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175:, recording that enemies of Pericles tried to attack him through Phidias – who was accused of stealing gold intended for the Parthenon's statue of Athena, and of impiously portraying himself and Pericles on the shield of the statue. The historical value of this account, as well as the legend about accusations against the 'Periclean circle', is debatable, but
568:, Phidias was accused of embezzlement. Specifically, he was charged with shortchanging the amount of gold that was supposed to be used for the statue and keeping the extra for himself. It seems that the charge was politically motivated – a result of his friendship with Pericles, who had many enemies in Athens.
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According to
Plutarch, Phidias was made an object of attack by the political enemies of Pericles. His workman Menon is said to have been at least partially responsible for his downfall: Plutarch states that Menon sat in the marketplace begging for protection in exchange for bringing charges against
610:
after he completed the Statue of Zeus at
Olympia for them. From the late 5th century BC, small copies of the statue of Zeus were found on coins from Elis, which give a general notion of the pose and the character of the head. The god was seated on a throne, every part of which was used for
631:
A significant advancement in the knowledge of
Phidias' working methodology came during 1954–58 with the excavation of the workshop at Olympia where he created the Statue of Zeus. Tools, terracotta molds and a cup inscribed on the bottom "Φειδίου εἰμί" (Pheidíou eimí) – "I belong to Phidias";
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literally: "of
Phidias I am", were found here, just where Pausanias said the statue was constructed. The discovery has enabled archaeologists to re-create the techniques used to make the statue and confirm its date.
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Of
Phidias' life, little is known apart from his works. Although no original works exist that can be attributed to him with certainty, numerous Roman copies of varying degrees of fidelity are known to exist.
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in Athens. Both sculptures belong to about the middle of the 5th century BC. A number of replicas and works inspired by it, both ancient and modern, have been made. Upon completing the
316:, a Roman-era statue of Athena Parthenos considered to be the most faithful reproduction of the chryselephantine statue made by Phidias and his assistants, as displayed in the
157:, a monumental gateway that served as the entrance to the Acropolis in Athens. Phidias was the son of Charmides of Athens. The ancients believed that his masters were
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In 447 BC, Pericles commissioned several sculptures for Athens from
Phidias to celebrate the Greek victory against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon during the
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The Delian team was an association of approximately 150 Greek city-states under the leadership of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the
Persian Empire.
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Phidias. He was subsequently provided with safety by the state and exempted from public duties. Accordingly, Phidias was imprisoned and died in prison at Athens.
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BC. It is therefore possible that most of sculptural decoration of the
Parthenon was the work of Phidias' workshop including pupils of Phidias, such as
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to prove his innocence, but was then accused of impiously portraying himself and
Pericles on the shield of the statue, which was apparently true.
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sculptural decoration. His body was of ivory, his robe of gold. His head was of a somewhat archaic type; the bust of Zeus found at
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sculptural design. Today, most critics and historians consider him one of the greatest of all ancient Greek sculptors.
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Ivory head of Apollo, perhaps carved by
Phidias, looted in 1995 by Pietro Casasanta and repatriated to Italy in 2003
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after Phidias. However, Barr later wrote that he thought it unlikely that Phidias actually used the golden ratio.
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or permanent moral level of his works as compared with those of the later so called "pathetic" school. Both
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at Paris, which has lost its head, gives some idea of what the original statue may have looked like.
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358:. On the Acropolis of Athens, Phidias constructed a colossal bronze statue of Athena, the
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For the ancient Greeks, two works of Phidias far outshone all others: the colossal
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Birte Lundgreen, "A Methodological Enquiry: The Great Bronze Athena by Phidias"
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A copy of a work by Phidias or one of his pupils: head of Athena, found around
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For the Australian artist who used the pseudonym "Phidias" in radio talks, see
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BC torsos of Athena have been found at Athens. The torso of Athena in the
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writes that he superintended the great works ordered by Greek statesman
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236: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Understanding Greek sculpture : ancient meanings, modern readings
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Understanding Greek sculpture : ancient meanings, modern readings
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Cunningham, Lawrence S.; Reich, John J.; Fichner-Rathus, Lois (2016).
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1329:. Vol. 10–11. International Business Machines Corporation. 1944.
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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440:(490 BC). Pericles used some of the money from the maritime
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Understanding Greek sculpture: ancient meanings, modern readings
481:. He described it as "the best of all Pheidias's works to see".
