1251:. Symptoms include redness, burning, and blisters; afflicted areas can remain sensitive and discolored for up to two years. Reports of gardeners experiencing toxic symptoms after coming into contact with foliage have been made, but these have been small compared to the number of people who grow the crop. The problem is most likely to occur on a sunny day when gathering foliage or pulling up old plants that have gone to seed. The symptoms have mostly been mild to moderate. Risk can be reduced by wearing long pants and sleeves to avoid exposure, and avoiding sunlight after any suspected exposure.
208:
197:
1275:
55:
493:
42:
928:
1839:. The parsnip is rich in vitamins and minerals and is particularly rich in potassium with 375 mg per 100 g. Several of the B-group vitamins are present, but levels of vitamin C are reduced in cooking. Since most of the vitamins and minerals are found close to the skin, many will be lost unless the root is finely peeled or cooked whole. During frosty weather, part of the starch is converted to sugar, and the root tastes sweeter.
969:
Zohary and Hopf note that the archaeological evidence for the ancient cultivation of the parsnip is "still rather limited" and that Greek and Roman literary sources are a major source about its early use. They warn that "there are some difficulties in distinguishing between parsnip and carrot (which,
2733:
Zidorn, Christian; Jöhrer, Karin; Ganzera, Markus; Schubert, Birthe; Sigmund, Elisabeth Maria; Mader, Judith; Greil, Richard; Ellmerer, Ernst P.; Stuppner, Hermann (2005). "Polyacetylenes from the
Apiaceae vegetables carrot, celery, fennel, parsley, and parsnip and their cytotoxic activities".
947:
and is especially common in abandoned yards, farmland, and along roadsides and other disturbed environments. The increasing abundance of this plant is a concern, particularly due to the plant's toxicity and increasing abundance in populated areas such as parks. Control is often carried out via
388:
develops in the second year and can grow to more than 150 cm (60 in) tall. It is hairy, grooved, hollow (except at the nodes), and sparsely branched. It has a few stalkless, single-lobed leaves measuring 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) long that are arranged in opposite pairs.
1028:. Sandy and loamy soils are preferable to silt, clay, and stony ground; the latter produces short, forked roots. Parsnip seed significantly deteriorates in viability if stored for long. Seeds are usually planted in early spring, as soon as the ground can be worked to a fine
1068:). This pest feeds on the outer layers of the root, burrowing its way inside later in the season. Seedlings may be killed while larger roots are spoiled. The damage done provides a point of entry for fungal rots and canker. The smell of bruised tissue attracts the fly.
273:
of small yellow flowers in its second growing season, later producing pale brown, flat, winged seeds. By this time, the stem has become woody, and the tap root inedible. Precautions should be taken when handling the stems and foliage, as parsnip sap can cause a
1057:). Irregular, pale brown passages can be seen between the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves. The effects are most serious on young plants, as whole leaves may shrivel and die. Treatment is by removing affected leaflets, whole leaves, or by chemical means.
2953:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
1122:
Parsnip canker is a serious disease of this crop. Black or orange-brown patches occur around the root's crown and shoulders, accompanied by cracking and hardening of the flesh. It is more likely to occur when the seed is sown into cold, wet soil, the
1036:
and continues through winter. The rows can be covered with straw to enable the crop to be lifted during frosty weather. Low soil temperatures cause some of the starches stored in the roots to be converted into sugars, giving them a sweeter taste.
1008:. He back-crossed cultivated plants to wild stock, aiming to demonstrate how native plants could be improved by selective breeding. This experiment was so successful 'Student' became the major variety in cultivation in the late 19th century.
939:
The parsnip's popularity as a cultivated plant has led to its spread beyond its native range, and wild populations have become established in other parts of the world. A scattered population can be found throughout North
America.
3000:
1257:
The toxic properties of parsnip extracts are resistant to heating and periods of storage lasting several months. Toxic symptoms can also affect livestock and poultry in parts of their bodies where their skin is exposed.
2952:
816:. In Europe, various subspecies have been named based on characteristics such as the hairiness of the leaves, the extent to which the stems are angled or rounded, and the size and shape of the terminal umbel.
1208:
1200:
that can cause significant crop loss. Infestation by this causes results in the yellowing of the leaf and loss of foliage. Moderate temperatures and high humidity favor the development of the disease.
380:, and the terminal leaves have three lobes. The leaves are once- or twice-pinnate with broad, ovate, sometimes lobed leaflets with toothed margins; they grow up to 40 centimetres (16 inches) long. The
1282:
Parsnips resemble carrots and can be used in similar ways, but they have a sweeter taste, especially when cooked. They can be baked, boiled, pureed, roasted, fried, grilled, or steamed. When used in
1227:. The latter causes clearing or yellowing of the areas of the leaf immediately beside the veins, the appearance of ochre mosaic spots, and the crinkling of the leaves in infected plants.
1294:, they give a rich flavour. In some cases, parsnips are boiled, and the solid portions are removed from the soup or stew, leaving behind a more subtle flavour than the whole root and
710:
3008:
1224:
2932:
1212:
1220:
1810:
1216:
1145:
1151:
1139:
400:
are present, each measuring 2 to 5 cm (1 to 2 in) that support the umbellets (secondary umbels). The umbels and umbellets usually have no upper or lower
2711:
1990:
3058:
Christensen, LP (2011). "Aliphatic C(17)-polyacetylenes of the falcarinol type as potential health-promoting compounds in food plants of the
Apiaceae family".
670:
2227:
308:
Parsnips are usually cooked but can also be eaten raw. The flesh has a sweet flavor, even more so than carrots, but the taste is different. It is high in
1133:
3153:
1186:
sometimes affects the roots, covering them with a purplish mat to which soil particles adhere. The leaves become distorted and discoloured, and the
1032:, in the position where the plants are to grow. The growing plants are thinned and kept weed-free. Harvesting begins in late fall after the first
376:
produces a rosette of pinnate leaves, each with several pairs of leaflets with toothed margins. The lower leaves have short stems, the upper ones
3792:
2770:
714:
619:
1016:
The wild parsnip from which the modern cultivated varieties were derived is a plant of dry, rough grassland and waste places, particularly on
301:, although some confusion exists between parsnips and carrots in the literature of the time. It was used as a sweetener before the arrival of
4017:
3867:
3140:
654:
have been described, but these are mostly no longer recognized as independent taxa, but rather, morphological variations of the same taxon.
