2236:
1998:
there are typically less pollinators. As a result, in order for the sunflower to be able to attract more pollinators, they had to increase the morphology of their floral traits in that they had to increase their display size. Another biotic factor that can explain for the evolution of larger sunflowers in drier environments is that the pressure from florivory and disease favors smaller flowers in habitats that have a more moderate supply of moisture (mesic habitat). Wetter environments usually have more dense vegetation, more herbivores, and more surrounding pathogens. As larger flowers are typically more susceptible to disease and florivory, smaller flowers may have evolved in wetter environments which explains the evolution of larger sunflowers in more drier environments.
2170:
2200:
2038:
571:. Since flowers do not have pulvini, the movement is caused by increased growth rate of the stems. The growth rate accumulation of the stem on the east side of the stem gradually pushes the flower from east to west during daytime. This matches with the Sun as it rises from the east and falls in the west. At night, the growth rate is higher in the west side of the stem that gradually pushes the flower from the west side back to the east side. In addition, it is not actually the whole plant that changes its direction to face the Sun, but the flower itself that bends to be illuminated by the Suns rays.
2022:
2188:
2132:
2212:
2098:
2010:
2224:
2112:
73:
2058:
2078:
413:
402:
48:
2146:
517:
2689:
394:
1962:
473:(that is, easily detached and falling at maturity). Some species also have additional shorter scales in the pappus, and one species lacks a pappus entirely. Another technical feature that distinguishes the genus more reliably, but requires a microscope to see, is the presence of a prominent, multicellular appendage at the apex of the style. Further, the florets of a sunflower are arranged in a natural
2158:
1997:
It is thought that two biotic factors can explain for the evolution of larger sunflowers and why they are present in more drier environments. For one thing, the selection by pollinators is thought to have increased the sunflower's size in a drier environment. This is because in a drier environment,
512:
The growth of a sunflower depends strictly on its genetic makeup and background. Additionally, the season it is planted will have effects on its development; those seasons tend to be in the middle of summer and beginning of fall. Sunflower development is classified by a series of vegetative stages
1973:
are a nectar producing flowering plant that attract pollinators and parasitoids which reduce the pest populations in nearby crop vegetation. Sunflowers attract different beneficial pollinators (e.g., honey bees) and other known insect prey to feed on and control the population of parasitic pests
581:
as a trained and continuous process. However, flower movement does not occur during long periods of rain or clouds. It also does not occur in a growth chamber when exposed to 16 hours of light or in greenhouses, suggesting that the plants require a directional, moving light source. Helianthus can
480:
Variability is seen among the perennial species that make up the bulk of those in the genus. Some have most or all of the large leaves in a rosette at the base of the plant and produce a flowering stem that has leaves that are reduced in size. Most of the perennials have disk flowers that are
1990:, and disease which also contribute to the evolution of floral traits. These selective pressures, which stem from several biotic and abiotic factors are associated with habitat environmental conditions which all play a role in the overall morphology of the sunflowers' floral traits.
424:
or perennial plants that in some species can grow to a height of 300 centimetres (120 inches) or more. Each "flower" is actually a disc made up of tiny flowers, to form a larger false flower to better attract pollinators. The plants bear one or more wide, terminal
1978:
reaches six inches and produces flowers it begins to attract more pollinators. Distance between sunflower rows and crop vegetation plays an important role in this phenomenon, hypothesizing that closer proximity to the crops will increase insect attraction.
1993:
An ecosystem is composed of both biotic (which are living elements of an ecosystem such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, and bacteria), and abiotic factors (non-living elements of an ecosystem such as air, soil, water, light, salinity and temperature).
548:
heads track the Sun. At night, the flower heads reorient their position and face East in anticipation for the sunrise. Sunflowers move back to their original position between the hours of 3am and 6am, and the leaves follow about an hour later.
2510:
2235:
443:
have red-colored ray florets; all of them stem from a single original mutant. While the majority of sunflowers are yellow, there are branching varieties in other colors including, orange, red and purple.
2409:
593:. This is important for attracting pollinators and increasing growth metabolism. Future studies are required to identify the exact physiological basis and cellular mechanism for this behavior.
2507:
1072:
1086:
1465:
1238:
378:
plantations in
Alabama, Georgia, and Tennessee. They grow to 1.8 metres (6 feet) and are primarily found in woodlands, adjacent to creeks and moist, prairie-like areas.
1323:
1820:
1686:
933:
1176:
1603:
1766:
1748:
1838:
1032:
2706:
2405:
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560:
generally stop moving and remain facing east, which lets them be warmed by the rising sun. Historically, this has led to controversy on whether or not
465:
This genus is distinguished technically by the fact that the ray florets (when present) are sterile, and by the presence on the disk flowers of a
3359:
2169:
574:
The heliotropic movement is caused by growth on the opposite side of the flower, driven by accumulation of growth hormones during Sun exposure.
186:
3398:
433:(mini flowers inside a flower head) at the outside and yellow or maroon (also known as a brown/red) disc florets inside. Several ornamental
2531:
354:
species are grown in gardens, but have a tendency to spread rapidly and can become aggressive. On the other hand, the whorled sunflower,
2021:
3434:
2199:
3221:
3307:
3372:
3320:
2305:
2296:
2037:
2861:
Atamian, Hagop S.; Creux, Nicky M.; Brown, Evan A.; Garner, Austin G.; Blackman, Benjamin K.; Harmer, Stacey L. (2016-08-05).