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Plutarch records that Phidias was imprisoned and died in jail.
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The earliest of Phidias' works were dedications in memory of
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One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works,
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he created a great group in bronze including the figures of
121:, painter, and architect, active in the 5th century BC. His
1369:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
732:
391:, Phidias was celebrated for his statues in bronze and his
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calls his statues sublime, and at the same time precise.
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Culture and Values: A Survey of the Humanities, Volume I
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and Plutarch mention works of his depicting the warlike
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Phidias is often credited as the main instigator of the
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of wisdom and warriors and the protector of Athens. At
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discusses Phidias' friendship with the Greek statesman
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According to Pausanias (1.28.2), the original bronze
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mentions an incident with Phidias around that time.
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16:
Greek sculptor, painter and architect (c.480–430 BC)
364:, which was visible far out at sea. Athena was the
153:, a colossal bronze which stood between it and the
129:. Phidias also designed the statues of the goddess
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1046:Great Cities of the World 3: Next Stop... Athens
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571:Phidias supposedly weighed the gold robe of the
395:works (statues made of gold and ivory). In the
1889:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
735:, now in the National Archeological Museum of
1539:
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1299:. London: Constable and Company Ltd. p.
197:, Phidias is depicted enthroned on the right.
1159:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1016:
489:in a statue of which the head is located in
1314:Barr, Mark (1929). "Parameters of beauty".
626:
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1532:
1435:
1421:
857:who participated in the tyranny at Athens.
384:in ivory and gold for the people of Elis.
622:The workshop of Phidias at Olympia (2005)
296:Learn how and when to remove this message
1355:
1143:
1115:"Athenian impiety trials: a reappraisal"
1067:. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp.
1017:Clayton, Peter A; Price, Martin (2013).
962:. New York: Thames and Hudson. pp.
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1178:. New York: Thames and Hudson. p.
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1020:The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
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485:suggested that he found a copy of the
318:National Archaeological Museum, Athens
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1416:
1048:. The Symphonette Press. p. 105.
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448:were not brought to Athens until 434
405:unlike many sculptors of his time.
234:adding citations to reliable sources
205:
13:
2045:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
2040:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
127:Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
14:
2120:
1408:Phidias as a first name in the US
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1227:A Walking Tour of Olympia, Greece
2025:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
1939:Korai of the Acropolis of Athens
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933:. Cengage Learning. p. 88.
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1839:Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel
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1609:Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
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221:needs additional citations for
2094:5th-century BC Greek sculptors
1744:Church of Panagia Atheniotissa
1684:Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
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546:BC), which was erected in the
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2035:Siege of the Acropolis (1687)
1240:Olympia, Workshop of Pheidias
1023:. Routledge. pp. 62–63.
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592:
539:
512:A reconstruction of Phidias'
470:
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1321:. Vol. 60. p. 325.
1044:Salomon, Marilyn J. (1974).
870:the neoplatonic philosopher.
477:BC) for Athenians living on
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1749:Temple of Roma and Augustus
1734:Choragic Monument of Nikias
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881:"Ageladas | Greek sculptor"
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524:in 1572, from a drawing by
193:In this painting by artist
26:For Greek myth figure, see
10:
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2109:Ancient Athenian sculptors
1934:Pediments of the Parthenon
1508:Pediments of the Parthenon
1336:
1259:; Lehmann, Ingmar (2011).
798:Pediments of the Parthenon
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2017:
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1824:Giovanni Battista Lusieri
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1719:Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
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1645:
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1513:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
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1262:The Glorious Golden Ratio
1244:Perseus Building Catalog,
1213:Oxford Dictionary of Art,
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514:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
123:Statue of Zeus at Olympia
2099:Ancient Greek architects
2089:5th-century BC Athenians
1929:Metopes of the Parthenon
1589:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
1325:"Parameters of beauty".
866:Not to be confused with
719:, representation on coin
627:Archaeological discovery
469:was created by Phidias (
335:as a central figure. At
50:Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema
2030:Sack of Athens (267 AD)
1366:Encyclopædia Britannica
1156:Encyclopædia Britannica
1131:10.13130/1128-8221/4290
1113:Filonik, Jakub (2013).
885:Encyclopedia Britannica
793:Ancient Greek sculpture
640:By 1910, mathematician
1979:Nike Fixing her Sandal
1704:Altar of Athena Polias
1604:Sanctuary of Asclepius
1377:Part III of Stewart's
1257:Posamentier, Alfred S.
