364:
356:
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566:
982:
970:
550:
411:) to enter the ovule for fertilization. In gymnosperms (e.g., conifers), the pollen is drawn into the ovule on a drop of fluid that exudes out of the micropyle, the so-called pollination drop mechanism. Subsequently, the micropyle closes. In angiosperms, only a pollen tube enters the micropyle. During
666:
of the seed. the zygote then develops into a megasporophyte, which in turn produces one or more megasporangia. The ovule, with the developing megasporophyte, may be described as either tenuinucellate or crassinucellate. The former has either no cells or a single cell layer between the megasporophyte
378:
is a protective layer of cells surrounding the ovule. Gymnosperms typically have one integument (unitegmic) while angiosperms typically have two integuments (bitegmic). The evolutionary origin of the inner integument (which is integral to the formation of ovules from megasporangia) has been proposed
386:
The origin of the second or outer integument has been an area of active contention for some time. The cupules of some extinct taxa have been suggested as the origin of the outer integument. A few angiosperms produce vascular tissue in the outer integument, the orientation of which suggests that the
328:
female gametophyte or megagametophyte, which also remains inside the ovule. The remnants of the megasporangium tissue (the nucellus) surround the megagametophyte. Megagametophytes produce archegonia (lost in some groups such as flowering plants), which produce egg cells. After fertilization, the
501:
spores produced in meiosis typically degenerate, leaving one surviving megaspore inside the nucellus. Among angiosperms, however, a wide range of variation exists in what happens next. The number (and position) of surviving megaspores, the total number of cell divisions, whether nuclear fusions
38:
101:. The ovule is a small structure present in the ovary. It is attached to the placenta by a stalk called a funicle. The funicle provides nourishment to the ovule. On the basis of the relative position of micropyle, body of the ovule, chalaza and funicle, there are six types of ovules.
383:, a preovulate taxon, has a lobed structure fused to the lower third of the megasporangium, with the lobes extending upwards in a ring around the megasporangium. This might, through fusion between lobes and between the structure and the megasporangium, have produced an integument.
209:
Marginal placentation: Simplest type. There is only one elongated placenta on one side of the ovary, as ovules are attached at the fusion line of the carpel's margins . This is conspicuous in legumes. Simple carpel, unilocular ovary. (e.g.
646:. This double fertilization is unique to flowering plants, although in some other groups the second sperm cell does fuse with another cell in the megagametophyte to produce a second embryo. The plant stores nutrients such as
522:
in the figure) there is no separation of the megaspores following meiosis, then the nuclei fuse to form a triploid nucleus and a haploid nucleus. The subsequent arrangement of cells is similar to the
642:
In flowering plants, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg cell to produce a zygote, the other fuses with the two polar nuclei of the central cell to give rise to the polyploid (typically triploid)
275:
324:
maternal tissue, which includes a megasporocyte (a cell that will undergo meiosis to produce megaspores). Megaspores remain inside the ovule and divide by mitosis to produce the
2057:
219:
Parietal placentation: Placentae on inner ovary wall within a non-sectioned ovary, corresponding to fused carpel margins. Two or more carpels, unilocular ovary. (e.g.
442:
through the chalaza to the nucellus inside the ovule. In chalazogamous plants, the pollen tubes enter the ovule through the chalaza instead of the micropyle opening.
506:
type maturation pattern) includes a single functional megaspore followed by three rounds of mitosis. In some cases, however, two megaspores survive (for example, in
2062:
595:) is much smaller and typically consists of only seven cells and eight nuclei. This type of megagametophyte develops from the megaspore through three rounds of
254:, ovules were borne on the surface of leaves. In the most recent of these taxa, a cupule (a modified branch or group of branches) surrounded the ovule (e.g.
631:
occurs within the archegonia produced by the female gametophyte. While it is possible that several egg cells are present and fertilized, typically only one
809:
Frohlich and Chase, 2007. After a dozen years of progress, the origin of angiosperms is still a great mystery. Nature 450:1184-1189 (20 December 2007) |
2195:
341:
generation. In flowering plants, a second sperm nucleus fuses with other nuclei in the megagametophyte forming a typically polyploid (often triploid)
561:. Triploid nuclei are shown as ellipses with three white dots. The first three columns show the meiosis of the megaspore, followed by 1-2 mitoses.
569:
Ovule with megagametophyte: egg cell (yellow), synergids (orange), central cell with two polar nuclei (bright green), and antipodals (dark green)
194:
Free-central placentation: Derived from axile as partitions are absorbed, leaving ovules at the central axis. Compound unilocular ovary. (e.g.
