20:
525:
Trancoso, Ingrid; de Souza, Guilherme A. R.; dos Santos, Paulo
Ricardo; dos Santos, Késia Dias; de Miranda, Rosana Maria dos Santos Nani; da Silva, Amanda Lúcia Pereira Machado; Santos, Dennys Zsolt; García-Tejero, Ivan F.; Campostrini, Eliemar (2022).
290:
in animals. That is incorrect because parthenogenesis is a method of asexual reproduction, with embryo formation without fertilization, and parthenocarpy involves fruit formation, without seed formation. The plant equivalent of parthenogenesis is
69:, but the seeds are actually aborted while they are still small. Parthenocarpy (or stenospermocarpy) occasionally occurs as a mutation in nature; if it affects every flower, the plant can no longer
109:
is unsuccessful may be an advantage to a plant because it provides food for the plant's seed dispersers. Without a fruit crop, the seed dispersing animals may starve or migrate.
263:. Plant hormones are seldom used commercially to produce parthenocarpic fruit. Home gardeners sometimes spray their tomatoes with an auxin to assure fruit production.
179:, parthenocarpy increases fruit production because staminate trees do not need to be planted to provide pollen. Parthenocarpy is undesirable in nut crops, such as
234:
Some parthenocarpic cultivars are of ancient origin. The oldest known cultivated plant is a parthenocarpic fig that was first grown at least 11,200 years ago.
217:
are excluded. Seedless watermelon plants are actually grown from seeds. The seeds are produced by crossing a diploid parent with a tetraploid parent to produce
877:
55:, which makes the fruit seedless. The phenomenon has been observed since ancient times but was first scientifically described by German botanist
617:
131:
Plants that moved from one area of the world to another may not always be accompanied by their pollinating partner, and the lack of
386:
Zangerl AR, Nitao JK, Berenbaum MR (1991). "Parthenocarpic fruits in wild parsnip: decoy defence against a specialist herbivore".
97:
are parthenocarpic. The seedless wild parsnip fruit are preferred by certain herbivores and so serve as a "decoy defense" against
792:
279:
Most commercial seedless grape cultivars, such as 'Thompson
Seedless', are seedless not because of parthenocarpy but because of
209:. Some plants, such as pineapple, produce seedless fruits when a single cultivar is grown because they are self-infertile. Some
690:"Optimisation of transgene action at the post-transcriptional level: high quality parthenocarpic fruits in industrial tomatoes"
741:"Genetically modified parthenocarpic eggplants: Improved fruit productivity under both greenhouse and open field cultivation"
821:
804:
739:
Acciarri, N.; Restaino, F.; Vitelli, G.; Perrone, D.; Zottini, M.; Pandolfini, T.; Spena, A.; Rotino, G. (2002).
267:
70:
159:. Parthenocarpy is also desirable in fruit crops that may be difficult to pollinate or fertilize, such as
899:
894:
183:, for which the seed is the edible part. Horticulturists have selected and propagated parthenocarpic
116:. Plants that do not require pollination or other stimulation to produce parthenocarpic fruit have
528:"Cannabis sativa L.: Crop Management and Abiotic Factors That Affect Phytocannabinoid Production"
367:
Noll, F. (1902). "Fruchtbildung ohne vorausgegangene
Bestaubung (Parthenokarpie) bei der Gurke".
78:
567:
Kislev ME, Hartmann A, Bar-Yosef O (June 2006). "Early domesticated fig in the Jordan Valley".
221:
seeds. It has been suggested that parthenocarpy could explain the difference in the yields in
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102:
40:
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442:
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8:
112:
In some plants, pollination or another stimulation is required for parthenocarpy, termed
93:
Parthenocarpy of some fruits on a plant may be of value. Up to 20% of the fruits of wild
846:
Weiss, J., Nerd, A. and
Mizrahi, Y (1993). "Vegetative parthenocarpy in the cactus pear
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446:
399:
329:
85:
for reproduction, instead of solely sexual reproduction, and can yield seedless fruits.
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634:
600:
507:
478:"'Cannabis' ontologies I: Conceptual issues with Cannabis and cannabinoids terminology"
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has a similar defense against bird feeding. The ability to produce seedless fruit when
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Seedlessness is seen as a desirable trait in edible fruit with hard seeds such as
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is an example of stenospermocarpy as they are immature seeds (aborted ones).
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Fuentes M, Schupp EW (1998). "Empty seeds reduce seed predation by birds in
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could stimulate the development of parthenocarpic fruit. That is termed
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Mullins, Michael G.; Bouquet, Alain; Williams, Larry E. (1992-07-16).
