347:" and the Tuvaluan term "faka-Pālagi" still refer to the English language specifically, even though it is understood that many ethnic Europeans who are considered "palagi" do not speak English but rather German, French, Spanish, etc. While the term is generally applied to people of European ancestry as a means of differentiation or categorization, some feel the term is derogatory, especially when aimed pointedly toward half-caste Samoans or ethnic Samoans who were born and raised in western, metropolitan societies; "
158:
reaction to seeing for the first time, European missionaries enter the country. Their skin being a different color made them think they were men sent from the gates of heaven. Tcherkézoff (1999) argues that such an interpretation is a
European projection to explain Polynesian cosmology. Tent and Geraghty (2001) comment that the origin of the Western Polynesian
233:
The specific origin of this term remains uncertain. The term has gained widespread use throughout much of western
Polynesia including Tokelau, Tuvalu, 'Uvea and Futuna, etc., with the expansion of use of the term being though to have occurred in the 18th century when Tongans, and to lesser extent
157:
is disputed. An explanation that emerged in the 19th century is that word is derived from the
Polynesian root words "pa" (meaning: gates) and "lagi" (meaning: sky or heaven), hence the standard translation "gates of heaven" It has been suggested that the compound word comes from the Polynesian's
358:
Tcherkezoff (1999) comments, "Europeans are still called Papālagi in today's languages. In Samoan, it is an absolutely common everyday word, not in any way a metaphoric ceremonial expression used for special circumstances or used in derogatory/laudatory ways."
319:
culture in New
Zealand, this word has been adopted by other Pacific cultures. Its usage in New Zealand's Pacific Islander media such as television and radio is common, and it is often used by the mainstream media to describe non-Samoans of European descent.
355:" are commonly applied to ethnic Samoans and Tongans, respectively, who are viewed as favoring the "white man's" lifestyle or culture in lieu of traditional Polynesian modes of speech, dress, housing, interpersonal relations, etc.
234:
Samoans, regularly interacted with white sailors, beachcombers, convicts, missionaries, and whalers who clearly delineated ethnoracial boundaries between themselves (papalagi/papalangi) and the
Polynesians they encountered.
193:, suggest that the word may have its origins in the travels of the Polynesians themselves. They believe that the Polynesian islanders may have encountered Malay travellers prior to contact with Europeans, and adopted the
186:
182:
201:(meaning: imported cloth). These researchers also suggest another possible etymology – the Malay word for European, as used in the 17th and 18th centuries, was
70:
describing non-Samoans, usually white foreigners of
European or American descent. In Samoa the term is used to describe foreigners. The word is both a
413:
Tcherkezoff, Serge, 1999. "Who said the 17th–18th centuries paplagi/'Europeans' were 'sky-bursters'? A Eurocentric projection onto
Polynesia",
814:
1278:
1273:
171:
1268:
1258:
618:
1263:
646:
807:
107:
768:
Who Said the 17th–18th
Centuries Paplagi/"Europeans" Were "Sky-Bursters"? A Eurocentric Projection onto Polynesia
20:
586:
671:
800:
238:
792:
242:
327:, but it is not restricted in referring to white people within Pacific-island surroundings. As with
457:
Tent, Jan and Paul
Geraghty, Paul, 2001, "Exploding sky or exploded myth? The origin of Papalagi",
230:, with Cook's transcription being "Towacka no papalangie" and his translation as "cloth ships".
623:
595:
211:
seems to have originally referred to cloth; only later was the word transferred to the people.
990:
368:
175:
91:
8:
1048:
970:
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699:
1065:
1038:
252:
1185:
377:
1195:
939:
477:, vol.3. The Voyage of the Resolution and the Discovery 1776–1780. Cambridge p. 178.
387:
1236:
1226:
1144:
1134:
1114:
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1018:
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572:
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316:
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and has gained widespread use throughout much of western
Polynesia, including in
67:
1124:
1110:
929:
891:
194:
1252:
1104:
984:
905:
857:
843:
323:
The term is now also used in New Zealand in a similar way to the Māori term
219:
24:
271:
in which appears "The last native girl who occupied the proud position of
1191:
1150:
966:
759:
Culture Contact in the Pacific: Essays on Contact, Encounter and Response
383:
328:
324:
178:
255:
after having worked and travelled in the Pacific from 1869 to 1885 uses
1034:
58:
culture of uncertain etymology, sometimes used to describe foreigners.