1170:Spivey, Nigel (1996).
1059:Spivey, Nigel (1996).
954:Spivey, Nigel (1996).
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526:Maarten van Heemskerck
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119:Ancient Greek sculptor
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1584:Temple of Athena Nike
1383:Yale University Press
1291:Cook, Theodore Andrea
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356:Miltiades the Younger
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192:
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1999:Athena Marsyas Group
1884:Old Acropolis Museum
1854:Panagiotis Kavvadias
1829:Reverend Philip Hunt
1714:Sanctuary of Pandion
1679:Old Temple of Athena
1404:at Wikimedia Commons
1101:The Life of Pericles
682:named after Phidias.
503:École des Beaux-Arts
354:heroes, and General
230:improve this article
38:Phidias Showing the
2104:Acropolis of Athens
2009:Three-Bodied Daemon
2004:Nike of Callimachus
1594:Pedestal of Agrippa
1555:Acropolis of Athens
493:and the body is at
28:Pheidas (mythology)
1814:Francesco Morosini
1296:The Curves of Life
750:Reconstruction of
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497:. Some 5th-century
438:Greco-Persian Wars
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135:Athenian Acropolis
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1849:Kyriakos Pittakis
1724:Odeon of Pericles
1657:Former structures
1562:Extant structures
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1400:Media related to
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1030:978-1-136-74810-3
483:Adolf Furtwängler
314:Varvakeion Athena
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802:
801:
800:
795:
788:
785:
784:
783:
780:
773:
771:
767:Head of Athena
765:
758:
756:
749:
742:
740:
730:
723:
721:
715:
708:
706:
699:
692:
688:
685:
684:
683:
670:
637:
634:
628:
625:
548:Temple of Zeus
536:Statue of Zeus
522:Philippe Galle
304:
303:
218:
216:
209:
203:
200:
195:Paul Delaroche
46:to his Friends
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2121:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1984:Persian Rider
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1895:
1894:Elgin Marbles
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Pelasgic wall
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1650:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1473:
1472:Elgin Marbles
1470:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1352:public domain
1341:
1340:
1328:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1278:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1128:
1125:(16): 26–33.
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1047:
1040:
1032:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1006:
1000:
991:
983:
979:
975:
969:
965:
960:
959:
950:
942:
936:
932:
925:
911:on 2008-10-16
910:
906:
900:
886:
882:
876:
869:
863:
856:
850:
844:
838:
834:
832:
831:
818:
814:
811:
810:
799:
796:
794:
791:
790:
777:
772:
768:
762:
757:
753:
752:Athena Lemnia
746:
741:
738:
734:
727:
722:
718:
712:
707:
703:
696:
691:
690:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
647:
643:
633:
620:
616:
614:
609:
605:
602:According to
600:
596: 421 BC
589:
588:
583:
579:
576:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
537:
534:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
504:
496:
492:
488:
487:Athena Lemnia
484:
480:
473: 450–440
468:
467:
466:Athena Lemnia
461:
459:
455:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:
398:Hippias Major
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
342:
338:
334:
330:
325:
319:
315:
310:
300:
297:
289:
278:
275:
271:
268:
264:
261:
257:
254:
250:
247: –
246:
242:
241:Find sources:
235:
231:
225:
224:
219:This section
217:
213:
208:
207:
202:Life and work
196:
191:
187:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
141:
137:, namely the
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115: 430 BC
105:
97:
96:Ancient Greek
91:
61:
57:
51:
47:
45:
41:
35:
29:
22:
21:Jeffrey Smart
2062:Perserschutt
2060:
1969:Moschophoros
1944:Antenor Kore
1783:
1774:Themistocles
1669:Hekatompedon
1490:
1483:
1476:
1464:
1457:
1443:
1378:
1374:
1364:
1326:
1317:Architecture
1315:
1309:
1295:
1285:
1261:
1251:
1243:
1234:
1229:," about.com
1221:
1212:
1206:
1173:
1165:
1154:
1139:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1095:
1062:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1019:
1012:
1004:
999:
990:
957:
949:
930:
924:
913:. Retrieved
909:the original
899:
888:. Retrieved
884:
875:
862:
849:
842:
837:
829:
828:
817:
808:
807:
769:, Roman copy
673:4753 Phidias
661:golden ratio
652:
646:Greek letter
639:
630:
601:
585:
582:Aristophanes
580:
577:
572:
570:
565:
555:
530:
486:
464:
462:
435:
427:Athena Areia
396:
386:
359:
326:
322:
292:
286:October 2021
283:
273:
266:
259:
252:
240:
228:Please help
223:verification
220:
181:
177:Aristophanes
167:
148:
138:
103:
59:
55:
54:
37:
1964:Peplos Kore
1954:Kritios Boy
1844:Ludwig Ross
1794:Callicrates
1699:Arrephorion
1694:Pandroseion
1689:Chalkotheke
1574:Erechtheion
1323:Reprinted:
1215:e-Notes.com
1211:"Phidias",
604:Philochorus
458:Agoracritus
143:inside the
2083:Categories
1819:Lord Elgin
1709:Eleusinion
1624:Beulé Gate
1614:Aglaureion
1189:0500278768
1099:Plutarch,
1078:0500278768
1003:Plutarch.
