44:
1360:
1292:
1343:
1309:
66:
1326:
1627:
Booy, Olaf; Cock, Matthew; Eckstein, Lutz; Hansen, Steen Ole; Hattendorf, Jan; Hüls, Jörg; Jahodová, Sárka; Krinke, Lucás; Marovoková, Lanka; Müllerová, Jana; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Nielsen, Charlotte; Otte, Annette; Pergl, Jan; Perglová, Irena; Priekule, Ilze; Pusek, Petr; Ravn, Hans Peter; Thiele, Jan;
534:
1064:
904:
784:
1154:
1124:
824:
594:
884:
564:
434:
404:
394:
1014:
1274:
1224:
764:
734:
684:
454:
1413:
and the difficulty of botanical identification has led to numerous synonyms and naming issues. For example, the classification of the species now widely known as
1406:
are often referred to as cow parsnip. To avoid confusion, these species are sometimes referred to as
American cow parsnip and European cow parsnip, respectively.
1264:
1184:
1134:
1054:
924:
844:
794:
694:
584:
574:
384:
1366:
1244:
1234:
1194:
1164:
1144:
1004:
874:
864:
854:
834:
674:
664:
654:
614:
554:
544:
504:
494:
464:
1034:
964:
894:
754:
744:
644:
624:
524:
444:
1214:
1174:
1084:
994:
954:
934:
774:
634:
514:
1204:
1104:
1044:
974:
724:
484:
474:
414:
1254:
1024:
984:
714:
704:
424:
2106:
2158:
179:
287:
169:
43:
2194:
1291:
1342:
2054:
2132:
2067:
1308:
1425:, and others are used interchangeably. Prior to 2000, the former name was most popular, but today the latter name is in vogue.
1554:
1359:
2284:
2137:
1602:
1642:
2256:
2163:
2093:
2212:
2145:
1631:
The giant hogweed best practice manual: guidelines for the management and control of invasive weeds in Europe
1456:, a chemical compound that sensitizes human skin to sunlight. Of those, at least 25 species contained a
1325:
1629:
1770:
2119:
17:
2046:
2033:
1500:
2207:
1898:
Logacheva, Maria; Valiejo-Roman, C. M.; Pimenov, Michael (February 2007). "ITS phylogeny of West Asian
375:
1540:
65:
2294:
2261:
2173:
2072:
1528:
259:. They are found throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in high mountains as far south as
1299:
804:
322:
2199:
2041:
2028:
1932:
944:
346:, Sosnowsky's hogweed, native to the eastern Caucasus, a common weed throughout Europe and Asia
2111:
1836:
Camm, E; Buck, HW; Mitchell, JC (1976). "Phytophotodermatitis from
Heracleum mantegazzianum".
1350:
1114:
358:
52:
2186:
2002:
1438:
1316:
1094:
342:
1771:"Giant Hogweed Warning: Plant That Can Cause Blindness, Burn Skin, Spreads Into New State"
8:
1970:
1074:
604:
1398:
alone but in some locales that common name refers to all three species as a group. Both
2289:
2243:
1861:
1849:
1744:
1545:
Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada
914:
350:
204:
60:
1690:
2181:
1989:
1853:
1818:
1748:
1736:
1732:
1638:
1550:
1543:
1333:
814:
366:
1865:
2248:
1915:
1845:
1808:
1728:
1541:
Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the
Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976).
1394:
have very similar characteristics. The common name giant hogweed usually refers to
335:
1994:
1981:
1665:
252:
103:
2235:
2150:
1603:"Giant Hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum): Best Management Practices in Ontario"
1453:
248:
90:
1919:
1793:
2278:
1955:
1822:
1637:. Hørsholm: Center for Skov, Landskab og Planlægning/Københavns Universitet.
283:
279:
196:
1716:
2225:
2124:
1813:
1857:
1740:
2080:
1964:
1465:
378:
accepts the following 88 species:, it had previously in 2019, up to 148.
1573:
2059:
1881:
Botanical
Dermatology: Plants and Plant Products Injurious to the Skin
1727:(5). Internet Dermatology Society. Section Phytophotodermatitis.