3644:
1325:. However, parsnips do not typically feature in modern Italian cooking. Instead, they are fed to pigs, particularly those bred to make
3978:
3885:
3204:
2960:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
3093:
Siddiqui, I. R. (1989). "Studies on vegetables: fiber content and chemical composition of ethanol-insoluble and -soluble residues".
3730:
2924:
1190:
can spread through the soil between plants. Some weeds can harbour this fungus, and it is more prevalent in wet, acid conditions.
3818:
3743:
2827:
1969:
1960:
1177:-coloured mould grows on the surface. The pathogen is most common in temperate and subtropical regions with a cool, wet season.
3903:
2965:
2863:
2645:
2593:
2566:
2472:
2456:
2411:
2185:
2140:
2054:
3957:
4139:
3823:
2979:
1119:
to North
America in the mid-1800s, construct their webs on the umbels, feeding on flowers and partially developed seeds.
4068:
3678:
3639:
543:
4129:
2609:
2887:
Dioches, Cleophantus, Philistio, and
Orpheus, as well as Pliny, all wrote on the aphrodisiac quality of the parsnip.
4058:
1898:
payable to Rome by
Germania in the form of parsnips. In Europe, the vegetable was used as a source of sugar before
2262:
3872:
3779:
4053:
3908:
2688:
1862:
properties. The dietary fiber in parsnips is partly of the soluble and partly the insoluble type and comprises
3996:
989:
for use as a root vegetable, but in the mid-19th century, it was replaced as the main source of starch by the
805:
In
Eurasia, some authorities distinguish between cultivated and wild versions of parsnips by using subspecies
3854:
3197:
1965:
1001:
1806:
257:
has cream-colored skin and flesh, and, left in the ground to mature, becomes sweeter in flavor after winter
3722:
3709:
2920:
970:
in Roman times, were white or purple) in classical writings since both vegetables seem to have been called
3605:
4004:
3805:
3570:
3585:
2501:
Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010).
3991:
3748:
3551:
2502:
1951:
1797:
54:
4124:
3895:
2013:
4134:
4119:
3481:
3372:
3213:
3190:
1182:
1169:
3846:
356:
that have a pungent odor when crushed. Parsnips are grown for their fleshy, edible, cream-colored
3983:
3717:
3631:
2527:
1157:
4078:
2855:
Making Wine with Fruits, Roots & Flowers: Recipes for
Distinctive & Delicious Wild Wines
1694:
3797:
3704:
3513:
3314:
3276:
1243:
chemicals that cause blisters on the skin when it is exposed to sunlight, a condition known as
3947:
2853:
2583:
2556:
2401:
2279:
1655:
931:
Previous-year growth of wild parsnip as seen in the spring. Invasive specimen photographed in
3474:
3263:
3251:
3239:
3227:
2880:
2732:
2662:
2635:
1668:
171:
3771:
3652:
3163:
1720:
1681:
1244:
1161:
has been found to cause a black rot that kills the plant early. Watery soft rot, caused by
1108:
589:
462:
207:
3934:
2798:
8:
3942:
3417:
1919:
1809:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1084:
982:
511:
294:
3970:
2201:
4114:
4086:
3696:
3405:
3245:
2374:
2254:
2132:
1828:
1707:
1635:
1432:
1302:
in some parts of the
English-speaking world and frequently features in the traditional
1116:
529:
525:
497:
377:
49:
4022:
2831:
2480:
328:. Parsnips are best cultivated in deep, stone-free soil. The plant is attacked by the
3929:
3613:
3443:
3393:
3307:
3075:
2971:
2961:
2859:
2751:
2641:
2589:
2562:
2452:
2407:
2382:
2181:
2136:
2050:
1855:
1819:
A typical 100 g serving of parsnip provides 314 kilojoules (75 kilocalories) of
1733:
1520:
1192:
1163:
1076:
986:
520:
2900:
2258:
2028:
4091:
3618:
3488:
3379:
3270:
3102:
3067:
2743:
2509:
2246:
2128:
2103:
1537:
1299:
647:
470:
397:
381:
349:
283:
262:
196:
2558:
Post-Harvest Diseases and Disorders of Fruits and Vegetables: Volume 2: Vegetables
2157:
4009:
3916:
3575:
3562:
3431:
3360:
1274:
1050:
911:
by analogy with turnip because it was mistakenly assumed to be a kind of turnip.
373:
369:
317:
238:
92:
4045:
3859:
3833:
3071:
2581:
2503:"Robinson, G.S.; Ackery, P.R.; Kitching, I.J.; Beccaloni, G.W.; Hernández, L.M."
1235:
The shoots and leaves of parsnip must be handled with care, as its sap contains
3965:
3325:
3030:
2955:
2403:
Forgotten Fruits: The Stories Behind Britain's Traditional Fruit and Vegetables
2321:
1236:
1197:
944:
871:
859:
849:
601:
435:
345:
246:
226:
79:
2087:
Cain, N.; Darbyshire, S. J.; Francis, A.; Nurse, R. E.; Simard, M.-J. (2010).
1854:, panaxydiol, and methyl-falcarindiol, which may potentially have anticancer,
269:, mid-green leaves. If unharvested, it produces a flowering stem topped by an
4108:
3683:
3536:
1867:
1836:
1388:
1174:
997:
539:
515:
423:
325:
187:
24:
902:
396:
measuring 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in) in diameter. Six to 25 straight
3810:
3495:
3348:
3079:
2975:
2755:
2386:
2341:
1931:
1879:
1875:
1859:
1851:
1746:
1364:
1318:
1311:
1303:
1263:
1025:
978:, yet each vegetable appears to be well under cultivation in Roman times".
492:
418: in). They consist of five yellow petals that are curled inward, five
361:
298:
250:
41:
4035:
3921:
2919:
3841:
3756:
3595:
3545:
3467:
3411:
2365:
McNeill, William H (1999). "How the Potato Changed the World's History".