2574:
Atamian, Hagop S.; Creux, Nicky M.; Brown, Evan A.; Garner, Austin G.; Blackman, Benjamin K.; Harmer, Stacey L. (2016-08-04).
2466:
2442:
589:
It is the circadian rhythms and the differences of the stem growth rate that work together and cause the heliotropism of the
3557:
3377:
3066:"Beyond pollinators: evolution of floral architecture with environment across the wild sunflowers (Helianthus, Asteraceae)"
2648:"Beyond pollinators: evolution of floral architecture with environment across the wild sunflowers (Helianthus, Asteraceae)"
2175:
1974:
that could be harmful to the crops. Predacious insects are first attracted to sunflowers once they are planted. Once the
513:
and reproductive stages that can be determined by identifying the heads or main branch of a single head or branched head.
3547:
3216:
2111:
3509:
3488:
1588: β willowleaf sunflower β Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York
564:
is heliotropic, as many scientists have failed to observe movement when studying plants that have already bloomed.
3403:
3346:
2211:
2077:
2009:
3452:
3026:
3009:
3483:
455:
363:
2057:
3385:
2301:
2187:
2223:
1969:
Sunflowers have been proven to be excellent plants to attract beneficial insects, including pollinators.
1461: β fewleaf sunflower, western sunflower β Great Lakes region, scattered in southeastern United States
3180:
2391:
28:
3299:
3273:
2373:
1271:
836:
577:
Heliotropism persists on cloudy days when the sun is not shining brightly, meaning that the movement is
567:
This is notably different from heliotropism in leaves, as the moving mechanism for leaves exists in the
3542:
3447:
3097:
2131:
1784:
1283: β cheerful sunflower, mountain sunflower β scattered in eastern and central United States; Canada
72:
24:
2991:
2097:
3514:
3413:
3325:
2387:
2287:
1918:
and other breeding programs are currently exploring the potential for these as a perennial seed crop.
1349:
1198:
1043:
582:
also discriminate between different types of light. When exposed to different light frequencies, the
466:
344:
typically grows during the summer and into early fall, with the peak growth season being mid-summer.
2951:
1722:
1633:
1577: β resindot sunflower β Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Florida
1532:
1363:
1217:
1165:
683:
462:
is branched in the upper part in wild plants, but is usually unbranched in domesticated cultivars.
3439:
3294:
2926:
2744:
2117:
1718: β Jerusalem artichoke, sunchoke, earth-apple, topinambur β much of United States and Canada
1701:
1614:
1581:
1454:
1433:
1301:
851:
2145:
1150: β Florida sunflower β Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina
3268:
3123:
2157:
1902:
1625:
1592:
1487:
1385:
1338:
1312:
1187:
1068: β woodland sunflower or rough woodland sunflower β eastern United States; Ontario, Quebec
1061:
995:
977:
773:
751:
367:
3364:
2743:
Vandenbrink, Joshua P.; Brown, Evan A.; Harmer, Stacey L.; Blackman, Benjamin K. (July 2014).
340:
regions, as food crops for humans, cattle, and poultry, and as ornamental plants. The species
2263:
2043:
1802:
1566: β rayless sunflower β Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida
1498:
1287:
1254:
1143:
784:
586:
will bend toward blue light but not red light, depending on the quality of the light source.
3426:
3229:
3161:
2874:
2863:"Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits"
2756:
2587:
2576:"Circadian regulation of sunflower heliotropism, floral orientation, and pollinator visits"
2083:
2063:
1711:
1675:
1661:
1570:
1476:
1443:
1410:
1154:
818:
651:
494:
is driven by multiple biotic and abiotic factors and influences various floral morphology.
19:
This article is about the genus
Helianthus. For the species of domesticated sunflower, see
3286:
2969:
521:
8:
3537:
1930:
1922:
1907:
1886:
1639:
1437:
1228:
1121:
1017:
944:
918:
876:
865:
725:
657:
639:
397:
The disk of a sunflower is made up of many little flowers. The ray flowers here are dried
325:
3260:
2878:
2760:
2591:
2482:
1294: β smooth sunflower β Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland,
3496:
3281:
2908:
2835:
2802:
2780:
2677:
2331:
2252:
1650:
1540:
1520:
1509:
1396:
959:
884:
578:
211:
67:
2688:
2386:. Vol. 21. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org,
3421:
3203:
3031:
2912:
2900:
2892:
2840:
2822:
2772:
2669:
2613:
2605:
2462:
2438:
1559:
1421:
1374:
1132:
1051:
908:
710:
483:
439:
55:
3064:
Mason, Chase M.; Patel, Hiral S.; Davis, Kaleigh E.; Donovan, Lisa A. (2017-07-10).
3010:"Intercropping with Sunflowers to Attract Beneficial Insects in Organic Agriculture"
2381:
1381: β downy sunflower, ashy sunflower β Ontario, eastern and central United States
623:
3501:
3208:
3077:
3021:
2882:
2830:
2814:
2768:
2764:
2659:
2595:
677:
448:
317:
239:
20:
3172:
2784:
2483:"Conservation Plant Characteristics - Helianthus annuus L. common sunflower HEAN3"
3185:
2514:
313:
289:
110:
3475:
3390:
3552:
2992:"Helianthus navarri Phil. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"
1915:
1862:
800:
763:
406:
97:
3082:
3065:
2664:
2647:
2646:
Mason, Chase M.; Patel, Hiral S.; Davis, Kaleigh E.; Donovan, Lisa A. (2017).
