Knowledge

George Lewis Becke

Source 📝

314: 1264: 1214: 1283: 129:; 18 June 1855 – 18 February 1913) was at the turn of the nineteenth century, the most prolific, significant, and internationally renowned Australian-born writer of the South Pacific region. Having lived and worked among Pacific Islands and Islanders as a trader, ship's supercargo, and villager for some two decades, learning languages and observing natural and cultural life, Becke was prompted by J F Archibald of 149:, son of Frederick Becke, Clerk of Petty Sessions and his wife Caroline Matilda, née Beilby. Both parents were born in England. The ninth of twelve children, the young Becke found walking the coastal headlands and beaches of his region, often in the company of local Australian Aboriginal people, along with sailing the local waters, much more interesting than formal schooling. However, the family moved to 35: 512:, "who taught me the secrets of condensation and simplicity of language" Once having learned this, Becke had a wealth of experience to draw upon and, though there was inevitably some monotony of theme, he wrote a very large number of stories that can still be read with interest, and show him to have been a writer of considerable ability. 380:
On 9 June 1896 he left Sydney for London with Nora Lois and Miss Fanny Sabrina Long. Becke and Fanny Long had 2 daughters, Alrema (born 30 October 1897) and Niya (born 27 September 1898). Bessie obtained a divorce on the grounds of desertion on 29 October 1903.
526:
going through seven reprints between 1894 and 1924. Almost all of Becke's works were published in America by J. B. Lippincott of Philadelphia. Becke was criticised by some reviewers for lapses in grammar and taste.
463:
who advanced him the sum of £200, and he remained in Europe for around 15 years, during which time a large number of collections of short stories and a few novels and stories for boys were published.
341:. However these stories must be read with caution as the line between fact and fiction-writing is unclear. Becke's experiences in the Pacific provided most of the material for Becke's stories. 160:
In 1869, Becke travelled to San Francisco with his brother William Vernon and was away for nineteen months. At 16 years of age, Becke was a stowaway on a ship bound for
366:, Becke wrote to Browne protesting at the use of his manuscript without any significant change, and without attribution of Becke's contribution of the manuscript. 168:
he took a job as a book-keeper in the store of Mrs Mary Mcfarlane which he held until some time after December 1872. Under orders of Mrs Mcfarlane, Becke sailed a
493:
Becke was in Sydney again in the middle of 1909 and died of cancer there on 18 February 1913, working up until his death. About 30 of Becke's books are listed in
133:
to write down his experiences, eventually becoming a popular and respected author of short stories, novellas, novels, as well as historic and ethnographic works.
1424: 1414: 1454: 466:
Becke was fairly paid by the magazines for his stories, but his books were always sold outright and never on a royalty basis, he was not a wealthy man.
1429: 1419: 1369: 1131:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. The pioneering biography, including the first complete bibliography of his writings and criticism of his works. 1374: 1359: 1354: 1389: 1384: 1394: 432: 1449: 1364: 1161: 1140: 504:
Becke had said that any literary success he had achieved was due entirely to the training received from the editor of
501:
with six other volumes written in collaboration with Walter J. Jeffrey. He was survived by his wife and a daughter.
373:
late in 1885 and on 10 February 1886 married Mary Elizabeth (Bessie) Maunsell, the daughter of Colonel Maunsell, of
1328: 1317: 1306: 396: 1249: 581: 1181: 939: 1379: 1001: 531:
was unfavourably received in America because of its subject matter; J. B. Lippincott also refused to publish
1404: 1434: 1409: 1259: 1175: 1156: 1399: 1145: 1444: 1191: 1218: 349: 154: 448:, a novelette, was published in Australia in 1895; followed by a further collection of stories, 1197: 482: 213: 209: 1439: 313: 243:, where he married Nelea Tikena. The stories that Louis Becke set in the Ellice Islands are: 1245: 344:
Becke's earliest writing on Hayes was published, without attribution to Becke, in the novel
1349: 1344: 1166: 411: 8: 924: 204:
rescued Becke and the others. Becke was later arrested for piracy, but was acquitted in
1226: 358: 201: 1135: 196:, until the ship was wrecked on 15 March 1874 during a storm while in Lele harbour at 1240: 403: 912:
The Lives and Times of Resident Traders in Tuvalu: An Exercise in History from Below
1324: 1313: 1302: 1268: 896:
James A. Mitchener & A. Grove Day (1957). "Louis Beck, Adventurer and writer".