2085:
2015:
1461:
292:
159:
1926:
2220:
1949:
1457:
327:
298:
260:
256:
149:
129:
116:
2020:
317:, the large size of which is exceptional. Common species include:
2098:
331:
139:
1417:
has been inconsistent. In the literature, the scientific names
2007:
1897:
77:
1441:. In particular, the public health risks of giant hogweed (
1906:, with notes on evolution of their psbA-trnH sequences".
1409:
The morphological similarity of species within the genus
1708:
1872:
1626:
1902:
263:. Common names for the genus or its species include
1568:
1566:
1480:) were found to contain both psoralen derivatives.
354:, Persian hogweed, native to Iran, Iraq, and Turkey
1608:. Ontario Invasive Plant Council, Peterborough, ON
1601:MacDonald, Francine; Anderson, Hayley (May 2012).
1596:
1594:
1542:
1600:
370:, cow parsnip, native and common in North America
2276:
1835:
1829:
1715:McGovern, Thomas W; Barkley, Theodore M (1998).
1628:Trybush, Sviatlana; Wittenberg, Rüdiger (2005).
1563:
1791:
1714:
1591:
1505:L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
27:Genus of flowering plants in the celery family
1468:(8-methoxypsoralen). Three of those species (
1878:
1377:
362:, common hogweed, native to Europe and Asia
1883:. Vancouver: Greengrass. pp. 692–699.
42:
1812:
919:Desf. ex Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall.
338:in many areas of Europe and North America
313:are similar in appearance. An outlier is
1691:"German-English Dictionary: cow parsnip"
1792:Patocka, Jiri; Cupalova, Klara (2017).
326:, giant hogweed, native to the western
301:", referring to the mythological hero.
14:
2277:
1768:
1721:The Electronic Textbook of Dermatology
1495:
1493:
1448:At least 36 species of the genus
1931:
1930:
1879:Mitchell, John; Rook, Arthur (1979).
1428:
1382:Other than size, the related species
2174:8bc1cdfa-d1f3-465f-9e3b-81727247dc2c
1666:"Heracleum sphondylium common names"
849:(Hand.-Mazz.) Pimenov & Kljuykov
1794:"Giant Hogweed And Photodermatitis"
1490:
24:
2213:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30054087-2
1850:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1976.tb02987.x
1769:Gander, Kashmira (June 18, 2018).
25:
2306:
1801:Military Medical Science Letters
1733:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1998.00385.x
1358:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1290:
64:
1908:Plant Systematics and Evolution
1891:
1785:
1762:
539:Reduron, Michaud & J.Molina
1683:
1658:
1620:
1534:
1522:
1452:have been reported to contain
13:
1:
1531:at Oxford Online Dictionaries
1483:
959:(Lipsky) Schischk. ex Grossh.
282:in 1753. It derives from the
7:
2285:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1579:. Missouri Botanical Garden
255:herbs in the carrot family
10:
2311:
1509:Plants of the World Online
1433:Most species of the genus
1219:(Hoffm.) Fisch. ex Spreng.
376:Plants of the World Online
309:Many species of the genus
304:
286:
1939:
1920:10.1007/s00606-007-0619-x
1378:Classification and naming
1065:Heracleum schelkovnikowii
905:Heracleum pastinacifolium
785:Heracleum ligusticifolium
210:
203:
61:Scientific classification
59:
50:
41:
34:
1300:Heracleum mantegazzianum
1155:Heracleum subtomentellum
1125:Heracleum stenopteroides
825:Heracleum moellendorffii
805:Heracleum mantegazzianum
595:Heracleum dissectifolium
439:(Stoj. & Acht.) Peev
323:Heracleum mantegazzianum
1717:"Botanical Dermatology"
1549:. New York: Macmillan.
1464:(5-methoxypsoralen) or
885:Heracleum paphlagonicum
839:R.H.Shan & T.S.Wang
565:Heracleum crenatifolium
535:Heracleum × carbonnieri
435:Heracleum angustisectum
405:Heracleum akasimontanum
395:Heracleum aconitifolium
1814:10.31482/mmsl.2017.021
1470:H. mantegazzianum
1443:H. mantegazzianum
1396:H. mantegazzianum
1384:H. mantegazzianum
1275:Heracleum yungningense
1225:Heracleum wenchuanense
945:Heracleum platytaenium
765:Heracleum lehmannianum
735:Heracleum jacquemontii
685:Heracleum grandiflorum
455:Heracleum antasiaticum
315:H. mantegazzianum
1351:Heracleum sphondylium
1314:Sosnowsky's hogweed,
1265:Heracleum xiaojinense
1239:Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
1199:Fisch. & C.A.Mey.