1843:
1820:
1348:
1322:
1307:
1204:
1092:
1072:
927:
332:
and other insect pests, as well as viruses and fungal diseases, of which
313:
20:
3106:
2378:
2250:
1842:
The consumption of parsnips has potential health benefits. They contain
3735:
3281:
1903:
1847:
1554:
1503:
1326:
1240:
1100:
1061:
953:
949:
886:
643:
625:
478:
427:
385:
329:
302:
2747:
2108:
2088:
1298:
to thicken the dish. Roast parsnip is considered an essential part of
3761:
3691:
3665:
3450:
3335:
2712:"Fact check: Contact with wild parsnip harmful to humans and animals"
2513:
1991:"Fact check: Contact with wild parsnip harmful to humans and animals"
1899:
1863:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1291:
1021:
895:
825:
431:
321:
279:
275:
148:
3507:
2769:
Alleman, Gayle Povis; Webb, Denise; Smith, Susan Male (2006-04-18).
2768:
832:
is not known with certainty but is probably derived from either the
683:
4030:
3880:
3530:
3424:
3386:
3341:
3296:
1891:
1486:
1262:
can be found in Apiaceae vegetables such as parsnip, and they show
1248:
1187:
365:
242:
138:
118:
105:
3784:
3670:
3182:
2162:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 262.
1127:
of the soil is too low, or the roots have already been damaged by
368:
have a more bulbous shape, which generally tends to be favored by
3626:
3456:
3320:
3286:
1895:
1466:
1259:
1124:
1005:
981:
This plant was introduced to North America simultaneously by the
863:
798:
631:
613:
555:
357:
309:
290:
266:
254:
234:
128:
3147:
3123:(New York, 2008), p. 38 (where they are identified as parsnips).
1131:
fly larvae. Several fungi are associated with canker, including
880:
874:
3657:
3437:
3399:
3330:
3301:
3291:
3233:
2500:
2426:
2280:"Historical Jottings on Vegetables: The Celery and the Parsnip"
1871:
1570:
1295:
1128:
990:
932:
889:
867:
762:
581:
551:
474:
419:
353:
333:
230:
2178:
Cultivated Vegetables of the World: A Multilingual Onomasticon
842:, meaning 'to prepare the ground for planting of the vine' or
3354:
3257:
2582:
Koike, Steven T.; Gladders, Peter; Paulus, Albert O. (2007).
2322:"Wild Parsnip – Ontario's Invading Species Awareness Program"
2176:
Kays, Stanley J. (2011). "3 – Latin binomials and synonyms".
1915:
1824:
1378:
1046:
1033:
1029:
1017:
975:
833:
794:
758:
736:
696:
666:
605:
573:
564:
466:
405:
401:
393:
270:
258:
66:
1306:. Parsnips can also be fried or thinly sliced and made into
1247:. It shares this property with many of its relatives in the
430:, are oval and flat, with narrow wings and short, spreading
3366:
1287:
1283:
1173:, causes the taproot to become soft and watery. A white or
2946:
2925:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
2086:
996:
In 1859, a new cultivar called 'Student' was developed by
812:
for the latter, or even elevating it to species status as
408:
or lack them entirely, and measure about 3.5 millimetres (
2449:
The Royal Horticultural Society Encyclopedia of Gardening
2305:
1832:
1408:
1024:
soils. Parsnips are biennials, but are normally grown as
593:
3028:
1823:. Most parsnip cultivars consist of about 80% water, 5%
1914:
figures in the long list of comestibles enjoyed by the
1310:. They can be made into a wine with a taste similar to
1254:
If eyes are exposed to the sap it can cause blindness.
2479:. Henry Doubleday Research Association. Archived from
2310:(3rd ed.). Oxford: University Press. p. 203.
2040:
2038:
1874:. The high fiber content of parsnips may help prevent
1071:
Parsnip is used as a food plant by the larvae of some
465:
differences between the two, wild parsnip is the same
2633:
2446:
2225:
2045:
Rubatsky, V. E.; Quiros, C. F.; Siman, P. W. (1999).
642:
Like most plants of agricultural importance, several
16:
Root vegetable in the flowering plant family Apiaceae
3121:
Delizia! The Epic History of Italians and Their Food
2180:. Wageningen Academic Publishers. pp. 617–708.
364:
sometimes form. Most are narrowly conical, but some
3060:
Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture
2689:"How to Steer Clear of Two Common Poisonous Plants"
2399:
2044:
2035:
1890:The parsnip was much esteemed in Rome, and Emperor
2957:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
2364:
2226:Averill, Kristine M.; Di'Tommaso, Antonio (2007).
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2506:A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants
2155:
2026:
2011:
1645:
1476:
943:The plant can form dense stands which outcompete
907:a kind of fork. The word's ending was changed to
372:as it is more resistant to breakage. The plant's
4106:
2554:
2175:
2123:Kalloo G. (1993). Kaloo, G; Bergh, B.O. (eds.).
384:are grooved and have sheathed bases. The floral
324:); and also contains both soluble and insoluble
3092:
2878:
2420:
2284:Journal of Horticulture and Practical Gardening
2232:): A troublesome species of increasing concern"
2063:
2020:
469:as the cultivated version, and the two readily
261:. In its first growing season, the plant has a
2913:
2627:
2301:
2299:
2297:
1343:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
1045:Parsnip leaves are sometimes tunnelled by the
919:Like carrots, parsnips are native to Eurasia.
3198:
2872:
2588:. Gulf Professional Publishing. p. 118.
993:and consequently was less widely cultivated.
2851:
2845:
2548:
2219:
2149:
438:to light brown, and measure 4 to 8 mm (
392:The yellow flowers are in a loose, compound
3057:
2898:
2726:
2660:
2616:. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
2393:
2294:
2171:
2169:
1209:seed-borne strawberry latent ringspot virus
914:
843:
837:
360:. The roots are generally smooth, although
3205:
3191:
3095:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2921:United States Food and Drug Administration
2793:
2791:
2736:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
2575:
2427:McKlintock, David; Fitter, R.S.R. (1956).
