Acropolis to deny its further use as a fortification to the Turks, but that idea was not pursued.
1436:, who agrees with St Clair that the mood is one of celebration (rather than sacrifice) but argues that the celebration of the birth of Ion requires the presence of an infant but there is no infant on the frieze.
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was not specifically related to any cult attested by ancient authors and is not known to have inspired any religious fervour. Preserved ancient sources do not associate it with any priestess, altar or cult name.
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If the original Parthenon was indeed destroyed in 480, it invites the question of why the site was left as a ruin for thirty-three years. One argument involves the oath sworn by the Greek allies before the
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756:. She argues a pedagogical function for the Parthenon's sculptured decoration, one that establishes and perpetuates Athenian foundation myth, memory, values and identity. While some classicists, including
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has argued for the coherency of the Parthenon's sculptural programme in presenting a succession of genealogical narratives that track Athenian identity through the ages: from the birth of Athena, through
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Two pediments rise above the portals of the Parthenon, one on the east front, one on the west. The triangular sections once contained massive sculptures that, according to the second-century geographer
1876:, blew up the magazine. The explosion blew out the building's central portion and caused the cella's walls to crumble into rubble. According to Greek architect and archaeologist Kornilia Chatziaslani:
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was at the peak of its power. It was completed in 438 BC; work on the artwork and decorations continued until 432 BC. For a time, it served as the treasury of the Delian League, which later became the
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10.4 metres (34 ft) high. The corner columns are slightly larger in diameter. The Parthenon had 46 outer columns and 23 inner columns in total, each column having 20 flutes. (A flute is the
5149:"In 1466 the Parthenon was referred to as a church, so it seems likely that for some time at least, it continued to function as a cathedral, being restored to the use of the Greek archbishop."
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were painted on the walls, and many Christian inscriptions were carved into the Parthenon's columns. These renovations inevitably led to the removal and dispersal of some of the sculptures.
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1042:. There are eight columns at either end ('octastyle') and seventeen on the sides. There is a double row of columns at either end. The colonnade surrounds an inner masonry structure, the
1954:, whose existence or legitimacy has not been proved to this day, to make casts and drawings of the antiquities on the Acropolis, and to remove sculptures that were lying on the ground.
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It is not universally agreed what the intended effect of these "optical refinements" was. They may serve as a sort of "reverse optical illusion". As the Greeks may have been aware, two
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in the anatomy of the figures' heads, in the limitation of the corporal movements to the contours and not to the muscles, and in the presence of pronounced veins in the figures of the
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they are made of differed from the other stone of the wall. It was previously presumed that the missing metopes were destroyed during the Morosini explosion of the Parthenon in 1687.
618:. Based on literary and historical research, he proposes that "the treasury called the Parthenon should be recognized as the west part of the building now conventionally known as the
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2095:, minimizing the use of new material as much as possible. The eventual result of these restorations will be a partial restoration of some or most of each wall of the interior cella.
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Despite the alterations accompanying the Parthenon's conversion into a church and subsequently a mosque, its structure had remained basically intact. In 1667, the Turkish traveller
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Although the Parthenon is architecturally a temple and is usually called so, some scholars have argued that it is not really a temple in the conventional sense of the word. A small
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In March 2022, the Acropolis Museum launched a new website with "photographs of all the frieze blocks preserved today in the Acropolis Museum, the British Museum and the Louvre".
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pirates sacked Athens in 276, and destroyed most of the public buildings there, including the Parthenon. Repairs were made in the fourth century AD, possibly during the reign of
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523:), whose supreme sacrifice guaranteed the safety of the city. In that case, the room originally known as the Parthenon could have been a part of the temple known today as the
1593:. A new wooden roof overlaid with clay tiles was installed to cover the sanctuary. It sloped at a greater angle than the original roof and left the building's wings exposed.
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published a story with quotes from Greek government officials that suggested negotiations to return the marbles were underway and a "credible" solution was being discussed.
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remain intact. Soon all the medieval and Ottoman buildings on the Acropolis were destroyed. The image of the small mosque within the Parthenon's cella has been preserved in
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wedding, scenes from the early history of Athens, and various myths. On the north side of the Parthenon, the metopes are poorly preserved, but the subject seems to be the
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wrote that "even in antiquity, its architectural refinements were legendary, especially the subtle correspondence between the curvature of the stylobate, the taper of the
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According to one authority, John Travlos, this occurred when Athens was sacked by the Heruli in AD 267, at which time the two-tiered colonnade in the cella was destroyed.
1308:. Several of the metopes still remain on the building, but, with the exception of those on the northern side, they are severely damaged. Some of them are located at the
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probably dedicated to Athena as a way to get closer to the goddess, but the Parthenon apparently never hosted the official cult of Athena Polias, patron of Athens. The
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1962:
When independent Greece gained control of Athens in 1832, the visible section of the minaret was demolished; only its base and spiral staircase up to the level of the
1282:). Metopes 13–21 are missing, but drawings from 1674 attributed to Jaques Carrey indicate a series of humans; these have been variously interpreted as scenes from the
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be closed. It is debated exactly when during the 5th century that the closure of the Parthenon as a temple was put into practice. It is suggested to have occurred in
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About three hundred people were killed in the explosion, which showered marble fragments over nearby Turkish defenders and sparked fires that destroyed many homes.
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initiated the building project that lasted the entire second half of the century. The most important buildings visible on the Acropolis today – the Parthenon, the
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1666:). The orientation of the building was changed to face towards the east; the main entrance was placed at the building's western end, and the Christian altar and
5915:(pdf file). Once they had been conserved, the West Frieze blocks were moved to the museum, and copies cast in artificial stone were reinstalled in their places.
1816:
was installed, the Christian altar and iconostasis were removed, and the walls were whitewashed to cover icons of Christian saints and other Christian imagery.
1530:'s effort to remove it in 1688. The posterior piece of the torso was found by Lusieri in the groundwork of a Turkish house in 1801 and is currently held in the
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2939:(527–565)...But there is no evidence to support this in the ancient sources. The existing evidence suggests that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian
1394:. In this procession held every year, with a special procession taking place every four years, Athenians and foreigners participated in honouring the goddess
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in 479 BC declaring that the sanctuaries destroyed by the Persians would not be rebuilt, an oath from which the Athenians were only absolved with the
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proto-Parthenons, and held that the only pre-Periclean temple was what Dörpfeld referred to as Parthenon II. Dinsmoor and Dörpfeld exchanged views in the
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A major fire broke out in the Parthenon shortly after the middle of the third century AD. which destroyed the roof and much of the sanctuary's interior.
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Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2005). "The Parthenon and the Temple of Zeus at Olympia". In Judith M. Barringer; Jeffrey M. Hurwit; Jerome Jordan Pollitt (eds.).
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and containing a spiral staircase, was constructed at the southwest corner of the cella, and vaulted tombs were built beneath the Parthenon's floor.
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3594:, 1948, no. 204, lines 46–51, The authenticity of this is disputed, however; see also P. Siewert, Der Eid von Plataia (Munich 1972), pp. 98–102.
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1918:—so that many more Europeans found access to Athens, and the picturesque ruins of the Parthenon were much drawn and painted, spurring a rise in
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and there were not many men in Greece qualified to build temples like the Parthenon, so these men would travel and work where they were needed.
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to survey the ruins of classical Athens. They produced the first measured drawings of the Parthenon, published in 1787 in the second volume of
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was formerly located. A large central portal with surrounding side-doors was made in the wall dividing the cella, which became the church's
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the Parthenon and its various sculptures prior to the devastation it suffered in late 1687 and the subsequent looting of its art objects.
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army defending the Acropolis until June 1458, when it surrendered to the Turks. The Turks may have briefly restored the Parthenon to the
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Some studies of the Acropolis, including of the Parthenon and its facade, have conjectured that many of its proportions approximate the
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pp. 32–34, found the difference motivated by economies of labour; Gorham P. Stevens, "Concerning the Impressiveness of the Parthenon"
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1983:. Today it attracts millions of tourists every year, who travel up the path at the western end of the Acropolis, through the restored
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1812:, the tower previously constructed during the Roman Catholic occupation of the Parthenon was extended upwards to become a minaret, a
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of the Parthenon in the south wall of the Acropolis, which had been extended when the Acropolis was used as a fortress. According to
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and helping to arouse sympathy in Britain and France for Greek independence. Amongst those early travellers and archaeologists were
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began their work in 447, and the building was substantially completed by 432. Work on the decorations continued until at least 431.
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A 2020 study by Janric van Rookhuijzen supports the idea that the building known today as the Parthenon was originally called the
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church in the final decades of the fifth century to become the Church of the Parthenos Maria (Virgin Mary) or the Church of the
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Fragment of an exploded shell found on top of a wall in the Parthenon, thought to originate from the time of the Venetian siege
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The mythological figures of the metopes of the East, North, and West sides of the Parthenon had been deliberately mutilated by
689:, located in another temple on the northern side of the Acropolis, more closely associated with the Great Altar of Athena. The
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645:) when the Parthenon was converted to a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary in the final decade of the 6th century.
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and Athena's horses fell to the ground and smashed as his soldiers tried to detach them from the building's west pediment.
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The only piece of sculpture from the Parthenon known to be from the hand of Phidias was the statue of Athena housed in the
1055:(the back room of the cella) contained the monetary contributions of the Delian League. At either end of the building, the
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The precise circumstances under which the Turks appropriated it for use as a mosque are unclear; one account states that
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mythical times, the model on which historic Panathenaic processions were based. This interpretation has been rejected by
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One difficulty in dating the proto-Parthenon is that at the time of the 1885 excavation, the archaeological method of
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1408:. The procession is more crowded (appearing to slow in pace) as it nears the gods on the eastern side of the temple.
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of the Parthenon. This has also been suggested by J.B. Bury. One theory is that the Parthenon was the room where the
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Christians for continued use as a church. Some time before the end of the fifteenth century, the Parthenon became a
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The Parthenon Frieze. The Ritual Communication between the Goddess and the Polis. Parthenon Project Japan 2011–2014
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The southern side of the Parthenon, which sustained considerable damage in the 1687 explosion (photo taken in 2009)
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in 450. The cost of reconstructing Athens after the Persian sack is at least as likely a cause. The excavations of
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Because the Parthenon was dedicated to the Greek goddess Athena it has sometimes been referred to as the Temple of
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Four pieces of the sculptures have been repatriated to Greece: 3 from the Vatican, and 1 from a museum in Sicily.
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6721:(Takes the heterodox view of the date of the proto-Parthenon, but a useful summary of the scholarship) (archived)
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In the final decade of the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian church dedicated to the
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2289:. Nashville, Tennessee: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed. Archived from the original on 6 June 2021
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ordered its conversion as punishment for an Athenian plot against Ottoman rule. The apse was repurposed into a
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2935:"Some modern writers maintain that the Parthenon was converted into a Christian sanctuary during the reign of
1903:
In 1688 the Venetians abandoned Athens to avoid a confrontation with a large force the Turks had assembled at
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9379:
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8513:
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to determine their original locations. Particularly important and fragile sculptures were transferred to the
1858:
1639:
1515:
455:
333:
1865:– despite having been forewarned of the dangers of this use by the 1656 explosion that severely damaged the
454:, a Venetian bomb landed on the Parthenon, which the Ottomans had used as a munitions dump, during the 1687
10427:
10417:
10302:
8831:
8285:
6931:
6729:
1923:
1140:. More recent studies have shown that the proportions of the Parthenon do not match the golden proportion.
119:
6466:"The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It."
2727:
François Queyrel, Le Parthénon. Un monument dans l'Histoire, Paris, Éditions Bartillat, 2020, pp. 199–200.
1990:
1623:, because the temple had been the focus of Pagan Hellenic opposition against Zeno in Athens in support of
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8503:
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8412:
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7388:
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1507:
494:
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9891:
9024:
9019:
8995:
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7520:
7333:
6907:
6733:
6088:
The Parthenon Enigma: A New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People who Made It
4384:
4353:
Jeffrey M. Hurwit. "Helios Rising: The Sun, the Moon, and the Sea in the Sculptures of the Parthenon".
3386:
3325:
3248:
3130:
The Parthenon Enigma: a New Understanding of the West's Most Iconic Building and the People Who Made It
2104:
1837:
1561:
1445:
1214:
31:
1526:). The statue of Poseidon was the largest sculpture in the pediment until it broke into pieces during
1454:
Part of the east pediment still found on the Parthenon (although part of it, like Dionysus, is a copy)
1092:
shaft carved into the column form.) The roof was covered with large overlapping marble tiles known as
741:
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6160:
The Secret Lives of Buildings: From the Ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in Thirteen Stories
5265:
The secret lives of buildings: from the ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in thirteen stories
4939:
The secret lives of buildings: from the ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in thirteen stories
2746:
1987:, and up the Panathenaic Way to the Parthenon, which is surrounded by a low fence to prevent damage.
1663:
1120:
439:
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8065:
7723:
5959:
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2831:
1450:
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8970:
8636:
8523:
7328:
6988:
5926:
5435:
5177:"Some time later – we do not know exactly when – the Parthenon was itself converted into a mosque."