1185:Heracleum tiliifolium
1159:C.Y.Wu & M.L.Sheh
1135:Heracleum stenopterum
1115:Heracleum sphondylium
1055:Heracleum schansianum
925:Heracleum peshmeniana
845:Heracleum oncosepalum
795:Heracleum likiangense
695:Heracleum hemsleyanum
585:Heracleum dalgadianum
575:Heracleum cyclocarpum
385:Heracleum abyssinicum
359:Heracleum sphondylium
53:Heracleum sphondylium
1439:phytophotodermatitis
1367:Heracleum austriacum
1317:Heracleum sosnowskyi
1245:Heracleum wolongense
1235:Heracleum wilhelmsii
1195:Heracleum trachyloma
1165:Heracleum sumatranum
1145:Heracleum subglabrum
1095:Heracleum sosnowskyi
1015:Heracleum × rodnense
1005:Heracleum rechingeri
875:Heracleum ossethicum
865:Heracleum orphanidis
855:Heracleum oreocharis
835:Heracleum nyalamense
809:Sommier & Levier
675:Heracleum gorganicum
669:Sommier & Levier
665:Heracleum freynianum
655:Heracleum franchetii
615:Heracleum egrissicum
555:Heracleum chorodanum
545:Heracleum carpaticum
505:Heracleum bhutanicum
495:Heracleum austriacum
479:Boiss. & Balansa
465:Heracleum apiifolium
429:Boiss. & Kotschy
374:As of January 2022,
343:Heracleum sosnowskyi
1478:H. sphondylium
1460:derivative, either
1437:are known to cause
1404:H. sphondylium
1269:F.T.Pu & X.J.He
1249:F.T.Pu & X.J.He
1229:F.T.Pu & X.J.He
1075:Heracleum sibiricum
1035:Heracleum scabridum
965:Heracleum pubescens
895:Heracleum pastinaca
755:Heracleum kingdonii
745:Heracleum kansuense
729:Boiss. & A.Huet
645:Heracleum forrestii
625:Heracleum elgonense
605:Heracleum dissectum
525:Heracleum candicans
449:Boiss. & Hohen.
445:Heracleum anisactis
1838:Contact Dermatitis
1474:H. sosnowskyi
1445:) are well known.
1429:Phototoxic effects
1388:H. sosnowskyi
1215:Heracleum villosum
1175:Heracleum taylorii
1169:Buwalda ex Steenis
1085:Heracleum sommieri
995:Heracleum rawianum
955:Heracleum ponticum
935:Heracleum pinnatum
915:Heracleum persicum
775:Heracleum leskovii
635:Heracleum fargesii
515:Heracleum bifarium
351:Heracleum persicum
2272:
2271:
2182:Open Tree of Life
1933:Taxon identifiers
1556:978-0-02-505470-7
1334:Heracleum maximum
1280:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1240:
1230:
1220:
1210:
1205:Heracleum vicinum
1200:
1190:
1180:
1170:
1160:
1150:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1110:
1105:Heracleum souliei
1100:
1090:
1080:
1070:
1060:
1050:
1045:Heracleum scabrum
1040:
1030:
1020:
1019:Nyár. & Todor
1010:
1000:
990:
980:
975:Heracleum pumilum
970:
960:
950:
940:
930:
920:
910:
900:
890:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
815:Heracleum maximum
810:
800:
790:
780:
770:
760:
750:
740:
730:
725:Heracleum incanum
720:
710:
700:
690:
689:Steven ex M.Bieb.
