336:, John Dickinson patented and installed another kind of paper machine. Rather than pouring a dilute pulp suspension onto an endlessly revolving flat wire, this machine used a cylinder covered in wire as the mould. A cylindrical mould is partially submerged in the vat, containing a pulp suspension, and then, as the mould rotates, the water is sucked through the wire, leaving a thin layer of fibres deposited on the cylinder. These cylinder-mould machines, as they are named, were strong competition for Fourdrinier machine makers. They were the type of machine first used by the North American paper industry. It is estimated that by 1850 UK paper production had reached 100,000 tons. Later developments increased the size and capacity of machines as well as seeking high volume alternative pulp sources from which paper could be reliably produced. Many of the earlier mills were small and had been located in rural areas. The movement was to larger mills in, or near, urban areas closer to their suppliers of the raw materials. They were often situated near a port where the raw material was brought in by ship and the paper markets. By the end of the century there were less than 300 UK paper mills, employing 35,000 people and producing 650,000 tons of paper per year.
179:
104:
187:
232:, but concludes that the passage is "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that it refers to a water-powered paper mill. This is seen by Leor Halevi as evidence of Samarkand first harnessing waterpower in the production of paper, but notes that it is not known if waterpower was applied to papermaking elsewhere across the Islamic world at the time. Robert I. Burns remains sceptical, given the isolated occurrence of the reference and the prevalence of manual labour in Islamic papermaking elsewhere prior to the 13th century.
345:
43:
2290:
2300:
817:
Tarragona to the
Pyrenees" from 1113 to 1244. His many articles and two books, valuable for such topics as fiber analysis in medieval paper, continue to spread this untenable and indeed bizarre thesis. As Josep Madurell i Marimon shows in detail, these were all in fact cloth fulling mills; textiles were then the basic mechanized industry of the Christian west.
139:. However, evidence for water-powered paper mills is elusive among both prior to the 11th century. The general absence of the use of water-powered paper mills in Muslim papermaking prior to the 11th century is suggested by the habit of Muslim authors at the time to call a production center not a "mill", but a "paper manufactory".
585:), points out that the Chinese and Arabs used only human and animal force. Gimpel goes on to say: "This is convincing evidence of how technologically minded the Europeans of that era were. Paper had traveled nearly halfway around the world, but no culture or civilization on its route had tried to mechanize its manufacture."'
31:
706:
Donald Hill has found a reference in al-Biruni in the 11th century to stones "fixed to axles across running water, as in
Samarkand with the pounding of flax for paper," a possible exception to the rule. Hill finds the notice "too brief to enable us to say with certainty" that this was a water-powered
320:
An early attempt at a machine to mechanise the process was patented in 1799 by the
Frenchman Nicholas Louis Robert; it was not deemed a success. In 1801, however, the drawings were brought to England by John Gamble and passed on to brothers Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, who financed the engineer Bryan
383:
who oversaw the largest firm of paper millwrights in the US during that decade, designing mills on five continents. However, as 20th century progressed this diaspora moved further north and west in the United States, with access to greater pulp supplies and labor. At this time, there were many world
627:
Al-Hassan and Hill also use as evidence the statement by Robert Forbes in his multivolume
Studies in Ancient Technology that "in the tenth century floating mills were found on the Tigris near Baghdad." Though such captive mills were known to the Romans and were used in 12th-century France, Forbes
270:
quarter of XĂ tiva, though it appears to have been resented by sections of the local Muslim papermakering community; the document guarantees them the right to continue the way of traditional papermaking by beating the pulp manually and grants them the right to be exempted from work in the new mill.
1082:
In 1879 Mr. Ellsworth left the firm of Davis & Ellsworth to become principal assistant and head draftsman for D. H. & A. B. Tower, of
Holyoke, who were the largest firm of paper mill architects in the country at that time, and who designed no less than twenty paper mills in the city of
816:
Currently Oriol Valls i Subin't, director of the
History of Paper department of the Museos Municipales de Historia in the Instituto Municipal de Historia at Barcelona, has popularized a version of that thesis, in which Christian paper mills multiplied marvelously along the Catalan rivers "from
628:
offers no citation or evidence for this unlikely application to very early papermaking. The most erudite authority on the topography of medieval
Baghdad, George Makdisi, writes me that he has no recollection of such floating papermills or any papermills, which "I think I would have remembered."