1980:
1428:, who considers that the frieze shows the celebration of the birth of Ion, who was a descendant of
1233:
787:
5195:
The conversion of the Parthenon into a mosque is first mentioned by another anonymous writer, the
2156:– Exterior modelled on the Parthenon, but the interior is a hall of fame for distinguished Germans
10356:
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9051:
9031:
9000:
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8097:
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6648:
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5043:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
4966:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
4472:
3934:
2374:
2059:
guide restoration efforts. The project later attracted funding and technical assistance from the
1861:
and capture the Acropolis. The Ottoman Turks fortified the Acropolis and used the Parthenon as a
923:
761:
757:
343:
6745:
6181:
The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present
10447:
10314:
9317:
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8980:
8945:
8397:
8381:
8077:
8018:
7867:
7862:
7378:
7103:
2602:
2493:
2064:
1724:
1564:
is now lost and known only from copies, vase painting, gems, literary descriptions, and coins.
1460:
1183:
above the exterior colonnade and the Ionic frieze around the upper portion of the walls of the
808:
320:
101:
5626:
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5349:
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1367:
The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic
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7003:
6983:
6827:
5688:
5521:
4895:
4865:
4744:
4606:
3904:
Van Mersbergen, Audrey M., "Rhetorical Prototypes in Architecture: Measuring the Acropolis",
2925:
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2176:
2130:
1976:
1931:
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1324:
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1072:
928:
796:
638:
401:
370:
3209:
2523:. Vol. 105. London: Institute of Classical Studies, University of London. p. 209.
972:– were erected during this period. The Parthenon was built under the general supervision of
415:
The Parthenon was built in the 5th century BC in thanksgiving for the Hellenic victory over
9838:
9832:
9818:
9302:
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9232:
9117:
8930:
8160:
7956:
7398:
7283:
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7228:
7113:
7078:
6081:
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3118:, École du Louvre, Réunion des musées nationaux, and Documentation française, 1998, p. 177.
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8:
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7969:
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7806:
7569:
7403:
7008:
6993:
6954:
6108:
5657:
Frederic Edwin Church: Catalogue Raisonne of Works at Olana State Historic Site, Volume I
4069:. Greek Ministry of Culture and Sports, Acropolis Museum, Acropolis Restoration Service.
2253:
2140:
1590:
1129:
1104:
831:
615:
579:
390:
5329:
5188:
4854:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 177.
4659:
1372:
865:
492:), meaning "maiden, girl" as well as "virgin, unmarried woman". The Liddell–Scott–Jones
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L'Acropole d'Athènes : Monuments, Cultes et Histoire du sanctuaire d'Athèna Polias
6374:
6199:
6158:
6062:
6054:
5510:, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October–December 1941), pp. 544–556.
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The Parthenon became the fourth most important Christian pilgrimage destination in the
1527:
1100:
812:
420:
6678:(official site with a schedule of its opening hours, tickets, and contact information)
6668:
6086:
5263:
4937:
2687:
Jeffrey M. Hurwit. The Athenian Acropolis. (2000 Cambridge University Press), 161–163.
2349:
The Parthenon (Plate 1, Fig. 17) is probably the most celebrated of all Greek temples.
1627:, who had promised to restore Hellenic rites to the temples that were still standing.
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856:, and the drums of its columns were visibly built into the curtain wall north of the
846:
725:
416:
6066:
6004:
4193:"Discovery Reveals Ancient Greek Theaters Used Moveable Stages Over 2,000 Years Ago"
3609:
3286:
Beard, Mary; Hammond, Norman; Wuletich-Brinberg, Sybil; Wills, Garry; Green, Peter.
1750:
The rediscovery of the Parthenon as an ancient monument dates back to the period of
1596:
The Parthenon survived as a temple dedicated to Athena for nearly 1,000 years until
1148:"Parthenon Marbles" redirects here. For the works housed at the British Museum, see
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The Acropolis of Athens in ancient Greece – Dimensions and proportions of Parthenon
6724:
6139:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks through Europe's Oldest City
6046:
5268:. Internet Archive. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. p. 33.
5224:
4942:. Internet Archive. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt. p. 21.
4897:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City
4746:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City
4608:
Strolling Through Athens: Fourteen Unforgettable Walks Through Europe's Oldest City
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860:. Further physical evidence of this structure was revealed with the excavations of
447:
275:
2772:"Harpocration, Valerius, Lexicon in decem oratores Atticos, λεττερ ε, ἙΚΑΤΟΜΠΕΔΟΝ"
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6030:"Parthenon and Parthenoi: A Mythological Interpretation of the Parthenon Frieze"
400:. Its decorative sculptures are considered some of the high points of classical
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6318:"Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures"
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2014:
1939:
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The Parthenon's position on the Acropolis dominates the city skyline of Athens.
1531:
1477:
1463:, recounted the birth of Athena and the mythological battle between Athena and
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1313:
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led him to propose the existence of a second Parthenon, begun in the period of
443:
405:
381:
357:
352:
42:
6807:
6799:
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6774:
6762:
6391:
6247:
Pelling, Christopher (1997). "Tragedy and Religion: Constructs and Readings".
4324:
3724:
3405:
2422:
952:
In the mid-5th century BC, when the Athenian Acropolis became the seat of the
885:, or "Persian rubble": remnants of the destruction of Athens by the armies of
852:
The existence of both the proto-Parthenon and its destruction were known from
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6615:
Catharine Titi, The Parthenon Marbles and International Law, Springer, 2023,
5713:
Greek Premier Says New Acropolis Museum to Boost Bid for Parthenon Sculptures
4686:
4142:
3561:, XVII, 1892, pp. 158–189 and W. Dörpfeld, "Die Zeit des alteren Parthenon",
3457:
3299:
3260:
3221:
2330:
2004:
1919:
1765:("...the wonderful temple of the goddess Athena, a divine work of Phidias").
1597:
1305:
1267:
1206:
1149:
953:
677:
of Athena Polias, which was bathed in the sea and to which was presented the
464:
458:. The resulting explosion severely damaged the Parthenon. From 1800 to 1803,
428:
141:
128:
10453:
Conversion of non-Christian religious buildings and structures into churches
7023:
4379:
3812:
And in the surviving foundations of the preceding Older Parthenon (Penrose,
2198:
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5791:
5787:"Greece in 'preliminary' talks with British Museum about Parthenon marbles"
4366:
3969:
3871:
Archaeologists discuss similarly curved architecture and offer the theory.
3776:"LacusCurtius • Roman Architecture – Roof Tiles (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"
2847:
2035:
1716:
1534:. The anterior portion was revealed by Ross in 1835 and is now held in the
1383:
1301:
1287:
1259:
1251:
1137:
1051:
881:
575:
530:
In 5th-century BC accounts of the building, the structure is simply called
6681:
4325:"PAUSANIAS, DESCRIPTION OF GREECE 1.17–29 – Theoi Classical Texts Library"
4281:
St Clair, William (24 August 2022). Barnes, Lucy; St Clair, David (eds.).
4066:
3683:
Woodford, S. (2008). The Parthenon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1089:
70:
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6448:
6289:
Whitley, James (2001). "The Archaeology of Democracy: Classical Athens".
3959:
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1887:
1778:
1667:
1039:
1027:
1023:
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969:
965:
916:
857:
845:, as it is frequently referred to, was still under construction when the
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249:
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6707:
Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County – The Parthenon
4283:
The Classical Parthenon: Recovering the Strangeness of the Ancient World
2664:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, παρθεν-ών"
944:
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7013:
5217:
The American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts
3965:
The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number
2856:
2364:, David Sacks, Facts On File, 3rd edition, 2015. Accessed 15 July 2022.
2221:
The Power of Stars: How Celestial Observations Have Shaped Civilization
2153:
2022:
1963:
1846:
1763:...mirabile Palladis Divae marmoreum templum, divum quippe opus Phidiae
1744:
1631:
1429:
1416:
1387:
1113:
1099:
The Parthenon is regarded as the finest example of Greek architecture.
1017:
749:
721:
706:
702:
698:
674:
574:"the hundred footer") in their lost treatise on Athenian architecture.
509:, a group of four young girls chosen to serve Athena each year, wove a
505:
451:
394:
6923:
6058:
5236:
4291:
1994:
Life-size pediment sculptures from the Parthenon in the British Museum
1323:
In March 2011, archaeologists announced that they had discovered five
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9805:
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8150:
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6701:
5193:. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.
3161:
2936:
2009:
The dispute centres around those of the Parthenon Marbles removed by
1805:
1693:
1659:
1519:
1511:
1391:
1038:
construction and is surrounded by columns ('peripteral') carrying an
1031:
1020:
853:
827:
823:
694:
670:
340:
5659:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343.
5508:
The Venetians in Athens and the Destruction of the Parthenon in 1687
5334:. Robarts – University of Toronto. New York: Macmillan. p. 317.
3827:"How Greek Temples Correct Visual Distortion – Architecture Revived"
3696:, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10 September 2021. Accessed 16 July 2022.
1696:
were walled up, though a number of doorways still permitted access.
948:
Animation showing the Parthenon in 2011 and how it looked originally
10123:
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6520:
King, Dorothy "The Elgin Marbles" Hutchinson / Random House, 2006.
6050:
5228:
4222:
De la Croix, Horst; Tansey, Richard G.; Kirkpatrick, Diane (1991).
4036:
2940:
2893:"The Parthenon Has Had the Wrong Name for Centuries, Theory Claims"
2813:
1951:
1897:
1790:
1751:
1720:
1464:
1420:
1255:
1076:
1060:
976:, who also had charge of the sculptural decoration. The architects
957:
886:
800:
753:
729:
629:, the Roman name for Athena, particularly during the 19th century.
600:
424:
9876:
5874:"Crane Shifts Masonry of Ancient Parthenon in Restoration Program"
4721:
1378:
One interpretation is that it depicts an idealized version of the
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4438:"Athenians and Eleusinians in the West Pediment of the Parthenon"
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were situated towards the building's eastern side adjacent to an
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on the site of the present Parthenon was begun shortly after the
713:
653:
626:
551:
423:. Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon also served as the city
259:
245:
10211:
9525:
6693:
6682:(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) The Acropolis Restoration Project
2082:
Originally, various blocks were held together by elongated iron
1723:
went on a pilgrimage to Athens after his final victory over the
669:
has been excavated within the building, on the site of an older
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2471:
A history of Greece to the death of Alexander the Great, 3rd ed
2018:
1869:– and as a shelter for members of the local Turkish community.
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1218:
1210:
1180:
1080:
1068:
875:
826:
foundation that extended and levelled the southern part of the
685:
679:
666:
510:
397:
111:
6783:
The history of Acropolis and Parthenon from the Greek tv show
6758:
A Wikimedia video of the main sights of the Athenian Acropolis
5819:"Pope returns Greece's Parthenon Sculptures in ecumenical nod"
3285:
311:
10246:
10221:
10118:
10058:
10043:
9911:
9871:
9623:
9535:
9530:
9500:
9495:
9470:
9153:
8694:
8649:
8601:
8173:
8125:
7826:
7796:
7743:
7718:
7657:
7627:
3579:
Die Ausgabung der Acropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890
1872:
On 26 September 1687 a Venetian mortar round, fired from the
1743:. During this period a tower, used either as a watchtower or
1687:
1624:
1605:
1403:
1184:
1056:
1044:
1034:
of three steps. In common with other Greek temples, it is of
912:
907:
632:
605:
591:
584:
565:
559:
537:
531:
518:
500:
487:
481:
480:
The origin of the word "Parthenon" comes from the Greek word
462:
took down some of the surviving sculptures, now known as the
198:
5586:
Grafton, Anthony; Most, Glenn W.; Settis, Salvatore (2010).
4543:
Chryselephantine Statuary in the Ancient Mediterranean World
4221:
4155:
Pollini 2007, pp. 212–216; Brommer 1979, pp. 23, 30, pl. 41.
3010:
L'Architecture grecque. Architecture religieuse et funéraire
2327:"The Architecture and Architects of the Classical Parthenon"
728:
when Sparta's forces were first preparing to invade Attica,
603:
referred to the building during the first century AD as the
287:
284:
10251:
10226:
10176:
9663:
9653:
4785:
Hellenic Religion and Christianization c. 370-529, Volume I
2990:
Portrait of a Priestess: Women and Ritual in Ancient Greece
2286:
The Parthenon at Athens, Greece and at Nashville, Tennessee
1697:
1679:
1671:
338:
290:
6812:
6201:
Periklean Athens and Its Legacy: Problems and Perspectives
6118:
Frazer, Sir James George (1998). "The King of the Woods".