2116:
2047:Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae
2005:
1060:The crop can be attacked by larvae of the
40:
2885:. H. Colburn and R. Bentley. p. 42.
2686:
2602:
2451:. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 356, 565.
2122:
2107:
1207:are known to infect the plant, including
3001:"Nutrient data for 11298, Parsnips, raw"
2825:
2308:Domestication of Plants in the Old World
2166:
1273:
926:
635:) are likewise synonymous with the name
491:
293:; it has been used as a vegetable since
206:
195:
2788:
1970:United States Department of Agriculture
1961:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1321:times, parsnips were believed to be an
1278:Parsnip prepared with honey and mustard
862:sometimes assumes the name is a mix of
4107:
2709:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2125:Genetic Improvement of Vegetable Crops
2014:"Parsnips: A vegetable from antiquity"
1988:
3512:
3511:
3186:
2771:"Parsnips: Natural Weight-Loss Foods"
2089:"The Biology of Canadian weeds. 144.
1180:Violet root rot caused by the fungus
1115:), native to Europe and accidentally
4059:445bc04f-66c9-45b1-8345-a7eabac2919e
3896:985f0fe4-5f91-4104-8b0b-6fe51923c2fa
2993:
2882:The Companion for the Kitchen Garden
2858:. Krause Publications. p. 162.
2585:Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook
2306:Zohary, Daniel; Hopf, Maria (2000).
3212:
2687:Redlinski, Izabella (9 June 2017).
2637:50 Wild Plants Everyone Should Know
2494:
2447:Brickell, Christopher, ed. (1992).
2435:
611:Several species from other genera (
13:
2561:. Manson Publishing. p. 290.
2508:. Natural History Museum, London.
2133:10.1016/B978-0-08-040826-2.50038-2
1922:in his "Marvels of Milan" (1288).
14:
4151:
3129:
2830:. JamieOliver.com. Archived from
2691:. Field Museum of Natural History
2528:"How to deal with parsnip canker"
502:Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen
3997:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:845768-1
3029:Hamilton, Dave; Hamilton, Andy.
2537:. Pests and diseases. 2012-08-01
2429:The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers
53:
3113:
3086:
3051:
3022:
2982:from the original on 2024-05-09
2935:from the original on 2024-03-27
2892:
2819:
2762:
2710:Fauzia, Miriam (23 June 2021).
2703:
2680:
2654:
2520:
2465:
2358:
2334:
2314:
2272:
2194:
1989:Fauzia, Miriam (23 June 2021).
3164:"Photo bank: Pastinaca sativa"
3157:List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's)
2634:Brenneman, William L. (2010).
2127:. Permagon. pp. 485–486.
1982:
1944:
1011:
959:
339:
211:Flowering parsnip, second year
1:
2406:. Random House. p. 133.
1966:Agricultural Research Service
1938:
1934:, a similar-looking vegetable
1885:
1225:potyvirus celery mosaic virus
922:
2777:. Publications International
2400:Stocks, Christopher (2009).
2016:. Michigan State University.
1805:Percentages estimated using
1332:
879:, alteration (influenced by
819:
7:
4140:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3072:10.2174/2212798411103010064
2669:. The Poison Garden Website
2640:. AuthorHouse. p. 38.
1925:
1798:Link to USDA Database entry
1230:
1040:
487:
10:
4156:
3134:
2808:. Montana State University
2535:Which? Gardening factsheet
2156:Linnaeus, Carolus (1753).
2012:Venema, Christine (2015).
1906:sugars were available. As
1353:314 kJ (75 kcal)
1213:parsnip yellow fleck virus
1002:Royal Agricultural College
983:French colonists in Canada
964:
524:. It has acquired several
18:
3520:
3222:
2555:Snowdon, Anna L. (2010).
1804:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1569:
1553:
1536:
1519:
1502:
1485:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1445:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1342:
870:, it actually comes from
289:The parsnip is native to
177:
170:
50:Scientific classification
48:
39:
34:
4130:Plants described in 1753
3482:Psammogeton involucratus
3373:Echinophora sibthorpiana
3168:Alien Species photo bank
3005:Nutrient Data Laboratory
2879:Phillips, Henry (1831).
1221:parsnip mosaic potyvirus
1183:Helicobasidium purpureum
915:Distribution and habitat
404:. The flowers have tiny
19:Not to be confused with
2431:. Collins. p. 102.
2027:Penn State University.
1807:US recommendations
1269:
1217:parsnip leaf curl virus
1158:Mycocentrospora acerina
1146:Itersonilia pastinaceae
1089:Korscheltellus lupulina
1075:species, including the
985:and the British in the
890:
881:
875:
537:Pastinaca fleischmannii
237:, all belonging to the
3315:Chaerophyllum bulbosum
3119:Noted by John Dickie,
3007:. USDA. Archived from
2828:"Christmas vegetables"
2806:Towne's Harvest Garden
2268:on September 24, 2022.
1811:the National Academies
1279:
1140:Ilyonectria radicicola
956:considered effective.
936:
848:, meaning 'food'. The
844:
838:
726:(Req. ex Godr.) Čelak.
579:Pastinaca teretiuscula
504:
297:and was cultivated by
212:
204:
3475:Peucedanum ostruthium
3264:Anthriscus sylvestris
3252:Angelica archangelica
3240:Alepidea peduncularis
3228:Aegopodium podagraria
3159:Retrieved 2015-10-25.
3150:Retrieved 2015-10-25.
2852:Hopkins, Len (2012).
2202:"Pastinaca sativa L."
1894:accepted part of the
1451:Vitamins and minerals
1277:
1107:). The larvae of the
948:chemical means, with
930:
510:was first officially
495:
336:is the most serious.
210:
199:
1245:phytophotodermatitis
1170:S. sclerotiorum
1113:Depressaria radiella
828:of the generic name
814:Pastinaca sylvestris
571:Pastinaca sylvestris
473:. The parsnip has a
249:usually grown as an
3418:Ligusticum scoticum
3107:10.1021/jf00087a015
2251:10.1614/WT-05-186.1
2049:. CABI Publishing.