822:
203:
1100:
1028:
935:
915:
275:(the white man's wife) was a native of the island of Maraki"; Samoa,
79:
1171:
103:
38:
741:
The Apotheosis of Captain Cook: European Mythmaking in the Pacific
1222:
1140:
960:
887:
871:
867:
849:
300:
95:
87:
723:
European-Polynesian Encounters: A Critique of the Pearson Thesis
1232:
1130:
1024:
976:
956:
925:
901:
877:
839:
260:
99:
714:
Mythopraxis and History: On the Interpretation of the Makahiki
488:
A Narrative of Missionary Enterprises in the South Sea Islands
475:
The Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery
249:, in 1830, referring to the great powers of the "papalangis".
1181:
1120:
1044:
1014:
994:
897:
373:
246:
227:
55:
998:
712:
Bergendorf, Steen; Hasager, Ulla; Henriques, Peter (1988),
190:
71:
711:
700:
Lingua Franca: Tent and Geraghty's research into Papalangi
1075:
1004:
339:
to whites of British derivation. Today, the Samoan term "
752:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 45–56
777:
Exploding Sky or Exploded Myth? The Origin of Papalagi
750:
Being Discovered: Perceptions and Control of Strangers
428:
Old Samoa or Flotsam and Jetsam from the Pacific Ocean
207:. However, they discount this possibility as the word
779:, Journal of the Polynesian Society, pp. 171–214
770:, Journal of the Polynesian Society, pp. 417–425
725:, Journal of the Polynesian Society, pp. 222–231
716:, Journal of the Polynesian Society, pp. 391–408
259:
to mean a white person in stories set in what is now
86:
house (non-traditional Samoan house). The word is a
610:
584:
578:
148:
19:"Palangi" redirects here. For places in Iran, see
1250:
783:
616:
16:Term in Samoan culture to describe foreigners.
808:
774:
743:, Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press
163:
132:
126:
120:
114:
61:
765:
738:
815:
801:
441:Samoa: A Hundred Years Ago and Long Before
619:"Cricket: At home, a long way from Samoa"
756:
720:
331:, Samoans and Tongans initially applied
187:Institute of Fijian Language and Culture
23:. For the book by Erich Scheurmann, see
761:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
747:
729:
287:(white gentleman)" and "this wandering
1251:
669:
647:"Tongans work to maintain identity..."
571:Readbookonline.org, entry 22489, web:
558:Readbookonline.org, entry 22419, web:
545:Readbookonline.org, entry 22425, web:
532:Readbookonline.org, entry 22423, web:
519:Readbookonline.org, entry 22486, web:
515:
513:
430:, Oxford: The Religious Tract Society.
37:
796:
784:Tuiteleleapaga, Napoleone A. (1980),
786:Samoa: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
644:
565:
552:
539:
453:
451:
449:
409:
407:
405:
403:
526:
510:
13:
775:Tent, Jan; Geraghty, Paul (2001),
705:
591:: Niu Sila at Glen Eden Playhouse"
585:Simei-Barton, Paul (16 May 2008).
507:(1896) London: T. Fisher Unwin Ltd
14:
1290:
1279:Samoan people of European descent
1274:Tongan people of European descent
693:
459:Journal of the Polynesian Society
446:
415:Journal of the Polynesian Society
400:
293:The Best Asset in a Fool’s Estate
168:remains a matter of speculation.
1269:European diaspora in New Zealand
788:, New York: Todd & Honeywell
670:Watkin, Tim (22 February 2002).
663:
638:
315:Largely because of the growing
310:
214:
149:Use, meaning and origin of term
827:and people of European descent
739:Obeyesekere, Gananath (1992),
645:Khan, Lubna (9 October 1999).
617:Cleaver, Dylan (18 May 2008).
493:
480:
464:
433:
420:
226:" (the boats of Papalangi) in
1:
393:
386:, the equivalent term in the
7:
1259:Ethno-cultural designations
766:Tcherkezoff, Serge (1999),
490:, London: John Snow p. 282.
362:
10:
1295:
757:Quanchi, Max; Adams, Ron,
265:The Rangers of the Tia Kua
153:The etymology of the term
18:
1215:
1164:
1093:
1058:
949:
832:
732:The Death of Captain Cook
721:Campbell, Ian C. (1994),
243:London Missionary Society
185:, former director of the
1264:Samoan words and phrases
78:(European person) or an
730:Kennedy, Gavin (1978),
426:Stair, John B., n.d. .
299:(poor white)”; and the
295:in which appears "the
277:A Basket of Bread-Fruit
269:Kennedy the Boatsteerer
1125:Etymology undetermined
672:"Between two cultures"
624:The New Zealand Herald
596:The New Zealand Herald
505:The Ebbing of the Tide
486:Williams, John, 1841.