2063:. An archaeological committee thoroughly documented every
299:
10463:
Religious buildings and structures converted into mosques
4565:
N. Leipen, Athena Parthenos: a huge reconstruction, 1972.
697:, and was the chief of the lesser officials, such as the
4712:
4710:
4708:
404:, and the Parthenon is considered an enduring symbol of
3091:"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 47 (Note 1)"
3024:
B. Nagy, "Athenian Officials on the Parthenon Frieze",
1254:(the mythical battle between the Olympian gods and the
1246:
The frieze of the Parthenon's entablature contained 92
795:(in black) was destroyed by the Achaemenids during the
578:
wrote that some people used to call the Parthenon the "
30:"Temple of Athena" redirects here. For other uses, see
6808:
Institute for Advanced Study: The Parthenon Sculptures
2224:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 221.
2017:. A few sculptures from the Parthenon are also in the
1190:
Only a small number of the original sculptures remain
5561:"Ottoman Athens II: Later Ottoman Athens (1689–1821)"
4705:
1402:
dress, woven by selected noble Athenian girls called
1266:). The metopes of the south side show the Thessalian
1000:
the Parthenon, many different labourers were needed.
849:
sacked the city in 480 BC razing the Acropolis.
308:
302:
296:
293:
5161:"Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)"
5133:"Ottoman Athens I: Early Ottoman Athens (1456–1689)"
4467:
4465:
2473:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 367–369.
2067:
remaining on the site, and architects assisted with
1638:, where it was later destroyed, possibly during the
1371:
running around the exterior of the cella walls. The
281:
6694:(Hellenic Ministry of Culture) The Parthenon Frieze
5734:"The Parthenon sculptures: The Trustees' statement"
5014:. University of Michigan. p. 3. Archived from
4167:
Tenth metope from the south façade of the Parthenon
3708:"The Architectural Origins of the Parthenon Frieze"
3608:. Reed College Portland, Oregon, US. Archived from
2832:"The Parthenon Treasury on the Acropolis of Athens"
2208:. Ancientgreece.com. Retrieved on 4 September 2013.
2194:
2192:
2186:. Academic.reed.edu. Retrieved on 4 September 2013.
2172:
2170:
1630:At some point in the fifth century, Athena's great
1375:frieze was carved in situ and is dated to 442–438.
1030:architectural features. It stands on a platform or
834:("hundred-footer") and would have stood beside the
375:
278:
6157:
6085:
6003:
5388:
4380:"The Parthenon Sculptures by Mark Cartwright 2014"
4223:
3893:, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Magazine, p. 42
3712:Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
3443:
3288:"'The Parthenon Enigma'—An Exchange | Peter Green"
3249:"The Latest Scheme for the Parthenon | Mary Beard"
2485:
1789:Turkish forces invaded Athens and laid siege to a
1358:Showing the Frieze of the Parthenon to his Friends
1262:(the mythical battle of the Athenians against the
1179:in 432. By the year 438, the Doric metopes on the
1079:, also typical of the Doric order. The continuous
744:and epic battles, to the final great event of the
10408:5th-century BC religious buildings and structures
5645:, p. 336 – the picture was taken in October 1839.
5585:
5482:"Venetian Athens: Venetian Interlude (1684–1689)"
5009:"A Heretical (Orthodox) History of the Parthenon"
4462:
3968:(First trade paperback ed.). New York City:
3506:
2517:Davison, Claire Cullen; Lundgreen, Birte (2009).
2492:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
2025:, and elsewhere, while more than half are in the
1419:, a sacrifice that ensured Athenian victory over
10423:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
10389:
6702:UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Acropolis, Athens
5898:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5098:. Princeton University Press. pp. 159–160.
3917:
3648:W. Dinsmoor, "The Date of the Older Parthenon",
2516:
2307:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2189:
2167:
1084:not part of the original plan of the Parthenon.
693:supervised the city cult of Athena based in the
7714:
6744:View a digital reconstruction of the Parthenon
6120:The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion
5924:
5461:The Carrey Drawings of the Parthenon Sculptures
4720:. Acropolis Restoration Service. Archived from
4653:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4645:
4643:
3592:A Selection of Greek Historical Inscriptions II
2829:
2766:
2764:
1634:was looted by one of the emperors and taken to
864:of 1885–1890. The findings of this dig allowed
10483:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
7289:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
6451:Skulpturensammlung, Frankfurt, Germany, 2016,
5475:
5473:
5471:
5469:
5354:(10 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 305.
5347:
4678:
4505:The Pediments of the Parthenon by Olga Palagia
4412:"The British Museum: The Parthenon sculptures"
3517:. Hellenic Ministry of Culture. Archived from
3061:"Aristotle, Athenian Constitution, chapter 47"
2970:
2968:
1602:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
889:. Photographed in 1866, just after excavation.
7494:
6939:
6828:
4931:
4929:
4116:
3906:Philosophical Polemic Communication Quarterly
3606:"'The Sole Witness': The Periclean Parthenon"
3187:(1st ed.). New York: Knopf. p. 35.
3050:, Vol. 81, No. 1 (Winter, 1977), pp. 107–111.
3046:S. Eddy, "The Gold in the Athena Parthenos",
1936:Antiquities of Athens Measured and Delineated
807:The first endeavour to build a sanctuary for
6719:The Athenian Acropolis by Livio C. Stecchini
6221:The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present
5643:The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present
5002:
5000:
4998:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4883:
4640:
4230:(9th ed.). Thomson/Wadsworth. pp.
3877:http://video.yahoo.com/watch/1849622/6070405
3718:(1). University of California Press: 12–29.
3637:Die Antiken Vasen von der Akropolis zu Athen
3356:"Rethinking the West's Most Iconic Building"
2761:
2335:The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present
1197:Most of the surviving sculptures are at the
1049:which is divided into two compartments. The
5880:. Archived from the original on 14 May 2022
5628:Handbook for travellers in Greece, Volume 2
5552:
5466:
4841:
4582:(Greek Ministry of Culture). Archived from
3116:Histoire de l'art antique : l'art grec
3037:Thucydides 2.13.5. Retrieved 3 August 2020.
2965:
2951:
2949:
2520:Pheidias:The Sculptures and Ancient Sources
2414:The Parthenon Marbles and International Law
2211:
1998:
1432:. This interpretation has been rejected by
1168:chryselephantine statue of Athena Parthenos
59:
8380:
7501:
7487:
6946:
6932:
6835:
6821:
6364:
6106:
5960:"Parthenon's Inner Sanctum to be Restored"
5927:"Unlocking the Mysteries of the Parthenon"
5343:
5341:
5327:
5295:. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 172.
5186:
4926:
4847:
3512:
3207:
3020:
3018:
2468:
2337:. Cambridge University Press. p. 67.
1682:, and from the rear chamber, the church's
879:Part of the archaeological remains called
427:. Construction started in 447 BC when the
6732:– Janice Siegel, Department of Classics,
6548:Le Parthénon: un monument dans l'histoire
5592:. Harvard University Press. p. 693.
5455:
5453:
5420:Holt, Frank L. (November–December 2008).
5006:
4995:
4880:
4736:
4684:
4290:
4125:Art, myth, and ritual in classical Greece
4122:
4085:
3888:
3723:
3665:, XXXIX, 1935, 497–507, and W. Dinsmoor,
3441:
3183:Connelly, Joan Breton (28 January 2014).
2943:in the last decade of the sixth century."
2890:
2855:
2552:"Lord Elgin and the Parthenon Sculptures"
2483:
1063:originally occupied by sculpted figures.
6501:
6080:
6024:
5708:
5706:
5579:
5386:
5091:
4781:
4657:
4473:"statue; pediment | British Museum"
4280:
4091:
3882:
3705:
3326:"Decoding the Parthenon by J.J. Pollitt"
3182:
3127:
2946:
2367:
2321:
2315:
2217:
2049:
2033:In December 2022, the British newspaper
1989:
1970:'s photograph, published in Lerebours's
1886:
1836:
1772:
1686:. The spaces between the columns of the
1576:
1449:
1349:
1258:). The metopes of the west end show the
1237:
1154:
1119:
1007:
943:
874:
786:
652:
224:69.5 by 30.9 m (228 by 101 ft)
201:: 29.8 by 19.2 m (98 by 63 ft)
27:Temple on the Athenian Acropolis, Greece
6953:
6545:
6288:
6246:
6141:(2 ed.). Tauris Parke Paperbacks.
5998:
5631:. Oxford University Press. p. 317.
5519:
5338:
5204:
5040:Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (19 November 1999).
4687:"Pirates, marauders, and homos, oh my!"
4540:
4501:
4034:
3920:"Misconceptions about the Golden Ratio"
3679:
3677:
3675:
3442:Alexander, Caroline (23 January 2014).
3028:, Vol. 96, No. 1 (January 1992), p. 55.
3015:
2362:Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World
1735:, it became for about 250 years a
1201:in Athens and (controversially) at the
14:
10390:
9434:
6669:The Acropolis of Athens: The Parthenon
6389:
6197:
6178:
6155:
6136:
6117:
5825:. Associated Press. 16 December 2022.
5624:
5450:
5261:
5213:"A History of the Akropolis of Athens"
5210:
5039:
4963:Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (13 January 2000).
4962:
4935:
4893:
4820:
4742:
4666:from the original on 27 September 2011
4604:
4576:"Introduction to the Parthenon Frieze"
4357:, vol. 121, no. 4, 2017, pp. 527–558.
4035:Sideris, Athanasios (1 January 2004).
3557:W. Dörpfeld, "Der aeltere Parthenon",
3423:from the original on 19 September 2015
3384:
2919:
2736:
2634:"Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon"
2282:
2013:, from 1801 to 1803, which are in the
1415:sacrifice of the daughter of the king
1166:The cella of the Parthenon housed the
10291:
9433:
8862:
8366:
7713:
7533:
7482:
6927:
6816:
6567:Pausaniou Ellados Periegesis – Attika
6276:from the original on 25 February 2021
6218:
5957:
5784:
5740:from the original on 22 November 2019
5703:
5558:
5479:
5413:
5288:
5158:
5130:
4802:from the original on 17 November 2022
4693:from the original on 22 February 2019
4662:. Archaeology of the City of Athens.
4483:from the original on 15 December 2021
4016:from the original on 25 February 2021
3958:
3661:W. Dörpfeld, "Parthenon I, II, III",
2695:
2693:
2567:
2565:
2469:Bury, J. B.; Meiggs, Russell (1956).
2464:
2462:
2373:
2264:from the original on 31 December 2020
1957:
1938:. In 1801, the British Ambassador at
1398:by offering her sacrifices and a new
1075:), separated by formal architectural
446:in the mid-15th century, it became a
380:
351:
9902:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
7534:
6589:I Poleodomike ekselikses ton Athinon
6534:Phoibos Verlag, Wien, Austria 2016,
6506:(in French). Paris, France: Picard.
6402:from the original on 9 November 2010
6392:"Secrets of the Parthenon – History"
5970:from the original on 31 January 2022
5799:from the original on 3 December 2022
5766:from the original on 25 January 2021
5681:"Collection: Ruins of the Parthenon"
5654:
5419:
4827:. Frances Lincoln Ltd. p. 170.
4392:from the original on 24 October 2021
4104:from the original on 27 January 2020
3891:Unlocking Mysteries of the Parthenon
3672:
3603:
2631:
2613:from the original on 10 October 2021
2573:"How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles"
2410:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2251:
1300:The metopes present examples of the
513:that was presented to Athena during
393:, Greece, that was dedicated to the
232:73 by 34 m (240 by 112 ft)
6265:
4418:from the original on 29 August 2017
4073:from the original on 7 October 2023
4047:from the original on 6 October 2023
3875:, "Secrets of the Parthenon", PBS.
3814:Principles of Athenian Architecture
3761:American Architect and Architecture
3622:B. H. Hill, "The Older Parthenon",
3208:Mendelsohn, Daniel (7 April 2014).
1654:The Parthenon was converted into a
1649:
1545:
939:
799:in 480–479 BC, and then rebuilt by
558:appear to have called the building
24:
8863:
7508:
7445:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
7440:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
6740:Parthenon:description, photo album
6416:
5991:
5913:"The Surface Conservation Project"
5567:from the original on 6 August 2012
4450:from the original on 9 August 2017
3986:from the original on 13 March 2023
3336:from the original on 3 August 2015
2891:Kampouris, Nick (3 October 2021).
2804:οἱ τὰ προπύλαια καὶ τὸν παρθενῶν᾽.
2690:
2562:
2459:
2283:Wilson, Benjamin Franklin (1920).
2276:
1975:and subject of artists, including
776:
25:
10494:
6746:in virtual reality from Sketchfab
6628:
6309:
6291:The Archaeology of Ancient Greece
5829:from the original on 10 July 2023
5785:Smith, Helena (3 December 2022).
5760:"Talks held on Elgin Marbles row"
5606:from the original on 28 June 2024
5540:from the original on 28 June 2024
5484:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
5368:from the original on 28 June 2024
5309:from the original on 28 June 2024
5243:from the original on 28 June 2024
5163:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
5135:. Anagnosis Books. Archived from
5112:from the original on 28 June 2024
5095:Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time
5060:from the original on 28 June 2024
4983:from the original on 28 June 2024
4914:from the original on 28 June 2024
4763:from the original on 28 June 2024
4625:from the original on 28 June 2024
4522:from the original on 28 June 2024
4335:from the original on 21 July 2022
4203:from the original on 28 July 2020
3918:George Markowsky (January 1992).