680:
670:
660:
650:
640:
630:
629:(H.Wolff) Bullock
620:
610:
600:
590:
580:
570:
560:
550:
540:
530:
520:
510:
500:
490:
485:Heracleum asperum
480:
475:Heracleum argaeum
470:
460:
450:
440:
430:
420:
415:Heracleum albovii
410:
400:
390:
389:(Boiss.) C.Norman
367:Heracleum maximum
278:was described by
240:
239:
234:
226:
218:
199:
16:(Redirected from
2302:
2295:Apioideae genera
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2239:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2190:
2189:
2177:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2153:
2151:NHMSYS0000459302
2141:
2140:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2088:
2076:
2075:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2049:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1997:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1928:
1927:
1923:
1905:
1885:
1884:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1798:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1636:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1570:
1561:
1560:
1548:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1497:
1392:H. persicum
1362:
1348:Common hogweed,
1345:
1328:
1311:
1294:
1278:
1268:
1258:
1255:Heracleum woodii
1248:
1238:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1178:
1168:
1158:
1148:
1138:
1129:Fedde ex H.Wolff
1128:
1118:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1059:Fedde ex H.Wolff
1058:
1048:
1038:
1028:
1025:Heracleum roseum
1018:
1008:
998:
988:
985:Heracleum rapula
978:
969:(Hoffm.) M.Bieb.
968:
958:
948:
938:
928:
918:
908:
898:
888:
878:
868:
858:
848:
838:
828:
818:
808:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
718:
715:Heracleum humile
708:
705:Heracleum henryi
698:
688:
678:
668:
658:
648:
638:
628:
618:
608:
598:
588:
578:
568:
558:
548:
538:
528:
518:
508:
498:
489:(Hoffm.) M.Bieb.
488:
478:
468:
458:
448:
438:
428:
425:Heracleum amanum
418:
408:
398:
388:
336:invasive species
296:
290:
232:
224:
216:
195:
69:
68:
46:
32:
31:
21:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2255:
2247:
2242:
2234:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2157:
2149:
2144:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2105:
2097:
2092:
2084:
2079:
2071:
2066:
2058:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2032:
2027:
2019:
2014:
2006:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1935:
1903:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1877:
1873:
1834:
1830:
1796:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1713:
1709:
1699:
1697:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1592:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1513:
1511:
1499:
1498:
1491:
1486:
1431:
1423:H. maximum
1419:H. lanatum
1415:H. maximum
1400:H. maximum
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1354:
1346:
1337:
1329:
1320:
1312:
1303:
1297:Giant hogweed,
1295:
1283:
519:Fisch. ex Rchb.
307:
274:The genus name
194:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2253:
2249:wfo-4000017527
2240:
2230:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1976:
1961:
1945:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1924:
1914:(3): 139–157.
1893:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1871:
1828:
1807:(3): 135–138.
1784:
1761:
1707:
1682:
1657:
1643:
1619:
1590:
1574:"Heracleum L."
1562:
1555:
1533:
1521:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1454:furanocoumarin
1430:
1427:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1330:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1296:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1261:
1251:
1241:
1231:
1221:
1211:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1171:
1161:
1151:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1101:
1091:
1081:
1071:
1061:
1051:
1041:
1031:
1021:
1011:
1001:
991:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
841:
831:
821:
811:
801:
791:
781:
771:
761:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
691:
681:
671:
661:
651:
641:
631:
621:
611:
601:
591:
581:
571:
561:
551:
541:
531:
521:
511:
501:
491:
481:
471:
461:
451:
441:
431:
421:
411:
401:
391:
380:
372:
371:
363:
355:
347:
339:
306:
303:
247:is a genus of
238:
237:
236:
235:
227:
219:
208:
207:
201:
200:
187:
183:
182:
177:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:
127:
120:
119:
114:
107:
106:
101:
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
57:
56:
48:
47:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2307:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2165:
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1700:September 15,
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1331:Cow parsnip,
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1907:
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1892:Bibliography
1880:
1874:
1844:(2): 68–72.
1841:
1837:
1831:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1724:
1720:
1710:
1698:. Retrieved
1694:
1685:
1673:. Retrieved
1669:
1660:
1650:September 1,
1648:. Retrieved
1630:
1622:
1612:September 1,
1610:. Retrieved
1581:. Retrieved
1577:Tropicos.org
1576:
1544:
1536:
1524:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
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559:(Hoffm.) DC.
553:
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529:Wall. ex DC.
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190:
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123:
110:
97:
84:
51:
35:
29:
2081:iNaturalist
1965:Wikispecies
1466:methoxsalen
1279:Hand.-Mazz.
589:S.M.Almeida
269:cow parsnip
222:Sphondylium
180:Tordyliinae
156:Subfamily:
104:Angiosperms
18:Cow parsnip
2279:Categories
1904:W.D.J.Koch
1777:August 11,
1773:. Newsweek
1754:August 11,
1514:11 January
1484:References
1259:M.F.Watson
1209:H.Boissieu
1109:H.Boissieu
999:C.C.Towns.