1261: β alkali sunflower β United States: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas; Mexico:
481:
entirely yellow, but a few have disk flowers with reddish lobes. One species,
3531:
3035:
2896:
2826:
2673:
2609:
2437:(6th ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. 2007. p. 3804.
1911:
1516: β Porter's sunflower β Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina
1357:
1295:
333:
309:
301:
203:
2887:
2862:
2803:"Phototropic solar tracking in sunflower plants: an integrative perspective"
2600:
2575:
1266:
3465:
3146:
2904:
2844:
2776:
2617:
2508:"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Issues Final Rule Protecting Three Flowers"
1505: β prairie sunflower, lesser sunflower β much of United States, Canada
1206:
1110:
541:
426:
421:
412:
371:
1669:
3333:
3195:
3155:
2978:
County-level distribution maps from the North
American Plant Atlas (NAPA)
2818:
2257:
1331:
1224: β variableleaf sunflower β Coastal plain of Texas to North Carolina
1210:
1080:
971:
703:
474:
176:
166:
47:
2681:
3312:
1172: β whiteleaf sunflower β Tennessee, South Carolina, North Carolina
1114:
900:
859:
826:
745:
459:
359:
293:
156:
2632:
3338:
3255:
3242:
1987:
1948:
1878:
1106:
804:
792:
665:
583:
434:
348:
146:
3117:
1235: β hairy sunflower β central and eastern United States, Ontario
429:(flower heads made up of many tiny flowers), with bright yellow ray
3460:
3140:
1938:
1870:
1694:
1262:
1250: β intermediate sunflower β scattered locales in United States
1098:
1094:
926:
904:
892:
888:
812:
808:
699:
669:
568:
553:
544:, which continues for a short time when flower buds form and young
516:
470:
401:
337:
136:
123:
3247:
1896:, and many species in other genera that may be called sunflowers.
2713:. NDSU Extension Service and N.D. Agricultural Experiment Station
1961:
1943:. It is only very distantly related to North American sunflowers.
1552:
1548:
1429:
1055:
1003:
985:
844:
796:
767:
741:
695:
647:
622:"flower", because its round flower heads in combination with the
430:
393:
382:
285:
3351:
1345: β Maximillian sunflower β much of United States and Canada
1161: β giant sunflower β eastern United States; most of Canada
1621: β Schweinitz's sunflower β South Carolina, North Carolina
1025:
1007:
989:
912:
896:
830:
733:
451:
3234:
2742:
248:
1404:
1319: β longleaf sunflower β Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina
967:
952:
951: β Cusick's sunflower β Washington, Oregon, California,
759:
691:
501:
454:
are dentate and often sticky. The lower leaves are opposite,
281:
84:
1739:
The following species were previously included in the genus
520:
Sunflower florets are arranged in a natural spiral having a
266:
3027:
10.1653/0015-4040(2005)088[0091:IWSTAB]2.0.CO;2
2745:"Turning heads: The biology of solar tracking in sunflower"
1102:
1011:
737:
673:
375:
269:
254:
2461:. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136.
627:
537:
260:
887:, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Texas,
2860:
2700:
2698:
2573:
2380:. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.).
1729: β whorled sunflower β Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee
1657: β Smith's sunflower β Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee
1494: β stiff sunflower β central United States, Canada
3063:
3008:
Jones, Gregory A.; Gillett, Jennifer L. (March 2005).
2801:
Kutschera, Ulrich; Briggs, Winslow R. (January 2016).
2645:
1428: β showy sunflower β United States: California,
272:
263:
242:
2695:
984: β thinleaf sunflower β eastern United States;
536:
plant heads tilt upwards during the day to face the
251:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2728:
1986:., there are other factors such as abiotic stress,
1646: β muck sunflower β southeastern United States
1483: β paradox sunflower β Utah, New Mexico, Texas
257:
245:
1929:) is related to the sunflower, another example of
2796:
2794:
1308:Minnesota to North Dakota, Idaho, Missouri, Texas
1183:β scattered locales in southeastern United States
633:There are many species recognized in the genus:
3529:
2931:UC Berkeley Rausser College of Natural Resources
2725:
527:
2980:. Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
2856:
2854:
2800:
1417: β neglected sunflower β New Mexico, Texas
780: β Arizona sunflower β Arizona, New Mexico
381:The common sunflower is the national flower of
2791:
2633:"Geogebra: Sunflowers are irrationally pretty"
1946:False sunflower refers to plants of the genus
1892:There are many species in the sunflower genus
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3003:
3001:
2487:USDA - Natural Resources Conservation Service
458:, or often heart-shaped. The rough and hairy
3098:"Abiotic & Biotic Factors in Ecosystems"
3007:
2956:An etymological dictionary of modern English
2851:
2383:Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)
366:issued a final rule protecting it under the
3563:Crops originating from indigenous Americans
1682:β eastern and central United States, Canada
940:β prairie sunflower β Colorado, New Mexico
614:
605:
3042:
2998:
2569:
2567:
2565:
1536: β New Mexico sunflower β New Mexicoβ
966: β cucumberleaf sunflower β Texas to
385:, cultivated there for several centuries.