533:
that feeds the embryo. In some plants, the diploid tissue of the nucellus can give rise to the embryo within the seed through a mechanism of
2113:
320:
it is completely inverted) . The ovule appears to be a megasporangium with integuments surrounding it. Ovules are initially composed of
148:. Ventral sutures of carpels meet at the centre of the ovary. Placentae are along fused margins of carpels. Two or more carpels. (e.g.
1929:
923:
502:
occur, and the final number, position and ploidy of the cells or nuclei all vary. A common pattern of embryo sac development (the
924:
Peter K. Endress.Angiosperm ovules: diversity, development, evolution. Ann Bot (2011) 107 (9): 1465-1489. doi: 10.1093/aob/mcr120
290:, such that when inverted the micropyle faces the placenta (this is the most common ovule orientation in flowering plants),
2119:
918:
363:
242:
such as conifers, ovules are borne on the surface of an ovuliferous (ovule-bearing) scale, usually within an ovulate
1014:
599:
divisions. The cell closest to the micropyle opening of the integuments differentiates into the egg cell, with two
686:
Megagametophytes of flowering plants may be described according to the number of megaspores developing, as either
1453:
974:
59:
is the structure that gives rise to and contains the female reproductive cells. It consists of three parts: the
1934:
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in the endosperm as a food source for the developing embryo and seedling, serving a similar function to the
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The integuments do not enclose the nucellus completely but retain an opening at the apex referred to as the
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Basal placentation: The placenta is at the base (bottom) of the ovary on a protrusion of the thalamus (
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are common and micropyle is in downward position and chalazal end in on the upper position hence, in
2251:
2069:
938:
829:"BRCA2 is a mediator of RAD51- and DMC1-facilitated homologous recombination in Arabidopsis thaliana"
462:. In immature ovules, the nucellus contains a megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), which undergoes
2207:
2052:
1102:
491:
458:) cells immediately inside the integuments. It is structurally and functionally equivalent to the
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outer surface is morphologically abaxial. This suggests that cupules of the kind produced by the
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wall. Ovules are attached to the placenta in the ovary through a stalk-like structure known as a
2256:
2037:
1961:
228:
Superficial: Similar to axile, but placentae are on inner surfaces of multilocular ovary (e.g.
1766:
141:
Apical placentation: The placenta is at the apex (top) of the ovary. Simple or compound ovary.
2202:
603:
by its side that are involved in the production of signals that guide the pollen tube. Three
471:
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where the nucellus is joined to the integuments. Nutrients from the plant travel through the
2261:
1924:
1821:
1776:
1448:
1007:
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454:(plural: nucelli) is part of the inner structure of the ovule, forming a layer of diploid (
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Axile placentation: The ovary is divided into radial segments, with placentas in separate
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The integuments develop into the seed coat when the ovule matures after fertilization.
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The Seed
Biology Place:Structural seed types based on comparative internal morphology
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26:"Micropyle (botany)" and "Ovular" redirect here. For the structure in animals, see
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form on the opposite (chalazal) end of the ovule and later degenerate. The large
110:
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Plant ovules: Gymnosperm ovule on left, angiosperm ovule (inside ovary) on right
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678:(embryos are basal in which the embryo is tiny in relation to the endosperm).
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and the epidermal cells, while the latter has multiple cell layers between.
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Seeliger K, Dukowic-Schulze S, Wurz-Wildersinn R, Pacher M, Puchta H (2012).
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In gymnosperms, the megagametophyte consists of around 2000 nuclei and forms
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of the vascular system to the funiculus and outer integument and from there
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of the gynoecium produces one or more ovules and ultimately becomes the
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Herr, J.M. Jr., 1995. The origin of the ovule. Am. J. Bot. 82(4):547-64
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to be by enclosure of a megasporangium by sterile branches (telomes).
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The haploid megaspore inside the nucellus gives rise to the female
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In flowering plants, the megagametophyte (also referred to as the
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514:). In some cases all four megaspores survive, for example in the
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674:(embryos have axile placentation and are longer than broad), or
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133:(plural, funiculi). Different patterns of ovule attachment, or
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913:, 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers, New York,
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tissue, which serves as nourishment for the young sporophyte.
2012:
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may have evolved into the outer integument of angiosperms.
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Kotpal, Tyagi, Bendre, & Pande. Concepts of
Biology XI
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Embryos may be described by a number of terms including
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After fertilization, the nucellus may develop into the
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the anatropous arrangement is tilted 90 degrees and in
173:). Simple or compound carpel, unilocular ovary. (e.g.
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pattern, but the ploidy of the nuclei is different.