494: 299: 295: 1230: 509: 474: 470: 456: 427: 370: 287: 275: 146: 82: 59: 1236: 1174: 362:
and paid Becke for his recollections of "Bully" Hayes. Following publication of
212:, was employed at Ravenswood station and from 1878–79 worked as a bank clerk in 1190: 1152: 374: 291: 224: 142: 55: 402:
He died on 18 February 1913 at the Hotel York in Sydney and was buried in the
302:
acquiring a knowledge of the customs and beliefs of the islanders and meeting
1338: 478: 423: 267:
to escape with a woman betrothed to a Niutaon chief, which ends in tragedy.
1255: 407: 307: 185: 150: 1288: 455:
Becke went to London about the beginning of 1896, helped by Archibald and
322: 279: 271: 181: 94: 1095: 698:
The Settlers of Karossa Creek and Other Stories of Australian Bush Life
440:
appearing in the edition of 6 May 1893. A collection of these stories,
189: 177: 895: 353: 256: 240: 232: 1277: 1273: 385: 205: 98: 1213: 469:
His writings were of variable quality, but have been compared to
252: 236: 231:) working with the Liverpool firm of John S. de Wolf and Co. on 925:"The Strange Adventures of James Shervinton: And Other Stories" 303: 286:
by November 1882. For the next ten years Becke moved about the
283: 264: 235:, until the trading-station was destroyed later that year in a 228: 197: 78: 34: 169: 161: 1151: 680:
The Strange Adventure of James Shervinton and Other Stories
389: 165: 422:
In January 1892 Becke returned to Sydney and persuaded by
392:; then in 1909 the family travelled to Sydney, Australia. 251:
that describes a shark attack at the Tia Kau reef between
870:
Reminiscences - Alfred Restieaux Part 2 (Pacific Islands)
192:
on 17 January 1874. Becke remained as a passenger on the
1106:(36 (3 September 1958)), Sydney: ABC, nla.obj-1447170477 1027:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. pp. 15 & 132–146. 656:
By Rock and Pool, On an Austral Shore, and Other Stories
377:. On 9 November 1888 his daughter, Nora Lois, was born. 967:
A. Grove Day (1967). "Bully Hayes and His Supercargo".
940:"Bully Hayes - Pacific pirate : truth or fiction?" 872:. National Library of New Zealand, MS-Papers-0061-079A. 1309:, A 1372/vols. 1-2 , A 1373 , A 1374 , A 1391 , A 1807 786:
Admiral Phillip : The Founding of New South Wales
538:
His life was the subject of a 1958 ABC radio feature
1051:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. pp. 16 & 146. 278:
caused him to lose all he had; Becke then worked in
710:
The Pearl Divers of Roncador Reef and Other Stories
395:On 7 September 1910 he was elected a member of the 339:
The Wreck Of The Leonora: A Memory Of "Bully" Hayes
153:, Sydney in 1867 and Becke was further educated at 522:received both good reviews and strong sales; with 1080:A. Grove Day (1967). "Adventures in Assessment". 1062:A. Grove Day (1967). "Adventures in Assessment". 1336: 1002:"Louis Becke, the bulletin and by reef and palm" 1084:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. pp. 138–139. 1066:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. pp. 132–136. 971:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. pp. 100–103. 723:Bully Hayes : Buccaneer, and Other Stories 632:The Ebbing of the Tide : South Sea Stories 904: 239:. In February 1881 he opened his own store in 999: 356:'Rolf Boldrewood'. Browne was the author of 220:is set in a mining camp in North Queensland. 157:, although he still preferred to go fishing. 1079: 1061: 1046: 1022: 984: 966: 845: 1425:20th-century Australian short story writers 1415:19th-century Australian short story writers 1455:People educated at Fort Street High School 619: 575:Tom Wallis : A Tale of the South Seas 569:The Mutineer: A Romance of Pitcairn Island 542:where the author was played by Bob Moore. 533:The Mutineer: A Romance of Pitcairn Island 327:The Strange Adventures of James Shervinton 33: 989:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. p. 40. 