370:. The primary threats to this species are
46:
3081:
3025:
2886:
2834:
2663:
2599:
2532:"What Is The National Flower Of Ukraine?"
2529:
2371:
1450:western and central United States, Canada
16:Genus of flowering plants, the sunflowers
1960:
883: β Texas blueweed β United States:
515:
469:that is of two awn-like scales that are
411:
400:
392:
2949:
2927:"How Sunflowers Move to Follow the Sun"
2562:
2306:United States Department of Agriculture
2297:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1881:) are also domesticated. This includes
500:species are used as food plants by the
3530:
2630:
2518:Endangered Species Law and Policy Blog
2429:
2427:
2282:
2280:
1194: β slender sunflower β California
552:By the time they are mature and reach
3122:
3121:
2559:. University of Oklahoma Press. 1981.
2459:RHS A-Z Encyclopedia of Garden Plants
2326:
2324:
2322:
1547: β little sunflower β Colorado,
1109:, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio,
3489:eb2549b3-9766-4d52-b49f-5847dc3fb377
3414:a6943490-ba5f-450a-8c5a-86bcd5329694
2704:
1734:
872: β lakeside sunflower β Florida
2958:. London: John Murray. p. 703.
2506:Remillard, Ashley (August 4, 2014)
2424:
2412:from the original on 18 August 2016
2277:
1392: β manyflower sunflower β Ohio
490:Overall, the macroevolution of the
324:). This and other species, notably
13:
3453:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000729-2
2365:
2319:
1128:β Alabama, Kentucky, and Tennessee
540:. This movement is referred to as
14:
3574:
2435:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
2408:. North Dakota State University.
1965:Bees pollinating a sunflower head
646: β southeastern sunflower β
2687:
2530:Sommerlad, Joe (10 April 2022).
2362:Leisure Arts. 1995. pg. 606β607.
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2130:
2110:
2096:
2076:
2056:
2036:
2020:
2008:
1889:, which produces edible tubers.
721:β most of United States + Canada
507:
487:, lacks ray flowers altogether.
316:. The best-known species is the
238:
71:
3090:
2984:
2962:
2943:
2919:
2639:
2624:
2549:
2523:
858: β California sunflower β
825: β serpentine sunflower β
791: β purpledisk sunflower β
758: β silverleaf sunflower β
2769:10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.006
2500:
2475:
2451:
2398:
2353:
2341:. World Flora Consortium. 2023
1982:In addition to pollinators of
1877:, but four other species (all
1632: β rosinweed sunflower β
388:
364:U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
1:
2372:Schilling, Edward E. (2006).
2302:Agricultural Research Service
2270:
2205:Rear view of a sunflower head
2163:A dark red sunflower cultivar
1873:of sunflower are variants of
1869:are used as human food. Most
1697:, north-central United States
1205: β sawtooth sunflower β
1024: β red rock sunflower β
528:Facing the Sun (heliotropism)
2015:Close-up of a sunflower head
732: β western sunflower β
420:Sunflowers are usually tall
7:
3558:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3070:Plant Ecology and Evolution
2652:Plant Ecology and Evolution
2392:Harvard University Herbaria
2360:Sunset Western Garden Book.
2246:
2217:Leaves of a sunflower plant
1900:The Maximillian sunflower (
1073:Helianthus Γ divariserratus
1002: β desert sunflower β
596:
29:Helianthus (disambiguation)
10:
3579:
2001:
1956:
1906:) is one of 38 species of
1807:(Nutt.) Torr. & A.Gray
1785:Helianthella quinquenervis
1564:(Pursh) Torr. & A.Gray
717: β common sunflower,
690: β swamp sunflower β
25:Sunflower (disambiguation)
18:
3548:Flora of Northern America
3130:
3083:10.5091/plecevo.2017.1321
2665:10.5091/plecevo.2017.1321
2388:Missouri Botanical Garden
1936:The Mexican sunflower is
1350:Helianthus membranifolius
1199:Helianthus grosseserratus
1087:Helianthus Γ doronicoides
1079:Michigan, Indiana, Ohio,
1044:Helianthus dissectifolius
929:, Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio
615:
606:
362:species in 2014 when the
217:
210:
68:Scientific classification
66:
54:
45:
38:
2950:Weekley, Ernest (1921).
2229:Sunflower leaf structure
1723:Helianthus verticillatus
1634:Lower Mississippi Valley
1533:Helianthus praetermissus
1466:Helianthus Γ orgyaloides
1364:Helianthus microcephalus
1218:Helianthus heterophyllus
1166:Helianthus glaucophyllus
837:Helianthus Γ brevifolius
684:Helianthus angustifolius
416:A sunflower seed growing
356:Helianthus verticillatus
304:species, the species of
288:of annual and perennial
2888:10.1126/science.aaf9793
2601:10.1126/science.aaf9793
2241:Seed under a microscope
2151:An orange-red sunflower
1856:
1821:Pappobolus imbaburensis
1702:Helianthus subtuberosus
1687:Helianthus subcanescens
1615:Helianthus schweinitzii
1582:Helianthus salicifolius
1527:Texas sunflower β Texas
1455:Helianthus occidentalis
1370:β eastern United States
1302:Helianthus lenticularis
934:Helianthus coloradensis
852:Helianthus californicus
504:of many lepidopterans.