461:, 110, No. 2: 171–214.
439:Turner, George, 1884.
245:, records a speech in
224:ko e vaka no papalangi
222:noted the expression "
164:
133:
127:
121:
115:
62:
748:Quanchi, Max (1993),
39:[/'pɑːlʌŋiː/]
443:, London: Macmillan.
369:Europeans in Oceania
343:", the Tongan term "
273:Te avaga te papalagi
176:Macquarie University
137:in Tongan, the term
92:Polynesian languages
734:, London: Duckworth
305:Challis the Doubter
417:, 108, 4: 417–425.
341:gagana fa'a Palagi
337:papalagi/papalangi
283:in which appears "
281:At a Kava-Drinking
1246:
1245:
376:, the equivalent
165:Vāvālagi~Pāpālagi
66:is a word in the
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471:Beaglehole, J.C.
468:
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424:
418:
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317:Pacific Islander
291:(beachcomber)",
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141:is also used in
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65:
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345:lea fakapālangi
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297:papalagi mativa
237:The missionary
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162:and the Fijian
160:Papālagi~Pālagi
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125:in Samoan, and
68:Samoan language
63:Papālagi~Pālagi
54:) is a term in
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21:Palangi, Iran
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679:. Retrieved
675:
665:
653:. Retrieved
650:Deseret News
649:
640:
630:12 September
628:. Retrieved
622:
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602:12 September
600:. Retrieved
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220:Captain Cook
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33:(pronounced
30:
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25:The Papalagi
503:(1894) and
353:fie palangi
253:Louis Becke
1253:Categories
1049:Indonesian
1035:Mat Salleh
971:Indonesian
823:Terms for
394:References
349:fia palagi
181:, and Dr.
1039:Malaysian
1029:Cantonese
936:Zoreilles
916:Pied-noir
825:Europeans
676:NZ Herald
241:, of the
128:Papālangi
90:in other
80:adjective
1186:Hawaiian
1172:Caldoche
1151:Wasi'chu
1019:Mandarin
681:16 April
655:16 April
473:, 1961.
378:Hawaiian
363:See also
257:papalagi
204:faranggi
179:linguist
172:Jan Tent
122:Papālagi
113:Written
76:a Palagi
48:papalagi
44:singular
1237:Spanish
1227:Spanish
1223:Gabacho
1165:Oceania
1145:English
1141:Redneck
1135:English
1115:English
1111:Cracker
1084:Yiddish
981:Persian
961:Hokkien
888:Oburoni
882:Swahili
872:Lingala
868:Mondele
850:Mbakara
351:" and "
301:Tokelau
209:palangi
134:Pālangi
96:Tokelau
88:cognate
1233:Gringo
1206:Samoan
1202:Palagi
1192:Pākehā
1176:French
1155:Lakota
1131:Redleg
1080:Hebrew
1070:Romani
1059:Europe
1025:Gweilo
1009:Hebrew
977:Farang
957:Ang mo
926:Toubab
920:French
910:Yoruba
902:Oyinbo
878:Mzungu
862:Ibibio
854:Anaang
840:Buckra
833:Africa
589:Review
573:ROL489
560:ROL419
547:ROL425
534:ROL423
521:ROL486
384:Pākehā
329:Pākehā
325:Pākehā
261:Tuvalu
199:barang
155:Palagi
143:Niuean
139:Pālagi
116:Pālagi
108:Futuna
100:Tuvalu
84:Palagi
56:Samoan
52:plural
31:Palagi
1196:Māori
1182:Haole
1121:Honky
1066:Gadjo
1045:Totok
1015:Guizi
995:Hindi
930:Wolof
898:Oyibo
374:Haole
247:Samoa
228:Tonga
197:word
195:Malay
104:'Uvea
82:e.g.
74:e.g.
46:) or
1105:Igbo
1101:Béké
999:Urdu
991:Gora
985:Thai
967:Bule
950:Asia
906:Igbo
892:Akan
858:Efik
844:Efik
683:2019
657:2019
632:2011
604:2011
380:term
335:and
191:Suva
174:, a
106:and
72:noun
35:IPA:
1076:Goy
1005:Goy
908:)/(
860:)/(
856:)/(
189:in
131:or
119:or
1255::
1082:,
674:.
621:.
593:.
512:^
448:^
402:^
307:.
303:,
279:,
267:,
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145:.
110:.
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50:(
27:.
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