3889:Hadingham, Evan (February 2008),
3829:. 15 October 2015. Archived from
3740:from the original on 17 July 2022
3464:from the original on 11 July 2023
3306:from the original on 10 July 2023
3267:from the original on 10 July 2023
3246:
3228:from the original on 10 July 2023
3154:"Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly"
3071:from the original on 21 July 2022
2872:from the original on 24 July 2022
2782:from the original on 6 March 2021
2716:The Archaeology of Ancient Greece
2644:from the original on 30 June 2022
2397:
1914:The 18th century was a period of
1768:
1572:
1278:against the half-man, half-horse
830:summit. This building replaced a
712:The colossal statue of Athena by
36:Temple of Athena (disambiguation)
10371:
10361:
10352:
10351:
7425:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
7339:Korai of the Acropolis of Athens
7047:
6488:The Parthenon and its Sculptures
6352:from the original on 2 July 2017
6324:. 9 October 2006. Archived from
5951:
5939:from the original on 14 May 2009
5918:
5906:
5866:
5841:
5811:
5778:
5752:
5726:
5673:
5648:
5635:
5618:
5513:
5500:
5380:
5321:
5282:
5255:
5180:
5152:
5124:
5085:
5072:
5033:
4956:
4814:
4775:
3604:Kerr, Minott (23 October 1995).
2830:van Rookhuijzen, Jan Z. (2020).
2554:. British Museum. Archived from
2447:from the original on 29 May 2023
1640:siege and sack of Constantinople
1567:
1492:
1470:
1209:). Additional pieces are at the
274:
169:432 BC; 2456 years ago
69:
10372:
7239:Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel
7019:Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos
7009:Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
6486:Cosmopoulos, Michael (editor).
6463:Connelly, Joan Breton Connelly.
6367:"Acropolis of Athens – History"
6249:Greek Tragedy and the Historian
6038:American Journal of Archaeology
5958:Sakis, Ioannidis (5 May 2019).
5849:"Acropolis Restoration Service"
5723:, International Herald Tribune.
5391:A Traveller's History of Athens
4598:
4568:
4559:
4534:
4495:
4430:
4404:
4372:
4355:American Journal of Archaeology
4347:
4317:
4274:
4261:
4248:
4215:
4185:
4158:
4149:
4059:
4028:
3998:
3952:
3927:The College Mathematics Journal
3911:
3898:
3865:
3857:American Journal of Archaeology
3845:
3819:
3806:
3801:Great Architecture of the World
3793:
3768:
3752:
3699:
3686:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3616:
3597:
3584:
3571:
3551:
3542:
3533:
3476:
3435:
3378:
3348:
3318:
3279:
3240:
3201:
3176:
3158:Welcome to Joan Breton Connelly
3146:
3121:
3108:
3083:
3053:
3040:
3031:
3002:
2981:
2910:
2884:
2836:American Journal of Archaeology
2823:
2807:
2794:
2730:
2721:
2708:
2681:
2656:
2625:
2595:
2579:. 28 March 2017. Archived from
2544:
2510:
2477:
2011:Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin
1930:, who were commissioned by the
1003:
934:American Journal of Archaeology
870:German Archaeological Institute
691:High Priestess of Athena Polias
10478:World Heritage Sites in Greece
7144:Church of Panagia Atheniotissa
7084:Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
6605:. Cambridge University, 1981.
6490:. Cambridge University: 2004.
6293:. Cambridge University Press.
6269:A History of Ancient Greek Art
6223:. Cambridge University Press.
6183:. Cambridge University Press.
6107:D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909).
5523:The Pediments of the Parthenon
5328:D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909).
5187:D'Ooge, Martin Luther (1909).
4541:Lapatin, Kenneth D.S. (2001).
4226:Gardner's Art Through the Ages
4092:Harris, Beth; Zucker, Steven.
4008:A History of Ancient Greek Art
3385:Spivey, Nigel (October 2014).
3128:Connelly, Joan Breton (2014).
3114:B. Holtzmann and A. Pasquier,
2916:Encyclopædia Britannica, 1878.
2488:A Shorter History of Greek Art
2383:. Profile Books. p. 118.
2354:
2245:
2045:
1832:
1159:Group from the east pediment,
1059:is finished with a triangular
13:
1:
7973:
7960:
7941:
7924:
7435:Siege of the Acropolis (1687)
6730:Illustrated Parthenon Marbles
6204:. University of Texas Press.
5348:Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2012).
5080:Cyriacus of Ancona and Athens
4894:Freely, John (23 July 2004).
4743:Freely, John (23 July 2004).
4605:Freely, John (23 July 2004).
4580:National Documentation Centre
3652:, XXXVIII, 1934, pp. 408–448.
2739:"Everlasting Glory in Athens"
2160:
2120:National Monument of Scotland
2115:List of Ancient Greek temples
1946:, claimed that he obtained a
1613:
1124:The east facade in March 2021
816:
9101:Funeral and burial practices
8286:Military of Mycenaean Greece
6725:The Friends of the Acropolis
6659:Resources in other libraries
6429:. Harvard University: 2003.
6322:International Herald Tribune
6010:. Harvard University Press.
4969:. CUP Archive. p. 293.
4900:. I. B. Tauris. p. 70.
4851:New Rome: Empire in the East
4749:. I. B. Tauris. p. 69.
4611:. I. B. Tauris. p. 69.
4123:Barringer, Judith M (2008).
3292:The New York Review of Books
3253:The New York Review of Books
1777:Drawing of the Parthenon by
1688:
1439:
1404:
1143:
1071:of carved pictorial panels (
836:archaic temple dedicated to
633:
606:
592:
585:
566:
538:
519:
482:
475:
339:
7:
7149:Temple of Roma and Augustus
7134:Choragic Monument of Nikias
6842:
6769:Public Broadcasting Service
6346:Online Etymology Dictionary
6251:. Oxford University Press.
6179:Hurwit, Jeffrey M. (2000).
6122:. Oxford University Press.
5395:. Interlink Books. p.
5007:Kaldellis, Anthony (2007).
4545:. Oxford: OUP. p. 63.
3816:2nd ed. ch. II.3, plate 9).
3764:. American Architect. 1892.
2360:Sacks, David. "Parthenon".
2218:Penprase, Bryan E. (2010).
2098:
1012:Floor plan of the Parthenon
822:–488 BC) upon a solid
648:
376:
185:13.72 m (45.0 ft)
10:
10499:
9025:Greek Revival architecture
8367:
7334:Pediments of the Parthenon
6908:Pediments of the Parthenon
6546:Queyrel, François (2008).
6502:Holtzman, Bernard (2003).
6445:Athen. Triumph der Bilder.
6373:. Οδυσσεύς. Archived from
5986:
5434:(6): 36–41. Archived from
5387:Stoneman, Richard (2004).
5289:Bruno, Vincent J. (1974).
4385:World History Encyclopedia
3706:Senseney, John R. (2021).
3548:Herodotus Histories, 8.53.
3360:Bryn Mawr Alumnae Bulletin
2978:, Blackwell, 1985, p. 143.
2962:, Routledge, 2008, p. 111.
2603:"Reasons of Interventions"
2484:Robertson, Miriam (1981).
2105:Ancient Greek architecture
2002:
1853:sent an expedition led by
1604:, decreed in 435 that all
1562:chryselephantine sculpture
1549:
1484:is in the left corner and
1446:Pediments of the Parthenon
1443:
1343:
1242:Detail of the West metopes
1231:
1227:
1215:National Museum of Denmark
1147:
780:
560:
550:". The ancient architects
532:
488:
362:
342:
325:
324:
40:
32:Parthenon (disambiguation)
29:
10458:Former churches in Greece
10438:Temples in ancient Athens
10347:
10298:
10292:
10287:
10132:
10009:
9998:
9925:
9847:
9804:
9751:
9609:
9461:
9452:
9448:
9429:
9378:
9293:
9231:
9193:
9186:
9136:
9096:
9087:
9009:
8886:
8882:
8858:
8824:
8793:
8635:
8522:
8466:
8433:Attalid kings of Pergamon
8388:
8379:
8375:
8362:
8241:Antigonid Macedonian army
8214:
8187:
8159:
8116:
8073:
8064:
7906:
7845:
7742:
7738:
7709:
7608:
7557:
7553:
7529:
7516:
7453:
7417:
7306:
7271:
7224:Giovanni Battista Lusieri
7169:
7162:
7119:Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
7056:
7045:
6961:
6913:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
6850:
6751:
6674:18 September 2013 at the
6654:Resources in your library
6565:Papachatzis, Nikolaos D.
5082:, Brussels-Berchem, 1960.
5068:– via Google Books.
4848:Stephenson, Paul (2022).
4127:. Cambridge. p. 78.
3725:10.1525/jsah.2021.80.1.12
3626:, XVI, 1912, pp. 535–558.
3577:P. Kavvadis, G. Kawerau,
3406:10.1017/S0017383514000138
2423:10.1007/978-3-031-26357-6
2054:Parthenon in January 2023
1674:built where the temple's
1339:
361:
255:
241:
236:
228:
220:
210:
205:
194:
189:
181:
173:
165:
157:
118:
107:
97:
89:
84:
80:
68:
60:
57:
52:
10468:Former mosques in Greece
7329:Metopes of the Parthenon
6989:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
6764:Secrets of the Parthenon
6687:24 November 2013 at the
6550:(in French). Bartillat.
5925:Hadingham, Evan (2008).
5719:21 February 2007 at the
5655:Carr, Gerald L. (1994).
5092:Babinger, Franz (1992).
4658:Chatziaslani, Kornilia.
4369:. Accessed 22 July 2022.
4285:. Open Book Publishers.
4197:greece.greekreporter.com
4041:Strolling Through Athens
3862:.3 (July 1962: 337–338).
3445:"If It Pleases the Gods"
2931:17 November 2022 at the
2411:Titi, Catharine (2023).
1999:Dispute over the marbles
1981:Sanford Robinson Gifford
1972:Excursions Daguerriennes
1234:Metopes of the Parthenon
919:× 219.45 ft).
637:was also applied to the
41:Not to be confused with
10433:Destroyed Greek temples
7430:Sack of Athens (267 AD)
6712:28 January 2013 at the
6240:Encyclopædia Britannica
6219:Neils, Jenifer (2005).
6156:Hollis, Edward (2009).
6110:The Acropolis of Athens
5685:National Gallery of Art
5589:The Classical Tradition
5331:The acropolis of Athens
5262:Hollis, Edward (2009).
5211:Miller, Walter (1893).
5190:The acropolis of Athens
4936:Hollis, Edward (2009).
4821:Cremin, Aedeen (2007).
4782:Trombley (1 May 2014).
4271:, chapters 4, 5, and 7.
4256:Parthenon and Parthenoi
4094:"Parthenon (Acropolis)"
3635:B. Graef, E. Langlotz,
3012:, Picard, 2006, p. 118.
2802:Against Androtion 22.13
2737:Hélène (4 March 2021).
2702:Encyclopædia Britannica
2632:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1719:. In 1018, the emperor
1514:) with his daughters (
1467:for control of Athens.
868:, then director of the
353:[par.tʰe.nɔ̌ːn]
237:Design and construction
8467:Artists & scholars
8382:List of ancient Greeks
8019:Second Athenian League
7868:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
7693:Ancient Greek colonies
7379:Nike Fixing her Sandal
7104:Altar of Athena Polias
7004:Sanctuary of Asclepius
6734:Hampden–Sydney College
6572:Tournikio, Panayotis.
5736:. The British Museum.
5520:Palagia, Olga (1998).
4502:Palagia, Olga (1998).
4367:10.3764/aja.121.4.0527
4067:"The Parthenon Frieze"
3669:, XXXIX, 1935, 508–509
2987:Joan Breton Connelly,
2848:10.3764/aja.124.1.0003
2055:
1995:
1892:
1882:
1847:Morean War (1684–1699)
1842:
1782:
1725:First Bulgarian Empire
1619:–484, on the order of
1582:
1455:
1380:Panathenaic procession
1364:
1243:
1163:
1125:
1013:
949:
890:
843:Older or Pre-Parthenon
804:
662:
607:Hekatompedos Parthenon
456:siege of the Acropolis
10443:Sculptures by Phidias
9586:Sybaris on the Traeis
8311:Sacred Band of Thebes
8051:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
7565:Cycladic civilization
6984:Temple of Athena Nike
6447:Exhibition catalogue
6137:Freely, John (2004).
6082:Connelly, Joan Breton
6026:Connelly, Joan Breton
5625:Murray, John (1884).
5526:(2 ed.). Brill.
5459:T. Bowie, D. Thimme,
3799:John Julius Norwich,
3780:penelope.uchicago.edu
3515:"Acropolis of Athens"
3484:"Deep Frieze Meaning"
3387:"Art and Archaeology"
3132:. New York: Vintage.