1920:Bonvesin da la Riva
1538:Pantothenic acid (B
1339:
1077:parsnip swallowtail
561:Pastinaca pratensis
461:Despite the slight
434:. They are colored
284:exposed to sunlight
229:closely related to
3406:Heracleum persicum
3148:missouriplants.com
1772:Other constituents
1337:
1280:
1152:I. perplexans
937:
699:) Rouy & Camus
505:
498:Johann Georg Sturm
496:Illustration from
213:
205:
4102:
4101:
3930:Open Tree of Life
3514:Taxon identifiers
3505:
3504:
3444:Oenanthe javanica
3394:Eryngium foetidum
3308:Centella asiatica
3039:Selfsufficientish
2967:978-0-309-48834-1
2899:Eat the seasons.
2865:978-1-4403-2034-7
2748:10.1021/jf048041s
2661:Robertson, John.
2647:978-1-4520-4637-2
2595:978-0-12-373675-8
2568:978-1-84076-598-4
2458:978-0-86318-979-1
2413:978-1-4090-6197-7
2187:978-90-8686-720-2
2159:Species Plantarum
2142:978-0-08-040826-2
2109:10.4141/CJPS09110
2096:Can. J. Plant Sci
2056:978-0-85199-129-0
1908:pastinache comuni
1880:blood cholesterol
1856:anti-inflammatory
1817:
1816:
1762:
1761:
1193:Erysiphe heraclei
1164:Sclerotinia minor
1085:common swift moth
1081:Papilio polyxenes
1066:Chamaepsila rosae
987:Thirteen Colonies
709:(Steven, ex DC.)
587:Pastinaca umbrosa
521:Species Plantarum
518:in his 1753 work
475:chromosome number
426:. The fruits, or
352:of roughly hairy
344:The parsnip is a
194:
193:
4147:
4125:Medicinal plants
4095:
4094:
4082:
4081:
4072:
4071:
4062:
4061:
4049:
4048:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3973:
3961:
3960:
3951:
3950:
3948:Pastinaca sativa
3938:
3937:
3925:
3924:
3912:
3911:
3899:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3886:Pastinaca~sativa
3876:
3875:
3863:
3862:
3860:NBNSYS0000003709
3850:
3849:
3837:
3836:
3827:
3826:
3814:
3813:
3801:
3800:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3725:
3713:
3712:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3674:
3673:
3661:
3660:
3648:
3647:
3645:Pastinaca_sativa
3635:
3634:
3622:
3621:
3609:
3608:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3566:
3565:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3552:Pastinaca sativa
3541:
3540:
3539:
3522:Pastinaca sativa
3509:
3508:
3489:Ridolfia segetum
3387:Erigenia bulbosa
3380:Elwendia persica
3271:Apium prostratum
3216:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3155:Pastinaca sativa
3142:Pastinaca sativa
3124:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3033:Pastinaca sativa
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3011:on March 7, 2016
2997:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2987:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2896:
2890:
2889:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2803:
2795:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2775:Discovery Health
2766:
2760:
2759:
2742:(7): 2518–2523.
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2665:Pastinaca sativa
2658:
2652:
2651:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2612:Pastinaca sativa
2606:
2600:
2599:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:10.5519/havt50xw
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2444:
2433:
2432:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2292:
2291:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2261:. Archived from
2236:
2230:Pastinaca sativa
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2198:
2192:
2191:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2091:Pastinaca sativa
2084:
2061:
2060:
2042:
2033:
2032:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1954:Pastinaca sativa
1948:
1649:
1574:
1558:
1541:
1524:
1507:
1490:
1480:
1447:
1446:
1340:
1336:
1300:Christmas dinner
1134:Phoma complanata
1093:garden dart moth
893:
884:
878:
850:specific epithet
847:
841:
788:Pastinaca sativa
778:Pastinaca sativa
768:Pastinaca sativa
752:Pastinaca sativa
742:Pastinaca sativa
730:Pastinaca sativa
720:Pastinaca sativa
703:Pastinaca sativa
689:Pastinaca sativa
676:Pastinaca sativa
659:Pastinaca sativa
637:Pastinaca sativa
516:Carolus Linnaeus
508:Pastinaca sativa
458: in) long.
457:
456:
452:
447:
446:
442:
417:
416:
412:
286:after handling.
222:Pastinaca sativa
203:fruits and seeds
201:Pastinaca sativa
183:
181:Pastinaca sativa
58:
57:
44:
32:
31:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4144:
4135:Root vegetables
4120:Edible Apiaceae
4105:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4085:
4077:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4057:
4052:
4044:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4008:
4003:
3995:
3990:
3982:
3977:
3969:
3964:
3956:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3933:
3928:
3920:
3917:Observation.org
3915:
3907:
3902:
3894:
3892:
3884:
3879:
3871:
3866:
3858:
3853:
3845:
3840:
3832:
3831:MichiganFlora:
3830:
3822:
3817:
3809:
3804:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3768:
3760:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3734:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3708:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3682:
3677:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3651:
3643:
3638:
3630:
3625:
3617:
3612:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3592:
3584:
3582:
3574:
3569:
3561:
3559:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3516:
3506:
3501:
3432:Lomatium parryi
3361:Daucus pusillus
3218:
3215:Edible Apiaceae
3214:
3211:
3173:
3171:
3162:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3114:
3091:
3087:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3027:
3023:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2985:
2983:
2968:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2918:
2914:
2905:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2835:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2780:
2778:
2767:
2763:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2681:
2672:
2670:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2632:
2628:
2619:
2617:
2610:"Wild Parsnip (
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2580:
2576:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2540:
2538:
2530:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2484:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2445:
2436:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2367:Social Research
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2335:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2304:
2295:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2239:Weed Technology
2234:
2228:"Wild parsnip (
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2174:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2121:
2117:
2085:
2064:
2057:
2043:
2036:
2025:
2021:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1928:
1910:, the "common"
1888:
1800:
1795:
1753:
1740:
1727:
1714:
1701:
1688:
1675:
1662:
1650:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1572:
1564:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1531:
1522:
1514:
1505:
1497:
1488:
1481:
1452:
1441:
1436:
1417:
1412:
1373:
1368:
1335:
1272:
1237:furanocoumarins
1233:
1105:Hepialus humuli
1097:Euxoa nigricans
1055:Euleia heraclei
1043:
1014:
967:
962:
925:
917:
885:, 'turnip') of
822:
599:Pastinaca urens
549:Pastinaca opaca
490:
471:cross-pollinate
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
439:
414:
410:
409:
374:apical meristem
370:food processors
342:
239:flowering plant
190:
185:
179:
166:
52:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4153:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:wfo-0000391752
4083:
4073:
4063:
4050:
4040:
4027:
4014:
4001:
3988:
3975:
3962:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3890:
3877:
3864:
3851:
3838:
3828:
3815:
3802:
3789:
3776:
3766:
3753:
3740:
3727:
3714:
3701:
3688:
3675:
3662:
3649:
3636:
3623:
3610:
3600:
3590:
3580:
3567:
3557:
3542:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3428:
3421:
3414:
3409:
3402:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3364:
3357:
3352:
3345:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3326:Chinese celery
3323:
3318:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3255:
3248:
3243:
3236:
3231:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3202:
3195:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3160:
3151:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:External links
3128:
3126:
3125:
3112:
3101:(3): 647–650.