973:0500278768
940:1337514942
915:2008-07-27
890:2019-02-24
804:References
554:, and the
350:, several
341:Greek gods
256:newspapers
147:, and the
113: – c.
111: 480
48:(1868) by
1907:Sculpture
1809:Mardonius
1799:Mnesikles
1739:Klepsydra
1634:Peripatos
1579:Propylaia
1569:Parthenon
1498:Parthenon
1246:about.com
905:"Phidias"
855:Charmides
830:Citations
809:Footnotes
754:, Dresden
702:Aphrodite
677:main-belt
642:Mark Barr
562:Parthenon
542: 432
518:engraving
454:Alcamenes
446:Parthenon
431:Demetrius
423:Pausanias
415:Acropolis
389:antiquity
382:Aphrodite
376:, and at
333:Miltiades
245:"Phidias"
155:Propylaea
145:Parthenon
117:) was an
44:Parthenon
1959:Kore 670
1804:Xerxes I
1779:Pericles
1361:Pheidias
1293:(1914).
1198:36645523
1087:36645523
1007:, p. 31.
982:36645523
853:Not the
787:See also
700:Head of
680:asteroid
659:for the
613:Otricoli
520:made by
411:Pericles
407:Plutarch
329:Marathon
173:Pericles
169:Plutarch
163:Ageladas
104:Pheidias
60:Pheidias
1896:at the
1872:Museums
1789:Ictinus
1784:Phidias
1444:Phidias
1402:Phidias
1354::
1337:Sources
687:Gallery
655:) as a
584:' play
552:Olympia
495:Dresden
491:Bologna
413:on the
378:Plataea
370:Pellene
366:goddess
270:scholar
133:on the
100:Φειδίας
56:Phidias
42:of the
2018:Events
1763:People
1451:Legacy
1348:
1273:
1196:
1186:
1085:
1075:
1069:153-54
1027:
980:
970:
937:
868:Hegias
737:Athens
657:symbol
636:Legacy
608:Eleans
544:
516:in an
499:
479:Lemnos
475:
450:
403:marble
374:Achaea
348:Athena
344:Apollo
337:Delphi
272:
265:
258:
251:
243:
159:Hegias
131:Athena
40:Frieze
2068:Moria
1327:Think
1103:, 31.
587:Peace
419:ethos
352:Attic
277:JSTOR
263:books
1319:(NY)
1271:ISBN
1194:OCLC
1184:ISBN
1119:Dike
1083:OCLC
1073:ISBN
1025:ISBN
978:OCLC
968:ISBN
935:ISBN
733:Pnyx
675:, a
456:and
346:and
312:The
249:news
161:and
1381:, (
1363:".
1301:420
1242:,"
1180:158
1127:doi
964:154
649:Phi
550:at
387:In
372:in
232:by
58:or
2085::
1385:).
1265:.
1192:.
1182:.
1153:.
1123:16
1121:.
1117:.
1081:.
1071:.
976:.
966:.
883:.
593:c.
540:c.
471:c.
460:.
429:.
165:.
108:c.
106:;
102:,
98::
94:;
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1422:v
1303:.
1279:.
1238:"
1200:.
1133:.
1129::
1089:.
1033:.
984:.
943:.
918:.
893:.
653:φ
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590:(
538:(
299:)
293:(
288:)
284:(
274:·
267:·
260:·
253:·
226:.
90:/
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69:ˈ
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62:(
30:.
23:.
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