3095:www.perseus.tufts.edu
3065:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2995:6 August 2023 at the
2776:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2668:www.perseus.tufts.edu
2053:
1993:
1977:Frederic Edwin Church
1932:Society of Dilettanti
1890:
1878:
1840:
1776:
1580:
1453:
1353:
1295:Christian iconoclasts
1241:
1158:
1123:
1011:
947:
929:William Bell Dinsmoor
878:
841:("of the city"). The
797:Destruction of Athens
790:
656:
515:Panathenaic Festivals
495:Greek–English Lexicon
460:the 7th Earl of Elgin
382:[parθeˈnonas]
75:The Parthenon in 1978
9111:mythological figures
8832:Ancient Greek tribes
7957:Peloponnesian League
7399:Athena Marsyas Group
7284:Old Acropolis Museum
7254:Panagiotis Kavvadias
7229:Reverend Philip Hunt
7114:Sanctuary of Pandion
7079:Old Temple of Athena
6587:Traulos, Ioannis N.
6471:28 July 2020 at the
5932:Smithsonian Magazine
5506:Theodor E. Mommsen,
4685:O'Donovan, Connell.
4660:"Morosini in Athens"
4269:The Parthenon Enigma
3833:on 26 September 2019
3568:, 1902, pp. 379–416.
3539:Hurwit 2005, p. 135.
3185:The Parthenon Enigma
3164:on 21 September 2015
2638:Smithsonian Magazine
2323:Barletta, Barbara A.
2182:5 March 2011 at the
2146:Temple of Hephaestus
2137:– Full-scale replica
1705:Eastern Roman Empire
1610:Eastern Roman Empire
1412:Joan Breton Connelly
1362:Lawrence Alma-Tadema
1316:, and one is at the
1312:, others are in the
1187:had been completed.
1094:imbrices and tegulae
862:Panagiotis Kavvadias
737:Joan Breton Connelly
683:, was an olive-wood
419:invaders during the
410:Western civilization
158:Construction started
10428:Landmarks in Athens
10418:Acropolis of Athens
9223:Tunnel of Eupalinos
9218:Theatre of Dionysus
8842:Ancient Macedonians
8458:Tyrants of Syracuse
7970:Amphictyonic League
7570:Minoan civilization
7409:Three-Bodied Daemon
7404:Nike of Callimachus
6994:Pedestal of Agrippa
6955:Acropolis of Athens
6785:Η Μηχανή του Χρόνου
6396:Acropolis of Athens
6371:Acropolis of Athens
6328:on 21 February 2007
5563:. Anagnosis Books.
5559:Tomkinson, John L.
5480:Tomkinson, John L.
5159:Tomkinson, John L.
5131:Tomkinson, John L.
3933:(1). Archived from
3639:, Berlin 1925–1933.
3488:The Weekly Standard
3366:on 8 September 2015
2558:on 3 February 2013.
2417:. pp. 42, 45.
2204:2 July 2017 at the
2141:Stripped Classicism
1874:Hill of Philopappos
1731:At the time of the
1591:Julian the Apostate
1360:, 1868 painting by
1297:in late antiquity.
1016:The Parthenon is a
832:Hekatompedon temple
746:Athenian Bronze Age
142:37.9715°N 23.7266°E
138: /
98:Architectural style
85:General information
9897:Menestheus's Limin
9551:Pandosia (Lucania)
9439:Greek colonisation
8801:Athenian statesmen
8562:Diogenes of Sinope
8423:Kings of Macedonia
8413:Kings of Commagene
8281:Macedonian phalanx
8261:Hellenistic armies
8009:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
7873:Indo-Greek Kingdom
7595:Hellenistic Greece
7214:Francesco Morosini
6377:on 24 October 2019
6076:on 19 August 2018.
6028:(1 January 1996).
5427:Saudi Aramco World
5422:"I, Marble Maiden"
4868:on 22 October 2023
4586:on 28 October 2012
4477:The British Museum
4174:on 31 January 2018
3972:. pp. 74–75.
3694:Britannica Library
3521:on 24 October 2019
3450:The New York Times
2926:Freely 2004, p. 69
2743:The Kosmos Society
2258:Ancient-Greece.org
2252:Sakoulas, Thomas.
2056:
1996:
1968:Joly de Lotbinière
1958:Independent Greece
1916:Ottoman stagnation
1893:
1863:gunpowder magazine
1855:Francesco Morosini
1843:
1783:
1756:Cyriacus of Ancona
1583:
1528:Francesco Morosini
1512:Cecrops or Kekrops
1456:
1365:
1244:
1164:
1126:
1101:John Julius Cooper
1014:
968:and the temple of
950:
891:
813:Battle of Marathon
805:
663:
421:Greco-Persian Wars
391:Athenian Acropolis
10413:Temples of Athena
10385:
10384:
10343:
10342:
10283:
10282:
10279:
10278:
10275:
10274:
9849:Iberian Peninsula
9781:Lipara/Meligounis
9747:
9746:
9425:
9424:
9421:
9420:
9398:Cypriot syllabary
9289:
9288:
9198:Athenian Treasury
9182:
9181:
8854:
8853:
8850:
8849:
8443:Ptolemaic dynasty
8403:Archons of Athens
8358:
8357:
8354:
8353:
8229:Athenian military
8210:
8209:
8043:League of Corinth
8025:Thessalian League
8001:Chalcidian League
7983:Acarnanian League
7893:Ptolemaic Kingdom
7705:
7704:
7701:
7700:
7476:
7475:
7267:
7266:
7249:Kyriakos Pittakis
7124:Odeon of Pericles
7057:Former structures
6962:Extant structures
6921:
6920:
6635:Library resources
6621:978-3-031-26356-9
6601:Woodford, Susan.
6557:978-2-84100-435-5
6540:978-3-85161-124-3
6513:978-2-7084-0687-2
6457:978-3-7319-0300-0
6441:Vinzenz Brinkmann
6300:978-0-521-62733-7
6258:978-0-19-814987-3
6230:978-0-521-82093-6
6211:978-0-292-70622-4
6190:978-0-521-42834-7
6171:978-0-8050-8785-7
6148:978-1-85043-595-2
6129:978-0-19-283541-3
6099:978-0-307-47659-3
6017:978-0-674-36281-9
5599:978-0-674-03572-0
5533:978-90-04-11198-1
5488:on 4 October 2013
5406:978-1-56656-533-2
5361:978-1-111-83695-5
5351:Understanding Art
5302:978-0-393-31440-3
5275:978-0-8050-8785-7
5105:978-0-691-01078-6
5021:on 24 August 2009
4976:978-0-521-42834-7
4949:978-0-8050-8785-7
4907:978-1-85043-595-2
4834:978-0-7112-2822-1
4795:978-90-04-27677-2
4756:978-1-85043-595-2
4724:on 28 August 2012
4618:978-1-85043-595-2
4552:978-0-19-815311-5
4515:978-90-04-11198-1
4302:978-1-80064-344-4
4292:10.11647/obp.0279
4134:978-0-521-64647-5
3559:Ath. Mitteilungen
3394:Greece & Rome
3330:The New Criterion
3194:978-0-307-59338-2
3139:978-0-307-47659-3
2897:GreekReporter.com
2530:978-1-905670-21-5
2503:978-0-521-28084-6
2432:978-3-031-26356-9
2390:978-1-84765-063-4
2344:978-0-521-82093-6
2231:978-1-4419-6803-6
1950:(edict) from the
1506:river, and nymph
1177:Peloponnesian War
896:Battle of Plataea
726:Peloponnesian War
573:
545:
408:, democracy, and
374:
337:
266:
265:
206:Technical details
177:Partially in 1687
18:Parthenon Marbles
16:(Redirected from
10490:
10375:
10374:
10365:
10355:
10354:
10289:
10288:
10007:
10006:
9506:Heraclea Lucania
9459:
9458:
9450:
9449:
9431:
9430:
9191:
9190:
9123:Twelve Olympians
9094:
9093:
8884:
8883:
8860:
8859:
8448:Seleucid dynasty
8428:Kings of Paionia
8377:
8376:
8364:
8363:
8234:Scythian archers
8141:Graphe paranomon
8071:
8070:
7978:
7975:
7965:
7962:
7946:
7943:
7933:
7929:
7926:
7740:
7739:
7711:
7710:
7590:Classical Greece
7575:Mycenaean Greece
7555:
7554:
7531:
7530:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7480:
7479:
7454:Related articles
7324:Athena Promachos
7319:Parthenon Frieze
7314:Athena Parthenos
7279:Acropolis Museum
7259:Nikolaos Balanos
7167:
7166:
7154:Parthenon mosque
7051:
7029:Cave Sanctuaries
6948:
6941:
6934:
6925:
6924:
6903:Parthenon Frieze
6892:Lenormant Athena
6866:Athena Promachos
6859:Athena Parthenos
6837:
6830:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6795:
6778:by Costas Gavras
6698:
6576:. Abrams: 1996.
6561:
6530:Osada, T. (ed.)
6517:
6411:
6409:
6407:
6386:
6384:
6382:
6365:Ioanna Venieri.
6361:
6359:
6357:
6337:
6335:
6333:
6304:
6285:
6283:
6281:
6262:
6243:
6234:
6215:
6194:
6175:
6163:
6152:
6133:
6114:
6103:
6092:. Random House.
6091:
6077:
6075:
6069:. Archived from
6034:
6021:
6009:
5980:
5979:
5977:
5975:
5955:
5949:
5948:
5946:
5944:
5922:
5916:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5897:
5889:
5887:
5885:
5870:
5864:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5845:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5834:
5815:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5804:
5782:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5756:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5730:
5724:
5710:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5687:. Archived from
5677:
5671:
5670:
5652:
5646:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5616:
5615:
5613:
5611:
5583:
5577:
5576:
5574:
5572:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5517:
5511:
5504:
5498:
5497:
5495:
5493:
5477:
5464:
5457:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5438:on 1 August 2012
5417:
5411:
5410:
5394:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5208:
5202:
5201:
5184:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5156:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5089:
5083:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5037:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5013:
5004:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4933:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4919:
4891:
4878:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4864:. Archived from
4845:
4839:
4838:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4714:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4655:
4638:
4637:
4632:
4630:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4557:
4556:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4469:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4455:
4449:
4442:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4408:
4402:
4401:
4399:
4397:
4376:
4370:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4294:
4278:
4272:
4265:
4259:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4229:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4170:, archived from
4162:
4156:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4120:
4114:
4113:
4111:
4109:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4078:
4063:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4052:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4010:. (online book)"
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3939:
3924:
3915:
3909:
3908:, Vol. 46, 1998.
3902:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3880:
3869:
3863:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3823:
3817:
3810:
3804:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3745:
3727:
3703:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3670:
3659:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3633:
3627:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3569:
3555:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3531:
3530:
3528:
3526:
3513:Ioanna Venieri.
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3490:. Archived from
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3447:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3391:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3362:. Archived from
3352:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3341:
3322:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3160:. Archived from
3150:
3144:
3143:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3057:
3051:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2985:
2979:
2972:
2963:
2953:
2944:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2859:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2745:. Archived from
2734:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2583:on 17 April 2019
2577:History Magazine
2569:
2560:
2559:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2491:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2408:
2395:
2394:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2306:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2215:
2209:
2196:
2187:
2174:
2126:Palermo Fragment
2073:Acropolis Museum
2027:Acropolis Museum
1733:Latin occupation
1691:
1650:Christian church
1618:
1615:
1552:Athena Parthenos
1546:Athena Parthenos
1536:Acropolis Museum
1426:William St Clair
1407:
1346:Parthenon Frieze
1310:Acropolis Museum
1199:Acropolis Museum
940:Present building
900:Peace of Callias
866:Wilhelm Dörpfeld
821:
818:
809:Athena Parthenos
661:of the Parthenon
636:
609:
595:
588:
571:
569:
563:
562:
543:
541:
535:
534:
522:
491:
490:
485:
444:Ottoman conquest
384:
379:
369:
367:
366:
355:
350:
348:
346:
332:
330:
329:
318:
317:
314:
313:
310:
305:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
195:Other dimensions
153:
152:
150:
149:
148:
147:37.9715; 23.7266
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
131:
73:
63:
62:
50:
49:
21:
10498:
10497:
10493:
10492:
10491:
10489:
10488:
10487:
10473:Ruins in Greece
10388:
10387:
10386:
10381:
10339:
10294:
10271:
10134:
10128:
10011:
10002:
9994:
9965:Melaina Korkyra
9921:
9843:
9800:
9753:Aeolian Islands
9743:
9605:
9463:
9444:
9443:
9417:
9374:
9285:
9227:
9178:
9132:
9083:
9005:
8996:Wedding customs
8878:
8877:
8846:
8837:Thracian Greeks
8820:
8811:Olympic victors
8789:
8631:
8518:
8462:
8453:Kings of Sparta
8438:Kings of Pontus
8408:Kings of Athens
8384:
8371:
8350:
8246:Army of Macedon
8206:
8183:
8155:
8112:
8060:
8033:(370–c. 230 BC)
8031:Arcadian League
8015:(c. 400–188 BC)
8013:Aetolian League
8007:Boeotian League
7989:Hellenic League
7976:
7963:
7953:(c. 650–404 BC)
7944:
7938:Italiote League
7931:
7927:
7921:Doric Hexapolis
7911:
7902:
7898:Seleucid Empire
7841:
7734:
7733:
7697:
7604:
7580:Greek Dark Ages
7549:
7548:
7525:
7512:
7507:
7477:
7472:
7449:
7413:
7389:Procne and Itys
7374:Mourning Athena
7349:Euthydikos Kore
7302:
7263:
7158:
7074:Older Parthenon
7052:
7043:
6999:Stoa of Eumenes
6957:
6952:
6922:
6917:
6878:Hermes Ludovisi
6846:
6841:
6793:
6754:
6714:Wayback Machine
6696:
6689:Wayback Machine
6676:Wayback Machine
6665:
6664:
6663:
6643:
6642:
6638:
6631:
6626:
6558:
6514:
6473:Wayback Machine
6419:
6417:Further reading
6414:
6405:
6403:
6380:
6378:
6355:
6353:
6340:
6331:
6329:
6316:
6312:
6307:
6301:
6279:
6277:
6266:Tarbell, F. B.