2707:"Sunflower Production"
2406:"Sunflower Production"
2390:, St. Louis, MO &
2028:Helianthus decapetalus
1966:
1903:Helianthus maximiliani
1626:Helianthus silphioides
1604:Helianthus scaberrimus
1593:Helianthus sarmentosus
1488:Helianthus pauciflorus
1386:Helianthus multiflorus
1339:Helianthus maximiliani
1324:Helianthus Γ luxurians
1313:Helianthus longifolius
1188:Helianthus gracilentus
1062:Helianthus divaricatus
996:Helianthus deserticola
978:Helianthus decapetalus
774:Helianthus arizonensis
752:Helianthus argophyllus
604:is derived from Greek
524:
417:
409:
398:
368:Endangered Species Act
23:. For other uses, see
2264:Stegocintractia junci
1964:
1803:Helianthella uniflora
1499:Helianthus petiolaris
1288:Helianthus laevigatus
1255:Helianthus laciniatus
1144:Helianthus floridanus
785:Helianthus atrorubens
519:
415:
404:
396:
332:), are cultivated in
284:comprising around 70
3014:Florida Entomologist
2118:Willowleaf sunflower
1927:Helianthus tuberosus
1767:Flourensia thurifera
1749:Flourensia thurifera
1712:Helianthus tuberosus
1676:Helianthus strumosus
1662:Helianthus speciosus
1571:Helianthus resinosus
1525:Engelm. & A.Gray
1477:Helianthus paradoxus
1448:Torr. & A.Gray β
1444:Helianthus nuttallii
1411:Helianthus neglectus
1177:Helianthus Γ glaucus
1155:Helianthus giganteus
899:, Illinois; Mexico:
819:Helianthus bolanderi
799:, Georgia, Florida,
292:in the daisy family
2879:2016Sci...353..587A
2761:2014PlnSc.224...20V
2592:2016Sci...353..587A
2180:'Strawberry Blonde'
2084:Jerusalem artichoke
1931:perennial sunflower
1923:Jerusalem artichoke
1908:perennial sunflower
1887:Jerusalem artichoke
1839:Viguiera procumbens
1640:Helianthus simulans
1438:Baja California Sur
1328:(E.Watson) E.Watson
1229:Helianthus hirsutus
1122:Helianthus eggertii
1033:Helianthus diffusus
1018:Helianthus devernii
945:Helianthus cusickii
919:Helianthus cinereus
877:Helianthus ciliaris
866:Helianthus carnosus
726:Helianthus anomalus
658:Helianthus ambiguus
640:Helianthus agrestis
372:industrial forestry
358:, was listed as an
326:Jerusalem artichoke
300:. Except for three
2819:10.1093/aob/mcv141
2513:2014-08-12 at the
2339:World Flora Online
1967:
1651:Helianthus smithii
1619:Torr. & A.Gray
1541:Helianthus pumilus
1521:Helianthus praecox
1510:Helianthus porteri
1472:β Colorado, Kansas
1426:(Benth.) Brandegee
1397:Helianthus navarri
1368:Torr. & A.Gray
1292:Torr. & A.Gray
960:Helianthus debilis
803:, North Carolina,
756:Torr. & A.Gray
525:
522:Fibonacci sequence
418:
410:
399:
296:commonly known as
3543:Asteraceae genera
3525:
3524:
3422:Open Tree of Life
3124:Taxon identifiers
2873:(6299): 587β590.
2705:Berglund, Duane.
2586:(6299): 587β590.
2536:independent.co.uk
2468:978-1-4053-3296-5
2444:978-0-19-920687-2
2044:Prairie sunflower
1851:
1844:
1843:(Pers.) S.F.Blake
1833:
1826:
1815:
1808:
1797:
1790:
1780:
1772:
1761:
1754:
1735:Formerly included
1728:
1717:
1707:
1692:
1691:(A.Gray) E.Watson
1681:
1667:
1656:
1645:
1631:
1620:
1609:
1598:
1587:
1576:
1565:
1560:Helianthus radula
1546:
1526:
1515:
1504:
1493:
1482:
1471:
1460:
1449:
1427:
1422:Helianthus niveus
1416:
1402:
1391:
1380:
1375:Helianthus mollis
1369:
1356:β Cayenne Island
1355:
1344:
1329:
1318:
1307:
1306:Douglas ex Lindl.
1293:
1282:
1260:
1249:
1234:
1223:
1213:, Ontario, Quebec
1204:
1193:
1182:
1171:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1133:Helianthus exilis
1127:
1092:
1078:
1067:
1049:
1038:
1023:
1001:
983:
965:
950:
939:
924:
882:
871:
857:
842:
824:
790:
779:
757:
731:
716:
711:Helianthus annuus
689:
663:
645:
532:Before blooming,
336:regions and some
322:Helianthus annuus
229:
228:
224:
206:
60:Helianthus annuus
3570:
3518:
3517:
3505:
3504:
3492:
3491:
3479:
3478:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3443:
3442:
3430:
3429:
3417:
3416:
3407:
3406:
3394:
3393:
3391:NHMSYS0000459273
3381:
3380:
3368:
3367:
3355:
3354:
3342:
3341:
3329:
3328:
3316:
3315:
3303:
3302:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3189:
3188:
3176:
3175:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3061:
3040:
3039:
3029:
3005:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2981:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2890:
2858:
2849:
2848:
2838:
2807:Annals of Botany
2798:
2789:
2788:
2740:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2685:
2667:
2643:
2637:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2603:
2571:
2560:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2527:
2521:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2394:, Cambridge, MA.