415:
represented large paper manufacturing companies, like
Hammermill Paper Company, Honolulu Paper Company and Appleton Coated Paper Company to promote sales to the distributors of paper products. It was said to be the only business of its kind in the world, and was started in 1931 by Tompkins. It
798:
warily concludes that "it is assumed but not proved" that
Islamic XĂ tiva had hydraulic papermills, noting that the pertinent Arabic description was "a press." Since the "oldest" Catalan paper is physically the same as Islamic XĂ tiva's, he notes, their techniques "can be presumed to have been
460:
to produce a sheet of paper that can be used in diverse ways. Modern paper machines can be 150 metres (500 ft) in length, produce a sheet 10 metres (400 in) wide, and operate at speeds of more than 97 kilometres per hour (60 mph). The two main suppliers of paper machines are
423:" were conducted on local rivers to send the logs to the mills. By the late 20th and early 21st-century, paper mills began to close, and the log drives became a dying craft. Due to the addition of new machinery, many millworkers were laid off and many of the historic paper mills closed.
1214:
834:
Fabriano's claim rests on two charters - a gift of August 1276, and a sale of
November 1278, to the new Benedictine congregation of Silvestrine monks at Montefano. In each, a woman recluse-hermit gives to the monastery her enclosure or "prison" - Latin
127:. Their propensity to refer to any ancient paper manufacturing center as a "mill", without further specifying its exact power source, has increased the difficulty of identifying the particularly efficient and historically important water-powered type.
239:
documentation from the 1150s, which may imply Islamic origins, but that hard evidence is lacking. Burns, however, has dismissed the case for early Catalan water-powered paper mills, after re-examination of the evidence.
114:
Historical investigations into the origin of the paper mill are complicated by differing definitions and loose terminology from modern authors: Many modern scholars use the term to refer indiscriminately to all kinds of
1218:
556:!), relating these to the hydraulic wonders of Islamic society in the east and west. All our evidence points to non-hydraulic hand production, however, at springs away from rivers which it could pollute.
291:
The size of a paper mill prior to the use of industrial machines was described by counting the number of vats it had. Thus, a "one vat" paper mill had only one vatman, one coucher, and other laborers.
441:
Paper mills can be fully integrated mills or nonintegrated mills. Integrated mills consist of a pulp mill and a paper mill on the same site. Such mills receive logs or wood chips and produce paper.
166:
for paper". Since Ibn Battuta does not mention the use of water-power and such a number of water-mills would be grotesquely high, the passage is generally taken to refer to human or
799:
identical" - reasonable enough for Catalan paper before 1280. My recent conversations with Glick indicate that he now inclines to non-hydraulic Andalusi papermaking.
212:
refer to any. Arabic texts never use the term mill in connection with papermaking, and the most thorough account of Muslim papermaking at the time, the one by the
392:
run by William Wentworth Brown. During the year 1907, the Brown Company cut between 30 and 40 million acres of woodlands on their property, which extended from
1432:
1313:
Lucas, Adam Robert (2005), "Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe",
1452:: "Science and Civilisation in China", Chemistry and Chemical Technology (Vol. 5), Paper and Printing (Part 1), Cambridge University Press, 1985
1305:
1282:
2339:
2200:
1472:
1119:
196:
of 1493. Due to their noise and smell, papermills were required by medieval law to be erected some distance from the city walls.
1377:
Tschudin, Peter F. (1996), "Werkzeug und Handwerkstechnik in der mittelalterlichen Papierherstellung", in Lindgren, Uta (ed.),
1395:
Stromer, Wolfgang von (1960), "Das Handelshaus der Stromer von NĂŒrnberg und die Geschichte der ersten deutschen PapiermĂŒhle",
573:
European papermaking differed from its precursors in the mechanization of the process and in the application of water power.