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822:"parthenogenesis. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07"
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means. Examples of this include many citrus varieties that undergo
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cultivars produce mainly seedless fruit for lack of pollination.
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94:
635:"Seedless Fruit Production by Hormonal Regulation of Fruit Set"
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Pandolfini T, Rotino GL, Camerini S, Defez R, Spena A (2002).
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Parthenocarpy is sometimes claimed to be the equivalent of
238:
135:
has spurred human cultivation of parthenocarpic varieties.
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Pollination & Commercial
Varieties of Pears in Oregon
618:
R.L. Stebbins, W.M. Mellenthin, and P.B. Lombard (1981)
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790:
385:
266:
Some parthenocarpic cultivars have been developed as
124:
are an example of vegetative parthenocarpy, seedless
16:Production of seedless fruit without fertilisation
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475:
789:Mullins, M., Bouquet, A., Edward, L. (1992).
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369:Gesellschaft für Natur- und Heilkunde zu Bonn
876:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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622:Oregon State University Extension Service.
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633:Pandolfini, Tiziana (23 November 2009).
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314:"Parthenocarpy: Natural and artificial"
39:is the natural or artificially induced
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811:. Cambridge University Press, p. 75.
366:
244:When sprayed on flowers, any of the
13:
312:Gustafson, Felix G. (1942-11-01).
237:In some climates, normally-seeded
73:but might be able to propagate by
14:
911:
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476:Riboulet-Zemouli, Kenzi (2020).
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799:. Cambridge University Press.
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268:genetically modified organisms
1:
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482:Drug Science, Policy and Law
65:may also produce apparently
7:
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213:produce seedless fruit if
187:of many plants, including
114:stimulative parthenocarpy
795:Biology of the grapevine
545:10.3390/agronomy12071492
495:10.1177/2050324520945797
261:artificial parthenocarpy
118:vegetative parthenocarpy
589:10.1126/science.1125910
455:10.1023/A:1006594532392
864:10.1006/anbo.1993.1140
24:
758:10.1186/1472-6750-2-4
707:10.1186/1472-6750-2-1
431:Juniperus osteosperma
139:Commercial importance
89:Ecological importance
22:
848:Opuntia ficus-indica
647:University of Verona
435:Evolutionary Ecology
388:Evolutionary Ecology
318:The Botanical Review
581:2006Sci...312.1372K
488:: 205032452094579.
447:1998EvEco..12..823F
400:1991EvEco...5..136Z
330:1942BotRv...8..599G
23:Seedless watermelon
900:Plant reproduction
408:10.1007/BF02270830
338:10.1007/BF02881046
71:sexually reproduce
25:
745:BMC Biotechnology
656:10.3390/nu1020168
175:species, such as
83:nucellar embryony
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895:Plant morphology
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852:Annals of Botany
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832:on 28 June 2008.
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872:cite journal
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649:: 168–177.
538:(7): 1492.
249:gibberellin
215:pollinators
167:and summer
133:pollinators
120:. Seedless
107:pollination
889:Categories
375:: 149–162.
300:References
203:breadfruit
157:grapefruit
126:watermelon
79:vegetative
57:Fritz Noll
41:production
639:Nutrients
554:2073-4395
512:234435350
504:2050-3245
346:1874-9372
257:cytokinin
211:cucumbers
185:cultivars
181:pistachio
177:persimmon
173:dioecious
149:pineapple
122:cucumbers
59:in 1902.
777:11934354
726:11818033
675:22253976
605:42150441
597:16741119
532:Agronomy
463:19570153
416:44584261
354:26990263
293:apomixis
228:Cannabis
219:triploid
207:eggplant
75:apomixis
47:without
666:3257607
577:Bibcode
569:Science
443:Bibcode
396:Bibcode
326:Bibcode
198:Opuntia
95:parsnip
803:
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768:101493
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189:banana
169:squash
165:tomato
153:orange
145:banana
77:or by
53:ovules
29:botany
751:: 4.
717:65046
700:: 1.
645:(2).
601:S2CID
508:S2CID
459:S2CID
412:S2CID
350:S2CID
253:auxin
171:. In
45:fruit
878:link
801:ISBN
773:PMID
722:PMID
671:PMID
593:PMID
550:ISSN
500:ISSN
342:ISSN
255:and
239:pear
205:and
155:and
31:and
860:doi
763:PMC
753:doi
712:PMC
702:doi
661:PMC
651:doi
585:doi
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490:doi
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