3085:
3050:
3021:
2992:
2966:
2945:
2912:
2901:"Eat parsnips"
2891:
2871:
2864:
2844:
2826:Oliver,Jamie.
2818:
2787:
2761:
2725:
2702:
2679:
2653:
2646:
2626:
2601:
2594:
2574:
2567:
2547:
2519:
2493:
2477:Garden Organic
2464:
2457:
2434:
2419:
2412:
2392:
2357:
2346:www.ontario.ca
2342:"Wild parsnip"
2333:
2313:
2293:
2271:
2218:
2205:The Plant List
2193:
2186:
2165:
2148:
2141:
2115:
2102:(2): 217–240.
2062:
2055:
2034:
2019:
2004:
1981:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1927:
1924:
1887:
1884:
1815:
1814:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1544:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1334:
1331:
1271:
1268:
1232:
1229:
1198:powdery mildew
1042:
1039:
1013:
1010:
966:
963:
961:
958:
945:native species
924:
921:
916:
913:
872:Middle English
860:folk etymology
855:means 'sown'.
821:
818:
803:
802:
785:
775:
765:
749:
739:
727:
717:
700:
686:
673:
652:P. sativa
609:
608:
596:
584:
576:
568:
558:
546:
489:
486:
346:biennial plant
341:
338:
247:biennial plant
227:root vegetable
192:
191:
186:
175:
174:
168:
167:
163:P. sativa
160:
158:
154:
153:
146:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
116:
109:
108:
103:
96:
95:
90:
83:
82:
77:
70:
69:
64:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4152:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3923:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3553:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3498:
3497:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3221:
3217:
3208:
3203:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3174:September 20,
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3122:
3116:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2902:
2895:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2861:
2857:
2856:
2848:
2834:on 2013-03-05
2833:
2829:
2822:
2807:
2800:
2799:"The Parsnip"
2794:
2792:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2713:
2706:
2690:
2683:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2649:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2630:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2536:
2529:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2497:
2483:on 2013-01-26
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2347:
2343:
2337:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2222:
2206:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2015:
2008:
1992:
1985:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:hemicellulose
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1837:dietary fiber
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1535:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1504:Riboflavin (B
1501:
1494:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:Dietary fiber
1386:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1365:Carbohydrates
1360:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1249:carrot family
1246:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1155:. In Europe,
1154:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:James Buckman
994:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
957:
955:
951:
946:
941:
934:
929:
920:
912:
910:
906:
904:
900:) from Latin
899:
898:
892:
888:
883:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
851:
846:
840:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
808:
800:
796:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
776:
773:
769:
766:
764:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
738:
735:
731:
728:
725:
721:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
701:
698:
694:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:
672:
669:) Rouy &
668:
664:
660:
657:
656:
655:
653:
649:
645:
640:
638:
634:
633:
628:
627:
622:
621:
616:
615:
607:
603:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
577:
575:
572:
569:
566:
562:
559:
557:
553:
550:
547:
545:
541:
538:
535:
534:
533:
531:
527:
523:
522:
517:
513:
509:
503:
499:
494:
485:
483:
482:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:morphological
459:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
362:lateral roots
359:
355:
351:
347:
337:
335:
331:
327:
326:dietary fiber
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:
218:
209:
202:
198:
189:
184:
182:
176:
173:
172:Binomial name
169:
165:
164:
159:
156:
155:
152:
151:
147:
144:
143:
140:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
94:
91:
88:
85:
84:
81:
80:Tracheophytes
78:
75:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
61:
56:
51:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
25:water parsnip
22:
4069:wild-parsnip
3521:
3496:Sium sisarum
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3461:
3449:
3442:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3404:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3359:
3349:Cryptotaenia
3347:
3340:
3313:
3306:
3269:
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
3172:. Retrieved
3167:
3154:
3141:
3120:
3115:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3066:(1): 64–77.
3063:
3059:
3053:
3042:. Retrieved
3038:
3032:
3024:
3013:. Retrieved
3009:the original
3004:
2995:
2984:. Retrieved
2956:
2948:
2937:. Retrieved
2928:
2915:
2904:. Retrieved
2894:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2854:
2847:
2836:. Retrieved
2832:the original
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2805:
2779:. Retrieved
2774:
2764:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2682:
2671:. Retrieved
2664:
2656:
2636:
2629:
2618:. Retrieved
2611:
2604:
2584:
2577:
2557:
2550:
2539:. Retrieved
2534:
2522:
2505:
2496:
2485:. Retrieved
2481:the original
2476:
2473:"Carrot fly"
2467:
2448:
2428:
2422:
2402:
2395:
2373:(1): 67–83.
2370:
2366:
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2336:
2325:. Retrieved
2316:
2307:
2290:: 282. 1884.
2287:
2283:
2274:
2263:the original
2242:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2204:
2196:
2177:
2158:
2151:
2124:
2118:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2046:
2022:
2007:
1995:. Retrieved
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1959:
1953:
1946:
1932:Root parsley
1911:
1907:
1889:
1876:constipation
1852:falcarindiol
1844:antioxidants
1841:
1818:
1786:79.53 g
1776:
1771:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1431:
1407:
1363:
1338:Parsnip, raw
1316:
1304:Sunday roast
1281:
1266:activities.