445:
137:, can be found among plant species, these include:
407:. The micropyle opening allows the pollen (a male
662:of animal eggs. The endosperm is also called the
113:, the ovule is located inside the portion of the
2243:
755:. Rastogi Publications, 2nd ed. New Delhi 2007.
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784:
639:as the resources within the seed are limited.
618:
909:P.H. Raven, R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn (2005):
1008:
588:, which produce egg cells for fertilization.
2114:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
937:. The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium,
278:Ovule structure (anatropous) 1: nucellus 2:
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870:Morphology and evolution of vascular plants
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763:. Fig. 38 Types of placentation, page 2-127
426:Located opposite from the micropyle is the
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349:Integuments, micropyle, chalaza and hilum
333:and then, after cell division begins, an
2058:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
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553:Megagametophyte formation of the genera
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362:
354:
273:
269:
36:
787:Paleobotany and the evolution of plants
627:nuclei into the ovule. In gymnosperms,
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785:Stewart, W.N.; Rothwell, G.W. (1993).
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996:
872:, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company
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882:
868:Gifford, E.M.; Foster, A.S. (1989),
518:type of development (illustrated by
16:Female plant reproductive structure
13:
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497:In gymnosperms, three of the four
93:. The megagametophyte produces an
14:
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2063:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
961:Morfología de Plantas Vasculares
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446:Nucellus, megaspore and perisperm
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846:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03947.x
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611:of the embryo sac contains two
423:emerges through the micropyle.
65:, forming its outer layer, the
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861:
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789:. Cambridge University Press.
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1:
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623:The pollen tube releases two
482:depends on the expression of
2104:History of plant systematics
1691:Thorns, spines, and prickles
935:Glossary for Vascular Plants
619:Zygote, embryo and endosperm
367:Models of different ovules,
41:Location of ovules inside a
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635:will develop into a mature
369:Botanical Museum Greifswald
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1920:Alternation of generations
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329:ovule contains a diploid
286:Ovule orientation may be
105:Location within the plant
1930:Evolutionary development
492:homologous recombination
250:). In the early extinct
1581:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
931:"Ovules tenuinucellate"
77:(formed from a haploid
19:For animal ovules, see
2196:by author abbreviation
2120:Plant taxonomy systems
2038:Botanical nomenclature
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282:3: funiculus 4: raphe
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270:Parts and development
85:— is also called the
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30:. For the shape, see
1935:Evolutionary history
1925:Double fertilization
1777:Cellular respiration
989:at Wikimedia Commons
977:at Wikimedia Commons
929:Tsou, C.-H. (1994).
535:asexual reproduction
476:Arabidopsis thaliana
1154:Non-vascular plants
815:10.1038/nature06393
97:for the purpose of
69:(or remnant of the
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28:Micropyle (zoology)
1659:Surface structures
1454:Flower development
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563:
372:
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73:), and the female
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985:Media related to
973:Media related to
911:Biology of Plants
539:nucellar embryony
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248:megastrobilus
246:(also called