891: 889: 887: 885: 883: 881: 879: 263:that describes an attempt by a trader on 208:at age 19. Then he tried his luck at the 644:Rodman the Boatsteerer and Other Stories 312: 1136:Becke, George Lewis (Louis) (1855–1913) 1075: 1073: 863: 861: 859: 857: 662:Yorke the Adventurer, and Other Stories 488: 223:From about April 1880 Becke was in the 1337: 1289:Bibliographic details of Becke's works 980: 978: 962: 960: 937: 876: 841: 839: 837: 835: 833: 831: 829: 827: 867: 825: 823: 821: 819: 817: 815: 813: 811: 809: 807: 247:that describes a fishing expedition, 1430:20th-century Australian male writers 1420:19th-century Australian male writers 1370:Australian people of English descent 1295: 1265:Works by or about George Lewis Becke 1070: 1055: 1040: 1016: 854: 741: 444:, was published in England in 1894; 1375:Australian male short story writers 975: 957: 938:Miller, Simon (12 September 2013). 557:The Mystery of the Laughlin Islands 310:that Becke later used his stories. 13: 1323:Louis Becke (George Louis Becke), 1312:Louis Becke (George Louis Becke), 1301:Louis Becke (George Louis Becke), 1162:Dictionary of Australian Biography 1141:Australian Dictionary of Biography 1121: 804: 417: 384:In 1908 he and his family went to 14: 1466: 1360:20th-century Australian novelists 1355:19th-century Australian novelists 1206: 993: 914:, (1987) 10(2) Pacific Studies 73 650:Ridan the Devil and Other Stories 1390:Colony of New South Wales people 1329:State Library of New South Wales 1318:State Library of New South Wales 1307:State Library of New South Wales 1281: 1212: 794:with Walter James Jeffrey (1899) 788:with Walter James Jeffrey (1899) 760: 686:Chinkie's Flat and Other Stories 676:with Walter James Jeffrey (1901) 571:with Walter James Jeffrey (1898) 565:with Walter James Jeffrey (1896) 397:Royal Society of New South Wales 1385:19th-century Australian writers 1088: 1031: 792:The Naval Pioneers of Australia 750:with William Derrincourt (1891) 582:Edward Barry: South Sea Pearler 545: 452:, which was published in 1896. 430:began to contribute stories to 348:(1894), which was published by 1182:New International Encyclopedia 931: 917: 779: 607:The Adventures of a Supercargo 1: 850:. Melbourne: Hill of Content. 798: 613:The Adventures of Louis Blake 270:Later in 1881 a shipwreck on 136: 1395:Writers from New South Wales 245:The Fisher Folk of Nukufetau 200:. It was seven months until 7: 1280:(public domain audiobooks) 1274:Works by George Lewis Becke 1260:Project Gutenberg Australia 1192:"Becke, George Lewis"  1176:"Becke, George Louis"  944:State Library Of Queensland 767:Notes From My South Sea Log 668:Tessa and the Trader's Wife 317:George Lewis Becke, c. 1900 10: 1471: 1450:People from Port Macquarie 1146:Melbourne University Press 754:Wild Life in Southern Seas 436:, the first of which was ' 249:The Rangers of the Tia Kau 1365:Australian male novelists 729:Tales from the South Seas 550: 112: 104: 90: 67: 41: 32: 25: 335:Concerning "Bully" Hayes 1231:Louis Becke (1859–1913) 900:. Secker & Warburg. 620:Short story collections 540:Becke Of The South Seas 350:Thomas Alexander Browne 261:Kennedy the Boatsteerer 218:Nell of Mulliner's Camp 155:Fort Street High School 1198:Encyclopedia Americana 1127:Day, A. Grove (1967). 1037:Bulletin, 27 Feb 1913. 1000:Tiffin, Chris (2012). 704:Sketches from Normandy 589:Breachley, Black Sheep 483:Robert Louis Stevenson 450:The Ebbing of the Tide 406:near to the graves of 318: 214:Townsville, Queensland 1167:Angus & Robertson 1157:"Becke, George Lewis" 1047:A. Grove Day (1967). 1023:A. Grove Day (1967). 985:A. Grove Day (1967). 846:A. Grove Day (1967). 773:The Call of the South 499:Australian Literature 331:Captain "Bully" Hayes 316: 210:Palmer River goldrush 182:William "Bully" Hayes 1380:Expatriates in Samoa 1256:Works by Louis Becke 1246:Works by Louis Becke 1237:Works by Louis Becke 927:. T. F. Unwin. 1902. 735:South Sea Supercargo 674:The Tapu of Banderah 563:A First Fleet Family 489:Late life and legacy 1405:History of Kiribati 1148:, 1979, pp 238–239. 898:Rascals in Paradise 868:Restieaux, Alfred. 