1032:
59:
46:(1743–1805) argued that the elaborate complexity of the world of nature was evidence for the existence of a creator. Accordingly, a parson-naturalist frequently made use of his insights into philosophy and theology when interpreting what he observed in
31:
as an extension of his religious work. The philosophy entailed the belief that God, as the creator of all things, wanted man to understand his creations and thus to study them by collecting and classifying organisms and other natural phenomena.
134:
113:
The 19th century witnessed the wide proliferation of the tradition, which continued into the 20th century. Among the 19th century parson-naturalists were for instance
130:
27:", strictly defined as a country priest who held the living of a parish, but the term is generally extended to other clergy), who often saw the study of
739:
961:
179:
embroidered with butterflies for the service he holds in a
Northamptonshire woodland "to bless the forest rides". Woolmer wrote the book
171:
publishes a letter every year from the
Reverend Prebendary John Woolmer recording the status of the dung-feeding forest butterfly, the
430:
1031:
717:
483:
356:
325:
839:
1066:
377:
197:
1102:
582:
399:
261:
908:
729:
1071:
1050:
973:
710:
423:
367:
1097:
1092:
781:
594:
90:
1060:
751:
162:
71:
805:
786:
695:
85:, although some argue that their writings about animals and plants cannot be correctly classified as
815:
416:
192:
956:
648:
505:
157:
Parson-naturalism declined in the twentieth century. Armstrong covers two men, the ornithologist
1046:
898:
846:
763:
923:
827:
822:
758:
685:
903:
856:
623:
512:
118:
81:
The tradition of clerical naturalists may be traced back to some monastic writings of the
8:
951:
456:
158:
980:
888:
851:
834:
722:
471:
126:
114:
798:
643:
537:
517:
490:
395:
373:
352:
321:
257:
930:
878:
863:
668:
562:
202:
176:
36:
165:(1900–1978), whom he describes as an authority on "bird behaviour and bird song".
16:
Priest who sees the study of natural science as an extension of his religious work
1002:
678:
589:
567:
557:
500:
439:
346:
268:
When
Charles Darwin returned to England in 1836 from his five-year voyage on HMS
86:
47:
28:
1012:
810:
793:
663:
653:
577:
572:
542:
387:
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172:
140:
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98:
1086:
995:
990:
918:
883:
868:
746:
734:
673:
552:
102:
43:
968:
700:
690:
636:
631:
478:
348:
The
English Parson-naturalist: A Companionship Between Science and Religion
143:
aspired to be a parson-naturalist until his return from his voyage aboard
873:
658:
608:
529:
82:
144:
466:
167:
58:
893:
705:
94:
63:
39:
408:
24:
394:(2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
295:"Purple Emperor: The butterfly that feeds on rotting flesh"
318:
The Grand
Surprise: Butterflies and the Kingdom of Heaven
181:
The Grand
Surprise: Butterflies and the Kingdom of Heaven
344:
366:Clark, J.P.M. (2009). "The Politics of Insects".
1084:
392:Nature's Economy: A History of Ecological Ideas
386:
424:
365:
256:. Washington, DC: Island Press. p. 65.
962:Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom
220:
218:
431:
417:
372:. Yale University Press. pp. 26–28.
613:Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes
390:(1994). "The education of a scientist".
215:
89:. Notable early parson-naturalists were
57:
315:
1085:
251:
412:
292:
840:The Naturalist on the River Amazons
438:
66:, by an unknown 18th century artist
13:
198:List of Catholic cleric-scientists
14:
1114:
1030:
161:(1885–1964) and his own father,
108:
76:
1072:List of natural history dealers
740:The Natural History of Selborne
974:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
309:
286:
277:
245:
236:
227:
1:
208:
152:
293:Ailes, Emma (23 July 2015).
7:
730:Bernard Germain de Lacépède
345:Armstrong, Patrick (2000).
186:
10:
1119:
752:A History of British Birds
338:
163:Edward Allworthy Armstrong
72:List of parson-naturalists
69:
53:
1067:Natural History Societies
1039:
1028:
944:
935:The Royal Natural History
787:Ornithological Dictionary
774:
696:Johan Christian Fabricius
622:
528:
455:
446:
283:Armstrong, 2000. pp 79–81
252:Miller, Gordon L (2000).
1103:Christianity and science
913:The Naturalist's Library
816:On the Origin of Species
193:Christianity and science
135:Francis Linley Blathwayt
1047:Natural history museums
649:Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
369:Bugs and the Victorians
320:. Word for Life Trust.
899:William Jackson Hooker
847:Alexander von Humboldt
764:Philosophie zoologique
547:Pinax theatri botanici
316:Woolmer, John (2004).