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2156:Horticulture
2146:Floriculture
2048:Correct name
1898:Reproduction
1888:Woody plants
1813:Plant growth
1772:Gas Exchange
1757:Phytomelanin
1635:Plant embryo
1559:
1385:Reproductive
1233:Phragmoplast
963:(in Spanish)
942:. Retrieved
934:
910:
903:Bibliography
890:
878:
869:
863:
836:
832:
822:
805:
786:
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748:
735:Placentation
695:
691:
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613:polar nuclei
612:
609:central cell
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475:
464:sporogenesis
451:
449:
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380:
373:
352:
337:of the next
317:orthotropous
316:
315:
311:amphitropous
310:
309:
304:
303:
300:orthotropous
299:
295:
292:amphitropous
291:
287:
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263:Glossopteris
261:
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135:placentation
130:
108:
86:
82:
66:
60:
56:
50:
42:
2262:Pollination
1972:Pollen tube
1967:Pollinators
1957:Pollination
1952:Germination
1767:Respiration
1750:Chlorophyll
1596:Pedicellate
1530:Gametophyte
1449:Aestivation
1400:Antheridium
1395:Archegonium
1243:Plasmodesma
1220:Plant cells
1083:Paleobotany
1078:Ethnobotany
1063:Astrobotany
697:tetrasporic
676:rudimentary
575:gametophyte
516:Fritillaria
456:sporophytic
413:germination
409:gametophyte
389:Caytoniales
240:gymnosperms
117:called the
91:angiosperms
75:gametophyte
53:seed plants
2246:Categories
1994:Microspore
1984:Sporangium
1962:Artificial
1650:Sporophyte
1645:Sporophyll
1640:Receptacle
1535:Gynandrium
1405:Androecium
1314:Vegetative
1184:Angiosperm
1179:Gymnosperm
1073:Dendrology
833:New Phytol
796:0521382947
761:8171338968
741:References
688:monosporic
593:embryo sac
586:archegonia
488:DNA repair
376:integument
339:sporophyte
305:anatropous
288:anatropous
252:seed ferns
188:Asteraceae
182:Helianthus
171:receptacle
87:embryo sac
62:integument
2191:Botanists
2109:Herbarium
2006:Megaspore
1904:Evolution
1847:Subshrubs
1815:and habit
1740:Nutrition
1735:Cellulose
1730:Bulk flow
1713:Materials
1676:Epidermis
1540:Gynoecium
1521:Endosperm
1516:Dispersal
1432:Staminode
1368:Sessility
1356:Cataphyll
1276:Mesophyll
1228:Cell wall
1169:Lycophyte
1149:Bryophyte
1103:Geobotany
1088:Phycology
883:Tsou 1994
730:Oogenesis
710:Gynoecium
644:endosperm
555:Polygonum
531:perisperm
524:Polygonum
504:Polygonum
470:. In the
404:micropyle
343:endosperm
197:Stellaria
131:funiculus
119:gynoecium
79:megaspore
2231:Category
2151:Forestry
2141:Agronomy
2134:Practice
2085:Cultivar
2080:Cultigen
1940:timeline
1832:Rosettes
1720:Aleurone
1696:Trichome
1613:Perianth
1425:Filament
1283:Meristem
1206:glossary
1068:Bryology
855:22077663
704:See also
692:bisporic
652:proteins
512:Endymion
452:nucellus
417:seedling
381:Elkinsia
257:Caytonia
231:Nymphaea
222:Brassica
203:Dianthus
151:Hibiscus
95:egg cell
67:nucellus
1909:Ecology
1666:Cuticle
1496:Capsule
1486:Anatomy
1437:Tapetum
1361:Petiole
1336:Rhizome
1331:Rhizoid
1258:Tissues
1248:Vacuole
1238:Plastid
1040:Outline
1035:History
944:25 June
725:Meiosis
700:. (RF)
664:albumen
597:mitotic
537:called
499:haploid
480:meiosis
468:meiosis
428:chalaza
421:radicle
326:haploid
322:diploid
280:chalaza
176:Sonchus
163:Solanum
146:locules
2213:Plants
2116:(IAPT)
1869:Lianas
1837:Shrubs
1789:Starch
1681:Nectar
1601:Raceme
1567:Stigma
1555:Locule
1545:Carpel
1506:Pyrena
1444:Flower
1420:Anther
1415:Stamen
1410:Pollen
1132:groups
1024:Botany
987:Ovules
917:
853:
793:
759:
672:Linear
654:, and
648:starch
637:embryo
633:zygote
559:Lilium
520:Lilium
508:Allium
432:phloem
415:, the
335:embryo
331:zygote
157:Citrus
121:. The
115:flower
55:, the
47:flower
2173:Lists
2090:Group
2013:Spore
1947:Flora
1864:Vines
1859:Trees
1822:Habit
1794:Sugar
1686:Stoma
1628:Sepal
1623:Petal
1618:Tepal
1606:Umbel
1591:Bract
1572:Style
1560:Ovule
1550:Ovary
1491:Berry
1481:Fruit
1474:Whorl
1341:Shoot
1139:Algae
1130:Plant
694:, or
625:sperm
484:genes
298:, or
213:Pisum
127:fruit
123:ovary
57:ovule
2095:Grex
1977:Self
1511:Seed
1373:Stem
1351:Leaf
1326:Root
1321:Bulb
1305:Wood
1266:Cork
1164:Fern
946:2021
915:ISBN
851:PMID
791:ISBN
757:ISBN
715:Ovum
660:yolk
656:oils
557:and
510:and
490:and
466:via
450:The
438:and
244:cone
32:oval
21:Ovum
1784:Sap
1501:Nut
1346:Bud
841:doi
837:193
811:doi
494:.
474:of
419:'s
391:or
374:An
266:).
260:or
238:In
109:In
89:in
51:In
2248::
933:.
849:.
835:.
831:.
777:^
690:,
650:,
615:.
581:.
541:.
478:,
294:,
200:,
185:,
179:,
160:,
154:,
1208:)
1204:(
1016:e
1009:t
1002:v
948:.
885:.
857:.
843::
817:;
813::
799:.
302:(
234:)
225:)
216:)
206:)
191:)
166:)
34:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