6259:
6237:
6231:
6212:
6191:
6172:
6149:
6130:
6100:
6073:
6032:
6018:
6000:Burkert, Walter
5994:
5992:Printed sources
5989:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5971:
5956:
5952:
5942:
5940:
5923:
5919:
5911:
5907:
5891:
5890:
5883:
5881:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5857:
5855:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5830:
5817:
5816:
5812:
5802:
5800:
5783:
5779:
5769:
5767:
5762:. 10 May 2007.
5758:
5757:
5753:
5743:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5721:Wayback Machine
5711:
5704:
5694:
5692:
5691:on 28 July 2020
5679:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5653:
5649:
5640:
5636:
5623:
5619:
5609:
5607:
5600:
5584:
5580:
5570:
5568:
5557:
5553:
5543:
5541:
5534:
5518:
5514:
5505:
5501:
5491:
5489:
5478:
5467:
5458:
5451:
5441:
5439:
5418:
5414:
5407:
5385:
5381:
5371:
5369:
5362:
5346:
5339:
5326:
5322:
5312:
5310:
5303:
5287:
5283:
5276:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5209:
5205:
5197:Paris Anonymous
5185:
5181:
5170:
5168:
5167:on 29 July 2012
5157:
5153:
5142:
5140:
5139:on 29 July 2012
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5106:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5054:
5046:. CUP Archive.
5038:
5034:
5024:
5022:
5018:
5011:
5005:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4977:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4934:
4927:
4917:
4915:
4908:
4892:
4881:
4871:
4869:
4862:
4846:
4842:
4835:
4819:
4815:
4805:
4803:
4796:
4780:
4776:
4766:
4764:
4757:
4741:
4737:
4727:
4725:
4718:"The Parthenon"
4716:
4715:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4656:
4641:
4628:
4626:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4574:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4560:
4553:
4539:
4535:
4525:
4523:
4516:
4500:
4496:
4486:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4463:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4421:
4419:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4395:
4393:
4378:
4377:
4373:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4323:
4322:
4318:
4303:
4279:
4275:
4266:
4262:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4204:
4191:
4190:
4186:
4177:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4135:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4105:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4048:
4037:"The Parthenon"
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4012:. Ellopos.net.
4006:"Tarbell, F.B.
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3980:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3941:
3940:on 8 April 2008
3937:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3903:
3899:
3887:
3883:
3870:
3866:
3850:
3846:
3836:
3834:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3811:
3807:
3798:
3794:
3784:
3782:
3774:
3773:
3769:
3758:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3741:
3704:
3700:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3673:
3660:
3656:
3647:
3643:
3634:
3630:
3621:
3617:
3612:on 8 June 2007.
3602:
3598:
3589:
3585:
3576:
3572:
3556:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3522:
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3494:on 24 June 2015
3482:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3440:
3436:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3339:
3337:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3309:
3307:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3268:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3206:
3202:
3195:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2997:Wayback Machine
2986:
2982:
2973:
2966:
2954:
2947:
2933:Wayback Machine
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2828:
2824:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2785:
2783:
2770:
2769:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2749:on 27 July 2022
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2630:
2626:
2616:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2482:
2478:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2433:
2409:
2398:
2391:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2345:
2320:
2316:
2300:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2267:
2265:
2254:"The Parthenon"
2250:
2246:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2216:
2212:
2206:Wayback Machine
2197:
2190:
2184:Wayback Machine
2175:
2168:
2163:
2151:Walhalla temple
2101:
2093:Pentelic marble
2069:computer models
2048:
2007:
2001:
1960:
1928:Nicholas Revett
1845:As part of the
1835:
1771:
1652:
1616:
1608:temples in the
1575:
1570:
1560:. This massive
1554:
1548:
1495:
1473:
1448:
1442:
1348:
1342:
1334:Pentelic marble
1270:(battle of the
1236:
1230:
1205:in London (see
1153:
1146:
1107:walls, and the
1036:post and lintel
1006:
990:Pentelic marble
942:
904:Bert Hodge Hill
819:
793:Older Parthenon
785:
783:Older Parthenon
779:
777:Older Parthenon
771:A. E. Stallings
651:
643:Parthénos Maria
596:as well as the
478:
433:Athenian Empire
307:
277:
273:
256:Other designers
215:Pentelic Marble
146:
144:
140:
137:
132:
129:
127:
125:
124:
76:
64:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10496:
10486:
10485:
10480:
10475:
10470:
10465:
10460:
10455:
10450:
10445:
10440:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10420:
10415:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10383:
10382:
10380:
10379:
10369:
10359:
10348:
10345:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10327:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10311:
10310:
10299:
10296:
10295:
10285:
10284:
10281:
10280:
10277:
10276:
10273:
10272:
10270:
10269:
10264:
10259:
10254:
10249:
10244:
10239:
10234:
10229:
10224:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10159:
10154:
10149:
10144:
10138:
10136:
10130:
10129:
10127:
10126:
10121:
10116:
10111:
10106:
10101:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10021:
10015:
10013:
10004:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9992:
9987:
9982:
9977:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9931:
9929:
9923:
9922:
9920:
9919:
9914:
9909:
9904:
9899:
9894:
9889:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9853:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9842:
9841:
9836:
9826:
9821:
9816:
9810:
9808:
9802:
9801:
9799:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9768:
9763:
9757:
9755:
9749:
9748:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9699:Megara Hyblaea
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9679:Hybla Gereatis
9676:
9671:
9669:Heraclea Minoa
9666:
9661:
9656:
9651:
9646:
9641:
9636:
9631:
9626:
9621:
9615:
9613:
9607:
9606:
9604:
9603:
9598:
9593:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9548:
9543:
9538:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9508:
9503:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9467:
9465:
9456:
9446:
9445:
9442:
9441:
9435:
9427:
9426:
9423:
9422:
9419:
9418:
9416:
9415:
9413:Attic numerals
9410:
9408:Greek numerals
9405:
9403:Greek alphabet
9400:
9395:
9390:
9384:
9382:
9376:
9375:
9373:
9372:
9367:
9366:
9365:
9360:
9355:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9299:
9297:
9291:
9290:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9243:
9237:
9235:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9194:
9188:
9184:
9183:
9180:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9140:
9138:
9134:
9133:
9131:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9114:
9113:
9103:
9097:
9091:
9085:
9084:
9082:
9081:
9076:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9060:
9059:
9057:Musical system
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9028:
9027:
9016:
9014:
9007:
9006:
9004:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8890:
8880:
8879:
8876:
8875:
8870:
8864:
8856:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8845:
8844:
8839:
8834:
8828:
8826:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8818:
8813:
8808:
8803:
8797:
8795:
8791:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8641:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8609:
8604:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8528:
8526:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8489:Mathematicians
8486:
8481:
8476:
8470:
8468:
8464:
8463:
8461:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8398:Kings of Argos
8394:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8373:
8372:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8355:
8352:
8351:
8349:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8256:Cretan archers
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8237:
8236:
8226:
8220:
8218:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8207:
8205:
8204:
8199:
8193:
8191:
8185:
8184:
8182:
8181:
8176:
8171:
8165:
8163:
8157:
8156:
8154:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8122:
8120:
8114:
8113:
8111:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8074:
8068:
8062:
8061:
8059:
8058:
8055:Achaean League
8052:
8049:Euboean League
8046:
8040:
8037:Epirote League
8034:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8004:
7998:
7992:
7986:
7985:(c. 500–31 BC)
7980:
7967:
7954:
7948:
7935:
7917:
7915:
7913:Confederations
7904:
7903:
7901:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7849:
7847:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7839:
7837:Lissus (Crete)
7834:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7799:
7794:
7789:
7784:
7779:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7759:
7754:
7748:
7746:
7736:
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7732:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7614:
7612:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7587:
7585:Archaic Greece
7582:
7577:
7572:
7567:
7561:
7559:
7551:
7550:
7547:
7546:
7541:
7535:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7523:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7510:Ancient Greece
7506:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7483:
7474:
7473:
7471:
7470:
7465:
7457:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7394:Lemnian Athena
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7301:
7300:
7298:British Museum
7291:
7286:
7281:
7275:
7273:
7269:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7234:Jacques Carrey
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7164:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7129:Frankish Tower
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7060:
7058:
7054:
7053:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7039:Infrastructure
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6928:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6888:
6885:Lemnian Athena
6881:
6874:
6869:
6862:
6854:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6840:
6839:
6832:
6825:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6805:
6797:
6780:
6772:
6760:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6748:
6742:
6737:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6704:
6699:
6691:
6679:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6645:
6644:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6629:External links
6627:
6625:
6624:
6613:
6599:
6585:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6543:
6528:
6518:
6512:
6499:
6484:
6460:
6438:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6412:
6387:
6362:
6338:
6313:
6311:
6310:Online sources
6308:
6306:
6305:
6299:
6286:
6263:
6257:
6244:
6235:
6229:
6216:
6210:
6195:
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6176:
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6153:
6147:
6134:
6128:
6115:
6104:
6098:
6078:
6051:10.2307/506297
6022:
6016:
6006:Greek Religion
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5950:
5917:
5905:
5865:
5840:
5810:
5777:
5751:
5725:
5702:
5672:
5666:978-0521385404
5665:
5647:
5634:
5617:
5598:
5578:
5551:
5532:
5512:
5499:
5465:
5449:
5412:
5405:
5379:
5360:
5337:
5320:
5301:
5281:
5274:
5254:
5229:10.2307/495887
5223:(4): 546–547.
5203:
5179:
5151:
5123:
5104:
5084:
5071:
5052:
5032:
4994:
4975:
4955:
4948:
4925:
4906:
4879:
4860:
4840:
4833:
4813:
4794:
4774:
4755:
4735:
4704:
4677:
4639:
4617:
4597:
4567:
4558:
4551:
4533:
4514:
4494:
4461:
4429:
4403:
4371:
4346:
4316:
4301:
4273:
4260:
4247:
4240:
4214:
4184:
4157:
4148:
4133:
4115:
4084:
4058:
4027:
3997:
3978:
3970:Broadway Books
3951:
3910:
3897:
3881:
3864:
3844:
3818:
3805:
3803:, 2001, p. 63.
3792:
3767:
3751:
3698:
3685:
3671:
3654:
3641:
3628:
3615:
3596:
3583:
3570:
3550:
3541:
3532:
3505:
3475:
3434:
3400:(2): 287–290.