717:Neath Austral Skies 388:, New Zealand, via 329:and other stories: 188:. Beck arrived at 1435:Australian sailors 1410:Oceania in fiction 1227:Dirk HR Spennemann 692:Under Tropic Skies 520:Ebbing of the Tide 369:Becke returned to 364:A Modern Buccaneer 359:Robbery Under Arms 346:A Modern Buccaneer 321:Becke wrote about 319: 141:Becke was born at 123:George Lewis Becke 116:Nora, Niya, Alrema 27:George Lewis Becke 1400:History of Tuvalu 1296:Archival holdings 1241:Project Gutenberg 1217:The full text of 1114:– via Trove 742:Prose collections 404:Waverley Cemetery 180:to deliver it to 120: 119: 108:Fanny Sabina Long 16:Australian author 1462: 1445:Maritime writers 1325:Papers 1881-1912 1314:Papers 1880-1913 1303:Papers 1880-1905 1285: 1284: 1269:Internet Archive 1220:By Reef and Palm 1216: 1202: 1194: 1186: 1178: 1170: 1134:Sally O'Neill, ' 1116: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1077: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1053: 1052: 1044: 1038: 1035: 1029: 1028: 1020: 1014: 1013: 997: 991: 990: 982: 973: 972: 964: 955: 954: 952: 950: 935: 929: 928: 921: 915: 908: 902: 901: 893: 874: 873: 865: 852: 851: 843: 748:Old Convict Days 626:By Reef and Palm 524:By Reef and Palm 516:By Reef and Palm 495:E. Morris Miller 442:By Reef and Palm 438:Tis in the Blood 300:Marshall Islands 296:Caroline Islands 184:, the notorious 74: 71:18 February 1913 51: 49: 37: 23: 22: 1470: 1469: 1465: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1335: 1334: 1298: 1282: 1209: 1189: 1173: 1153:Serle, Percival 1124: 1122:Further reading 1119: 1109: 1107: 1094: 1093: 1089: 1078: 1071: 1060: 1056: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1021: 1017: 998: 994: 983: 976: 965: 958: 948: 946: 936: 932: 923: 922: 918: 909: 905: 894: 877: 866: 855: 844: 805: 801: 782: 763: 744: 622: 553: 548: 529:His Native Wife 510:J. F. Archibald 491: 475:Herman Melville 471:Rudyard Kipling 457:William Macleod 446:His Native Wife 428:J. F. Archibald 420: 418:Literary career 371:New South Wales 288:Gilbert Islands 276:Gilbert Islands 147:New South Wales 139: 86: 83:New South Wales 76: 72: 63: 60:New South Wales 53: 47: 45: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1468: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1352: 1347: 1333: 1332: 1321: 1310: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1286: 1271: 1262: 1253: 1243: 1234: 1233:. A biography. 1224: 1208: 1207:External links 1205: 1204: 1203: 1187: 1171: 1149: 1132: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1087: 1069: 1054: 1039: 1030: 1015: 992: 974: 956: 930: 916: 903: 875: 853: 802: 800: 797: 796: 795: 789: 781: 778: 777: 776: 770: 762: 759: 758: 757: 751: 743: 740: 739: 738: 732: 726: 720: 713: 707: 701: 695: 689: 683: 677: 671: 665: 659: 653: 647: 641: 635: 629: 621: 618: 617: 616: 610: 604: 598: 592: 586: 578: 572: 566: 560: 552: 549: 547: 544: 490: 487: 419: 416: 375:Port Macquarie 292:Ellice Islands 225:Ellice Islands 143:Port Macquarie 138: 135: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 92: 91:Known for 88: 87: 77: 75:(aged 57) 69: 65: 64: 56:Port Macquarie 54: 43: 39: 38: 30: 29: 26: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1467: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1366: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1299: 1290: 1287: 1279: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1223:at Wikisource 1222: 1221: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1200: 1199: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1183: 1177: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1083: 1076: 1074: 1065: 1058: 1050: 1043: 1034: 1026: 1019: 1012:(2): 163–169. 