939:C.B.Clarke
739:C.B.Clarke
639:H.Boissieu
509:M.F.Watson
330:region of
294:Hērákleios
176:Subtribe:
170:Tordylieae
2290:Apioideae
1971:Heracleum
1941:Heracleum
1900:Heracleum
1823:0372-7025
1749:221810453
1503:Heracleum
1462:bergapten
1450:Heracleum
1435:Heracleum
1411:Heracleum
819:W.Bartram
311:Heracleum
288:Ἡράκλειος
276:Heracleum
253:perennial
244:Heracleum
191:Heracleum
160:Apioideae
74:Kingdom:
36:Heracleum
2233:VASCAN:
2226:40024239
2221:Tropicos
1950:Wikidata
1866:70428677
1458:psoralen
1179:C.Norman
889:Czeczott
619:Gagnidze
328:Caucasus
299:Heracles
261:Ethiopia
257:Apiaceae
249:biennial
214:Barysoma
205:Synonyms
150:Apiaceae
146:Family:
130:Asterids
117:Eudicots
2112:1031859
2099:40079-1
2060:3034824
1956:Q327106
1858:1017181
1741:9620476
1695:dict.cc
1529:hogweed
1189:H.Wolff
1099:Manden.
1089:Manden.
1069:Woronow
1039:Franch.
1009:Manden.
989:Franch.
879:Manden.
859:H.Wolff
799:H.Wolff
789:M.Bieb.
779:Grossh.
759:H.Wolff
709:H.Wolff
679:Rech.f.
659:M.Hiroe
649:H.Wolff
549:Porcius
459:Manden.
419:Manden.
399:Woronow
332:Eurasia
305:Species
265:hogweed
233:Hoffm.
225:Adans.
186:Genus:
166:Tribe:
140:Apiales
136:Order:
78:Plantae
2262:594779
2195:PLANTS
2187:903079
2171:NZOR:
2047:115150
2034:115150
1982:191331
1979:APDB:
1864:
1856:
1821:
1747:
1739:
1641:
1583:11 Oct
1553:
1476:, and
1390:, and
1149:Kitam.
1029:Steven
949:Boiss.
909:K.Koch
869:Boiss.
609:Ledeb.
599:K.T.Fu
579:K.Koch
569:Boiss.
469:Boiss.
409:Koidz.
297:) "of
230:Wendia
217:Bunge
2257:WoRMS
2200:HERAC
2164:40917
2138:29669
2125:26910
2107:IRMNG
2086:53095
2021:1HERG
2008:61809
1862:S2CID
1797:(PDF)
1745:S2CID
1635:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1139:Diels
1049:Albov
979:Vill.
899:Fenzl
829:Hance
769:Bunge
749:Diels
699:Diels
124:Clade
111:Clade
98:Clade
85:Clade
2236:1240
2208:POWO
2159:NCBI
2133:ITIS
2094:IPNI
2073:5559
2068:GRIN
2055:GBIF
2016:EPPO
1995:4VQH
1854:PMID
1819:ISSN
1779:2018
1756:2018
1737:PMID
1702:2018
1677:2018
1652:2018
1639:ISBN
1614:2018
1585:2011
1551:ISBN
1516:2022
1402:and
929:Ekim
267:and
251:and
2244:WFO
2146:NBN
2120:ISC
2042:FoC
2029:FNA
2003:EoL
1990:CoL
1916:doi
1912:270
1846:doi
1809:doi
1729:doi
1670:EOL
719:Sm.
2281::
2259::
2246::
2223::
2210::
2197::
2184::
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2031::
2018::
2005::
1992::
1967::
1952::
1910:.
1860:.
1852:.
1840:.
1817:.
1805:86
1803:.
1799:.
1743:.
1735:.
1725:37
1723:.
1719:.
1693:.
1668:.
1593:^
1565:^
1507:.
1492:^
1472:,
1421:,
1386:,
1119:L.
1079:L.
499:L.
271:.
197:L.
126::
113::
100::
87::
1922:.
1918::
1868:.
1848::
1842:2
1825:.
1811::
1781:.
1758:.
1731::
1704:.
1679:.
1654:.
1616:.
1587:.
1559:.
1518:.
1501:"
291:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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