3377:
3347:
3317:
3278:
3239:
3214:The New Yorker
3200:
3193:
3175:
3145:
3138:
3120:
3107:
3082:
3052:
3039:
3030:
3014:
3008:MC. Hellmann,
3001:
2980:
2976:Greek Religion
2964:
2945:
2918:
2909:
2883:
2822:
2806:
2793:
2760:
2729:
2720:
2707:
2689:
2680:
2655:
2624:
2594:
2561:
2543:
2529:
2509:
2502:
2476:
2458:
2431:
2396:
2389:
2366:
2353:
2343:
2314:
2275:
2244:
2230:
2210:
2188:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2097:
2061:European Union
2047:
2044:
2015:British Museum
2003:Main article:
2000:
1997:
1959:
1956:
1940:Constantinople
1834:
1831:
1826:Jacques Carrey
1795:Greek Orthodox
1770:
1769:Islamic mosque
1767:
1759:Virgin Mary":
1737:Roman Catholic
1709:Constantinople
1651:
1648:
1644:Fourth Crusade
1636:Constantinople
1574:
1573:Late antiquity
1571:
1569:
1566:
1550:Main article:
1547:
1544:
1532:British Museum
1494:
1491:
1472:
1469:
1444:Main article:
1441:
1438:
1434:Catharine Titi
1344:Main article:
1341:
1338:
1329:Eleftherotypia
1314:British Museum
1232:Main article:
1229:
1226:
1203:British Museum
1161:British Museum
1145:
1142:
1005:
1002:
941:
938:
781:Main article:
778:
775:
735:Archaeologist
650:
647:
477:
474:
417:Persian Empire
406:Ancient Greece
385:) is a former
264:
263:
257:
253:
252:
243:
239:
238:
234:
233:
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222:
218:
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91:
87:
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82:
81:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
58:
55:
54:
43:Pantheon, Rome
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10495:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10464:
10461:
10459:
10456:
10454:
10451:
10449:
10448:Greek temples
10446:
10444:
10441:
10439:
10436:
10434:
10431:
10429:
10426:
10424:
10421:
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10416:
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10409:
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9905:
9903:
9900:
9898:
9895:
9893:
9890:
9888:
9885:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9877:Hemeroscopion
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9854:
9852:
9850:
9846:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9830:
9827:
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9817:
9815:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9803:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
9774:
9772:
9769:
9767:
9764:
9762:
9759:
9758:
9756:
9754:
9750:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9652:
9650:
9647:
9645:
9642:
9640:
9637:
9635:
9632:
9630:
9627:
9625:
9622:
9620:
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9616:
9614:
9612:
9608:
9602:
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9512:
9509:
9507:
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9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9454:Magna Graecia
9451:
9447:
9440:
9437:
9436:
9432:
9428:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9377:
9371:
9368:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9354:
9351:
9349:
9346:
9344:
9341:
9339:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9329:
9328:Arcadocypriot
9326:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9300:
9298:
9296:
9292:
9282:
9281:Zeus, Olympia
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9266:Hera, Olympia
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9230:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9192:
9189:
9185:
9175:
9172:
9170:
9169:Mount Olympus
9167:
9165:
9162:
9160:
9157:
9155:
9152:
9150:
9147:
9145:
9142:
9141:
9139:
9137:Sacred places
9135:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9108:
9107:
9104:
9102:
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9086:
9080:
9077:
9075:
9072:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9058:
9055:
9054:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9030:
9026:
9023:
9022:
9021:
9018:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8961:Olympic Games
8959:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8951:Homosexuality
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
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8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8894:
8893:
8891:
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8885:
8881:
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8871:
8869:
8866:
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8843:
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8835:
8833:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8823:
8817:
8814:
8812:
8809:
8807:
8804:
8802:
8799:
8798:
8796:
8792:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8733:
8731:
8728:
8726:
8723:
8721:
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8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8634:
8628:
8625:
8623:
8620:
8618:
8615:
8613:
8610:
8608:
8605:
8603:
8600:
8598:
8595:
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8590:
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8580:
8578:
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8527:
8525:
8521:
8515:
8512:
8510:
8507:
8505:
8502:
8500:
8497:
8495:
8492:
8490:
8487:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8471:
8469:
8465:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8365:
8361:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8321:Seleucid army
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8249:
8247:
8244:
8242:
8239:
8235:
8232:
8231:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8221:
8219:
8217:
8213:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8190:
8186:
8180:
8177:
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8170:
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8166:
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8162:
8158:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8137:
8134:
8132:
8129:
8127:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8119:
8115:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8084:
8081:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8063:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8047:
8044:
8041:
8038:
8035:
8032:
8029:
8026:
8023:
8020:
8017:
8014:
8011:
8008:
8005:
8002:
7999:
7996:
7995:Delian League
7993:
7990:
7987:
7984:
7981:
7971:
7968:
7958:
7955:
7952:
7951:Ionian League
7949:
7939:
7936:
7932: 560 BC
7922:
7919:
7918:
7916:
7914:
7909:
7905:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7856:
7854:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7844:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7798:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7788:
7785:
7783:
7780:
7778:
7775:
7773:
7770:
7768:
7765:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7753:
7750:
7749:
7747:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7673:Magna Graecia
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7615:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7528:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7515:
7511:
7504:
7499:
7497:
7492:
7490:
7485:
7484:
7481:
7469:
7466:
7464:
7463:
7459:
7458:
7456:
7452:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7385:
7384:Persian Rider
7382:
7380:
7377:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7355:
7352:
7350:
7347:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7327:
7325:
7322:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7305:
7299:
7295:
7294:Elgin Marbles
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7276:
7274:
7270:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7180:
7177:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7064:Pelasgic wall
7062:
7061:
7059:
7055:
7050:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6949:
6944:
6942:
6937:
6935:
6930:
6929:
6926:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6872:Elgin Marbles
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6838:
6833:
6831:
6826:
6824:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6612:
6611:0-521-22629-5
6608:
6604:
6603:The Parthenon
6600:
6598:
6597:960-7254-01-5
6594:
6591:Athens, 1960.
6590:
6586:
6583:
6582:0-8109-6314-0
6579:
6575:
6571:
6569:Athens, 1974.
6568:
6564:
6559:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6527:
6526:0-09-180013-7
6523:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6505:
6500:
6497:
6496:0-521-83673-5
6493:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6481:0-307-47659-6
6478:
6475:Knopf: 2014.
6474:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6435:0-674-01085-X
6432:
6428:
6427:The Parthenon
6425:
6422:
6421:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6363:
6351:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6302:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6275:
6271:
6270:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6238:"Parthenon".
6236:
6232:
6226:
6222:
6217:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6182:
6177:
6173:
6167:
6164:. Macmillan.
6162:
6161:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6135:
6131:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6111:
6105:
6101:
6095:
6090:
6089:
6083:
6079:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6060:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6031:
6027:
6023:
6019:
6013:
6008:
6007:
6001:
5997:
5996:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5909:
5901:
5895:
5879:
5875:
5869:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5798:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5781:
5765:
5761:
5755:
5739:
5735:
5729:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5709:
5707:
5690:
5686:
5682:
5676:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5644:
5638:
5630:
5629:
5621:
5605:
5601:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5582:
5566:
5562:
5555:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5525:
5524:
5516:
5509:
5503:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5456:
5454:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5416:
5408:
5402:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5383:
5367:
5363:
5357:
5353:
5352:
5344:
5342:
5333:
5332:
5324:
5308:
5304:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5292:The Parthenon
5285:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5258:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5183:
5166:
5162:
5155:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5111:
5107:
5101:
5097:
5096:
5088:
5081:
5078:E.W. Bodnar,
5075:
5059:
5055:
5053:9780521417860
5049:
5045:
5044:
5036:
5017:
5010:
5003:
5001:
4999:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4951:
4945:
4941:
4940:
4932:
4930:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4867:
4863:
4861:9780674659629
4857:
4853:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4824:Archaeologica
4817:
4801:
4797:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4762:
4758:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4739:
4723:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4644:
4636:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4571:
4562:
4554:
4548:
4544:
4537:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4498:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4446:
4439:
4433:
4417:
4413:
4407:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4375:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4329:www.theoi.com
4326:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4264:
4257:
4251:
4243:
4241:0-15-503769-2
4237:
4233:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4188:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4161:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4126:
4119:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4015:
4011:
4009:
4001:
3985:
3981:
3979:0-7679-0816-3
3975:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3901:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3868:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3832:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3781:
3777:
3771:
3763:
3762:
3755:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3702:
3695:
3692:"Parthenon".
3689:
3680:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3247:Beard, Mary.
3243:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3210:"Deep Frieze"
3204:
3196:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3141:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3111:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2950:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2913:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2800:Demosthenes,
2797:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2700:"Parthenon".
2696:
2694:
2684:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2380:The Parthenon
2376:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2331:Jenifer Neils
2328:
2324:
2318:
2310:
2304:
2288:
2287:
2279:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:The Parthenon
2195:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2021:in Paris, in
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:Elgin Marbles
1992:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Earl of Elgin
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:philhellenism
1917:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1859:attack Athens
1856:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1827:
1822:
1821:Evliya Çelebi
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:Mother of God
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:, during the
1599:
1598:Theodosius II
1594:
1592:
1588:
1579:
1568:Later history
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1493:West pediment
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1471:East pediment
1468:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Centauromachy
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Centauromachy
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:Elgin Marbles
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1157:
1151:
1150:Elgin Marbles
1141:
1139:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1001:
997:
993:
991:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
954:Delian League
946:
937:
935:
930:
925:
920:
918:
914:
909:
905:
901:
897:
888:
884:
883:
877:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:
838:Athena Polias
833:
829:
825:
814:
810:
802:
798:
794:
789:
784:
774:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
748:, the war of
747:
743:
738:
733:
731:
727:
724:, during the
723:
720:According to
718:
715:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
687:
682:
681:
676:
672:
668:
660:
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646:
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640:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
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612:
610:
608:
602:
599:
594:
589:
587:
581:
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568:
557:
553:
549:
540:
528:
526:
521:
516:
512:
508:
507:
502:
497:
496:
484:
473:
471:
470:Greek Marbles
467:
466:
465:Elgin Marbles
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
429:Delian League
426:
422:
418:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
372:
365:
359:
354:
349:
347:
345:
335:
328:
322:
321:Ancient Greek
316:
271:
261:
258:
254:
251:
247:
244:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
216:
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123:
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88:
83:
79:
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10172:Dionysopolis
10142:Abonoteichos
10094:Pantikapaion
9684:Hybla Heraea
9270:
9020:Architecture
8976:Prostitution
8665:Aristophanes
8524:Philosophers
8494:Philosophers
8326:Spartan army
8057:(280–146 BC)
8045:(338–322 BC)
8039:(370–168 BC)
8027:(374–196 BC)
8021:(378–355 BC)
8003:(430–348 BC)
7997:(478–404 BC)
7991:(499–449 BC)
7678:Peloponnesus
7600:Roman Greece
7462:Perserschutt
7460:
7369:Moschophoros
7344:Antenor Kore
7174:Themistocles
7069:Hekatompedon
6968:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6864:
6857:
6800:
6796:, on YouTube
6789:Time machine
6788:
6784:
6775:
6771:, on YouTube
6763:
6649:Online books
6639:
6602:
6588:
6573:
6566:
6547:
6531:
6503:
6487:
6444:
6426:
6424:Beard, Mary.
6404:. Retrieved
6395:
6390:Nova – PBS.
6379:. Retrieved
6375:the original
6370:
6354:. Retrieved
6345:
6330:. Retrieved
6326:the original
6321:
6290:
6278:. Retrieved
6268:
6248:
6239:
6220:
6200:
6180:
6159:
6138:
6119:
6113:. Macmillan.
6109:
6087:
6071:the original
6045:(1): 53–80.
6042:
6036:
6005:
5972:. Retrieved
5963:
5953:
5941:. Retrieved
5930:
5920:
5908:
5882:. Retrieved
5877:
5868:
5856:. Retrieved
5852:
5843:
5831:. Retrieved
5822:
5813:
5801:. Retrieved
5792:The Observer
5790:
5780:
5768:. Retrieved
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5742:. Retrieved
5728:
5693:. Retrieved
5689:the original
5684:
5675:
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5650:
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5620:
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5588:
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5554:
5542:. Retrieved
5522:
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5502:
5490:. Retrieved
5486:the original
5460:
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5436:the original
5431:
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5382:
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5350:
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5311:. Retrieved
5291:
5284:
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5220:
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5189:
5182:
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5165:the original
5154:
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5137:the original
5126:
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5094:
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5079:
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5062:. Retrieved
5042:
5035:
5023:. Retrieved
5016:the original
4985:. Retrieved
4965:
4958:
4938:
4916:. Retrieved
4896:
4870:. Retrieved
4866:the original
4850:
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4823:
4816:
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4784:
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4745:
4738:
4726:. Retrieved
4722:the original
4695:. Retrieved
4680:
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4634:
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4607:
4600:
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4584:the original
4570:
4561:
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4524:. Retrieved
4504:
4497:
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4476:
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4432:
4420:. Retrieved
4406:
4394:. Retrieved
4383:
4374:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4337:. Retrieved
4328:
4319:
4282:
4276:
4268:
4263:
4258:, pp. 53–80.
4255:
4250:
4225:
4217:
4205:. Retrieved
4196:
4187:
4176:, retrieved
4172:the original
4166:
4160:
4151:
4124:
4118:
4106:. Retrieved
4098:Khan Academy
4097:
4087:
4075:. Retrieved
4061:
4049:. Retrieved
4040:
4030:
4018:. Retrieved
4007:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3964:
3960:Livio, Mario
3954:
3942:. Retrieved
3935:the original
3930:
3926:
3913:
3905:
3900:
3890:
3884:
3872:
3867:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3847:
3837:26 September
3835:. Retrieved
3831:the original
3821:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3795:
3783:. Retrieved
3779:
3770:
3760:
3754:
3742:. Retrieved
3715:
3711:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3666:
3662:
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3649:
3644:
3636:
3631:
3623:
3618:
3610:the original
3599:
3591:
3586:
3578:
3573:
3565:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3544:
3535:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3508:
3496:. Retrieved
3492:the original
3487:
3478:
3466:. Retrieved
3449:
3437:
3425:. Retrieved
3397:
3393:
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3364:the original
3359:
3350:
3338:. Retrieved
3329:
3320:
3308:. Retrieved
3291:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3252:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3213:
3203:
3184:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:the original
3157:
3148:
3129:
3123:
3115:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3094:
3085:
3073:. Retrieved
3064:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3033:
3025:
3009:
3004:
2988:
2983:
2975:
2959:
2921:
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2839:
2835:
2825:
2817:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2784:. Retrieved
2775:
2751:. Retrieved
2747:the original
2742:
2732:
2723:
2715:
2710:
2701:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2667:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2637:
2627:
2615:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:the original
2576:
2556:the original
2546:
2536:10 September
2534:. Retrieved
2519:
2512:
2487:
2479:
2470:
2449:. Retrieved
2413:
2379:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2334:
2317:
2291:. Retrieved
2285:
2278:
2266:. Retrieved
2257:
2247:
2235:. Retrieved
2220:
2213:
2089:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2057:
2041:
2036:The Guardian
2034:
2032:
2008:
1971:
1961:
1947:
1935:
1924:James Stuart
1913:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1844:
1818:
1803:
1784:
1762:
1761:
1749:
1730:
1717:Thessaloniki
1702:
1689:opisthodomos
1653:
1646:in 1204 AD.