150:
in 794â795. The evidence that waterpower was applied to papermaking at this time is a matter of scholarly debate. In the
953:
2185:
2180:
1386:
1256:
890:
775:
686:
85:, old rags, and other ingredients. Prior to the invention and adoption of the Fourdrinier machine and other types of
89:
that use an endless belt, all paper in a paper mill was made by hand, one sheet at a time, by specialized laborers.
2329:
2195:
2190:
1421:
1145:
1192:
288:. From the mid-14th century onwards, European paper milling underwent a rapid improvement of many work processes.
1499:
719:
Leor Halevi (2008), "Christian Impurity versus Economic Necessity: A Fifteenth-Century Fatwa on European Paper",
1663:
2324:
2114:
1462:
1408:
Stromer, Wolfgang von (1993), "GroĂe Innovationen der Papierfabrikation in SpĂ€tmittelalter und FrĂŒhneuzeit",
371:
and the rest of the world, due to the high demand for paper. The United States, with its infrastructure and
1765:
2061:
1982:
730:
35:
50:
1266:
2344:
1593:
1039:
The United States, the largest producing country, ranks fourth in the value of the exports of paper
1728:
2175:
2109:
2066:
1051:
1030:
315:
2303:
2089:
1123:
380:
376:
58:
1215:"Metso supplied SC paper machine line sets a new world speed record at Stora Enso Kvarnsveden"
1069:
1005:
876:
204:
did not uncover water-powered paper mills, nor do the Spanish books of property distribution (
178:
2008:
1733:
1618:
1096:
1037:. Vol. XLVII, no. 3. London: Marchant Singer & Co. March 15, 1909. p. 84.
759:
670:
478:
389:
221:
108:
103:
2119:
2334:
1877:
1350:
412:
20:
1422:"SchĂ€tze des Westerzgebirges und seines Umlandes - Zur kurzen Ăra des Tangentialschliffes"
8:
2212:
2038:
1492:
483:
322:
284:
255:
192:
24:
1354:
299:
The first reference to a paper mill in England was in a book printed by Wynken de Worde
1872:
1718:
1449:
1366:
1362:
1330:
983:
742:
721:
401:
217:
379:, which was the largest producer of paper in the world by 1885, and home to engineers
2240:
1785:
1628:
1519:
1382:
1334:
1299:
1276:
1252:
886:
843:
or paper mill! There is no papermaking in these documents, much less hydraulic mills.
771:
746:
682:
229:
1370:
186:
2265:
2124:
1962:
1770:
1740:
1533:
1468:
Paperweb.biz - Paper world directory and search engine for the pulp and paper world
1358:
1322:
734:
393:
375:, was the largest producer in the world. Chief among these in paper production was
98:
2275:
2159:
2144:
2099:
2018:
1972:
1942:
1882:
1867:
1708:
1648:
1598:
1546:
1541:
937:
872:
795:
552:
It has also become universal to talk of paper "mills" (even of 400 such mills at
488:
397:
321:
Donkin to construct the machine. Their first successful machine was installed at
251:
143:
116:
259:
243:
The identification of early hydraulic stamping mills in medieval documents from
2293:
2250:
1937:
1902:
1678:
1653:
1588:
1485:
1750:
738:
2318:
2139:
2129:
2046:
1932:
1922:
1892:
1857:
1820:
1755:
1723:
1688:
1171:
961:
436:
385:
349:
326:
279:
213:
86:
2255:
2154:
2071:
2028:
1927:
1837:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1745:
1713:
1693:
1668:
1326:
1244:
344:
190:
Stromer's paper mill, the building complex at the far right bottom, in the
1379:
EuropÀische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation
1249:
EuropÀische Technik im Mittelalter. 800 bis 1400. Tradition und Innovation
250:
Clear evidence of a water-powered paper mill dates to 1282 in the Iberian
135:
The use of human and animal powered mills was known to Muslim and Chinese
42:
2270:
2235:
2230:
2149:
1912:
1897:
1842:
1832:
1815:
1795:
1780:
1673:
1623:
1523:
929:
574:
368:
333:
209:
159:
136:
30:
1760:
2134:
2056:
2013:
1987:
1977:
1907:
1887:
1862:
1827:
1790:
1703:
1683:
457:
420:
353:
201:
167:
120:
2245:
2003:
1967:
1947:
1917:
1852:
1847:
1698:
882:
767:
678:
453:
432:
372:
357:
275:
236:
225:
224:
has identified a possible reference to a water-powered paper mill in
163:
124:
82:
62:
274:
The first permanent paper mill north of the Alps was established in
263:
2260:
2104:
2094:
2051:
1775:
244:
54:
46:
2023:
1568:
1562:
1243:
Burns, Robert I. (1996), "Paper comes to the West, 800â1400", in
602:
Indeed, Muslim authors in general call any "paper manufactory" a
405:
361:
267:
266:. This early hydraulic paper mill was operated by Muslims in the
262:", a proper hydraulic mill, in the paper manufacturing center of
151:
147:
74:
1341:
Thompson, Susan (1978), "Paper Manufacturing and Early Books",
445:
1957:
1952:
1658:
1508:
1381:(4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 423â428,
1251:(4th ed.), Berlin: Gebr. Mann Verlag, pp. 413â422,
466:
462:
456:
in an efficient and complex series of processes, and control
449:
78:
107:
A mid-19th century paper mill, the Forest Fibre Company, in
1467:
1431:(in German). No. 9. September 2016. pp. 612â616.
934:
Papermaking, the History and Technology of an Ancient Craft
878:
Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia
34:
International Paper Company's Kraft pulp and paper mill in
282:
in 1390; it is later depicted in the lavishly illustrated
1292:
Papermaking the History and Technique of an Ancient Craft
553:
155:
1477:
764:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
675:
A history of engineering in classical and medieval times
367:
By the early 20th century, paper mills sprang up around
182:
Dutch paper mill from 1654 in the Arnhem open-air museum
1397:
Vierteljahrschrift fĂŒr Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte
235:
Hill notes that paper mills appear in early Christian
53:. Pulp and paper manufacture involves a great deal of
839:; misread by Fabriano partisans as a form of Italian
758:
669:
506:
504:
384:
leaders of the production of paper; one such was the
855:
853:
851:
653:
651:
638:
636:
542:
540:
220:, describes the art purely in terms of a handcraft.
501:
306:; the mill, near Hertford, belonged to John Tate.
228:, in the 11th-century work of the Persian scholar
848:
648:
633:
561:
537:
130:
2316:
1074:Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers
1058:. Vol. II, no. 10. Chicago. July 1885.
38:. When built, this was the world's largest mill.
871:
416:prospered in spite of the business depression.
247:, Italy, is also completely without substance.
1473:List of paper mills on paper and print monthly
954:"History of Papermaking in the United Kingdom"
948:
946:
1493:
444:The modern paper mill uses large amounts of
943:
928:
718:
1555:
1500:
1486:
1343:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1304:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1281:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1463:List of International graphic paper mills
1098:History of the lumber industry of America
1094:
1376:
1340:
642:
567:
343:
316:Paper machine § Fourdrinier machine
258:addresses the establishment of a royal "
185:
177:
142:Scholars have identified paper mills in
102:
41:
29:
1407:
1394:
916:
905:
583:La Revolution Industrielle du Moyen Age
2317:
1289:
1268:Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries
1264:
173:
1481:
1312:
1242:
859:
828:
810:
789:
700:
657:
621:
596:
546:
531:
510:
2299:
2340:Industrial buildings and structures
200:An exhaustive survey of milling in
13:
1363:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1978.tb47791.x
522:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin 1985, pp. 68â73
426:
14:
2356:
1456:
1429:Wochenblatt fĂŒr Papierfabrikation
1095:Defebaugh, James Elliott (1907).