1011: 1007: 1003: 996: 988: 981: 979: 970: 963: 961: 945: 941: 934: 926: 920: 913: 907: 899: 892: 890: 888: 886: 884: 882: 880: 871: 864: 862: 860: 858: 849: 842: 840: 838: 836: 834: 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 808: 803: 793: 790: 787: 784: 783: 774: 771: 768: 765: 764: 761:Autobiography 755: 752: 749: 746: 745: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 714: 711: 708: 705: 702: 699: 696: 693: 690: 687: 684: 681: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 638:Pacific Tales 636: 633: 630: 627: 624: 623: 614: 611: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 583: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 554: 543: 541: 536: 534: 530: 525: 521: 517: 513: 511: 507: 502: 500: 496: 486: 484: 480: 479:Joseph Conrad 476: 472: 467: 464: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 429: 425: 424:Ernest Favenc 415: 413: 412:Henry Kendall 409: 405: 400: 398: 393: 391: 387: 382: 378: 376: 372: 367: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 315: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 268: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174:E.A. Williams 171: 167: 163: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 134: 132: 128: 124: 115: 111: 107: 103: 100: 96: 93: 89: 84: 80: 70: 66: 61: 57: 44: 40: 36: 31: 24: 21: 19: 1440:Beachcombers 1219: 1196: 1180: 1160: 1144:, Volume 7, 1139: 1128: 1108:, retrieved 1103: 1099: 1090: 1081: 1063: 1057: 1048: 1042: 1033: 1024: 1018: 1009: 1005: 995: 986: 968: 949:18 September 947:. Retrieved 943: 933: 919: 911: 910:Doug Munro, 906: 897: 869: 847: 791: 785: 772: 766: 753: 747: 734: 728: 722: 716: 709: 703: 697: 691: 685: 679: 673: 667: 661: 655: 649: 643: 637: 631: 625: 612: 606: 600: 594: 588: 580: 574: 568: 562: 556: 546:Bibliography 539: 537: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 514: 506:The Bulletin 505: 503: 498: 492: 468: 465: 461:The Bulletin 460: 454: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433:The Bulletin 431: 421: 408:Henry Lawson 401: 394: 383: 379: 368: 363: 357: 345: 343: 338: 334: 330: 326: 320: 308:beachcombers 306:traders and 269: 260: 248: 244: 222: 217: 216:. The story 193: 173: 159: 151:Hunters Hill 140: 131:The Bulletin 130: 126: 122: 121: 73:(1913-02-18) 52:18 June 1855 20: 18: 1350:1913 deaths 1345:1855 births 1320:, MLMSS 248 1129:Louis Becke 1082:Louis Becke 1064:Louis Becke 1049:Louis Becke 1025:Louis Becke 987:Louis Becke 969:Louis Becke 848:Louis Becke 780:Non-fiction 601:Tom Gerrard 595:Helen Adair 323:Bully Hayes 282:and was in 280:New Britain 272:Beru Island 202:HMS Rosario 186:blackbirder 127:Louis Becke 97:writer and 95:short story 85:, Australia 62:, Australia 1339:Categories 1331:, Safe 1/8 1250:Faded Page 1165:. Sydney: 1100:ABC Weekly 1096:"No title" 799:References 352:under the 190:Mili Atoll 178:Mili Atoll 137:Early life 48:1855-06-18 354:pseudonym 257:Nanumanga 241:Nukufetau 233:Nanumanga 1278:LibriVox 1252:(Canada) 1229:(2000). 1155:(1949). 1110:16 March 1006:Kunapipi 386:Auckland 206:Brisbane 113:Children 99:novelist 1267:at the 1201:. 1920. 1185:. 1905. 274:in the 253:Nanumea 237:cyclone 194:Leonora 775:(1908) 769:(1905) 756:(1897) 737:(1967) 731:(1929) 725:(1914) 719:(1909) 712:(1908) 706:(1906) 700:(1906) 694:(1904) 688:(1904) 682:(1902) 670:(1901) 664:(1901) 658:(1901) 652:(1899) 646:(1898) 640:(1897) 634:(1895) 628:(1894) 615:(1909) 609:(1905) 603:(1904) 597:(1903) 591:(1902) 585:(1900) 577:(1900) 559:(1896) 551:Novels 304:palagi 284:Majuro 265:Niutao 259:, and 229:Tuvalu 198:Kosrae 172:, the 105:Spouse 79:Sydney 227:(now 170:ketch 164:. In 162:Samoa 1112:2024 951:2023 518:and 481:and 426:and 410:and 390:Fiji 298:and 255:and 166:Apia 125:(or 68:Died 42:Born 1276:at 1258:at 1248:at 1239:at 1138:', 497:'s 459:of 325:in 176:to 1341:: 1327:, 1316:, 1305:, 1195:. 1179:. 1159:. 1104:20 1102:, 1098:, 1072:^ 1010:34 1008:. 1004:. 977:^ 959:^ 942:. 878:^ 856:^ 806:^ 535:. 508:, 485:. 477:, 473:, 414:. 399:. 337:; 333:; 294:, 290:, 145:, 81:, 58:, 1291:. 1169:. 953:. 715:' 50:) 46:(

Index


Port Macquarie
New South Wales
Sydney
New South Wales
short story
novelist
Port Macquarie
New South Wales
Hunters Hill
Fort Street High School
Samoa
Apia
ketch
Mili Atoll
William "Bully" Hayes
blackbirder
Mili Atoll
Kosrae
HMS Rosario
Brisbane
Palmer River goldrush
Townsville, Queensland
Ellice Islands
Tuvalu
Nanumanga
cyclone
Nukufetau
Nanumea
Nanumanga

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.