272:, he was a changed man
254:Nature's Fading Chorus
233:Clark, 2009. pp. 26–28
131:Charles William Benson
67:
62:The parson-naturalist
985:The Study of Instinct
924:Kunstformen der Natur
828:The Malay Archipelago
823:Alfred Russel Wallace
759:Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
242:Worster, 1994. p. 132
70:Further information:
61:
904:Joseph Dalton Hooker
857:The Birds of America
119:John Stevens Henslow
952:Martinus Beijerinck
495:De Natura Animalium
159:Charles Earle Raven
37:natural theologians
1098:History of biology
1093:Parson-naturalists
1057:Parson-naturalists
889:Philip Henry Gosse
852:John James Audubon
835:Henry Walter Bates
723:Histoire Naturelle
711:Historia Plantarum
599:Avium Praecipuarum
583:Historia animalium
484:Historia Plantarum
472:History of Animals
127:William Darwin Fox
115:George Thomas Rudd
68:
1080:
1079:
1026:
1025:
644:Marcello Malpighi
538:Ulisse Aldrovandi
518:De Materia Medica
358:978-0-85244-516-7
327:978-1-90357-749-3
175:. Woolmer has a
101:(1657–1735), and
23:was a cleric (a "
21:parson-naturalist
1110:
1034:
1007:The Dancing Bees
931:Richard Lydekker
879:Jean-Henri Fabre
864:William Buckland
669:Regnier de Graaf
563:Andrea Cesalpino
453:
452:
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419:
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290:
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275:
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249:
243:
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231:
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224:Armstrong, 2000.
222:
203:Natural theology
133:(1836–1919) and
42:(1627–1705) and
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1117:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1076:
1035:
1022:
1003:Karl von Frisch
940:
909:William Jardine
799:Le Règne Animal
770:
718:Comte de Buffon
679:Systema Naturae
618:
590:Frederik Ruysch
568:Valerius Cordus
558:Hieronymus Bock
524:
506:Natural History
501:Pliny the Elder
458:
448:
442:
440:Natural history
437:
402:
388:Worster, Donald
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87:natural history
79:
74:
56:
48:natural history
29:natural science
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1013:Ronald Lockley
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981:Niko Tinbergen
978:
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954:
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901:
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866:
861:
849:
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832:
820:
811:Charles Darwin
808:
803:
794:Georges Cuvier
791:
782:George Montagu
778:
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772:
771:
769:
768:
756:
744:
732:
727:
715:
703:
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671:
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664:Jan Swammerdam
661:
656:
654:William Derham
651:
646:
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628:
626:
620:
619:
617:
616:
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595:William Turner
592:
587:
578:Conrad Gessner
575:
573:Leonhart Fuchs
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560:
555:
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543:Gaspard Bauhin
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379:978-0300150919
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213:
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173:purple emperor
154:
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141:Charles Darwin
123:Leonard Jenyns
110:
107:
99:William Derham
91:William Turner
78:
75:
55:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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996:On Aggression
992:
991:Konrad Lorenz
989:
986:
982:
979:
976:
975:
970:
967:
964:
963:
958:
957:Abbott Thayer
955:
953:
950:
949:
947:
943:
936:
932:
929:
926:
925:
920:
919:Ernst Haeckel
917:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Louis Agassiz
882:
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869:Charles Lyell
867:
865:
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859:
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806:William Smith
804:
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766:
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748:
747:Thomas Bewick
745:
742:
741:
736:
735:Gilbert White
733:
731:
728:
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724:
719:
716:
713:
712:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
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686:Georg Steller
684:
681:
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675:
674:Carl Linnaeus
672:
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629:
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624:Enlightenment
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553:Otto Brunfels
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401:0-521-46834-5
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351:. Gracewing.
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138:
137:(1875–1953).
136:
132:
129:(1805–1880),
128:
125:(1800–1893),
124:
121:(1796–1861),
120:
117:(1795-1847),
116:
109:Proliferation
106:
105:(1720–1793).
104:
103:Gilbert White
100:
97:(1627–1705),
96:
93:(1508–1568),
92:
88:
84:
77:Early history
73:
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60:
51:
49:
45:
44:William Paley
41:
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969:Hugh B. Cott
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945:20th century
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785:
775:19th century
762:
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738:
721:
709:
701:James Hutton
691:Joseph Banks
677:
637:Micrographia
635:
632:Robert Hooke
612:
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598:
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479:Theophrastus
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299:. Retrieved
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34:
20:
18:
1017:Shearwaters
874:Mary Anning
659:Hans Sloane
609:John Gerard
603:New Herball
530:Renaissance
513:Dioscorides
449:naturalists
83:Middle Ages
1087:Categories
447:Pioneering
209:References
153:After 1900
467:Aristotle
459:antiquity
457:Classical
168:The Times
894:Asa Gray
706:John Ray
187:See also
95:John Ray
64:John Ray
40:John Ray
339:Sources
301:23 July
54:History
1040:Topics
491:Aelian
398:
376:
355:
324:
270:Beagle
260:
146:Beagle
25:parson
297:. BBC
177:stole
1061:List
1051:List
396:ISBN
374:ISBN
353:ISBN
322:ISBN
303:2015
258:ISBN
35:The
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601:,
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217:^
183:.
149:.
50:.
19:A
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