1035:The Paper Makers' Monthly Journal
254:. A decree by the Christian king
2298:
2289:
2288:
1172:"Paper Mill Closures of America"
1438:from the original on 2023-06-08
1207:
1185:
1164:
1138:
1112:
1088:
1062:
1044:
1023:
998:
976:
922:
910:
899:
865:
822:
804:
783:
752:
712:
694:
663:
339:
309:
294:
1120:"About Berlin: Berlin History"
615:
590:
525:
516:
131:Human and animal-powered mills
81:from vegetable fibres such as
1:
2115:Environmental impact of paper
300:
119:, whether powered by humans,
1006:"The cylinder mould machine"
581:(the English translation of
7:
1070:"Emory Alexander Ellsworth"
472:
23:. For academic papers, see
16:Factory that produces paper
10:
2363:
2062:Surface chemistry of paper
1565:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso TzÇ-yi)
1236:
731:Cambridge University Press
430:
313:
96:
92:
36:Georgetown, South Carolina
18:
2284:
2223:
2168:
2080:
2037:
1996:
1641:
1611:
1581:
1532:
1515:
1507:
1031:"The World's Paper Trade"
739:10.1017/S0038713400017073
51:Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario
1594:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
1080:(8): 480. October 1916.
1010:www.thepapertrail.org.uk
494:
2330:Pulp and paper industry
2110:Elemental chlorine free
2067:Units of paper quantity
381:D. H. & A. B. Tower
2090:Bleaching of wood pulp
1327:10.1353/tech.2005.0026
1315:Technology and Culture
1150:Honolulu Star-Bulletin
1146:"Monday, July 9, 1934"
845:
819:
801:
709:
630:
612:
587:
558:
377:Holyoke, Massachusetts
364:
197:
183:
111:
66:
59:preventive maintenance
39:
2009:Corrugated fiberboard
1766:Electrical insulation
1619:Thomas Francis Carter
1290:Hunter, Dard (1943),
1265:Hunter, Dard (1930),
832:
814:
793:
760:Donald Routledge Hill
704:
671:Donald Routledge Hill
625:
600:
571:
550:
479:Cutting stock problem
390:Berlin, New Hampshire
350:Tervakoski Paper Mill
347:
189:
181:
109:Berlin, New Hampshire
106:
45:
33:
19:For the theater, see
2325:Pulp and paper mills
1427:. Papiergeschichte.
986:. Apsley Paper Trail
984:"About the Archives"
579:The Medieval Machine
534:, p. 28, fn. 70
413:Nancy Baker Tompkins
210:Christian reconquest
21:Paper Mill Playhouse
1355:1978NYASA.314..167T
1126:on November 9, 2012
1052:"Eight Paper Towns"
681:, pp. 169â71,
484:List of paper mills
285:Nuremberg Chronicle
193:Nuremberg Chronicle
174:Water-powered mills
57:, which presents a
25:Academic paper mill
1450:Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin
1056:The Inland Printer
792:, pp. 414f.:
599:, pp. 414f.:
549:, pp. 414f.:
513:, pp. 414â417
365:
218:Al-Muizz ibn Badis
198:
184:
112:
77:devoted to making
67:
40:
2312:
2311:
1637:
1636:
1629:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
1607:
1606:
1577:
1576:
1520:Paper engineering
1410:Technikgeschichte
1195:. 16 October 2010
230:Abu Rayhan Biruni
49:of paper mill in
2352:
2302:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2276:Beverage cartons
2266:Watercolor paper
2125:Hollander beater
1609:
1608:
1579:
1578:
1553:
1552:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1426:
1417:
1404:
1391:
1373:
1337:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1261:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1217:. Archived from
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1122:. Archived from
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
991:
980:
974:
973:
971:
969:
960:. Archived from
950:
941:
940:
926:
920:
914:
908:
903:
897:
896:
869:
863:
862:, pp. 417f.