1256:
1253:
1234:
1202:
1191:
1181:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1150:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1121:
1112:
1109:parsnip moth
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1073:lepidopteran
1070:
1065:
1059:
1054:
1044:
1015:
995:
980:
971:
968:
952:-containing
942:
938:
918:
908:
901:
896:
857:
852:
829:
823:
813:
809:
806:
804:
791:
787:
781:
777:
771:
767:
755:
751:
745:
741:
733:
729:
723:
719:
715:O.N.Korovina
706:
702:
692:
688:
679:
675:
662:
658:
651:
641:
636:
630:
624:
620:Elaphoboscum
618:
612:
610:
598:
586:
578:
570:
560:
548:
536:
519:
507:
506:
501:
480:
460:
391:
378:are stemless
343:
320:(especially
314:antioxidants
307:
288:
221:
220:
216:
214:
200:
180:
178:
162:
161:
149:
112:
99:
86:
73:
29:
3971:kew-2403590
3842:NatureServe
3757:iNaturalist
3546:Wikispecies
3468:Perideridia
3412:Leaf celery
2714:. USA Today
2695:27 December
2245:: 279–287.
1993:. USA Today
1878:and reduce
1821:food energy
1487:Thiamine (B
1323:aphrodisiac
1099:), and the
1012:Propagation
960:Cultivation
428:schizocarps
340:Description
305:in Europe.
253:. Its long
93:Angiosperms
21:cow parsnip
4109:Categories
4076:WisFlora:
3966:Plant List
3603:Calflora:
3282:Asafoetida
3246:Alexanders
3044:2013-04-02
3031:"Parsnips
3015:2013-03-30
2986:2024-06-21
2939:2024-03-28
2906:2015-11-21
2838:2013-03-30
2812:2013-03-30
2781:2011-03-10
2673:2013-03-29
2667:, parsnip"
2620:2013-03-29
2541:2013-03-29
2487:2013-03-29
2351:2020-06-05
2327:2020-06-05
2211:11 October
1975:2008-03-02
1939:References
1886:In culture
1860:antifungal
1848:falcarinol
1708:Phosphorus
1440:1.2 g
1416:0.2 g
1393:4.9 g
1292:casseroles
1241:phototoxic
1117:introduced
1101:ghost moth
1062:carrot fly
1051:celery fly
954:herbicides
950:glyphosate
935:, Ontario.
923:Invasivity
887:Old French
810:sylvestris
693:sylvestris
663:divaricata
644:subspecies
626:Peucedanum
422:, and one
330:carrot fly
303:cane sugar
299:the Romans
245:. It is a
4115:Apioideae
3723:200015712
3710:200015712
3692:FloraBase
3586:232-11-1b
3451:Osmorhiza
3336:Coriander
3277:Arracacha
3170:. NOBANIS
2029:"Parsnip"
1918:given by
1912:pastinaca
1864:cellulose
1835:, and 5%
1721:Potassium
1695:Manganese
1682:Magnesium
1614:Vitamin K
1601:Vitamin E
1588:Vitamin C
1571:Folate (B
1555:Vitamin B
1521:Niacin (B
1372:18 g
1333:Nutrition
1327:Parma ham
1264:cytotoxic
1196:causes a
1022:limestone
972:pastinaca
830:Pastinaca
826:etymology
820:Etymology
792:siamensis
782:pratensis
756:hortensis
680:pratensis
648:varieties
567:) H.Mart.
532:history:
530:taxonomic
512:described
366:cultivars
322:potassium
295:antiquity
280:blindness
276:skin rash
157:Species:
150:Pastinaca
63:Kingdom:
4054:VicFlora
4043:VASCAN:
4031:Tropicos
3881:NSWFlora
3847:2.149999
3798:10594545
3785:845768-1
3640:eFloraSA
3593:BioLib:
3531:Wikidata
3425:Lomatium
3342:Crithmum
3297:Celeriac
3080:21114468
2980:Archived
2976:30844154
2933:Archived
2923:(2024).
2756:15796588
2387:22416329
2379:40971302
2259:86774319
1926:See also
1916:Milanese
1892:Tiberius
1882:levels.
1846:such as
1777:Quantity
1642:Quantity
1636:Minerals
1473:Quantity
1467:Vitamins
1260:Polyynes
1231:Toxicity
1203:Several
1188:mycelium
1041:Problems
903:pastinum
801:ex Alef.
682:(Pers.)
544:D.Dietr.
526:synonyms
500:'s 1796
488:Taxonomy
398:pedicels
382:petioles
358:taproots
318:minerals
310:vitamins
278:or even
243:Apiaceae
139:Apiaceae
135:Family:
119:Asterids
106:Eudicots
35:Parsnip
4036:1700175
3736:8262702
3627:Ecocrop
3537:Q188614
3462:Parsnip
3457:Parsley
3321:Chervil
3287:Caraway
3144:profile
3135:General
2718:16 June
1997:16 June
1896:tribute
1831:, 0.3%
1829:protein
1754:0.59 mg
1702:0.56 mg
1676:0.59 mg
1656:Calcium
1621:22.5 μg
1608:1.49 mg
1565:0.09 mg
1515:0.05 mg
1498:0.09 mg
1433:Protein
1312:Madeira
1205:viruses
1091:), the
1083:), the
1049:of the
1026:annuals
1006:England
1000:at the
965:History
891:pasnaie
876:pasnepe
864:parsley
839:pastino
799:Schult.
722:subsp.
711:Bondar.
707:umbrosa
705:subsp.
691:subsp.
678:subsp.
661:subsp.
632:Selinum
614:Anethum
556:Hornem.