2369:
2363:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2328:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2284:
2238:
2226:
2214:
2202:
2190:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2134:
2114:
2100:
2080:
2060:
2040:
2024:
2012:
1849:
1842:
1831:
1825:(Hieron.) Panero
1824:
1813:
1806:
1795:
1793:H. quinquenervis
1788:
1778:
1770:
1759:
1752:
1726:
1715:
1705:
1690:
1679:
1665:
1654:
1643:
1629:
1618:
1610:β South Carolina
1607:
1596:
1585:
1574:
1563:
1544:
1524:
1513:
1502:
1491:
1480:
1469:
1458:
1447:
1425:
1414:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1367:
1353:
1342:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1291:
1280:
1258:
1247:
1232:
1221:
1202:
1191:
1180:
1169:
1158:
1148:A.Gray ex Chapm.
1147:
1136:
1125:
1090:
1076:
1065:
1047:
1036:
1021:
999:
981:
963:
948:
937:
922:
880:
869:
855:
840:
822:
788:
777:
755:
729:
714:
687:
661:
643:
618:
617:
609:
608:
318:common sunflower
290:flowering plants
279:
278:
275:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
222:
202:
76:
75:
56:Common sunflower
50:
36:
35:
21:Common sunflower
3578:
3577:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3513:
3508:
3500:
3495:
3487:
3482:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3420:
3412:
3410:
3402:
3397:
3389:
3384:
3376:
3371:
3363:
3358:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3324:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3171:
3169:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3106:
3104:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3062:
3043:
3006:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2948:
2944:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2859:
2852:
2799:
2792:
2741:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2696:
2686:
2644:
2640:
2629:
2625:
2572:
2563:
2554:
2550:
2541:
2539:
2528:
2524:
2515:Wayback Machine
2505:
2501:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2445:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2370:
2366:
2358:
2354:
2344:
2342:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2273:
2253:Fermat's spiral
2249:
2242:
2239:
2230:
2227:
2218:
2215:
2206:
2203:
2194:
2191:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2161:
2152:
2149:
2140:
2135:
2126:
2123:H. salicifolius
2120:
2115:
2106:
2101:
2092:
2086:
2081:
2072:
2066:
2064:Giant sunflower
2061:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2016:
2013:
2004:
1976:Helianthus spp.
1971:Helianthus spp.
1959:
1859:
1829:H. imbaburensis
1737:
1732:
1599:β French Guiana
1514:(A.Gray) Pruski
1434:Baja California
599:
530:
510:
391:
314:Central America
241:
237:
201:
70:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3506:
3502:wfo-4000017208
3493:
3480:
3470:
3457:
3444:
3431:
3418:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3190:
3177:
3167:
3152:
3136:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3089:
3076:(2): 139β150.
3041:
2997:
2983:
2961:
2942:
2918:
2850:
2790:
2724:
2694:
2658:(2): 139β150.
2638:
2623:
2561:
2548:
2522:
2520:, Nossaman LLP
2499:
2474:
2467:
2450:
2443:
2423:
2397:
2364:
2352:
2318:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2127:
2116:
2109:
2107:
2104:H. laetiflorus
2102:
2095:
2093:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2062:
2055:
2053:
2042:
2035:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1984:Helianthus spp
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1934:
1921:The sunchoke (
1919:
1916:Land Institute
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1835:
1817:
1799:
1789:(Hook.) A.Gray
1781:
1763:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1719:
1708:
1698:
1683:
1672:
1658:
1647:
1636:
1622:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1556:
1537:
1528:
1517:
1506:
1495:
1484:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1440:
1418:
1407:
1393:
1382:
1371:
1360:
1346:
1335:
1320:
1309:
1298:
1284:
1269:
1251:
1236:
1225:
1214:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1083:
1069:
1058:
1040:
1028:
1014:
992:
974:
956:
941:
930:
915:
873:
862:
848:
833:
815:
801:South Carolina
781:
770:
764:North Carolina
748:
722:
707:
680:
654:
635:
626:look like the
598:
595:
529:
526:
509:
506:
407:North Carolina
390:
387:
308:are native to
302:South American
227:
226:
215:
214:
208:
207:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
134:
127:
126:
121:
114:
113:
108:
101:
100:
95:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
64:
63:
52:
51:
43:
42:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3575:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3516:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3037:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3002:
2993:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2946:
2932:
2928:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2749:Plant Science
2746:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2699:
2690:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2557:The Sunflower
2555:Heiser, C.B.
2552:
2538:. Independent
2537:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2516:
2512:
2509:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2470:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2361:
2356:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2283:
2281:
2276:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2196:
2193:Sunflower bud
2189:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2049:H. petiolaris
2045:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1963:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:North America
1909:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1848:
1847:H. procumbens
1841:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1671:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:, Utah, Idaho
1554:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:French Guiana
1352:
1351:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1297:
1296:West Virginia
1290:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1241:
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508:Growth stages
505:
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223:(Cass.) Cass.