1629:
1621:Emperor Zeno
1595:
1584:
1557:
1555:
1540:
1496:
1474:
1457:
1410:
1384:Dipylon Gate
1377:
1366:
1354:
1328:
1322:
1302:Severe Style
1299:
1292:
1288:sack of Troy
1260:Amazonomachy
1252:Gigantomachy
1245:
1223:
1191:
1189:
1170:sculpted by
1165:
1138:golden ratio
1135:
1127:
1098:
1086:
1065:
1052:opisthodomos
1050:
1043:
1026:temple with
1015:
1004:Architecture
998:
994:
986:
951:
933:
921:
915:(77.13
892:
882:Perserschutt
880:
851:
837:
806:
734:
719:
711:
684:
678:
664:
642:
631:
624:
616:Hekatompedon
613:
604:
597:
593:Hekatompedon
586:Hekatompedos
583:
580:Hekatompedos
576:Harpocration
567:Hekatómpedos
547:
529:
504:
493:
479:
469:
463:
442:. After the
437:
414:
341:
269:
267:
242:Architect(s)
47:
10320:Place names
10232:Salmydessus
10054:Kalos Limen
10034:Chersonesus
10024:Borysthenes
9729:Tauromenion
9541:Metapontion
9303:Proto-Greek
9256:Erechtheion
9251:Athena Nike
9213:Philippeion
9042:Mathematics
9013:and science
8896:Agriculture
8760:Stesichorus
8670:Bacchylides
8660:Archilochus
8547:Antisthenes
8537:Anaximander
8509:Seven Sages
8499:Playwrights
8479:Geographers
8474:Astronomers
8301:Pezhetairos
7928: 1100
7908:Federations
7807:Megalopolis
7744:City states
7719:City states
7364:Peplos Kore
7354:Kritios Boy
7244:Ludwig Ross
7194:Callicrates
7099:Arrephorion
7094:Pandroseion
7089:Chalkotheke
6974:Erechtheion
6449:Liebieghaus
6342:"Parthenon"
5943:22 February
5610:23 February
5372:23 February
5313:23 February
5247:23 February
5116:23 February
5064:23 February
4987:23 February
4918:23 February
4767:23 February
4697:10 December
4629:23 February
4526:18 November
4487:15 December
4454:19 December
4422:19 December
4043:: 112–119.
2956:Susan Deacy
2857:1874/407955
2842:(1): 3–35.
2786:21 February
2375:Beard, Mary
2293:11 November
2268:15 December
2122:, Edinburgh
2046:Restoration
1833:Destruction
1779:James Skene
1668:iconostasis
1642:during the
1538:of Athens.
1502:river, the
1040:entablature
982:Callicrates
970:Athena Nike
966:Erechtheion
858:Erechtheion
766:Garry Wills
762:Peter Green
659:Doric order
639:Virgin Mary
620:Erechtheion
561:Ἑκατόμπεδος
556:Callicrates
525:Erechtheion
440:Virgin Mary
377:Parthenónas
250:Callicrates
161:447 BC
145: /
120:Coordinates
10392:Categories
10222:Polemonion
10099:Phanagoria
10069:Kimmerikon
10064:Kerkinitis
10049:Hermonassa
10039:Dioscurias
9935:Aspalathos
9882:Kalathousa
9857:Akra Leuke
9786:Phoenicusa
9571:Scylletium
9556:Poseidonia
9476:Brentesion
9363:Pamphylian
9358:Macedonian
9276:Samothrace
9261:Hephaestus
9208:Long Walls
9187:Structures
9128:Underworld
9074:Technology
9037:Literature
8971:Philosophy
8936:Euergetism
8825:By culture
8770:Thucydides
8612:Pythagoras
8607:Protagoras
8597:Parmenides
8582:Heraclitus
8567:Empedocles
8557:Democritus
8542:Anaximenes
8532:Anaxagoras
8484:Historians
7977: 595
7964: 550
7945: 800
7930: – c.
7858:Cappadocia
7663:Ionian Sea
7653:Hellespont
7618:Aegean Sea
7219:Lord Elgin
7109:Eleusinion
7024:Beulé Gate
7014:Aglaureion
6803:on Youtube
6794:(in Greek)
6736:, Virginia
6697:(in Greek)
6406:14 October
5974:31 January
5803:4 December
5744:24 January
5442:3 December
4267:Connelly,
4254:Connelly,
4178:30 January
4108:27 January
4051:20 January
3990:4 December
3944:4 February
3785:8 February
3452:(Review).
2617:10 October
2161:References
2154:Regensburg
2023:Copenhagen
1964:architrave
1791:Florentine
1745:bell tower
1739:church of
1632:cult image
1617: 481
1430:Erechtheus
1417:Erechtheus
1405:ergastines
1388:Kerameikos
1373:bas-relief
1114:architrave
1018:peripteral
820: 490
803:(in grey).
758:Mary Beard
750:Erechtheus
722:Thucydides
707:kanephoroi
703:arrephoroi
699:plyntrides
675:cult image
598:Parthenon.
506:arrephoroi
468:or simply
452:Morean War
364:Παρθενώνας
262:(sculptor)
229:Floor area
190:Dimensions
133:23°43′36″E
130:37°58′17″N
61:Παρθενώνας
10398:Parthenon
10308:in Epirus
10257:Trapezous
10202:Mesambria
10187:Eupatoria
10157:Apollonia
10152:Anchialos
10114:Theodosia
10084:Nymphaion
10074:Myrmekion
10044:Gorgippia
10000:Black Sea
9985:Tragurion
9970:Nymphaion
9955:Epidauros
9950:Epidamnos
9940:Apollonia
9917:Zacynthos
9839:Ptolemais
9833:Apollonia
9806:Cyrenaica
9796:Therassía
9791:Strongyle
9771:Ereikousa
9694:Leontinoi
9634:Apollonia
9511:Hipponion
9308:Mycenaean
9271:Parthenon
9203:Lion Gate
9106:Mythology
9069:Sculpture
9032:Astronomy
8966:Pederasty
8941:Festivals
8926:Education
8806:Lawgivers
8775:Timocreon
8755:Sophocles
8750:Simonides
8725:Philocles
8720:Panyassis
8715:Mimnermus
8680:Herodotus
8675:Euripides
8645:Aeschylus
8592:Leucippus
8552:Aristotle
8331:Strategos
8197:Synedrion
8151:Ostracism
8131:Areopagus
8083:Free city
7878:Macedonia
7762:Byzantion
7668:Macedonia
7633:Cyrenaica
7610:Geography
7544:Geography
7307:Sculpture
7209:Mardonius
7199:Mnesikles
7139:Klepsydra
7034:Peripatos
6979:Propylaia
6969:Parthenon
6898:Parthenon
6776:Parthenon
6767:video by
6640:Parthenon
6574:Parthenon
5964:Greece Is
5571:14 August
5544:14 August
5492:14 August
5171:14 August
5143:14 August
5025:26 August
4788:. BRILL.
4728:14 August
4670:14 August
4590:14 August
4508:. BRILL.
4311:251787123
4207:14 August
4143:174134120
3962:(2003) .
3734:233818539
3498:18 August
3468:18 August
3458:0362-4331
3427:20 August
3414:232181203
3370:18 August
3340:18 August
3300:0028-7504
3261:0028-7504
3222:0028-792X
3168:18 August
2974:Burkert,
2937:Justinian
2866:213405037
2718:, p. 352.
2714:Whitley,
2441:258846977
2303:cite book
2177:Parthenon
2135:Nashville
2131:Parthenon
1985:Propylaea
1867:Propylaea
1851:Venetians
1806:Mehmed II
1785:In 1456,
1694:peristyle
1660:Theotokos
1656:Christian
1520:Pandrosos
1508:Kallirhoe
1478:Tethrippa
1461:Pausanias
1440:Pediments
1392:Acropolis
1382:from the
1274:aided by
1144:Sculpture
1077:triglyphs
1032:stylobate
1021:octastyle
962:Propylaia
936:in 1935.
924:seriation
854:Herodotus
828:Acropolis
824:limestone
695:Acropolis
671:sanctuary
634:Parthénos
548:parthénos
520:parthénoi
483:parthénos
476:Etymology
450:. In the
402:Greek art
371:romanized
344:Parthenōn
334:romanized
270:Parthenon
174:Destroyed
166:Completed
102:Classical
53:Parthenon
10357:Category
10335:Theatres
10262:Tripolis
10197:Kerasous
10192:Heraclea
10124:Tyritake
10079:Nikonion
9990:Thronion
9912:Salauris
9867:Emporion
9824:Berenice
9814:Balagrae
9766:Euonymos
9739:Tyndaris
9724:Syracuse
9719:Selinous
9689:Kamarina
9644:Casmenae
9629:Akrillai
9546:Neápolis
9481:Caulonia
9462:Mainland
9393:Linear B
9388:Linear A
9318:Dialects
9295:Language
9089:Religion
9047:Medicine
8981:Religion
8946:Folklore
8931:Emporium
8906:Clothing
8901:Calendar
8785:Xenophon
8780:Tyrtaeus
8765:Theognis
8740:Polybius
8735:Plutarch
8710:Menander
8690:Hipponax
8617:Socrates
8572:Epicurus
8418:Diadochi
8316:Sciritae
8276:Hetairoi
8251:Ballista
8216:Military
8179:Gerousia
8169:Ekklesia
8136:Ecclesia
8118:Athenian
8066:Politics
7979:–279 BC)
7966:–366 BC)
7947:–389 BC)
7883:Pergamon
7853:Bithynia
7846:Kingdoms
7787:Pergamon
7729:Military
7724:Politics
7521:Timeline
7359:Kore 670
7204:Xerxes I
7179:Pericles
6710:Archived
6685:Archived
6672:Archived
6469:Archived
6400:Archived
6350:Archived
6332:23 April
6280:4 August
6274:Archived
6084:(2014).
6067:41120274
6002:(1985).
5968:Archived
5937:Archived
5894:cite web
5827:Archived
5823:ICT News
5797:Archived
5764:Archived
5738:Archived
5717:Archived
5604:Archived
5565:Archived
5538:Archived
5366:Archived
5307:Archived
5241:Archived
5110:Archived
5058:Archived
4981:Archived
4912:Archived
4806:14 March
4800:Archived
4761:Archived
4691:Archived
4664:Archived
4623:Archived
4520:Archived
4481:Archived
4445:Archived
4416:Archived
4396:23 April
4390:Archived
4333:Archived
4201:Archived
4102:Archived
4071:Archived
4045:Archived
4020:18 April
4014:Archived
3984:Archived
3853:op. cit.
3851:Penrose
3738:Archived
3590:NM Tod,
3462:Archived
3418:Archived
3334:Archived
3304:Archived
3265:Archived
3226:Archived
3069:Archived
2993:Archived
2941:basilica
2929:Archived
2870:Archived
2818:Pericles
2814:Plutarch
2780:Archived
2642:Archived
2611:Archived
2587:17 April
2445:Archived
2377:(2010).
2325:(2005).
2262:Archived
2202:Archived
2180:Archived
2099:See also
2065:artefact
1952:kaymakam
1898:Poseidon
1752:Humanism
1741:Our Lady
1721:Basil II
1692:and the
1516:Aglaurus
1500:Kephisos
1465:Poseidon
1421:Eumolpos
1320:museum.
1280:Centaurs
1130:parallel
1061:pediment
958:Pericles
887:Xerxes I
847:Persians
801:Pericles
754:Eumolpos
730:Pericles
649:Function
601:Plutarch
489:παρθένος
425:treasury
327:Παρθενών
211:Material
114:, Greece
108:Location
10377:Outline
10330:Temples
10267:Zaliche
10247:Thèrmae
10237:Sesamus
10207:Odessos
10182:Cytorus
10177:Cotyora
9927:Illyria
9892:Mainake
9887:Kypsela
9776:Hycesia
9734:Thermae
9714:Segesta
9704:Messana
9659:Helorus
9639:Calacte
9619:Akragas
9581:Sybaris
9566:Rhegion
9521:Krimisa
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