857:
846:
831:, pp. 416:
826:
820:
813:, pp. 415:
808:
802:
787:
781:
780:
756:
750:
749:
716:
710:
703:, pp. 414:
698:
692:
691:
667:
661:
660:, pp. 414f.
655:
646:
640:
631:
619:
613:
606:- not a "mill" (
594:
588:
565:
559:
544:
535:
529:
523:
520:
514:
508:
305:
302:
99:History of paper
2362:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2345:Arab inventions
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2280:
2219:
2164:
2160:Sulfite process
2145:Paper recycling
2100:Conical refiner
2082:
2076:
2033:
2019:Paper chemicals
1992:
1633:
1603:
1599:Charles Fenerty
1573:
1551:
1547:Missal of Silos
1542:Battle of Talas
1528:
1511:
1506:
1459:
1441:
1439:
1435:
1424:
1420:
1389:
1297:
1296:
1274:
1273:
1259:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1014:
1012:
1004:
1003:
999:
989:
987:
982:
981:
977:
967:
965:
958:www.baph.org.uk
952:
951:
944:
927:
923:
915:
911:
904:
900:
893:
885:. p. 385.
873:Thomas F. Glick
870:
866:
858:
849:
827:
823:
809:
805:
788:
784:
778:
770:, p. 171,
757:
753:
717:
713:
699:
695:
689:
668:
664:
656:
649:
641:
634:
620:
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429:
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252:Crown of Aragon
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162:speaks of "400
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2039:Specifications
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2016:
2011:
2006:
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1457:External links
1455:
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1349:(1): 167â176,
1338:
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964:on 8 June 2016
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1245:Lindgren, Uta
1241:
1240:
1221:on 2008-12-11
1220:
1216:
1210:
1194:
1193:"Urban Decay"
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688:0-415-15291-7
684:
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645:, p. 423
644:
643:Tschudin 1996
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568:Thompson 1978
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327:Hertfordshire
324:
323:Frogmore Mill
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280:Ulman Stromer
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48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
2241:Papier-mùché
2236:Paper towels
2207:
2155:Soda pulping
2072:Wet strength
1873:Photographic
1746:Cotton (rag)
1719:Construction
1440:. Retrieved
1428:
1413:
1409:
1400:
1396:
1378:
1346:
1342:
1318:
1314:
1291:
1267:
1248:
1223:. Retrieved
1219:the original
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1166:
1154:. Retrieved
1149:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:the original
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1097:
1090:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
978:
966:. Retrieved
962:the original
957:
933:
924:
917:Stromer 1993
912:
906:Stromer 1960
901:
877:
867:
840:
836:
833:
824:
815:
806:
796:Thomas Glick
794:
785:
763:
754:
733:: 917â945 ,
726:
720:
714:
705:
696:
674:
665:
626:
617:
607:
603:
601:
592:
582:
578:
572:
563:
551:
527:
518:
443:
440:
418:
410:
400:, Canada to
366:
340:20th century
331:
319:
310:19th century
298:
295:15th century
290:
283:
273:
249:
242:
234:
208:) after the
205:
199:
191:
168:animal force
141:
134:
113:
70:
68:
2335:Papermaking
2271:Paper money
2231:Lined paper
2150:Papermaking
2083:and process
2081:Manufacture
2057:Paper sizes
1786:Greaseproof
1771:GenkĆ yĆshi
1624:Dard Hunter
1556:Originators
1524:Papermaking
1321:(1): 1â30,
1015:6 September
968:6 September
930:Dard Hunter
919:, p. 1
707:triphammer.
575:Jean Gimpel
369:New England
334:Apsley Mill
332:In 1809 at
329:, in 1803.