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57:
53:
49:
44:
41:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3131:
3105:. Retrieved
3101:
3092:
3073:
3069:
3020:(1): 91β96.
3017:
3013:
2986:
2977:
2971:
2964:
2955:
2952:"helianthus"
2945:
2934:. Retrieved
2930:
2921:
2870:
2866:
2810:
2806:
2752:
2748:
2715:. Retrieved
2710:
2655:
2651:
2641:
2631:Ben Sparks.
2626:
2583:
2579:
2556:
2551:
2540:. Retrieved
2535:
2525:
2517:
2502:
2490:. Retrieved
2486:
2477:
2458:
2453:
2434:
2414:. Retrieved
2400:
2382:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2333:
2309:. Retrieved
2295:
2289:
2262:
2176:
2137:
2122:
2103:
2089:H. tuberosus
2088:
2069:H. giganteus
2068:
2048:
2027:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1947:
1941:rotundifolia
1937:
1926:
1901:
1893:
1891:
1883:H. tuberosus
1882:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1811:H. uniflorus
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1771:(Molina) DC.
1765:
1756:
1753:(Molina) DC.
1747:
1740:
1738:
1721:
1710:
1700:
1685:
1674:
1660:
1649:
1638:
1624:
1613:
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1337:
1322:
1311:
1300:
1286:
1276:
1272:
1253:
1243:
1239:
1227:
1216:
1207:Great Plains
1197:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1139:β California
1131:
1120:
1113:, Michigan,
1111:Pennsylvania
1101:, Missouri,
1085:
1071:
1060:
1042:
1031:
1016:
994:
976:
958:
943:
932:
917:
875:
864:
850:
835:
817:
783:
772:
750:
724:
718:
709:
698:to southern
682:
656:
638:
632:
619:
610:
601:
600:
590:
588:
576:
573:
566:
561:
557:
551:
545:
542:heliotropism
533:
531:
511:
497:
496:
491:
489:
482:
479:
464:
446:
438:
419:
380:
355:
351:
346:
341:
330:H. tuberosus
329:
321:
305:
297:
232:
231:
230:
219:
218:
197:
196:
187:Helianthinae
130:
117:
104:
91:
59:
39:
33:
3334:iNaturalist
3156:Wikispecies
2311:22 February
2258:Phyllotaxis
1757:H. thurifer
1332:Great Lakes
1277:laetiflorus
1244:intermedius
1211:Great Lakes
1081:Connecticut
1039:β Missouriβ
972:Mississippi
704:Long Island
694:, northern
389:Description
177:Heliantheae
167:Asteroideae
163:Subfamily:
111:Angiosperms
3538:Helianthus
3532:Categories
3287:Helianthus
3222:Helianthus
3162:Helianthus
3132:Helianthus
3107:2021-02-20
2972:Helianthus
2936:2020-05-01
2813:(1): 1β8.
2542:2022-08-03
2376:Helianthus
2345:8 February
2334:Helianthus
2290:Helianthus
2271:References
2177:Helianthus
1910:native to
1894:Helianthus
1879:perennials
1775:H. navarri
1741:Helianthus
1432:; Mexico:
1273:Helianthus
1267:Nuevo LeΓ³n
1240:Helianthus
1117:, Virginia
1115:New Jersey
1048:R.C.Jacks.
1022:T.M.Draper
901:Tamaulipas
885:Washington
860:California
827:California
778:R.C.Jacks.
746:New Mexico
706:, New York
613:"sun" and
602:Helianthus
591:Helianthus
584:hypocotyls
579:endogenous
562:Helianthus
558:Helianthus
546:Helianthus
534:Helianthus
498:Helianthus
492:Helianthus
360:endangered
352:Helianthus
306:Helianthus
298:sunflowers
294:Asteraceae
233:Helianthus
198:Helianthus
183:Subtribe:
157:Asteraceae
40:Helianthus
3256:FloraBase
3102:Sciencing
3036:0015-4040
2913:206650484
2897:0036-8075
2827:0305-7364
2755:: 20β26.
2674:2032-3913
2610:0036-8075
2138:H. annuus
1988:florivory
1949:Heliopsis
1875:H. annuus
1871:cultivars
1867:H. annuus
1670:MichoacΓ‘n
1470:Cockerell
1203:M.Martens
1107:Minnesota
1093:β Texas,
1052:Chihuahua
938:Cockerell
909:Chihuahua
843:β Texas,
805:Tennessee
793:Louisiana
730:S.F.Blake
666:Wisconsin
484:H. radula
449:petiolate
440:H. annuus
435:cultivars
349:perennial
342:H. annuus
334:temperate
220:Harpalium
147:Asterales
81:Kingdom:
3484:VicFlora
3473:VASCAN:
3466:40022652
3461:Tropicos
3217:eFloraSA
3193:BioLib:
3141:Wikidata
2905:27493185
2845:26420201
2777:24908502
2682:44945441
2618:27493185
2511:Archived
2410:Archived
2247:See also
2031:"Plenus"
1939:Tithonia
1695:Manitoba
1644:E.Watson
1586:A.Dietr.
