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220:. It is 32 m (105 ft) in diameter, a little bit more than semicircular, with 11 rows of seats, cut into solid rock, and is presumed to be the council chamber for the meetings of the Ionian League. It dates from the 4th century BC, when the Ionian League and the Panionia were revived. Between the sanctuary and the council chamber is a large cave, although what if any cult function it may have had is unknown. Ancient sources mention sacrifices, but no temple, and none has been found.
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The
Panionion is a sacred ground in Mykale, facing north; it was set apart for Poseidon of Helicon by the joint will of the Ionians. Mykale is a western promontory of the mainland opposite Samos; the Ionians used to assemble there from their cities and keep the festival to which they gave the name of
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can still be seen, with an entrance from the west. In the central area can be seen evidence of a 17.5 by 4.25 m (57.4 by 13.9 ft) rectangular stone, presumed to be the altar of
Poseidon, dated from the end of the 6th century BC. At the foot of the hill, 50 m (160 ft) southwest of
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However, in 2004, the German archaeologist Hans
Lohmann, surveying the peninsula of Mt. Mycale, discovered another archaeological site high in the mountains, a settlement and an archaic temple (about mid 6th century BC) of the
118:, one of the twelve cities comprising the Ionian League. Priene was about 15 kilometres (9 mi) away, on the opposite side of Mt. Mycale. The Prienians managed the sanctuary and presided at the sacrifices and sacred rites.
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The approximate location of the
Panionium is given by several ancient writers. For example, Herodotus says it is on "Mycale facing north", and Strabo says it is "after the
232:. Lohmann assumes that this site, overlooking most of the Ionian region, has to be identified as the Panionion, if only because it agrees better with the written sources.
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437:) translated by W. H. S. Jones; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. (1918); Vol 2, Books III–V,
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369:, C. H. Oldfather (translator). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. Books XV.20–XVI.65
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writes that the
Ionians were forced to move the Panionia from the Panionium to Ephesus, because of war in the surrounding area. Under
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discovered a site at the end of the 19th century, and it was excavated in 1958 by
Kleiner, Hommel and
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A potential clue to the
Panionium's location was the discovery of an inscription in the area in 1673.
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rule, activities at the
Panionium were curtailed. Writing at the end of the 5th century BC,
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Wiegand's site has been for many years identified as the
Panionion. It was enclosed by a
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467:(Editors: Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald and Marian Holland McAllister) (1976)
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the games and festival were again held at the
Panionium, and continued to be so under
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Poseidon's head (identified by an inscription), detail from a scene representing
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416:, Ed. Gregory R. Crane, Perseus Digital Library Project. Tufts University.
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The Panionium was the site of the Ionian religious festival and games (
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above the sea". However, the exact location of the site was lost.
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says that the Ionians were then celebrating their festival at
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strait, near Mt. Mycale, as one sails to Ephesus…lying three
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rule, without however, regaining their previous importance.
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The sanctuary was under the control of the Ionian city of
395:(translator), Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1920;
515:. London, J. M. Dent; New York, E. P. Dutton. 1910.
182:. It is located 17 km (11 mi) south of
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461:The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites
89:, about 100 kilometres (62 mi) south of
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580:Archaeological sites in the Aegean Region
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81:Helikonios and the meeting place of the
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526:Press release of the 20. Oct. 2004
341:Press release of the 20. Oct. 2004
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445:; Vol 3, Books VI–VIII.21,
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590:Religion in ancient Ionia
585:History of Aydın Province
488:Vol. 4, Books 8–9
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190:, on the north slope of
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556:37.712747°N 27.234968°E
201:Theatre near Güzelçamlı
39:. Side B from an Attic
435:Loeb Classical Library
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46:, c. 550–530 BC. From
512:The Peloponnesian War
431:Description of Greece
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561:37.712747; 27.234968
522:University of Bochum
459:Stillwell, Richard,
410:Perseus Site Catalog
337:University of Bochum
605:Temples of Poseidon
552: /
421:Panionion und Melie
149:Alexander the Great
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131:(πανιώνια). Under
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323:; Diodorus
315:Pausanias,
250:Herodotus,
226:Ionic order
574:Categories
547:27°14′06″E
544:37°42′46″N
507:Thucydides
357:References
319:; Strabo
289:Diodorus,
192:Mt. Mycale
188:Güzelçamlı
137:Thucydides
87:Mt. Mycale
482:Geography
427:Pausanias
388:Histories
383:Herodotus
124:panegyris
110:Panionia.
103:Herodotus
75:sanctuary
70:) was an
68:Paniōnion
60:Panionium
529:Archived
344:Archived
302:Strabo,
263:Strabo,
184:Kuşadası
159:Location
145:Diodorus
129:Panionia
79:Poseidon
37:Poseidon
18:Panionia
304:14.1.20
213:courses
208:temenos
186:, near
141:Ephesus
133:Persian
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317:7.4.10
169:stadia
165:Samian
116:Priene
99:Turkey
91:Smyrna
72:Ionian
33:Athena
325:15.49
321:8.7.2
291:15.49
278:3.104
265:8.7.2
252:1.148
236:Notes
218:odeum
153:Roman
97:, in
95:İzmir
93:—now
48:Vulci
498:ISBN
490:ISBN
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371:ISBN
58:The
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