540:Hladnik
528:in its
453:⁄
443:⁄
420:stamens
413:⁄
350:rosette
348:with a
291:Eurasia
267:pinnate
263:rosette
255:taproot
241:family
235:parsley
225:) is a
217:parsnip
145:Genus:
129:Apiales
125:Order:
67:Plantae
4023:2136-1
3979:PLANTS
3922:142524
3893:NZOR:
3684:151183
3658:581528
3583:APSA:
3560:APDB:
3438:Lovage
3400:Fennel
3331:Cicely
3302:Celery
3292:Carrot
3234:Ajwain
3078:
2974:
2964:
2862:
2754:
2644:
2592:
2565:
2455:
2410:
2385:
2377:
2257:
2207:. 2013
2184:
2139:
2053:
1872:lignin
1870:, and
1734:Sodium
1728:375 mg
1549:0.6 mg
1532:0.7 mg
1379:Sugars
1349:Energy
1308:crisps
1296:starch
1290:, and
1223:, and
1149:, and
1129:carrot
1047:larvae
991:potato
933:Ottawa
897:panais
868:turnip
858:While
853:sativa
845:pastus
797:&
763:Hoffm.
746:edulis
734:brevis
684:Čelak.
590:Steven
582:Boiss.
552:Bernh.
432:styles
424:pistil
406:sepals
402:bracts
354:leaves
334:canker
316:, and
259:frosts
251:annual
231:carrot
4066:WiO:
4018:SANBI
4010:24473
3984:PASA2
3955:PFI:
3904:NZPCN
3824:29795
3811:39028
3793:IRMNG
3769:IPA:
3762:59778
3749:27018
3679:EUNIS
3671:PAVSA
3619:764GT
3596:40333
3576:59300
3563:27116
3355:Cumin
3258:Anise
2802:(PDF)
2531:(PDF)
2375:JSTOR
2266:(PDF)
2255:S2CID
2235:(PDF)
1827:, 1%
1825:sugar
1783:Water
1741:10 mg
1715:71 mg
1689:29 mg
1663:36 mg
1595:17 mg
1582:67 μg
1319:Roman
1288:soups
1284:stews
1034:frost
1030:tilth
1018:chalk
976:Latin
894:(now
836:word
834:Latin
807:P. s.
795:Roem.
790:var.
784:Pers.
780:var.
774:Alef.
772:longa
770:var.
759:Ehrh.
754:var.
744:var.
737:Alef.
732:var.
724:urens
697:Mill.
671:Camus
667:Desf.
606:Godr.
592:, ex
574:Mill.
565:Pers.
542:, ex
484:=22.
467:taxon
436:straw
394:umbel
271:umbel
113:Clade
100:Clade
87:Clade
74:Clade
4079:4441
4046:2626
3992:POWO
3958:3636
3943:PfaF
3935:2480
3909:2997
3873:4041
3868:NCBI
3819:ITIS
3780:IPNI
3772:6147
3744:GRIN
3731:GBIF
3697:6244
3666:EPPO
3632:1642
3606:6087
3571:APNI
3367:Dill
3176:2018
3076:PMID
2972:PMID
2962:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2752:PMID
2720:2023
2697:2021
2642:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2563:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2383:PMID
2213:2018
2182:ISBN
2137:ISBN
2051:ISBN
1999:2023
1904:beet
1902:and
1900:cane
1858:and
1747:Zinc
1669:Iron
1270:Uses
1175:buff
1167:and
1020:and
909:-nip
866:and
824:The
646:and
602:Req.
386:stem
233:and
215:The
4087:WFO
4005:RHS
3855:NBN
3834:134
3806:ISC
3718:FoC
3705:FNA
3653:EoL
3614:CoL
3146:on
3103:doi
3068:doi
2929:FDA
2744:doi
2510:doi
2247:doi
2129:doi
2104:doi
2093:L."
1833:fat
1726:13%
1700:24%
1647:%DV
1619:19%
1606:10%
1593:19%
1580:17%
1547:12%
1478:%DV
1409:Fat
1383:4.8
1317:In
1004:in
974:in
882:nep
761:ex
748:DC.
713:ex
650:of
604:ex
594:DC.
554:ex
514:by
477:of
448:to
282:if
265:of
23:or
4111::
4089::
4056::
4033::
4020::
4007::
3994::
3981::
3968::
3945::
3932::
3919::
3906::
3883::
3870::
3857::
3844::
3821::
3808::
3795::
3782::
3759::
3746::
3733::
3720::
3707::
3694::
3681::
3668::
3655::
3642::
3629::
3616::
3573::
3548::
3533::
3166:.
3099:37
3097:.
3074:.
3062:.
3037:.
3003:.
2978:.
2970:.
2931:.
2927:.
2804:.
2790:^
2773:.
2750:.
2740:53
2738:.
2614:)"
2533:.
2475:.
2437:^
2381:.
2371:66
2369:.
2344:.
2296:^
2286:.
2282:.
2253:.
2243:21
2241:.
2237:.
2168:^
2135:.
2100:90
2098:.
2065:^
2037:^
1968:,
1964:.
1958:.
1866:,
1850:,
1752:5%
1739:0%
1713:6%
1687:7%
1674:3%
1661:3%
1563:5%
1530:4%
1513:4%
1496:8%
1329:.
1314:.
1286:,
1239:,
1219:,
1215:,
1211:,
1143:,
1137:,
1125:pH
639:.
629:,
623:,
617:,
455:16
445:16
312:,
188:L.
115::
102::
89::
76::
3206:e
3199:t
3192:v
3178:.
3109:.
3105::
3082:.
3070::
3064:3
3047:.
3035:"
3018:.
2989:.
2942:.
2909:.
2868:.
2841:.
2815:.
2784:.
2758:.
2746::
2722:.
2699:.
2676:.
2663:"
2650:.
2623:.
2598:.
2571:.
2544:.
2516:.
2512::
2490:.
2461:.
2416:.
2389:.
2354:.
2330:.
2288:8
2249::
2215:.
2190:.
2145:.
2131::
2112:.
2106::
2059:.
2031:.
2001:.
1978:.
1956:"
1952:"
1813:.
1575:)
1573:9
1557:6
1542:)
1540:5
1525:)
1523:3
1508:)
1506:2
1491:)
1489:1
1111:(
1103:(
1095:(
1087:(
1079:(
1064:(
1053:(
905:,
695:(
665:(
563:(
481:n
479:2
451:5
441:3
415:8
411:1
219:(
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