1263:Coahuila
1248:R.W.Long
1099:Arkansas
1095:Oklahoma
1077:R.W.Long
955:, Nevada
927:Missouri
905:Coahuila
893:Colorado
889:Oklahoma
841:E.Watson
813:Virginia
809:Kentucky
700:Illinois
678:New York
670:Michigan
597:Taxonomy
569:pulvinus
554:anthesis
471:caducous
427:capitula
347:Several
338:tropical
212:Synonyms
153:Family:
137:Asterids
124:Eudicots
3365:1332694
3313:3119134
2875:Bibcode
2867:Science
2836:4701145
2757:Bibcode
2711:ag,ndsu
2588:Bibcode
2580:Science
2492:1 April
2416:12 July
2002:Gallery
1957:Ecology
1832:Hieron.
1608:Elliott
1553:Montana
1549:Wyoming
1459:Riddell
1430:Arizona
1343:Schrad.
1056:Durango
1004:Arizona
986:Ontario
845:Indiana
797:Alabama
768:Florida
742:Arizona
719:girasol
696:Florida
652:Georgia
648:Florida
644:Pollard
624:ligules
431:florets
383:Ukraine
286:species
280:) is a
193:Genus:
173:Tribe:
143:Order:
85:Plantae
3515:415453
3440:HELIA3
3435:PLANTS
3427:515718
3411:NZOR:
3352:9250-1
3300:114871
3274:114871
3173:191283
3170:APDB:
3147:Q26949
3034:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2843:
2833:
2825:
2785:887356
2783:
2775:
2717:Feb 7,
2680:
2672:
2616:
2608:
2465:
2441:
1914:. The
1885:, the
1760:Molina
1706:Bourg.
1655:Heiser
1481:Heiser
1415:Heiser
1334:region
1259:A.Gray
1192:A.Gray
1170:D.M.Sm
1137:A.Gray
1026:Nevada
1008:Nevada
1000:Heiser
990:Quebec
949:A.Gray
913:Sonora
897:Kansas
847:, Ohio
831:Oregon
823:A.Gray
734:Nevada
662:Britt.
620:Γ‘nthos
611:hΔlios
502:larvae
475:spiral
467:pappus
452:leaves
422:annual
3553:Crops
3510:WoRMS
3378:36611
3360:IRMNG
3339:56955
3282:FoAO2
3261:22234
3248:1HELG
3235:44915
3209:62TKF
3196:41533
3186:75964
2909:S2CID
2781:S2CID
2678:JSTOR
1863:seeds
1850:Pers.
1814:Nutt.
1796:Hook.
1779:Phil.
1727:Small
1666:Hook.
1630:Nutt.
1597:Rich.
1575:Small
1545:Nutt.
1503:Nutt.
1492:Nutt.
1405:Chile
1401:Phil.
1354:Poir.
1317:Pursh
1281:Pers.
1222:Nutt.
1181:Small
1126:Small
968:Maine
964:Nutt.
953:Idaho
923:Small
870:Small
760:Texas
692:Texas
616:αΌΞ½ΞΈΞΏΟ
607:αΌ₯λιοΟ
456:ovate
282:genus
131:Clade
118:Clade
105:Clade
92:Clade
3476:1235
3448:POWO
3404:4231
3399:NCBI
3373:ITIS
3347:IPNI
3326:5474
3321:GRIN
3308:GBIF
3243:EPPO
3181:APNI
3032:ISSN
2901:PMID
2893:ISSN
2841:PMID
2823:ISSN
2773:PMID
2719:2019
2670:ISSN
2614:PMID
2606:ISSN
2494:2019
2463:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2418:2016
2347:2023
2313:2011
1861:The
1857:Uses
1845:(as
1827:(as
1809:(as
1791:(as
1773:(as
1755:(as
1379:Lam.
1233:Raf.
1103:Iowa
1091:Lam.
1037:Sims
1012:Utah
738:Utah
674:Ohio
460:stem
447:The
376:pine
374:and
312:and
27:and
3497:WFO
3386:NBN
3295:FoC
3269:FNA
3230:EoL
3204:CoL
3078:doi
3074:150
3022:doi
2883:doi
2871:353
2831:PMC
2815:doi
2811:117
2765:doi
2753:224
2660:doi
2656:150
2596:doi
2584:353
2336:L."
1925:or
1865:of
881:DC.
856:DC.
628:Sun
538:Sun
437:of
405:In
3534::
3512::
3499::
3486::
3463::
3450::
3437::
3424::
3401::
3388::
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3349::
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1716:L.
1693:β
1680:L.
1668:β
1551:,
1436:,
1403:β
1390:L.
1330:β
1275:Γ
1265:,
1242:Γ
1209:,
1159:L.
1105:,
1097:,
1066:L.
1054:,
1050:β
1010:,
1006:,
988:,
982:L.
970:,
925:β
911:,
907:,
903:,
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891:,
829:,
811:,
807:,
795:,
789:L.
766:,
762:,
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715:L.
702:,
688:L.
676:,
672:,
668:,
664:β
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556:,
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249:iΛ
204:L.
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320:(
276:/
273:s
270:Ι
267:ΞΈ
264:n
261:Γ¦
258:Λ
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252:l
246:h
243:Λ
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31:.
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