304: 1495
222:Donald Hill
164:mill stones
160:Ibn Battuta
137:papermakers
2319:Categories
2208:Paper mill
2135:Organosolv
2014:Fiber crop
2004:China clay
1963:Waterproof
1863:Paperboard
1741:Correction
1734:Carbonless
1582:Developers
1442:2023-06-08
1294:, New York
1271:, New York
1225:2008-04-12
860:Burns 1996
829:Burns 1996
811:Burns 1996
790:Burns 1996
701:Burns 1996
658:Burns 1996
622:Burns 1996
597:Burns 1996
547:Burns 1996
532:Lucas 2005
511:Burns 1996
458:technology
421:Log drives
373:mill towns
354:Tervakoski
314:See also:
260:molendinum
202:Al-Andalus
121:by animals
97:See also:
71:paper mill
65:challenge.
2261:Notebooks
2246:Cardboard
2029:Wood pulp
1997:Materials
1973:Wood-free
1948:Wallpaper
1943:Tree-free
1883:Red rosin
1868:Parchment
1853:Onionskin
1848:Newsprint
1709:Cartridge
1704:Cardstock
1699:Cardboard
1649:Acid-free
1335:109564224
1156:21 August
883:Routledge
768:Routledge
747:159987048
679:Routledge
454:wood pulp
433:Pulp mill
402:West Palm
358:Janakkala
276:Nuremberg
256:Peter III
226:Samarkand
83:wood pulp
63:corrosion
2294:Category
2251:Clothing
2169:Industry
2105:Deinking
2095:Calender
2052:Grammage
1938:Transfer
1903:Security
1776:Glassine
1679:Blotting
1654:Air-laid
1612:Scholars
1433:Archived
1416:(1): 1â6
1403:: 81â104
1371:85153174
1300:citation
1277:citation
1199:April 5,
1177:April 5,
1130:April 5,
1104:April 5,
932:(1943),
875:(2014).
841:cartiera
762:(1996),
722:Speculum
673:(1996),
473:See also
394:La Tuque
245:Fabriano
154:city of
152:Moroccan
125:by water
55:humidity
47:Basement
2304:Commons
2256:Tissues
2047:Density
2024:Papyrus
1983:Writing
1933:Tracing
1923:Thermal
1898:Scritta
1893:Rolling
1858:Origami
1821:Butcher
1756:Display
1724:Contact
1689:Bristol
1664:Asphalt
1569:Damjing
1563:Cai Lun
1534:History
1351:Bibcode
1247:(ed.),
1237:Sources
990:3 March
604:wiraqah
406:Florida
362:Finland
268:Moorish
237:Catalan
216:Sultan
148:Baghdad
144:Abbasid
93:History
75:factory
2186:Europe
2181:Canada
1928:Tissue
1838:Manila
1811:Korean
1806:Ingres
1801:Inkjet
1714:Coated
1694:Carbon
1669:Banana
1385:
1369:
1333:
1255:
1152:. 1934
889:
837:carcer
774:
745:
685:
452:, and
446:energy
398:Quebec
264:XĂ tiva
2196:Japan
2191:India
1958:Wasli
1953:Washi
1913:Stone
1843:Mummy
1833:Lokta
1816:Kraft
1796:India
1781:Graph
1751:CrĂȘpe
1674:Bible
1659:Amate
1642:Types
1509:Paper
1436:(PDF)
1425:(PDF)
1367:S2CID
1331:S2CID
938:Knopf
743:S2CID
729:(4),
608:tahun
577:, in
495:Notes
467:Voith
463:Metso
450:water
214:Zirid
146:-era
117:mills
79:paper
73:is a
2224:Uses
2213:List
1988:Xuan
1978:Wove
1908:Seed
1888:Rice
1828:Laid
1791:Hemp
1729:Copy
1684:Bond
1383:ISBN
1306:link
1283:link
1253:ISBN
1201:2012
1179:2012
1158:2017
1132:2012
1106:2012
1017:2020
992:2024
970:2020
887:ISBN
772:ISBN
683:ISBN
465:and
435:and
348:The
61:and
1968:Wax
1918:Tar
1359:doi
1347:314
1323:doi
1078:III
735:doi
554:Fez
388:in
352:in
278:by
156:Fez
123:or
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1761:DĂł
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1019:.
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